diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/bivariate.rs b/src/librustc/infer/bivariate.rs
index 125f815feda6f..4acb8b807d594 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/bivariate.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/bivariate.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeRelation<'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx>
         }
     }
 
-    fn regions(&mut self, a: ty::Region, _: ty::Region) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region> {
+    fn regions(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Region, _: &'tcx ty::Region)
+               -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region> {
         Ok(a)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/combine.rs b/src/librustc/infer/combine.rs
index b4818f963b3ba..5ce30484ede00 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/combine.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/combine.rs
@@ -329,8 +329,8 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> ty::fold::TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for Generalizer<'cx, 'gcx
         }
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-        match r {
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        match *r {
             // Never make variables for regions bound within the type itself,
             // nor for erased regions.
             ty::ReLateBound(..) |
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/equate.rs b/src/librustc/infer/equate.rs
index e06f7303acb29..bf247acec5a2d 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/equate.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/equate.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeRelation<'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx>
         }
     }
 
-    fn regions(&mut self, a: ty::Region, b: ty::Region) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region> {
+    fn regions(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Region, b: &'tcx ty::Region)
+               -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region> {
         debug!("{}.regions({:?}, {:?})",
                self.tag(),
                a,
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/error_reporting.rs b/src/librustc/infer/error_reporting.rs
index 1e053d6bfdab2..9169d299e040b 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/error_reporting.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/error_reporting.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn note_and_explain_region(self,
                                    err: &mut DiagnosticBuilder,
                                    prefix: &str,
-                                   region: ty::Region,
+                                   region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                    suffix: &str) {
         fn item_scope_tag(item: &hir::Item) -> &'static str {
             match item.node {
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
              Some(span))
         }
 
-        let (description, span) = match region {
+        let (description, span) = match *region {
             ty::ReScope(scope) => {
                 let new_string;
                 let unknown_scope = || {
@@ -405,12 +405,12 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         }
 
         fn free_regions_from_same_fn<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
-                                                     sub: Region,
-                                                     sup: Region)
+                                                     sub: &'tcx Region,
+                                                     sup: &'tcx Region)
                                                      -> Option<FreeRegionsFromSameFn> {
             debug!("free_regions_from_same_fn(sub={:?}, sup={:?})", sub, sup);
             let (scope_id, fr1, fr2) = match (sub, sup) {
-                (ReFree(fr1), ReFree(fr2)) => {
+                (&ReFree(fr1), &ReFree(fr2)) => {
                     if fr1.scope != fr2.scope {
                         return None
                     }
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn report_generic_bound_failure(&self,
                                     origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
                                     bound_kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,
-                                    sub: Region)
+                                    sub: &'tcx Region)
     {
         // FIXME: it would be better to report the first error message
         // with the span of the parameter itself, rather than the span
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 format!("the associated type `{}`", p),
         };
 
-        let mut err = match sub {
+        let mut err = match *sub {
             ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {bound_region: ty::BrNamed(..), ..}) => {
                 // Does the required lifetime have a nice name we can print?
                 let mut err = struct_span_err!(self.tcx.sess,
@@ -667,8 +667,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     fn report_concrete_failure(&self,
                                origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                               sub: Region,
-                               sup: Region)
+                               sub: &'tcx Region,
+                               sup: &'tcx Region)
                                 -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx> {
         match origin {
             infer::Subtype(trace) => {
@@ -939,9 +939,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn report_sub_sup_conflict(&self,
                                var_origin: RegionVariableOrigin,
                                sub_origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                               sub_region: Region,
+                               sub_region: &'tcx Region,
                                sup_origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                               sup_region: Region) {
+                               sup_region: &'tcx Region) {
         let mut err = self.report_inference_failure(var_origin);
 
         self.tcx.note_and_explain_region(&mut err,
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/freshen.rs b/src/librustc/infer/freshen.rs
index ecd9759c721b2..beda734ee0d56 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/freshen.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/freshen.rs
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         self.infcx.tcx
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-        match r {
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReEarlyBound(..) |
             ty::ReLateBound(..) => {
                 // leave bound regions alone
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             ty::ReEmpty |
             ty::ReErased => {
                 // replace all free regions with 'erased
-                ty::ReErased
+                self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReErased)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/glb.rs b/src/librustc/infer/glb.rs
index 5dd85a31a9a20..a5709e1880801 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/glb.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/glb.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeRelation<'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx>
         lattice::super_lattice_tys(self, a, b)
     }
 
-    fn regions(&mut self, a: ty::Region, b: ty::Region) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region> {
+    fn regions(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Region, b: &'tcx ty::Region)
+               -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region> {
         debug!("{}.regions({:?}, {:?})",
                self.tag(),
                a,
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs b/src/librustc/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
index 743d6135fbb5b..90be5e935baf1 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 .map(|(&skol, &(br, ref regions))| {
                     let representative =
                         regions.iter()
-                               .filter(|r| !skol_resolution_map.contains_key(r))
+                               .filter(|&&r| !skol_resolution_map.contains_key(r))
                                .cloned()
                                .next()
                                .unwrap_or_else(|| { // [1]
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                              snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot,
                                              debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex,
                                              new_vars: &[ty::RegionVid],
-                                             a_map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region>,
-                                             r0: ty::Region)
-                                             -> ty::Region {
+                                             a_map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, &'tcx ty::Region>,
+                                             r0: &'tcx ty::Region)
+                                             -> &'tcx ty::Region {
             // Regions that pre-dated the LUB computation stay as they are.
             if !is_var_in_set(new_vars, r0) {
                 assert!(!r0.is_bound());
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                     debug!("generalize_region(r0={:?}): \
                             replacing with {:?}, tainted={:?}",
                            r0, *a_br, tainted);
-                    return ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, *a_br);
+                    return infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, *a_br));
                 }
             }
 
@@ -364,10 +364,12 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                              snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot,
                                              debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex,
                                              new_vars: &[ty::RegionVid],
-                                             a_map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region>,
+                                             a_map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion,
+                                                                &'tcx ty::Region>,
                                              a_vars: &[ty::RegionVid],
                                              b_vars: &[ty::RegionVid],
-                                             r0: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
+                                             r0: &'tcx ty::Region)
+                                             -> &'tcx ty::Region {
             if !is_var_in_set(new_vars, r0) {
                 assert!(!r0.is_bound());
                 return r0;
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
             if a_r.is_some() && b_r.is_some() && only_new_vars {
                 // Related to exactly one bound variable from each fn:
-                return rev_lookup(span, a_map, a_r.unwrap());
+                return rev_lookup(infcx, span, a_map, a_r.unwrap());
             } else if a_r.is_none() && b_r.is_none() {
                 // Not related to bound variables from either fn:
                 assert!(!r0.is_bound());
@@ -430,13 +432,14 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             }
         }
 
-        fn rev_lookup(span: Span,
-                      a_map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region>,
-                      r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region
+        fn rev_lookup<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
+                                      span: Span,
+                                      a_map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, &'tcx ty::Region>,
+                                      r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region
         {
             for (a_br, a_r) in a_map {
                 if *a_r == r {
-                    return ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(1), *a_br);
+                    return infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(1), *a_br));
                 }
             }
             span_bug!(
@@ -445,19 +448,21 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 r);
         }
 
-        fn fresh_bound_variable(infcx: &InferCtxt, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex) -> ty::Region {
+        fn fresh_bound_variable<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
+                                                debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex)
+                                                -> &'tcx ty::Region {
             infcx.region_vars.new_bound(debruijn)
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn var_ids<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(fields: &CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
-                           map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region>)
+                           map: &FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, &'tcx ty::Region>)
                            -> Vec<ty::RegionVid> {
     map.iter()
-       .map(|(_, r)| match *r {
+       .map(|(_, &r)| match *r {
            ty::ReVar(r) => { r }
-           r => {
+           _ => {
                span_bug!(
                    fields.trace.origin.span(),
                    "found non-region-vid: {:?}",
@@ -467,8 +472,8 @@ fn var_ids<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(fields: &CombineFields<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
        .collect()
 }
 
-fn is_var_in_set(new_vars: &[ty::RegionVid], r: ty::Region) -> bool {
-    match r {
+fn is_var_in_set(new_vars: &[ty::RegionVid], r: &ty::Region) -> bool {
+    match *r {
         ty::ReVar(ref v) => new_vars.iter().any(|x| x == v),
         _ => false
     }
@@ -479,13 +484,13 @@ fn fold_regions_in<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, T, F>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                                          mut fldr: F)
                                          -> T
     where T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
-          F: FnMut(ty::Region, ty::DebruijnIndex) -> ty::Region,
+          F: FnMut(&'tcx ty::Region, ty::DebruijnIndex) -> &'tcx ty::Region,
 {
     tcx.fold_regions(unbound_value, &mut false, |region, current_depth| {
         // we should only be encountering "escaping" late-bound regions here,
         // because the ones at the current level should have been replaced
         // with fresh variables
-        assert!(match region {
+        assert!(match *region {
             ty::ReLateBound(..) => false,
             _ => true
         });
@@ -497,9 +502,9 @@ fn fold_regions_in<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, T, F>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn tainted_regions(&self,
                        snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot,
-                       r: ty::Region,
+                       r: &'tcx ty::Region,
                        directions: TaintDirections)
-                       -> FnvHashSet<ty::Region> {
+                       -> FnvHashSet<&'tcx ty::Region> {
         self.region_vars.tainted(&snapshot.region_vars_snapshot, r, directions)
     }
 
