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The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology - The Lojban Reference Grammar
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The lujvo scoring algorithm
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The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology
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The Lojban Reference Grammar
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<h3><a id="s13" name="s13">13. lujvo-making examples</h3>
<p>This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo.
First, we will start with the tanru ``gerku zdani'' (``dog
house'') and construct a lujvo meaning ``doghouse'', that is, a
house where a dog lives. We will use a brute-force application
of the algorithm in <a href="s12.html">Section 12</a>, using every
possible rafsi.</p>
<p>The rafsi for ``gerku'' are:</p>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd>-ger-, -ge'u-, -gerk-, -gerku</dd>
</dl>
<p>The rafsi for ``zdani'' are:</p>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd>-zda-, -zdan-, -zdani.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Step 1 of the algorithm directs us to use ``-ger-'',
``-ge'u-'' and ``-gerk-'' as possible rafsi for ``gerku''; Step
2 directs us to use ``-zda-'' and ``-zdani'' as possible rafsi
for ``zdani''. The six possible forms of the lujvo are
then:</p>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd>ger-zda ger-zdani ge'u-zda ge'u-zdani gerk-zda
gerk-zdani</dd>
</dl>
<p>We must then insert appropriate hyphens in each case. The
first two forms need no hyphenation: ``ge'' cannot fall off the
front, because the following word would begin with ``rz'',
which is not a permissible initial consonant pair. So the lujvo
forms are ``gerzda'' and ``gerzdani''.</p>
<p>The third form, ``ge'u-zda'', needs no hyphen, because even
though the first rafsi is CVV, the second one is CCV, so there
is a consonant cluster in the first five letters. So
``ge'uzda'' is this form of the lujvo.</p>
<p>The fourth form, ``ge'u-zdani'', however, requires an
``r''-hyphen; otherwise, the ``ge'u-'' part would fall off as a
cmavo. So this form of the lujvo is ``ge'urzdani''.</p>
<p>The last two forms require ``y''-hyphens, as all 4-letter
rafsi do, and so are ``gerkyzda'' and ``gerkyzdani''
respectively.</p>
<p>The scoring algorithm is heavily weighted in favor of short
lujvo, so we might expect that ``gerzda'' would win. Its L
score is 6, its A score is 0, its H score is 0, its R score is
12, and its V score is 3, for a final score of 5878. The other
forms have scores of 7917, 6367, 9506, 8008, and 10047
respectively. Consequently, this lujvo would probably appear in
the dictionary in the form ``gerzda''.</p>
<p>For the next example, we will use the tanru ``bloti klesi''
(``boat class'') presumably referring to the category (rowboat,
motorboat, cruise liner) into which a boat falls. We will omit
the long rafsi from the process, since lujvo containing long
rafsi are almost never preferred by the scoring algorithm when
there are short rafsi available.</p>
<p>The rafsi for ``bloti'' are ``-lot-'', ``-blo-'', and
``-lo'i-''; for ``klesi'' they are ``-kle-'' and ``-lei-''.
Both these gismu are among the handful which have both CVV-form
and CCV-form rafsi, so there is an unusual number of
possibilities available for a two-part tanru:</p>
<pre>
lotkle blokle lo'ikle
lotlei blolei lo'irlei
</pre>
<p>Only ``lo'irlei'' requires hyphenation (to avoid confusion
with the cmavo sequence ``lo'i lei''). All six forms are valid
versions of the lujvo, as are the six further forms using long
rafsi; however, the scoring algorithm produces the following
results:</p>
<pre>
lotkle 5878 blokle 5858 lo'ikle 6367
lotlei 5867 blolei 5847 lo'irlei 7456
</pre>
<p>So the form ``blolei'' is preferred, but only by a tiny
margin over ``blokle''; the next two forms are only slightly
worse; ``lo'ikle'' suffers because of its apostrophe, and
``lo'irlei'' because of having both apostrophe and hyphen.</p>
<p>Our third example will result in forming both a lujvo and a
name from the tanru ``logji bangu girzu'', or
``logical-language group'' in English. (``The Logical Language
Group'' is the name of the publisher of this book and the
organization for the promotion of Lojban.) The available rafsi
are ``-loj-'' and ``-logj-''; ``-ban-'', ``-bau-'', and
``-bang-''; and ``-gri-'' and ``-girzu'', and (for name
purposes only) ``-gir-'' and ``-girz-''. The resulting 12 lujvo
possibilities are:</p>
<pre>
loj-ban-gri loj-bau-gri loj-bang-gri
logj-ban-gri logj-bau-gri logj-bang-gri
loj-ban-girzu loj-bau-girzu loj-bang-girzu
logj-ban-girzu logj-bau-girzu logj-bang-girzu
</pre>
and the 12 name possibilities are:
<pre>
loj-ban-gir. loj-bau-gir. loj-bang-gir.
logj-ban-gir. logj-bau-gir. logj-bang-gir.
loj-ban-girz. loj-bau-girz. loj-bang-girz.
logj-ban-girz. logj-bau-girz. logj-bang-girz.
</pre>
<p>After hyphenation, we have:</p>
<pre>
lojbangri lojbaugri lojbangygri
logjybangri logjybaugri logjybangygri
lojbangirzu lojbaugirzu lojbangygirzu
logjybangirzu logjybaugirzu logjybangygirzu
lojbangir. lojbaugir. lojbangygir.
logjybangir. logjybaugir. logjybangygir.
lojbangirz. lojbaugirz. lojbangygirz.
logjybangirz. logjybaugirz. logjybangygirz.
</pre>
<p>The only fully reduced lujvo forms are ``lojbangri'' and
``lojbaugri'', of which the latter has a slightly lower score:
8827 versus 8796, respectively. However, for the name of the
organization, we chose to make sure the name of the language
was embedded in it, and to use the clearer long-form rafsi for
``girzu'', producing ``lojbangirz.''</p>
<p>Finally, here is a four-part lujvo with a cmavo in it, based
on the tanru ``nakni ke cinse ctuca'' or ``male (sexual
teacher)''. The ``ke'' cmavo ensures the interpretation
``teacher of sexuality who is male'', rather than ``teacher of
male sexuality''. Here are the possible forms of the lujvo,
both before and after hyphenation:</p>
<pre>
nak-kem-cin-ctu nakykemcinctu
nak-kem-cin-ctuca nakykemcinctuca
nak-kem-cins-ctu nakykemcinsyctu
nak-kem-cins-ctuca nakykemcinsyctuca
nakn-kem-cin-ctu naknykemcinctu
nakn-kem-cin-ctuca naknykemcinctuca
nakn-kem-cins-ctu naknykemcinsyctu
nakn-kem-cins-ctuca naknykemcinsyctuca
</pre>
<p>Of these forms, ``nakykemcinctu'' is the shortest and is
preferred by the scoring algorithm. On the whole, however, it
might be better to just make a lujvo for ``cinse ctuca'' (which
would be ``cinctu'') since the sex of the teacher is rarely
important. If there was a reason to specify ``male'', then the
simpler tanru ``nakni cinctu'' (``male sexual-teacher'') would
be appropriate. This tanru is actually shorter than the
four-part lujvo, since the ``ke'' required for grouping need
not be expressed.</p>
<hr />
<table class="nav" width="100%">
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<a href="../c4/s12.html">
Previous
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<br />
<em>
The lujvo scoring algorithm
</em>
</td>
<td align="center">
<strong>
The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology
</strong>
<br />
<a href="../">
<em>
<small>
The Lojban Reference Grammar
</small>
</em>
</a>
</td>
<td width="15%" valign="top">
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<em>
The gismu creation algorithm
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