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The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology - The Lojban Reference Grammar
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The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology
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<h3><a id="s6" name="s6">6. rafsi</h3>
<p>Every gismu has from two to five rafsi, each of a different
form, but each such rafsi represents only one gismu. It is
valid to use any of the rafsi forms in building lujvo ---
whichever the reader or listener will most easily understand,
or whichever is most pleasing --- subject to the rules of lujvo
making. There is a scoring algorithm which is intended to
determine which of the possible and legal lujvo forms will be
the standard dictionary form (see <a href="s12.html">Section
12</a>).</p>
<p>Each gismu always has at least two rafsi forms; one is the
gismu itself (used only at the end of a lujvo), and one is the
gismu without its final vowel (used only at the beginning or
middle of a lujvo). These forms are represented as -CVC/CV or
-CCVCV (called ``the 5-letter rafsi''), and -CVC/C- or -CCVC-
(called ``the 4-letter rafsi'') respectively. The dashes in
these rafsi form representations show where other rafsi may be
attached to form a valid lujvo. When lujvo are formed only from
4-letter and 5-letter rafsi, known collectively as ``long
rafsi'', they are called ``unreduced lujvo''.</p>
<p>Some examples of unreduced lujvo forms are:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6d1" name="e6d1">6.1)</a> mamtypatfu
from ``mamta patfu''
``mother father'' or ``maternal grandfather''
<a id="e6d2" name="e6d2">6.2)</a> lerfyliste
from ``lerfu liste''
``letter list'' or a ``list of letters''
(letters of the alphabet)
<a id="e6d3" name="e6d3">6.3)</a> nancyprali
from ``nanca prali''
``year profit'' or ``annual profit''
<a id="e6d4" name="e6d4">6.4)</a> prunyplipe
from ``pruni plipe''
``elastic (springy) leap'' or ``spring'' (the verb)
</pre>
<pre>
<a id="e6d5" name="e6d5">6.5)</a> vancysanmi
from ``vanci sanmi''
``evening meal'' or ``supper''
</pre>
In addition to these two forms, each gismu may have up to three
additional short rafsi, three letters long. All short rafsi
have one of the forms -CVC-, -CCV-, or -CVV-. The total number
of rafsi forms that are assigned to a gismu depends on how
useful the gismu is, or is presumed to be, in making lujvo,
when compared to other gismu that could be assigned the rafsi.
<p>For example, ``zmadu'' (``more than'') has the two short
rafsi ``-zma-'' and ``-mau-'' (in addition to its unreduced
rafsi ``-zmad-'' and ``-zmadu''), because a vast number of
lujvo have been created based on ``zmadu'', corresponding in
general to English comparative adjectives ending in ``-er''
such as ``whiter'' (Lojban ``labmau''). On the other hand,
``bakri'' (``chalk'') has no short rafsi and few lujvo.</p>
<p>There are at most one CVC-form, one CCV-form, and one
CVV-form rafsi per gismu. In fact, only a tiny handful of gismu
have both a CCV-form and a CVV-form rafsi assigned, and still
fewer have all three forms of short rafsi. However, gismu with
both a CVC-form and another short rafsi are fairly common,
partly because more possible CVC-form rafsi exist. Yet CVC-form
rafsi, even though they are fairly easy to remember, cannot be
used at the end of a lujvo (because lujvo must end in vowels),
so justifying the assignment of an additional short rafsi to
many gismu.</p>
<p>The intention was to use the available ``rafsi space'' ---
the set of all possible short rafsi forms --- in the most
efficient way possible; the goal is to make the most-used lujvo
as short as possible (thus maximizing the use of short rafsi),
while keeping the rafsi very recognizable to anyone who knows
the source gismu. For this reason, the letters in a rafsi have
always been chosen from among the five letters of the
corresponding gismu. As a result, there are a limited set of
short rafsi available for assignment to each gismu. At most
seven possible short rafsi are available for consideration (of
which at most three can be used, as explained above).</p>
<p>Here are the only short rafsi forms that can possibly exist
for gismu of the form CVC/CV, like ``sakli''. The digits in the
second column represent the gismu letters used to form the
rafsi.</p>
<pre>
CVC 123 -sak-
CVC 124 -sal-
CVV 12'5 -sa'i-
CVV 125 -sai-
CCV 345 -kli-
CCV 132 -ska-
</pre>
(The only actual short rafsi for ``sakli'' is ``-sal-''.)
<p>For gismu of the form CCVCV, like ``blaci'', the only short
rafsi forms that can exist are:</p>
<pre>
CVC 134 -bac-
CVC 234 -lac
CVV 13'5 -ba'i-
CVV 135 -bai-
CVV 23'5 -la'i-
CVV 235 -lai-
CCV 123 -bla-
</pre>
(In fact, ``blaci'' has none of these short rafsi; they are all
assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to
reassign any of the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help
understand how the rafsi were chosen in the first place.)