@@ -596,7 +601,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn skolemize_late_bound_regions<T>(&self,
                                            binder: &ty::Binder<T>,
                                            snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot)
-                                           -> (T, SkolemizationMap)
+                                           -> (T, SkolemizationMap<'tcx>)
         where T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>
     {
         let (result, map) = self.tcx.replace_late_bound_regions(binder, |br| {
@@ -619,7 +624,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn leak_check(&self,
                       overly_polymorphic: bool,
                       span: Span,
-                      skol_map: &SkolemizationMap,
+                      skol_map: &SkolemizationMap<'tcx>,
                       snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot)
                       -> RelateResult<'tcx, ()>
     {
@@ -673,7 +678,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             for &tainted_region in &incoming_taints {
                 // Each skolemized should only be relatable to itself
                 // or new variables:
-                match tainted_region {
+                match *tainted_region {
                     ty::ReVar(vid) => {
                         if new_vars.contains(&vid) {
                             warnings.extend(
@@ -742,7 +747,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// to the depth of the predicate, in this case 1, so that the final
     /// predicate is `for<'a> &'a int : Clone`.
     pub fn plug_leaks<T>(&self,
-                         skol_map: SkolemizationMap,
+                         skol_map: SkolemizationMap<'tcx>,
                          snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot,
                          value: &T) -> T
         where T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>
@@ -755,7 +760,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         // region back to the `ty::BoundRegion` that it originally
         // represented. Because `leak_check` passed, we know that
         // these taint sets are mutually disjoint.
-        let inv_skol_map: FnvHashMap<ty::Region, ty::BoundRegion> =
+        let inv_skol_map: FnvHashMap<&'tcx ty::Region, ty::BoundRegion> =
             skol_map
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|(&skol_br, &skol)| {
@@ -794,7 +799,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                     // (which ought not to escape the snapshot, but we
                     // don't check that) or itself
                     assert!(
-                        match r {
+                        match *r {
                             ty::ReVar(_) => true,
                             ty::ReSkolemized(_, ref br1) => br == br1,
                             _ => false,
@@ -802,7 +807,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                         "leak-check would have us replace {:?} with {:?}",
                         r, br);
 
-                    ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(current_depth - 1), br.clone())
+                    self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(
+                        ty::DebruijnIndex::new(current_depth - 1), br.clone()))
                 }
             }
         });
@@ -826,7 +832,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     ///
     /// Note: popping also occurs implicitly as part of `leak_check`.
     pub fn pop_skolemized(&self,
-                          skol_map: SkolemizationMap,
+                          skol_map: SkolemizationMap<'tcx>,
                           snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot)
     {
         debug!("pop_skolemized({:?})", skol_map);
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/lub.rs b/src/librustc/infer/lub.rs
index ad1b32ffaeb32..7d352be67d32b 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/lub.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/lub.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeRelation<'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx>
         lattice::super_lattice_tys(self, a, b)
     }
 
-    fn regions(&mut self, a: ty::Region, b: ty::Region) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region> {
+    fn regions(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Region, b: &'tcx ty::Region)
+               -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region> {
         debug!("{}.regions({:?}, {:?})",
                self.tag(),
                a,
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/mod.rs b/src/librustc/infer/mod.rs
index 1b65b5dae0748..9854cd95397b7 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/mod.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ pub struct InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
 
 /// A map returned by `skolemize_late_bound_regions()` indicating the skolemized
 /// region that each late-bound region was replaced with.
-pub type SkolemizationMap = FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region>;
+pub type SkolemizationMap<'tcx> = FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, &'tcx ty::Region>;
 
 /// Why did we require that the two types be related?
 ///
@@ -1123,8 +1123,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     pub fn sub_regions(&self,
                        origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                       a: ty::Region,
-                       b: ty::Region) {
+                       a: &'tcx ty::Region,
+                       b: &'tcx ty::Region) {
         debug!("sub_regions({:?} <: {:?})", a, b);
         self.region_vars.make_subregion(origin, a, b);
     }
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     pub fn region_outlives_predicate(&self,
                                      span: Span,
-                                     predicate: &ty::PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate)
+                                     predicate: &ty::PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate<'tcx>)
         -> UnitResult<'tcx>
     {
         self.commit_if_ok(|snapshot| {
@@ -1190,8 +1190,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             .new_key(None)
     }
 
-    pub fn next_region_var(&self, origin: RegionVariableOrigin) -> ty::Region {
-        ty::ReVar(self.region_vars.new_region_var(origin))
+    pub fn next_region_var(&self, origin: RegionVariableOrigin)
+                           -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(self.region_vars.new_region_var(origin)))
     }
 
     /// Create a region inference variable for the given
@@ -1199,7 +1200,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn region_var_for_def(&self,
                               span: Span,
                               def: &ty::RegionParameterDef)
-                              -> ty::Region {
+                              -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         self.next_region_var(EarlyBoundRegion(span, def.name))
     }
 
@@ -1245,7 +1246,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn fresh_bound_region(&self, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex) -> ty::Region {
+    pub fn fresh_bound_region(&self, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         self.region_vars.new_bound(debruijn)
     }
 
@@ -1530,7 +1531,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         span: Span,
         lbrct: LateBoundRegionConversionTime,
         value: &ty::Binder<T>)
-        -> (T, FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion,ty::Region>)
+        -> (T, FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, &'tcx ty::Region>)
         where T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>
     {
         self.tcx.replace_late_bound_regions(
@@ -1576,8 +1577,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn verify_generic_bound(&self,
                                 origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
                                 kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,
-                                a: ty::Region,
-                                bound: VerifyBound) {
+                                a: &'tcx ty::Region,
+                                bound: VerifyBound<'tcx>) {
         debug!("verify_generic_bound({:?}, {:?} <: {:?})",
                kind,
                a,
@@ -1666,7 +1667,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         self.tcx.region_maps.temporary_scope(rvalue_id)
     }
 
-    pub fn upvar_capture(&self, upvar_id: ty::UpvarId) -> Option<ty::UpvarCapture> {
+    pub fn upvar_capture(&self, upvar_id: ty::UpvarId) -> Option<ty::UpvarCapture<'tcx>> {
         self.tables.borrow().upvar_capture_map.get(&upvar_id).cloned()
     }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/graphviz.rs b/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/graphviz.rs
index 905ad7c0faa23..1c64ebc0537ae 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/graphviz.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/graphviz.rs
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub fn maybe_print_constraints_for<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(
 struct ConstraintGraph<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
     graph_name: String,
-    map: &'a FnvHashMap<Constraint, SubregionOrigin<'tcx>>,
+    map: &'a FnvHashMap<Constraint<'tcx>, SubregionOrigin<'tcx>>,
     node_ids: FnvHashMap<Node, usize>,
 }
 
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ enum Node {
 
 // type Edge = Constraint;
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Copy)]
-enum Edge {
-    Constraint(Constraint),
+enum Edge<'tcx> {
+    Constraint(Constraint<'tcx>),
     EnclScope(CodeExtent, CodeExtent),
 }
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ConstraintGraph<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> dot::Labeller<'a> for ConstraintGraph<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     type Node = Node;
-    type Edge = Edge;
+    type Edge = Edge<'tcx>;
     fn graph_id(&self) -> dot::Id {
         dot::Id::new(&*self.graph_name).unwrap()
     }
@@ -214,11 +214,11 @@ fn constraint_to_nodes(c: &Constraint) -> (Node, Node) {
         Constraint::ConstrainVarSubVar(rv_1, rv_2) =>
             (Node::RegionVid(rv_1), Node::RegionVid(rv_2)),
         Constraint::ConstrainRegSubVar(r_1, rv_2) =>
-            (Node::Region(r_1), Node::RegionVid(rv_2)),
+            (Node::Region(*r_1), Node::RegionVid(rv_2)),
         Constraint::ConstrainVarSubReg(rv_1, r_2) =>
-            (Node::RegionVid(rv_1), Node::Region(r_2)),
+            (Node::RegionVid(rv_1), Node::Region(*r_2)),
         Constraint::ConstrainRegSubReg(r_1, r_2) =>
-            (Node::Region(r_1), Node::Region(r_2)),
+            (Node::Region(*r_1), Node::Region(*r_2)),
     }
 }
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn edge_to_nodes(e: &Edge) -> (Node, Node) {
 
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> dot::GraphWalk<'a> for ConstraintGraph<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     type Node = Node;
-    type Edge = Edge;
+    type Edge = Edge<'tcx>;
     fn nodes(&self) -> dot::Nodes<Node> {
         let mut set = FnvHashSet();
         for node in self.node_ids.keys() {
@@ -243,26 +243,26 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> dot::GraphWalk<'a> for ConstraintGraph<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         debug!("constraint graph has {} nodes", set.len());
         set.into_iter().collect()
     }
-    fn edges(&self) -> dot::Edges<Edge> {
+    fn edges(&self) -> dot::Edges<Edge<'tcx>> {
         debug!("constraint graph has {} edges", self.map.len());
         let mut v: Vec<_> = self.map.keys().map(|e| Edge::Constraint(*e)).collect();
         self.tcx.region_maps.each_encl_scope(|sub, sup| v.push(Edge::EnclScope(*sub, *sup)));
         debug!("region graph has {} edges", v.len());
         Cow::Owned(v)
     }
-    fn source(&self, edge: &Edge) -> Node {
+    fn source(&self, edge: &Edge<'tcx>) -> Node {
         let (n1, _) = edge_to_nodes(edge);
         debug!("edge {:?} has source {:?}", edge, n1);
         n1
     }
-    fn target(&self, edge: &Edge) -> Node {
+    fn target(&self, edge: &Edge<'tcx>) -> Node {
         let (_, n2) = edge_to_nodes(edge);
         debug!("edge {:?} has target {:?}", edge, n2);
         n2
     }
 }
 
-pub type ConstraintMap<'tcx> = FnvHashMap<Constraint, SubregionOrigin<'tcx>>;
+pub type ConstraintMap<'tcx> = FnvHashMap<Constraint<'tcx>, SubregionOrigin<'tcx>>;
 
 fn dump_region_constraints_to<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                                               map: &ConstraintMap<'tcx>,
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/mod.rs b/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/mod.rs
index d3b4afa2cee79..b3693ae1e21ad 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/region_inference/mod.rs
@@ -39,22 +39,22 @@ mod graphviz;
 
 // A constraint that influences the inference process.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
-pub enum Constraint {
+pub enum Constraint<'tcx> {
     // One region variable is subregion of another
     ConstrainVarSubVar(RegionVid, RegionVid),
 
