.gitignore Makefile @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ Hongmini Programming Language ============================= -Hongmini is the programming language to embed in C++ programs. If you want +Hongmini is the programming language to embed in C++ programs. If you want cooler embeddable programming language, there are [Lua][] and [Io][]. -Do not write serious programs in this language. Its implementation is not and -won’t be optimized, so, too slow. Use it to embed only while you are writing a -big C++ program and it should have various small plug-in programs. +Do not write serious programs in this language. Its implementation is not and +won’t be optimized, so, too slow. Use it to embed only while you are writing +a big C++ program and it should have various small plug-in programs. [lua]: http://www.lua.org/ [io]: http://iolanguage.com/ @@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ big C++ program and it should have various small plug-in programs. Origin Of Language’s Name And Author ------------------------------------ -It is written by [Hong MinHee][1]. (This name is [Korean style][2]. You should -write Hong first, but it is not given name but family name.) Naming the language -bothers the author, so he named it casually: Hongmini. It is small and useless. -The word ‘mini’ befits it, and the name ‘MinHee’ is pronounced like ‘mini’ -in Korean. +It is written by [Hong MinHee][1]. (This name is [Korean style][2]. You +should write Hong first, but it is not given name but family name.) Naming +the language bothers the author, so he named it casually: Hongmini. It is +small and useless. The word ‘mini’ befits it, and the name ‘MinHee’ is +pronounced like ‘mini’ in Korean. [1]: http://dahlia.kr/ [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name @@ -45,14 +45,11 @@ Following code defines some functions. abs <- (number): (number < 0)("-1", 1) * number max <- (numbers...): { - numbers.each((number): { - top <- top( - (): (top > number)(top, number), - (): number - )() - }) - - top + top <- numbers(0) + numbers.each (number): { + top <- (top > number)(top, number) + } + top } You may be able to infer some interesting rules. @@ -60,15 +57,15 @@ You may be able to infer some interesting rules. - The assignment operator is not `=`, but `<-`. - No function definition; However, you can assign function values to variable - name, like JavaScript, Lua. Lambda the ultimate! + name, like JavaScript, Lua. Lambda the ultimate! - - Two literal types. General function literal (block), and string literal. + - Two literal types. General function literal (block), and string literal. For example, `123` same as `"123"`. - When boolean values are called, they behave like trinary operator in the other well-known languages such as C and Java. - - There’s no specific number type. Instead, it can use arithmetic operators + - There’s no specific number type. Instead, it can use arithmetic operators like `+`, `*` with string values. - Instead of the `return` keyword in other languages, it just returns last @@ -79,23 +76,21 @@ Lambda And Lexical Closure -------------------------- All values are functions and all functions are values in the Hongmini -programming language. To call function generally, you should name it. ‘Naming’ -in computer programming means assignment or binding. +programming language. To call function generally, you should name it. +‘Naming’ in computer programming means assignment or binding. add <- (x, y): x + y -We can call evaluating `(x + y)` `add(x, y)`. After this naming, `add(3, 9)` -means `(3 + 9)` viz. `12`. Functions can be more complex and longer. +We can call evaluating `(x + y)` `add(x, y)`. After this naming, `add(3, 9)` +means `(3 + 9)` viz. `12`. Functions can be more complex and longer. multiply <- (x, y): { - result <- 0; i <- 0 - - loop (): { - result <- add(result, x) - i <- i + 1; i <= y - } - - result + result <- 0; i <- 0 + loop (): { + result <- add(result, x) + i <- i + 1; i <= y + } + result } When the function contains two or more expressions, curly brackets should wrap @@ -136,7 +131,7 @@ and applying function with list or dictionary prettier. # higher-order function map (filter [1, 2, 3, 4], (x): x % 2 == 1), (x): { - log(x & "\n") + log(x & "\n") } @@ -144,20 +139,20 @@ Pseudo-attributes And Pseudo-methods ------------------------------------ Hongmini programming language has no attributes. It is just syntactic sugar -for calling function. Following two expressions are the same. +for calling function. Following