<p>There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an
apostrophe cannot exist unless the vowels make up one of the
four diphthongs ``ai'', ``ei'', ``oi'', or ``au''; and a
CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a
permissible initial consonant pair (see <a href="s1.html">Section
1</a>). Thus ``mamta'', which has the same form as ``salci'',
can only have ``mam'', ``mat'', and ``ma'a'' as possible rafsi:
in fact, only ``mam'' is assigned to it.</p>
<p>Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For
example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form
cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant
to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in
composing tanru (for a complete list, see <a
href="../c12/s1.html">Chapter 12</a>).</p>
<p>The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is
``fully reduced lujvo''. Here are some examples of fully
reduced lujvo:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6d6" name="e6d6">6.6)</a> cumfri
from ``cumki lifri''
``possible experience''
<a id="e6d7" name="e6d7">6.7)</a> klezba
from ``klesi zbasu''
``category make''
<a id="e6d8" name="e6d8">6.8)</a> kixta'a
from ``krixa tavla''
``cry-out talk''
<a id="e6d9" name="e6d9">6.9)</a> sniju'o
from ``sinxa djuno''
``sign know''
</pre>
<p>In addition, some of the unreduced forms in the previous
example may be fully reduced to:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6d10" name="e6d10">6.10)</a> mampa'u
from ``mamta patfu''
``mother father'' or ``maternal grandfather''
<a id="e6d11" name="e6d11">6.11)</a> lerste
from ``lerfu liste''
``letter list'' or a ``list of letters''
</pre>
As noted above, CVC-form rafsi cannot appear as the final rafsi
in a lujvo, because all lujvo must end with one or two vowels.
As a brivla, a lujvo must also contain a consonant cluster
within the first five letters --- this ensures that they cannot
be mistaken for compound cmavo. Of course, all lujvo have at
least six letters since they have two or more rafsi, each at
least three letters long; hence they cannot be confused with
gismu.
<p>When attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to
insert a hyphen letter. In Lojban, the term ``hyphen'' always
refers to a letter, either the vowel ``y'' or one of the
consonants ``r'' and ``n''. (The letter ``l'' can also be a
hyphen, but is not used as one in lujvo.)</p>
<p>The ``y''-hyphen is used after a CVC-form rafsi when joining
it with the following rafsi could result in an impermissible
consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart
into two or more words (either cmavo or gismu).</p>
<p>Thus, the tanru ``pante tavla'' (``protest talk'') cannot
produce the lujvo ``patta'a'', because ``tt'' is not a
permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be ``patyta'a''.
Similarly, the tanru ``mudri siclu'' (``wooden whistle'')
cannot form the lujvo ``mudsiclu''; instead, ``mudysiclu'' must
be used. (Remember that ``y'' is not counted in determining
whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant
cluster: this is why.)</p>
<p>The ``y''-hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi,
formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following
rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in <a
href="#e6d1">Examples 6.1</a> to <a href="#e6d5">6.5</a>.)
The lujvo forms ``zunlyjamfu'', ``zunlyjma'', ``zuljamfu'', and
``zuljma'' are all legitimate and equivalent forms made from
the tanru ``zunle jamfu'' (``left foot''). Of these, ``zuljma''
is the preferred one since it is the shortest; it thus is
likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary.</p>
<p>The ``r''-hyphen and its close relative, the ``n''-hyphen,
are used in lujvo only after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always
required in a two-part lujvo of the form CVV-CVV, since
otherwise there would be no consonant cluster.</p>
<p>An ``r-''hyphen or ``n''-hyphen is also required after the
CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV
since it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a
gismu. In any lujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi
in the initial position must always be followed by a hyphen. If
the hyphen were to be omitted, the supposed lujvo could be
broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because the
CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the
remainder of the word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi
shorter.</p>
<p>An ``n''-hyphen is only used in place of an ``r''-hyphen
when the following rafsi begins with ``r''. For example, the
tanru ``rokci renro'' (``rock throw'') cannot be expressed as
``ro'ire'o'' (which breaks up into two cmavo), nor can it be
``ro'irre'o'' (which has an impermissible double consonant);
the ``n''-hyphen is required, and the correct form of the
hyphenated lujvo is ``ro'inre'o''. The same lujvo could also be
expressed without hyphenation as ``rokre'o''.</p>
<p>There is also a different way of building lujvo, or rather
phrases which are grammatically and semantically equivalent to
lujvo. You can make a phrase containing any desired words,
joining each pair of them with the special cmavo ``zei''.
Thus,</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6d12" name="e6d12">6.12)</a> bridi zei valsi
</pre>
is the exact equivalent of ``brivla'' (but not necessarily the
same as the underlying tanru ``bridi valsi'', which could have
other meanings.) Using ``zei'' is the only way to get a cmavo
lacking a rafsi, a cmene, or a fu'ivla into a lujvo:
<p></p>
<pre>
<a id="e6d13" name="e6d13">6.13)</a> xy. zei kantu
X ray
</pre>
<pre>
<a id="e6d14" name="e6d14">6.14)</a> kulnr,farsi zei lolgai
Farsi floor-cover
Persian rug
</pre>
<pre>
<a id="e6d15" name="e6d15">6.15)</a> na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. livgyterbilma
non-A, non-B liver-disease
non-A, non-B hepatitis
</pre>
<pre>
<a id="e6d16" name="e6d16">6.16)</a> .cerman. zei xarnykarce
Sherman war-car
Sherman tank
</pre>
<a href="#e6d15">Example 6.15</a> is particularly noteworthy
because the phrase that would be produced by removing the
``zei''s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in fact is not
even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two
components, but by adding a ``zei'' between ``by.'' and
``livgyterbilma'' to produce
<pre>
<a id="e6d17" name="e6d17">6.17)</a> na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma
non-A-non-B-hepatitis
</pre>
the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo
of <a href="#e6d17">Example 6.17</a> may be preferable, because
its place structure can be built from that of ``bilma'',
whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a brivla must be
constructed ad hoc.
<p>Note that rafsi may not be used in ``zei'' phrases, because
they are not words. CVV rafsi look like words (specifically
cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the two uses of
the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words
or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for
writing separate but closely related words as if they were
one); rafsi appear only as parts of lujvo.</p>
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