     // Concrete region is subregion of region variable
-    ConstrainRegSubVar(Region, RegionVid),
+    ConstrainRegSubVar(&'tcx Region, RegionVid),
 
     // Region variable is subregion of concrete region. This does not
     // directly affect inference, but instead is checked after
     // inference is complete.
-    ConstrainVarSubReg(RegionVid, Region),
+    ConstrainVarSubReg(RegionVid, &'tcx Region),
 
     // A constraint where neither side is a variable. This does not
     // directly affect inference, but instead is checked after
     // inference is complete.
-    ConstrainRegSubReg(Region, Region),
+    ConstrainRegSubReg(&'tcx Region, &'tcx Region),
 }
 
 // VerifyGenericBound(T, _, R, RS): The parameter type `T` (or
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ pub enum Constraint {
 pub struct Verify<'tcx> {
     kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,
     origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-    region: Region,
-    bound: VerifyBound,
+    region: &'tcx Region,
+    bound: VerifyBound<'tcx>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -80,36 +80,36 @@ pub enum GenericKind<'tcx> {
 // particular region (let's call it `'min`) meets some bound.
 // The bound is described the by the following grammar:
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum VerifyBound {
+pub enum VerifyBound<'tcx> {
     // B = exists {R} --> some 'r in {R} must outlive 'min
     //
     // Put another way, the subject value is known to outlive all
     // regions in {R}, so if any of those outlives 'min, then the
     // bound is met.
-    AnyRegion(Vec<Region>),
+    AnyRegion(Vec<&'tcx Region>),
 
     // B = forall {R} --> all 'r in {R} must outlive 'min
     //
     // Put another way, the subject value is known to outlive some
     // region in {R}, so if all of those outlives 'min, then the bound
     // is met.
-    AllRegions(Vec<Region>),
+    AllRegions(Vec<&'tcx Region>),
 
     // B = exists {B} --> 'min must meet some bound b in {B}
-    AnyBound(Vec<VerifyBound>),
+    AnyBound(Vec<VerifyBound<'tcx>>),
 
     // B = forall {B} --> 'min must meet all bounds b in {B}
-    AllBounds(Vec<VerifyBound>),
+    AllBounds(Vec<VerifyBound<'tcx>>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct TwoRegions {
-    a: Region,
-    b: Region,
+pub struct TwoRegions<'tcx> {
+    a: &'tcx Region,
+    b: &'tcx Region,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum UndoLogEntry {
+pub enum UndoLogEntry<'tcx> {
     /// Pushed when we start a snapshot.
     OpenSnapshot,
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ pub enum UndoLogEntry {
     AddVar(RegionVid),
 
     /// We added the given `constraint`
-    AddConstraint(Constraint),
+    AddConstraint(Constraint<'tcx>),
 
     /// We added the given `verify`
     AddVerify(usize),
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub enum UndoLogEntry {
     AddGiven(ty::FreeRegion, ty::RegionVid),
 
     /// We added a GLB/LUB "combinaton variable"
-    AddCombination(CombineMapType, TwoRegions),
+    AddCombination(CombineMapType, TwoRegions<'tcx>),
 
     /// During skolemization, we sometimes purge entries from the undo
     /// log in a kind of minisnapshot (unlike other snapshots, this
@@ -153,13 +153,13 @@ pub enum RegionResolutionError<'tcx> {
     /// `ConcreteFailure(o, a, b)`:
     ///
     /// `o` requires that `a <= b`, but this does not hold
-    ConcreteFailure(SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, Region, Region),
+    ConcreteFailure(SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, &'tcx Region, &'tcx Region),
 
     /// `GenericBoundFailure(p, s, a)
     ///
     /// The parameter/associated-type `p` must be known to outlive the lifetime
     /// `a` (but none of the known bounds are sufficient).
-    GenericBoundFailure(SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, GenericKind<'tcx>, Region),
+    GenericBoundFailure(SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, GenericKind<'tcx>, &'tcx Region),
 
     /// `SubSupConflict(v, sub_origin, sub_r, sup_origin, sup_r)`:
     ///
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ pub enum RegionResolutionError<'tcx> {
     /// `sub_r <= sup_r` does not hold.
     SubSupConflict(RegionVariableOrigin,
                    SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                   Region,
+                   &'tcx Region,
                    SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                   Region),
+                   &'tcx Region),
 
     /// For subsets of `ConcreteFailure` and `SubSupConflict`, we can derive
     /// more specific errors message by suggesting to the user where they
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ pub enum RegionResolutionError<'tcx> {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum ProcessedErrorOrigin<'tcx> {
-    ConcreteFailure(SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, Region, Region),
+    ConcreteFailure(SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, &'tcx Region, &'tcx Region),
     VariableFailure(RegionVariableOrigin),
 }
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl SameRegions {
     }
 }
 
-pub type CombineMap = FnvHashMap<TwoRegions, RegionVid>;
+pub type CombineMap<'tcx> = FnvHashMap<TwoRegions<'tcx>, RegionVid>;
 
 pub struct RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ pub struct RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     // Constraints of the form `A <= B` introduced by the region
     // checker.  Here at least one of `A` and `B` must be a region
     // variable.
-    constraints: RefCell<FnvHashMap<Constraint, SubregionOrigin<'tcx>>>,
+    constraints: RefCell<FnvHashMap<Constraint<'tcx>, SubregionOrigin<'tcx>>>,
 
     // A "verify" is something that we need to verify after inference is
     // done, but which does not directly affect inference in any way.
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@ pub struct RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     // a bit of a hack but seems to work.
     givens: RefCell<FnvHashSet<(ty::FreeRegion, ty::RegionVid)>>,
 
-    lubs: RefCell<CombineMap>,
-    glbs: RefCell<CombineMap>,
+    lubs: RefCell<CombineMap<'tcx>>,
+    glbs: RefCell<CombineMap<'tcx>>,
     skolemization_count: Cell<u32>,
     bound_count: Cell<u32>,
 
@@ -264,12 +264,12 @@ pub struct RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     // otherwise we end up adding entries for things like the lower
     // bound on a variable and so forth, which can never be rolled
     // back.
-    undo_log: RefCell<Vec<UndoLogEntry>>,
+    undo_log: RefCell<Vec<UndoLogEntry<'tcx>>>,
     unification_table: RefCell<UnificationTable<ty::RegionVid>>,
 
     // This contains the results of inference.  It begins as an empty
     // option and only acquires a value after inference is complete.
-    values: RefCell<Option<Vec<VarValue>>>,
+    values: RefCell<Option<Vec<VarValue<'tcx>>>>,
 }
 
 pub struct RegionSnapshot {
@@ -303,14 +303,14 @@ impl TaintDirections {
     }
 }
 
-struct TaintSet {
+struct TaintSet<'tcx> {
     directions: TaintDirections,
-    regions: FnvHashSet<ty::Region>
+    regions: FnvHashSet<&'tcx ty::Region>
 }
 
-impl TaintSet {
+impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TaintSet<'tcx> {
     fn new(directions: TaintDirections,
-           initial_region: ty::Region)
+           initial_region: &'tcx ty::Region)
            -> Self {
         let mut regions = FnvHashSet();
         regions.insert(initial_region);
@@ -318,8 +318,9 @@ impl TaintSet {
     }
 
     fn fixed_point(&mut self,
-                   undo_log: &[UndoLogEntry],
-                   verifys: &[Verify]) {
+                   tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
+                   undo_log: &[UndoLogEntry<'tcx>],
+                   verifys: &[Verify<'tcx>]) {
         let mut prev_len = 0;
         while prev_len < self.len() {
             debug!("tainted: prev_len = {:?} new_len = {:?}",
@@ -330,19 +331,21 @@ impl TaintSet {
             for undo_entry in undo_log {
                 match undo_entry {
                     &AddConstraint(ConstrainVarSubVar(a, b)) => {
-                        self.add_edge(ReVar(a), ReVar(b));
+                        self.add_edge(tcx.mk_region(ReVar(a)),
+                                      tcx.mk_region(ReVar(b)));
                     }
                     &AddConstraint(ConstrainRegSubVar(a, b)) => {
-                        self.add_edge(a, ReVar(b));
+                        self.add_edge(a, tcx.mk_region(ReVar(b)));
                     }
                     &AddConstraint(ConstrainVarSubReg(a, b)) => {
-                        self.add_edge(ReVar(a), b);
+                        self.add_edge(tcx.mk_region(ReVar(a)), b);
                     }
                     &AddConstraint(ConstrainRegSubReg(a, b)) => {
                         self.add_edge(a, b);
                     }
                     &AddGiven(a, b) => {
-                        self.add_edge(ReFree(a), ReVar(b));
+                        self.add_edge(tcx.mk_region(ReFree(a)),
+                                      tcx.mk_region(ReVar(b)));
                     }
                     &AddVerify(i) => {
                         verifys[i].bound.for_each_region(&mut |b| {
@@ -359,7 +362,7 @@ impl TaintSet {
         }
     }
 
-    fn into_set(self) -> FnvHashSet<ty::Region> {
+    fn into_set(self) -> FnvHashSet<&'tcx ty::Region> {
         self.regions
     }
 
@@ -368,8 +371,8 @@ impl TaintSet {
     }
 
     fn add_edge(&mut self,
-                source: ty::Region,
-                target: ty::Region) {
+                source: &'tcx ty::Region,
+                target: &'tcx ty::Region) {
         if self.directions.incoming {
             if self.regions.contains(&target) {
                 self.regions.insert(source);
@@ -450,7 +453,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             .rollback_to(snapshot.region_snapshot);
     }
 