two expressions are the same. function.attribute function("attribute") In other words, all function call can be also attribute accessor of the -object. Likewise setting attribute is translated into calling function. The +object. Likewise setting attribute is translated into calling function. The name of attribute passes into first parameter and value to set passes into second it. function.attribute <- value function("attribute", value) -You can apply this feature to imitate object’s method call. It will behave as +You can apply this feature to imitate object’s method call. It will behave as higher-order function. object.method() @@ -172,8 +167,9 @@ You can use non-negative numeral as the name of attributes also. Pseudo-operators ---------------- -There are no operators in Hongmini programming language. However, pseudo-methods -call can seem to use operators. Following expressions are the same. +There are no operators in Hongmini programming language. However, +pseudo-methods call can seem to use operators. Following expressions are the +same. value operator operand value.operator(operand) @@ -192,7 +188,7 @@ There are two types of the string literal in Hongmini programming language. - numeric string The double quotation string literal is a widely used way to represent string -values. It can contains any characters except double quotation character. +values. It can contains any characters except double quotation character. "To be, or not to be." "1234" @@ -205,9 +201,9 @@ To contain double quotation character, it should be escaped with backslash. "Lin Chi said, \"If you meet the Buddha on the road, kill him.\"" -The numerical string literal is used usually to repreent number. Because there’s -no specific number types in Hongmini programming language. However, `123` equals -`"123"`. +The numerical string literal is used usually to repreent number. Because +there’s no specific number types in Hongmini programming language. However, +`123` equals `"123"`. 42 3.14159265 @@ -216,7 +212,7 @@ no specific number types in Hongmini programming language. However, `123` equals List And Map ------------ -To contain one or more values, you can use containers. There are two built-in +To contain one or more values, you can use containers. There are two built-in container types. - ordered list, e.g. `[]`, `[1, 2, 3]`, `["hello", [1, 2], (x): x + 1]` @@ -227,24 +223,24 @@ the number of elements. It accepts any type. list <- ["a", "b", "c", [1, 2, 3]] -You can count the number of elements in the list. Use pseudo-attribute `size`. +You can count the number of elements in the list. Use pseudo-attribute `size`. list.size -To iterate the list, use psuedo-method `each`. This method is higher-order +To iterate the list, use psuedo-method `each`. This method is higher-order function, and, function to pass to its parameters should accept one or two arguments: value and optional index number of element. list.each (value): stdout.write(value & "\n") # it prints elements of list list.each (value, index): { # it prints elements and its index - stdout.write(index & ". " & value) # of list - stdout.write("\n") + stdout.write(index & ". " & value) # of list + stdout.write("\n") } -If you need `for`-like loop of C/C++, use function `range`. It generates a list -that contains sequential numbers. It is equal to the function of the same name -in Python. +If you need `for`-like loop of C/C++, use function `range`. It generates a +list that contains sequential numbers. It is equal to the function of the +same name in Python. range(5) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] range(3, 7) # [3, 4, 5, 6] @@ -252,9 +248,9 @@ in Python. range(1, 10) each stdout.write # it prints: 123456789 -Maps have keys of string and its values. The key and its value are called “pair” -, and you can translate pairs of the map to the two-dimensional list by function -`pairs`. +Maps have keys of string and its values. The key and its value are called +“pair”, and you can translate pairs of the map to the two-dimensional list by +function `pairs`. name <- { family <- "Hong"; given <- "MinHee" } pairs(name) # [["family", "Hong"], ["given", "MinHee"]] README.markdown c5d96df995d53f70a78d4e4dbb87b9a2d878c180 Hong, MinHee minhee@dahlia.kr http://github.com/dahlia/hongmini/commit/b992035fe10bd5b88cffd607c6fd2a50f8da11c4 b992035fe10bd5b88cffd607c6fd2a50f8da11c4 2009-06-07T20:14:06-07:00 2009-06-07T20:14:06-07:00 (Nothing special.) 1a5c504278110a731db83d1dea431b2a5b6d032b Hong, MinHee minhee@dahlia.kr