-    pub fn rollback_undo_entry(&self, undo_entry: UndoLogEntry) {
+    pub fn rollback_undo_entry(&self, undo_entry: UndoLogEntry<'tcx>) {
         match undo_entry {
             OpenSnapshot => {
                 panic!("Failure to observe stack discipline");
@@ -529,13 +532,14 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// The `snapshot` argument to this function is not really used;
     /// it's just there to make it explicit which snapshot bounds the
     /// skolemized region that results. It should always be the top-most snapshot.
-    pub fn push_skolemized(&self, br: ty::BoundRegion, snapshot: &RegionSnapshot) -> Region {
+    pub fn push_skolemized(&self, br: ty::BoundRegion, snapshot: &RegionSnapshot)
+                           -> &'tcx Region {
         assert!(self.in_snapshot());
         assert!(self.undo_log.borrow()[snapshot.length] == OpenSnapshot);
 
         let sc = self.skolemization_count.get();
         self.skolemization_count.set(sc + 1);
-        ReSkolemized(ty::SkolemizedRegionVid { index: sc }, br)
+        self.tcx.mk_region(ReSkolemized(ty::SkolemizedRegionVid { index: sc }, br))
     }
 
     /// Removes all the edges to/from the skolemized regions that are
@@ -543,7 +547,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// completes to remove all trace of the skolemized regions
     /// created in that time.
     pub fn pop_skolemized(&self,
-                          skols: &FnvHashSet<ty::Region>,
+                          skols: &FnvHashSet<&'tcx ty::Region>,
                           snapshot: &RegionSnapshot) {
         debug!("pop_skolemized_regions(skols={:?})", skols);
 
@@ -566,7 +570,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 skols.len());
         debug_assert! {
             skols.iter()
-                 .all(|k| match *k {
+                 .all(|&k| match *k {
                      ty::ReSkolemized(index, _) =>
                          index.index >= first_to_pop &&
                          index.index < last_to_pop,
@@ -597,9 +601,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         self.skolemization_count.set(snapshot.skolemization_count);
         return;
 
-        fn kill_constraint(skols: &FnvHashSet<ty::Region>,
-                           undo_entry: &UndoLogEntry)
-                           -> bool {
+        fn kill_constraint<'tcx>(skols: &FnvHashSet<&'tcx ty::Region>,
+                                 undo_entry: &UndoLogEntry<'tcx>)
+                                 -> bool {
             match undo_entry {
                 &AddConstraint(ConstrainVarSubVar(_, _)) =>
                     false,
@@ -626,7 +630,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     }
 
-    pub fn new_bound(&self, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex) -> Region {
+    pub fn new_bound(&self, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex) -> &'tcx Region {
         // Creates a fresh bound variable for use in GLB computations.
         // See discussion of GLB computation in the large comment at
         // the top of this file for more details.
@@ -652,14 +656,14 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             bug!("rollover in RegionInference new_bound()");
         }
 
-        ReLateBound(debruijn, BrFresh(sc))
+        self.tcx.mk_region(ReLateBound(debruijn, BrFresh(sc)))
     }
 
     fn values_are_none(&self) -> bool {
         self.values.borrow().is_none()
     }
 
-    fn add_constraint(&self, constraint: Constraint, origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>) {
+    fn add_constraint(&self, constraint: Constraint<'tcx>, origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>) {
         // cannot add constraints once regions are resolved
         assert!(self.values_are_none());
 
@@ -704,20 +708,26 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn make_eqregion(&self, origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, sub: Region, sup: Region) {
+    pub fn make_eqregion(&self,
+                         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
+                         sub: &'tcx Region,
+                         sup: &'tcx Region) {
         if sub != sup {
             // Eventually, it would be nice to add direct support for
             // equating regions.
             self.make_subregion(origin.clone(), sub, sup);
             self.make_subregion(origin, sup, sub);
 
-            if let (ty::ReVar(sub), ty::ReVar(sup)) = (sub, sup) {
+            if let (ty::ReVar(sub), ty::ReVar(sup)) = (*sub, *sup) {
                 self.unification_table.borrow_mut().union(sub, sup);
             }
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn make_subregion(&self, origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, sub: Region, sup: Region) {
+    pub fn make_subregion(&self,
+                          origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
+                          sub: &'tcx Region,
+                          sup: &'tcx Region) {
         // cannot add constraints once regions are resolved
         assert!(self.values_are_none());
 
@@ -727,26 +737,26 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                origin);
 
         match (sub, sup) {
-            (ReEarlyBound(..), _) |
-            (ReLateBound(..), _) |
-            (_, ReEarlyBound(..)) |
-            (_, ReLateBound(..)) => {
+            (&ReEarlyBound(..), _) |
+            (&ReLateBound(..), _) |
+            (_, &ReEarlyBound(..)) |
+            (_, &ReLateBound(..)) => {
                 span_bug!(origin.span(),
                           "cannot relate bound region: {:?} <= {:?}",
                           sub,
                           sup);
             }
-            (_, ReStatic) => {
+            (_, &ReStatic) => {
                 // all regions are subregions of static, so we can ignore this
             }
-            (ReVar(sub_id), ReVar(sup_id)) => {
+            (&ReVar(sub_id), &ReVar(sup_id)) => {
                 self.add_constraint(ConstrainVarSubVar(sub_id, sup_id), origin);
             }
-            (r, ReVar(sup_id)) => {
-                self.add_constraint(ConstrainRegSubVar(r, sup_id), origin);
+            (_, &ReVar(sup_id)) => {
+                self.add_constraint(ConstrainRegSubVar(sub, sup_id), origin);
             }
-            (ReVar(sub_id), r) => {
-                self.add_constraint(ConstrainVarSubReg(sub_id, r), origin);
+            (&ReVar(sub_id), _) => {
+                self.add_constraint(ConstrainVarSubReg(sub_id, sup), origin);
             }
             _ => {
                 self.add_constraint(ConstrainRegSubReg(sub, sup), origin);
@@ -758,8 +768,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn verify_generic_bound(&self,
                                 origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
                                 kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,
-                                sub: Region,
-                                bound: VerifyBound) {
+                                sub: &'tcx Region,
+                                bound: VerifyBound<'tcx>) {
         self.add_verify(Verify {
             kind: kind,
             origin: origin,
@@ -768,29 +778,43 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn lub_regions(&self, origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, a: Region, b: Region) -> Region {
+    pub fn lub_regions(&self,
+                       origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
+                       a: &'tcx Region,
+                       b: &'tcx Region)
+                       -> &'tcx Region {
         // cannot add constraints once regions are resolved
         assert!(self.values_are_none());
 
         debug!("RegionVarBindings: lub_regions({:?}, {:?})", a, b);
-        if a == ty::ReStatic || b == ty::ReStatic {
-            ReStatic // nothing lives longer than static
-        } else if a == b {
-            a // LUB(a,a) = a
-        } else {
-            self.combine_vars(Lub, a, b, origin.clone(), |this, old_r, new_r| {
-                this.make_subregion(origin.clone(), old_r, new_r)
-            })
+        match (a, b) {
+            (r @ &ReStatic, _) | (_, r @ &ReStatic) => {
+                r // nothing lives longer than static
+            }
+
+            _ if a == b => {
+                a // LUB(a,a) = a
+            }
+
+            _ => {
+                self.combine_vars(Lub, a, b, origin.clone(), |this, old_r, new_r| {
+                    this.make_subregion(origin.clone(), old_r, new_r)
+                })
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn glb_regions(&self, origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, a: Region, b: Region) -> Region {
+    pub fn glb_regions(&self,
+                       origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
+                       a: &'tcx Region,
+                       b: &'tcx Region)
+                       -> &'tcx Region {
         // cannot add constraints once regions are resolved
         assert!(self.values_are_none());
 
         debug!("RegionVarBindings: glb_regions({:?}, {:?})", a, b);
         match (a, b) {
-            (ReStatic, r) | (r, ReStatic) => {
+            (&ReStatic, r) | (r, &ReStatic) => {
                 r // static lives longer than everything else
             }
 
@@ -806,7 +830,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn resolve_var(&self, rid: RegionVid) -> ty::Region {
+    pub fn resolve_var(&self, rid: RegionVid) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         match *self.values.borrow() {
             None => {
                 span_bug!((*self.var_origins.borrow())[rid.index as usize].span(),
@@ -814,18 +838,19 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                            been computed!")
             }
             Some(ref values) => {
-                let r = lookup(values, rid);
+                let r = lookup(self.tcx, values, rid);
                 debug!("resolve_var({:?}) = {:?}", rid, r);
                 r
             }
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn opportunistic_resolve_var(&self, rid: RegionVid) -> ty::Region {
-        ty::ReVar(self.unification_table.borrow_mut().find_value(rid).min_vid)
+    pub fn opportunistic_resolve_var(&self, rid: RegionVid) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        let vid = self.unification_table.borrow_mut().find_value(rid).min_vid;
+        self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(vid))
     }
 
-    fn combine_map(&self, t: CombineMapType) -> &RefCell<CombineMap> {
+    fn combine_map(&self, t: CombineMapType) -> &RefCell<CombineMap<'tcx>> {
         match t {
             Glb => &self.glbs,
             Lub => &self.lubs,
@@ -834,26 +859,26 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     pub fn combine_vars<F>(&self,
                            t: CombineMapType,
-                           a: Region,
-                           b: Region,
+                           a: &'tcx Region,
+                           b: &'tcx Region,
                            origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
                            mut relate: F)
-                           -> Region
-        where F: FnMut(&RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>, Region, Region)
+                           -> &'tcx Region
+        where F: FnMut(&RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>, &'tcx Region, &'tcx Region)
     {
         let vars = TwoRegions { a: a, b: b };
         if let Some(&c) = self.combine_map(t).borrow().get(&vars) {
-            return ReVar(c);
+            return self.tcx.mk_region(ReVar(c));
         }
         let c = self.new_region_var(MiscVariable(origin.span()));
         self.combine_map(t).borrow_mut().insert(vars, c);
         if self.in_snapshot() {
             self.undo_log.borrow_mut().push(AddCombination(t, vars));
         }
-        relate(self, a, ReVar(c));
-        relate(self, b, ReVar(c));
+        relate(self, a, self.tcx.mk_region(ReVar(c)));
+        relate(self, b, self.tcx.mk_region(ReVar(c)));
         debug!("combine_vars() c={:?}", c);
-        ReVar(c)
+        self.tcx.mk_region(ReVar(c))
     }
 
     pub fn vars_created_since_snapshot(&self, mark: &RegionSnapshot) -> Vec<RegionVid> {
@@ -878,9 +903,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// related to other regions.
     pub fn tainted(&self,
                    mark: &RegionSnapshot,
-                   r0: Region,
+                   r0: &'tcx Region,
                    directions: TaintDirections)
-                   -> FnvHashSet<ty::Region> {
+                   -> FnvHashSet<&'tcx ty::Region> {
         debug!("tainted(mark={:?}, r0={:?}, directions={:?})",
                mark, r0, directions);
 
@@ -888,7 +913,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         // edges and add any new regions we find to result_set.  This
         // is not a terribly efficient implementation.
         let mut taint_set = TaintSet::new(directions, r0);
-        taint_set.fixed_point(&self.undo_log.borrow()[mark.length..],
+        taint_set.fixed_point(self.tcx,
+                              &self.undo_log.borrow()[mark.length..],
                               &self.verifys.borrow());
         debug!("tainted: result={:?}", taint_set.regions);
         return taint_set.into_set();
@@ -910,26 +936,30 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         errors
     }
 
-    fn lub_concrete_regions(&self, free_regions: &FreeRegionMap, a: Region, b: Region) -> Region {
+    fn lub_concrete_regions(&self,
+                            free_regions: &FreeRegionMap,
+                            a: &'tcx Region,
+                            b: &'tcx Region)
+                            -> &'tcx Region {
         match (a, b) {
-            (ReLateBound(..), _) |
-            (_, ReLateBound(..)) |
-            (ReEarlyBound(..), _) |
-            (_, ReEarlyBound(..)) |
-            (ReErased, _) |
-            (_, ReErased) => {
+            (&ReLateBound(..), _) |
+            (_, &ReLateBound(..)) |
+            (&ReEarlyBound(..), _) |
+            (_, &ReEarlyBound(..)) |
+            (&ReErased, _) |
+            (_, &ReErased) => {
                 bug!("cannot relate region: LUB({:?}, {:?})", a, b);
             }
 
-            (ReStatic, _) | (_, ReStatic) => {
-                ReStatic // nothing lives longer than static
+            (r @ &ReStatic, _) | (_, r @ &ReStatic) => {
+                r // nothing lives longer than static
             }
 
-            (ReEmpty, r) | (r, ReEmpty) => {
+            (&ReEmpty, r) | (r, &ReEmpty) => {
                 r // everything lives longer than empty
             }
 
-            (ReVar(v_id), _) | (_, ReVar(v_id)) => {
+            (&ReVar(v_id), _) | (_, &ReVar(v_id)) => {
                 span_bug!((*self.var_origins.borrow())[v_id.index as usize].span(),
                           "lub_concrete_regions invoked with non-concrete \
                            regions: {:?}, {:?}",
@@ -937,9 +967,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                           b);
             }
 
-            (ReFree(ref fr), ReScope(s_id)) |
-            (ReScope(s_id), ReFree(ref fr)) => {
-                let f = ReFree(*fr);
+            (&ReFree(fr), &ReScope(s_id)) |
+            (&ReScope(s_id), &ReFree(fr)) => {
                 // A "free" region can be interpreted as "some region
                 // at least as big as the block fr.scope_id".  So, we can
                 // reasonably compare free regions and scopes:
@@ -949,33 +978,34 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                     // if the free region's scope `fr.scope_id` is bigger than
                     // the scope region `s_id`, then the LUB is the free
                     // region itself:
-                    f
+                    self.tcx.mk_region(ReFree(fr))
                 } else {
                     // otherwise, we don't know what the free region is,
                     // so we must conservatively say the LUB is static:
-                    ReStatic
+                    self.tcx.mk_region(ReStatic)
                 }
             }
 
-            (ReScope(a_id), ReScope(b_id)) => {
+            (&ReScope(a_id), &ReScope(b_id)) => {
                 // The region corresponding to an outer block is a
                 // subtype of the region corresponding to an inner
                 // block.
-                ReScope(self.tcx.region_maps.nearest_common_ancestor(a_id, b_id))
+                self.tcx.mk_region(ReScope(
+                    self.tcx.region_maps.nearest_common_ancestor(a_id, b_id)))
             }
 
-            (ReFree(a_fr), ReFree(b_fr)) => {
-                free_regions.lub_free_regions(a_fr, b_fr)
+            (&ReFree(a_fr), &ReFree(b_fr)) => {
+                self.tcx.mk_region(free_regions.lub_free_regions(a_fr, b_fr))
             }
 
             // For these types, we cannot define any additional
             // relationship:
-            (ReSkolemized(..), _) |
-            (_, ReSkolemized(..)) => {
+            (&ReSkolemized(..), _) |
+            (_, &ReSkolemized(..)) => {
                 if a == b {
                     a
                 } else {
-                    ReStatic
+                    self.tcx.mk_region(ReStatic)
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -985,24 +1015,24 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 // ______________________________________________________________________
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub enum VarValue {
-    Value(Region),
+pub enum VarValue<'tcx> {
+    Value(&'tcx Region),
     ErrorValue,
 }
 
 struct RegionAndOrigin<'tcx> {
-    region: Region,
+    region: &'tcx Region,
     origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
 }
 
-type RegionGraph = graph::Graph<(), Constraint>;
+type RegionGraph<'tcx> = graph::Graph<(), Constraint<'tcx>>;
 
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn infer_variable_values(&self,
                              free_regions: &FreeRegionMap,
                              errors: &mut Vec<RegionResolutionError<'tcx>>,
                              subject: ast::NodeId)
-                             -> Vec<VarValue> {
+                             -> Vec<VarValue<'tcx>> {
         let mut var_data = self.construct_var_data();
 
         // Dorky hack to cause `dump_constraints` to only get called
@@ -1020,9 +1050,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         var_data
     }
 
-    fn construct_var_data(&self) -> Vec<VarValue> {
+    fn construct_var_data(&self) -> Vec<VarValue<'tcx>> {
         (0..self.num_vars() as usize)
-            .map(|_| Value(ty::ReEmpty))
+            .map(|_| Value(self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReEmpty)))
             .collect()
     }
 
@@ -1059,7 +1089,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn expansion(&self, free_regions: &FreeRegionMap, var_values: &mut [VarValue]) {
+    fn expansion(&self, free_regions: &FreeRegionMap, var_values: &mut [VarValue<'tcx>]) {
         self.iterate_until_fixed_point("Expansion", |constraint, origin| {
             debug!("expansion: constraint={:?} origin={:?}",
                    constraint, origin);
@@ -1089,9 +1119,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     fn expand_node(&self,
                    free_regions: &FreeRegionMap,
-                   a_region: Region,
+                   a_region: &'tcx Region,
                    b_vid: RegionVid,
-                   b_data: &mut VarValue)
+                   b_data: &mut VarValue<'tcx>)
                    -> bool {
         debug!("expand_node({:?}, {:?} == {:?})",
                a_region,
@@ -1099,7 +1129,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                b_data);
 
         // Check if this relationship is implied by a given.
-        match a_region {
+        match *a_region {
             ty::ReFree(fr) => {
                 if self.givens.borrow().contains(&(fr, b_vid)) {
                     debug!("given");
@@ -1136,7 +1166,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// and check that they are satisfied.
     fn collect_errors(&self,
                       free_regions: &FreeRegionMap,
-                      var_data: &mut Vec<VarValue>,
+                      var_data: &mut Vec<VarValue<'tcx>>,
                       errors: &mut Vec<RegionResolutionError<'tcx>>) {
         let constraints = self.constraints.borrow();
         for (constraint, origin) in constraints.iter() {
@@ -1192,7 +1222,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
         for verify in self.verifys.borrow().iter() {
             debug!("collect_errors: verify={:?}", verify);
-            let sub = normalize(var_data, verify.region);
+            let sub = normalize(self.tcx, var_data, verify.region);
             if verify.bound.is_met(self.tcx, free_regions, var_data, sub) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -1213,8 +1243,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// and create a `RegionResolutionError` for each of them.
     fn collect_var_errors(&self,
                           free_regions: &FreeRegionMap,
-                          var_data: &[VarValue],
-                          graph: &RegionGraph,
+                          var_data: &[VarValue<'tcx>],
+                          graph: &RegionGraph<'tcx>,
                           errors: &mut Vec<RegionResolutionError<'tcx>>) {
         debug!("collect_var_errors");
 
@@ -1271,7 +1301,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn construct_graph(&self) -> RegionGraph {
+    fn construct_graph(&self) -> RegionGraph<'tcx> {
         let num_vars = self.num_vars();
 
         let constraints = self.constraints.borrow();
@@ -1315,7 +1345,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     fn collect_error_for_expanding_node(&self,
                                         free_regions: &FreeRegionMap,
-                                        graph: &RegionGraph,
+                                        graph: &RegionGraph<'tcx>,
                                         dup_vec: &mut [u32],
                                         node_idx: RegionVid,
                                         errors: &mut Vec<RegionResolutionError<'tcx>>) {
@@ -1339,9 +1369,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         // the user will more likely get a specific suggestion.
         fn free_regions_first(a: &RegionAndOrigin, b: &RegionAndOrigin) -> Ordering {
             match (a.region, b.region) {
-                (ReFree(..), ReFree(..)) => Equal,
-                (ReFree(..), _) => Less,
-                (_, ReFree(..)) => Greater,
+                (&ReFree(..), &ReFree(..)) => Equal,
+                (&ReFree(..), _) => Less,
+                (_, &ReFree(..)) => Greater,
                 (_, _) => Equal,
             }
         }
@@ -1378,7 +1408,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     fn collect_concrete_regions(&self,
-                                graph: &RegionGraph,
+                                graph: &RegionGraph<'tcx>,
                                 orig_node_idx: RegionVid,
                                 dir: Direction,
                                 dup_vec: &mut [u32])
@@ -1423,7 +1453,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
         fn process_edges<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(this: &RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                                          state: &mut WalkState<'tcx>,
-                                         graph: &RegionGraph,
+                                         graph: &RegionGraph<'tcx>,
                                          source_vid: RegionVid,
                                          dir: Direction) {
             debug!("process_edges(source_vid={:?}, dir={:?})", source_vid, dir);
@@ -1460,7 +1490,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     fn iterate_until_fixed_point<F>(&self, tag: &str, mut body: F)
-        where F: FnMut(&Constraint, &SubregionOrigin<'tcx>) -> bool
+        where F: FnMut(&Constraint<'tcx>, &SubregionOrigin<'tcx>) -> bool
     {
         let mut iteration = 0;
         let mut changed = true;
@@ -1481,17 +1511,23 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionVarBindings<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
 }
 
-fn normalize(values: &Vec<VarValue>, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-    match r {
-        ty::ReVar(rid) => lookup(values, rid),
+fn normalize<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
+                             values: &Vec<VarValue<'tcx>>,
+                             r: &'tcx ty::Region)
+                             -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+    match *r {
+        ty::ReVar(rid) => lookup(tcx, values, rid),
         _ => r,
     }
 }
 
-fn lookup(values: &Vec<VarValue>, rid: ty::RegionVid) -> ty::Region {
+fn lookup<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
+                          values: &Vec<VarValue<'tcx>>,
+                          rid: ty::RegionVid)
+                          -> &'tcx ty::Region {
     match values[rid.index as usize] {
         Value(r) => r,
-        ErrorValue => ReStatic, // Previously reported error.
+        ErrorValue => tcx.mk_region(ReStatic), // Previously reported error.
     }
 }
 
@@ -1535,8 +1571,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> GenericKind<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> VerifyBound {
-    fn for_each_region(&self, f: &mut FnMut(ty::Region)) {
+impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
+    fn for_each_region(&self, f: &mut FnMut(&'tcx ty::Region)) {
         match self {
             &VerifyBound::AnyRegion(ref rs) |
             &VerifyBound::AllRegions(ref rs) => for &r in rs {
@@ -1552,7 +1588,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> VerifyBound {
 
     pub fn must_hold(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
-            &VerifyBound::AnyRegion(ref bs) => bs.contains(&ty::ReStatic),
+            &VerifyBound::AnyRegion(ref bs) => bs.contains(&&ty::ReStatic),
             &VerifyBound::AllRegions(ref bs) => bs.is_empty(),
             &VerifyBound::AnyBound(ref bs) => bs.iter().any(|b| b.must_hold()),
             &VerifyBound::AllBounds(ref bs) => bs.iter().all(|b| b.must_hold()),
@@ -1562,13 +1598,13 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> VerifyBound {
     pub fn cannot_hold(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             &VerifyBound::AnyRegion(ref bs) => bs.is_empty(),
-            &VerifyBound::AllRegions(ref bs) => bs.contains(&ty::ReEmpty),
+            &VerifyBound::AllRegions(ref bs) => bs.contains(&&ty::ReEmpty),
             &VerifyBound::AnyBound(ref bs) => bs.iter().all(|b| b.cannot_hold()),
             &VerifyBound::AllBounds(ref bs) => bs.iter().any(|b| b.cannot_hold()),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn or(self, vb: VerifyBound) -> VerifyBound {
+    pub fn or(self, vb: VerifyBound<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         if self.must_hold() || vb.cannot_hold() {
             self
         } else if self.cannot_hold() || vb.must_hold() {
@@ -1578,7 +1614,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> VerifyBound {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn and(self, vb: VerifyBound) -> VerifyBound {
+    pub fn and(self, vb: VerifyBound<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         if self.must_hold() && vb.must_hold() {
             self
         } else if self.cannot_hold() && vb.cannot_hold() {
@@ -1590,18 +1626,18 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> VerifyBound {
 
     fn is_met(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
               free_regions: &FreeRegionMap,
-              var_values: &Vec<VarValue>,
-              min: ty::Region)
+              var_values: &Vec<VarValue<'tcx>>,
+              min: &'tcx ty::Region)
               -> bool {
         match self {
             &VerifyBound::AnyRegion(ref rs) =>
                 rs.iter()
-                  .map(|&r| normalize(var_values, r))
+                  .map(|&r| normalize(tcx, var_values, r))
                   .any(|r| free_regions.is_subregion_of(tcx, min, r)),
 
             &VerifyBound::AllRegions(ref rs) =>
                 rs.iter()
-                  .map(|&r| normalize(var_values, r))
+                  .map(|&r| normalize(tcx, var_values, r))
                   .all(|r| free_regions.is_subregion_of(tcx, min, r)),
 
             &VerifyBound::AnyBound(ref bs) =>
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/resolve.rs b/src/librustc/infer/resolve.rs
index 5f550b427e21a..357a03a2ffd7c 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/resolve.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/resolve.rs
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for OpportunisticTypeAndRegionResolv
         }
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-        match r {
-          ty::ReVar(rid) => self.infcx.region_vars.opportunistic_resolve_var(rid),
-          _ => r,
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        match *r {
+            ty::ReVar(rid) => self.infcx.region_vars.opportunistic_resolve_var(rid),
+            _ => r,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for FullTypeResolver<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>
         }
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-        match r {
-          ty::ReVar(rid) => self.infcx.region_vars.resolve_var(rid),
-          _ => r,
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        match *r {
+            ty::ReVar(rid) => self.infcx.region_vars.resolve_var(rid),
+            _ => r,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/librustc/infer/sub.rs b/src/librustc/infer/sub.rs
index 2f7f5254727db..159de2faced57 100644
--- a/src/librustc/infer/sub.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/infer/sub.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeRelation<'infcx, 'gcx, 'tcx>
         }
     }
 
-    fn regions(&mut self, a: ty::Region, b: ty::Region) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region> {
+    fn regions(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Region, b: &'tcx ty::Region)
+               -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region> {
         debug!("{}.regions({:?}, {:?}) self.cause={:?}",
                self.tag(), a, b, self.fields.cause);
         // FIXME -- we have more fine-grained information available
diff --git a/src/librustc/middle/cstore.rs b/src/librustc/middle/cstore.rs
index 92e1b0681cc7e..381a86a42d482 100644
--- a/src/librustc/middle/cstore.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/middle/cstore.rs
@@ -198,7 +198,6 @@ pub trait CrateStore<'tcx> {
     fn is_default_impl(&self, impl_did: DefId) -> bool;
     fn is_extern_item<'a>(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'tcx, 'tcx>, did: DefId) -> bool;
     fn is_foreign_item(&self, did: DefId) -> bool;
-    fn is_static_method(&self, did: DefId) -> bool;
     fn is_statically_included_foreign_item(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> bool;
     fn is_typedef(&self, did: DefId) -> bool;
 
@@ -391,7 +390,6 @@ impl<'tcx> CrateStore<'tcx> for DummyCrateStore {
     fn is_extern_item<'a>(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'tcx, 'tcx>, did: DefId) -> bool
         { bug!("is_extern_item") }
     fn is_foreign_item(&self, did: DefId) -> bool { bug!("is_foreign_item") }
-    fn is_static_method(&self, did: DefId) -> bool { bug!("is_static_method") }
     fn is_statically_included_foreign_item(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> bool { false }
     fn is_typedef(&self, did: DefId) -> bool { bug!("is_typedef") }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc/middle/expr_use_visitor.rs b/src/librustc/middle/expr_use_visitor.rs
index 87463055a276a..798702e6fd657 100644
--- a/src/librustc/middle/expr_use_visitor.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/middle/expr_use_visitor.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub trait Delegate<'tcx> {
               borrow_id: ast::NodeId,
               borrow_span: Span,
               cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-              loan_region: ty::Region,
+              loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
               bk: ty::BorrowKind,
               loan_cause: LoanCause);
 
@@ -301,11 +301,11 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         for arg in &decl.inputs {
             let arg_ty = return_if_err!(self.mc.infcx.node_ty(arg.pat.id));
 
-            let fn_body_scope = self.tcx().region_maps.node_extent(body.id);
+            let fn_body_scope_r = self.tcx().node_scope_region(body.id);
             let arg_cmt = self.mc.cat_rvalue(
                 arg.id,
                 arg.pat.span,
-                ty::ReScope(fn_body_scope), // Args live only as long as the fn body.
+                fn_body_scope_r, // Args live only as long as the fn body.
                 arg_ty);
 
             self.walk_irrefutable_pat(arg_cmt, &arg.pat);
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     fn borrow_expr(&mut self,
                    expr: &hir::Expr,
-                   r: ty::Region,
+                   r: &'tcx ty::Region,
                    bk: ty::BorrowKind,
                    cause: LoanCause) {
         debug!("borrow_expr(expr={:?}, r={:?}, bk={:?})",
@@ -431,7 +431,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
             hir::ExprMatch(ref discr, ref arms, _) => {
                 let discr_cmt = return_if_err!(self.mc.cat_expr(&discr));
-                self.borrow_expr(&discr, ty::ReEmpty, ty::ImmBorrow, MatchDiscriminant);
+                let r = self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReEmpty);
+                self.borrow_expr(&discr, r, ty::ImmBorrow, MatchDiscriminant);
 
                 // treatment of the discriminant is handled while walking the arms.
                 for arm in arms {
@@ -449,7 +450,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 // make sure that the thing we are pointing out stays valid
                 // for the lifetime `scope_r` of the resulting ptr:
                 let expr_ty = return_if_err!(self.mc.infcx.node_ty(expr.id));
-                if let ty::TyRef(&r, _) = expr_ty.sty {
+                if let ty::TyRef(r, _) = expr_ty.sty {
                     let bk = ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(m);
                     self.borrow_expr(&base, r, bk, AddrOf);
                 }
@@ -557,7 +558,6 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         let callee_ty = return_if_err!(self.mc.infcx.expr_ty_adjusted(callee));
         debug!("walk_callee: callee={:?} callee_ty={:?}",
                callee, callee_ty);
-        let call_scope = self.tcx().region_maps.node_extent(call.id);
         match callee_ty.sty {
             ty::TyFnDef(..) | ty::TyFnPtr(_) => {
                 self.consume_expr(callee);
@@ -578,14 +578,16 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                     };
                 match overloaded_call_type {
                     FnMutOverloadedCall => {
+                        let call_scope_r = self.tcx().node_scope_region(call.id);
                         self.borrow_expr(callee,
-                                         ty::ReScope(call_scope),
+                                         call_scope_r,
                                          ty::MutBorrow,
                                          ClosureInvocation);
                     }
                     FnOverloadedCall => {
+                        let call_scope_r = self.tcx().node_scope_region(call.id);
                         self.borrow_expr(callee,
-                                         ty::ReScope(call_scope),
+                                         call_scope_r,
                                          ty::ImmBorrow,
                                          ClosureInvocation);
                     }
@@ -761,7 +763,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 };
                 let bk = ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(m);
                 self.delegate.borrow(expr.id, expr.span, cmt,
-                                     *r, bk, AutoRef);
+                                     r, bk, AutoRef);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -822,7 +824,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 self.delegate.borrow(expr.id,
                                      expr.span,
                                      cmt_base,
-                                     *r,
+                                     r,
                                      ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(m),
                                      AutoRef);
             }
@@ -835,7 +837,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 // Converting from a &T to *T (or &mut T to *mut T) is
                 // treated as borrowing it for the enclosing temporary
                 // scope.
-                let r = ty::ReScope(self.tcx().region_maps.node_extent(expr.id));
+                let r = self.tcx().node_scope_region(expr.id);
 
                 self.delegate.borrow(expr.id,
                                      expr.span,
@@ -890,7 +892,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         // methods are implicitly autoref'd which sadly does not use
         // adjustments, so we must hardcode the borrow here.
 
-        let r = ty::ReScope(self.tcx().region_maps.node_extent(expr.id));
+        let r = self.tcx().node_scope_region(expr.id);
         let bk = ty::ImmBorrow;
 
         for &arg in &rhs {
@@ -979,7 +981,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ExprUseVisitor<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 // It is also a borrow or copy/move of the value being matched.
                 match bmode {
                     hir::BindByRef(m) => {
-                        if let ty::TyRef(&r, _) = pat_ty.sty {
+                        if let ty::TyRef(r, _) = pat_ty.sty {
                             let bk = ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(m);
                             delegate.borrow(pat.id, pat.span, cmt_pat, r, bk, RefBinding);
                         }
diff --git a/src/librustc/middle/free_region.rs b/src/librustc/middle/free_region.rs
index e4ce89767139a..8193d062631c1 100644
--- a/src/librustc/middle/free_region.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/middle/free_region.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl FreeRegionMap {
         for implied_bound in implied_bounds {
             debug!("implied bound: {:?}", implied_bound);
             match *implied_bound {
-                ImpliedBound::RegionSubRegion(ty::ReFree(free_a), ty::ReFree(free_b)) => {
+                ImpliedBound::RegionSubRegion(&ty::ReFree(free_a), &ty::ReFree(free_b)) => {
                     self.relate_free_regions(free_a, free_b);
                 }
                 ImpliedBound::RegionSubRegion(..) |
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ impl FreeRegionMap {
                 }
                 ty::Predicate::RegionOutlives(ty::Binder(ty::OutlivesPredicate(r_a, r_b))) => {
                     match (r_a, r_b) {
-                        (ty::ReStatic, ty::ReFree(_)) => {},
-                        (ty::ReFree(fr_a), ty::ReStatic) => self.relate_to_static(fr_a),
-                        (ty::ReFree(fr_a), ty::ReFree(fr_b)) => {
+                        (&ty::ReStatic, &ty::ReFree(_)) => {},
+                        (&ty::ReFree(fr_a), &ty::ReStatic) => self.relate_to_static(fr_a),
+                        (&ty::ReFree(fr_a), &ty::ReFree(fr_b)) => {
                             // Record that `'a:'b`. Or, put another way, `'b <= 'a`.
                             self.relate_free_regions(fr_b, fr_a);
                         }
@@ -122,26 +122,26 @@ impl FreeRegionMap {
     /// inference* and sadly the logic is somewhat duplicated with the code in infer.rs.
     pub fn is_subregion_of(&self,
                            tcx: TyCtxt,
-                           sub_region: ty::Region,
-                           super_region: ty::Region)
+                           sub_region: &ty::Region,
+                           super_region: &ty::Region)
                            -> bool {
         let result = sub_region == super_region || {
             match (sub_region, super_region) {
-                (ty::ReEmpty, _) |
-                (_, ty::ReStatic) =>
+                (&ty::ReEmpty, _) |
+                (_, &ty::ReStatic) =>
                     true,
 
-                (ty::ReScope(sub_scope), ty::ReScope(super_scope)) =>
+                (&ty::ReScope(sub_scope), &ty::ReScope(super_scope)) =>
                     tcx.region_maps.is_subscope_of(sub_scope, super_scope),
 
-                (ty::ReScope(sub_scope), ty::ReFree(fr)) =>
+                (&ty::ReScope(sub_scope), &ty::ReFree(fr)) =>
                     tcx.region_maps.is_subscope_of(sub_scope, fr.scope) ||
                     self.is_static(fr),
 
-                (ty::ReFree(sub_fr), ty::ReFree(super_fr)) =>
+                (&ty::ReFree(sub_fr), &ty::ReFree(super_fr)) =>
                     self.sub_free_region(sub_fr, super_fr),
 
-                (ty::ReStatic, ty::ReFree(sup_fr)) =>
+                (&ty::ReStatic, &ty::ReFree(sup_fr)) =>
                     self.is_static(sup_fr),
 
                 _ =>
diff --git a/src/librustc/middle/mem_categorization.rs b/src/librustc/middle/mem_categorization.rs
index 676e456dcea94..a74bdb02044de 100644
--- a/src/librustc/middle/mem_categorization.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/middle/mem_categorization.rs
@@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Categorization<'tcx> {
-    Rvalue(ty::Region),                    // temporary val, argument is its scope
+    Rvalue(&'tcx ty::Region),                    // temporary val, argument is its scope
     StaticItem,
     Upvar(Upvar),                          // upvar referenced by closure env
     Local(ast::NodeId),                    // local variable
-    Deref(cmt<'tcx>, usize, PointerKind),  // deref of a ptr
+    Deref(cmt<'tcx>, usize, PointerKind<'tcx>),  // deref of a ptr
     Interior(cmt<'tcx>, InteriorKind),     // something interior: field, tuple, etc
     Downcast(cmt<'tcx>, DefId),            // selects a particular enum variant (*1)
 
@@ -110,18 +110,18 @@ pub struct Upvar {
 
 // different kinds of pointers:
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub enum PointerKind {
+pub enum PointerKind<'tcx> {
     /// `Box<T>`
     Unique,
 
     /// `&T`
-    BorrowedPtr(ty::BorrowKind, ty::Region),
+    BorrowedPtr(ty::BorrowKind, &'tcx ty::Region),
 
     /// `*T`
     UnsafePtr(hir::Mutability),
 
     /// Implicit deref of the `&T` that results from an overloaded index `[]`.
-    Implicit(ty::BorrowKind, ty::Region),
+    Implicit(ty::BorrowKind, &'tcx ty::Region),
 }
 
 // We use the term "interior" to mean "something reachable from the
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ pub type cmt<'tcx> = Rc<cmt_<'tcx>>;
 // We pun on *T to mean both actual deref of a ptr as well
 // as accessing of components:
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub enum deref_kind {
-    deref_ptr(PointerKind),
+pub enum deref_kind<'tcx> {
+    deref_ptr(PointerKind<'tcx>),
     deref_interior(InteriorKind),
 }
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ fn deref_kind(t: Ty, context: DerefKindContext) -> McResult<deref_kind> {
 
         ty::TyRef(r, mt) => {
             let kind = ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(mt.mutbl);
-            Ok(deref_ptr(BorrowedPtr(kind, *r)))
+            Ok(deref_ptr(BorrowedPtr(kind, r)))
         }
 
         ty::TyRawPtr(ref mt) => {
@@ -767,13 +767,13 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         };
 
         // Region of environment pointer
-        let env_region = ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
+        let env_region = self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
             // The environment of a closure is guaranteed to
             // outlive any bindings introduced in the body of the
             // closure itself.
             scope: self.tcx().region_maps.item_extent(fn_body_id),
             bound_region: ty::BrEnv
-        });
+        }));
 
         let env_ptr = BorrowedPtr(env_borrow_kind, env_region);
 
@@ -817,11 +817,11 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     /// Returns the lifetime of a temporary created by expr with id `id`.
     /// This could be `'static` if `id` is part of a constant expression.
-    pub fn temporary_scope(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> ty::Region {
-        match self.infcx.temporary_scope(id) {
+    pub fn temporary_scope(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        self.tcx().mk_region(match self.infcx.temporary_scope(id) {
             Some(scope) => ty::ReScope(scope),
             None => ty::ReStatic
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn cat_rvalue_node(&self,
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         let re = if qualif.intersects(ConstQualif::NON_STATIC_BORROWS) {
             self.temporary_scope(id)
         } else {
-            ty::ReStatic
+            self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReStatic)
         };
         let ret = self.cat_rvalue(id, span, re, expr_ty);
         debug!("cat_rvalue_node ret {:?}", ret);
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn cat_rvalue(&self,
                       cmt_id: ast::NodeId,
                       span: Span,
-                      temp_scope: ty::Region,
+                      temp_scope: &'tcx ty::Region,
                       expr_ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> cmt<'tcx> {
         let ret = Rc::new(cmt_ {
             id:cmt_id,
@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ pub fn ptr_sigil(ptr: PointerKind) -> &'static str {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Debug for PointerKind {
+impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for PointerKind<'tcx> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Unique => write!(f, "Box"),
diff --git a/src/librustc/mir/repr.rs b/src/librustc/mir/repr.rs
index f511d820fac58..059fcfdca8a00 100644
--- a/src/librustc/mir/repr.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/mir/repr.rs
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ pub enum Rvalue<'tcx> {
     Repeat(Operand<'tcx>, TypedConstVal<'tcx>),
 
     /// &x or &mut x
-    Ref(Region, BorrowKind, Lvalue<'tcx>),
+    Ref(&'tcx Region, BorrowKind, Lvalue<'tcx>),
 
     /// length of a [X] or [X;n] value
     Len(Lvalue<'tcx>),
diff --git a/src/librustc/mir/tcx.rs b/src/librustc/mir/tcx.rs
index cf91229f1c713..76e5f8598c1c5 100644
--- a/src/librustc/mir/tcx.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/mir/tcx.rs
@@ -145,8 +145,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Rvalue<'tcx> {
             }
             &Rvalue::Ref(reg, bk, ref lv) => {
                 let lv_ty = lv.ty(mir, tcx).to_ty(tcx);
-                Some(tcx.mk_ref(
-                    tcx.mk_region(reg),
+                Some(tcx.mk_ref(reg,
                     ty::TypeAndMut {
                         ty: lv_ty,
                         mutbl: bk.to_mutbl_lossy()
diff --git a/src/librustc/mir/visit.rs b/src/librustc/mir/visit.rs
index ead8de86dbae4..f608185157a4e 100644
--- a/src/librustc/mir/visit.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/mir/visit.rs
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ make_mir_visitor!(Visitor,);
 make_mir_visitor!(MutVisitor,mut);
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub enum LvalueContext {
+pub enum LvalueContext<'tcx> {
     // Appears as LHS of an assignment
     Store,
 
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ pub enum LvalueContext {
     Inspect,
 
     // Being borrowed
-    Borrow { region: Region, kind: BorrowKind },
+    Borrow { region: &'tcx Region, kind: BorrowKind },
 
     // Being sliced -- this should be same as being borrowed, probably
     Slice { from_start: usize, from_end: usize },
diff --git a/src/librustc/traits/fulfill.rs b/src/librustc/traits/fulfill.rs
index 76477d3df9360..a0e25d54a1321 100644
--- a/src/librustc/traits/fulfill.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/traits/fulfill.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub struct FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct RegionObligation<'tcx> {
-    pub sub_region: ty::Region,
+    pub sub_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
     pub sup_type: Ty<'tcx>,
     pub cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
 }
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
 
     pub fn register_region_obligation(&mut self,
                                       t_a: Ty<'tcx>,
-                                      r_b: ty::Region,
+                                      r_b: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                       cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>)
     {
         register_region_obligation(t_a, r_b, cause, &mut self.region_obligations);
@@ -580,7 +580,8 @@ fn process_predicate<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(
                         // Otherwise, we have something of the form
                         // `for<'a> T: 'a where 'a not in T`, which we can treat as `T: 'static`.
                         Some(t_a) => {
-                            register_region_obligation(t_a, ty::ReStatic,
+                            let r_static = selcx.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReStatic);
+                            register_region_obligation(t_a, r_static,
                                                        obligation.cause.clone(),
                                                        region_obligations);
                             Ok(Some(vec![]))
@@ -690,7 +691,7 @@ fn coinductive_obligation<'a,'gcx,'tcx>(selcx: &SelectionContext<'a,'gcx,'tcx>,
 }
 
 fn register_region_obligation<'tcx>(t_a: Ty<'tcx>,
-                                    r_b: ty::Region,
+                                    r_b: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                     cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
                                     region_obligations: &mut NodeMap<Vec<RegionObligation<'tcx>>>)
 {
diff --git a/src/librustc/traits/select.rs b/src/librustc/traits/select.rs
index f2ea14f17961f..8adf6e19f39d7 100644
--- a/src/librustc/traits/select.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/traits/select.rs
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                         obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
                         trait_bound: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
                         skol_trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
-                        skol_map: &infer::SkolemizationMap,
+                        skol_map: &infer::SkolemizationMap<'tcx>,
                         snapshot: &infer::CombinedSnapshot)
                         -> bool
     {
@@ -2264,7 +2264,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                    mut substs: Normalized<'tcx, &'tcx Substs<'tcx>>,
                    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
                    recursion_depth: usize,
-                   skol_map: infer::SkolemizationMap,
+                   skol_map: infer::SkolemizationMap<'tcx>,
                    snapshot: &infer::CombinedSnapshot)
                    -> VtableImplData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>
     {
@@ -2662,7 +2662,8 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                     impl_def_id: DefId,
                     obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
                     snapshot: &infer::CombinedSnapshot)
-                    -> (Normalized<'tcx, &'tcx Substs<'tcx>>, infer::SkolemizationMap)
+                    -> (Normalized<'tcx, &'tcx Substs<'tcx>>,
+                        infer::SkolemizationMap<'tcx>)
     {
         match self.match_impl(impl_def_id, obligation, snapshot) {
             Ok((substs, skol_map)) => (substs, skol_map),
@@ -2679,7 +2680,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                   obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
                   snapshot: &infer::CombinedSnapshot)
                   -> Result<(Normalized<'tcx, &'tcx Substs<'tcx>>,
-                             infer::SkolemizationMap), ()>
+                             infer::SkolemizationMap<'tcx>), ()>
     {
         let impl_trait_ref = self.tcx().impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
 
@@ -2872,7 +2873,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                  recursion_depth: usize,
                                  def_id: DefId, // of impl or trait
                                  substs: &Substs<'tcx>, // for impl or trait
-                                 skol_map: infer::SkolemizationMap,
+                                 skol_map: infer::SkolemizationMap<'tcx>,
                                  snapshot: &infer::CombinedSnapshot)
                                  -> Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>
     {
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/_match.rs b/src/librustc/ty/_match.rs
index 39dba57c47b7c..b1846e0394148 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/_match.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/_match.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeRelation<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> for Match<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         self.relate(a, b)
     }
 
-    fn regions(&mut self, a: ty::Region, b: ty::Region) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region> {
+    fn regions(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Region, b: &'tcx ty::Region)
+               -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region> {
         debug!("{}.regions({:?}, {:?})",
                self.tag(),
                a,
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/context.rs b/src/librustc/ty/context.rs
index 2cae19d95ccbb..e4e69c395a6fb 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/context.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/context.rs
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ pub struct Tables<'tcx> {
     pub method_map: ty::MethodMap<'tcx>,
 
     /// Borrows
-    pub upvar_capture_map: ty::UpvarCaptureMap,
+    pub upvar_capture_map: ty::UpvarCaptureMap<'tcx>,
 
     /// Records the type of each closure. The def ID is the ID of the
     /// expression defining the closure.
@@ -1157,7 +1157,12 @@ impl_interners!('tcx,
     bare_fn: mk_bare_fn(BareFnTy<'tcx>, |fty: &BareFnTy| {
         keep_local(&fty.sig)
     }) -> BareFnTy<'tcx>,
-    region: mk_region(Region, keep_local) -> Region
+    region: mk_region(Region, |r| {
+        match r {
+            &ty::ReVar(_) | &ty::ReSkolemized(..) => true,
+            _ => false
+        }
+    }) -> Region
 );
 
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/error.rs b/src/librustc/ty/error.rs
index 32c87fb615a53..3d60d326b2b0f 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/error.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/error.rs
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ pub enum TypeError<'tcx> {
     FixedArraySize(ExpectedFound<usize>),
     TyParamSize(ExpectedFound<usize>),
     ArgCount,
-    RegionsDoesNotOutlive(Region, Region),
-    RegionsNotSame(Region, Region),
-    RegionsNoOverlap(Region, Region),
-    RegionsInsufficientlyPolymorphic(BoundRegion, Region),
-    RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(BoundRegion, Region),
+    RegionsDoesNotOutlive(&'tcx Region, &'tcx Region),
+    RegionsNotSame(&'tcx Region, &'tcx Region),
+    RegionsNoOverlap(&'tcx Region, &'tcx Region),
+    RegionsInsufficientlyPolymorphic(BoundRegion, &'tcx Region),
+    RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(BoundRegion, &'tcx Region),
     Sorts(ExpectedFound<Ty<'tcx>>),
     IntegerAsChar,
     IntMismatch(ExpectedFound<ty::IntVarValue>),
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 self.note_and_explain_region(db, "concrete lifetime that was found is ",
                                            conc_region, "");
             }
-            RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(_, ty::ReVar(_)) => {
+            RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(_, &ty::ReVar(_)) => {
                 // don't bother to print out the message below for
                 // inference variables, it's not very illuminating.
             }
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/flags.rs b/src/librustc/ty/flags.rs
index c7300946eade8..20235cf6d79d6 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/flags.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/flags.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl FlagComputation {
             }
 
             &ty::TyRef(r, ref m) => {
-                self.add_region(*r);
+                self.add_region(r);
                 self.add_ty(m.ty);
             }
 
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ impl FlagComputation {
         self.add_bound_computation(&computation);
     }
 
-    fn add_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) {
-        match r {
+    fn add_region(&mut self, r: &ty::Region) {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReVar(..) => {
                 self.add_flags(TypeFlags::HAS_RE_INFER);
                 self.add_flags(TypeFlags::KEEP_IN_LOCAL_TCX);
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/fold.rs b/src/librustc/ty/fold.rs
index 2e114a801d6ed..2c18d1d52547f 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/fold.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/fold.rs
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub trait TypeFolder<'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> : Sized {
         fty.super_fold_with(self)
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         r.super_fold_with(self)
     }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ pub trait TypeVisitor<'tcx> : Sized {
         t.super_visit_with(self)
     }
 
-    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> bool {
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> bool {
         r.super_visit_with(self)
     }
 }
@@ -222,13 +222,15 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// whether any late-bound regions were skipped
     pub fn collect_regions<T>(self,
         value: &T,
-        region_set: &mut FnvHashSet<ty::Region>)
+        region_set: &mut FnvHashSet<&'tcx ty::Region>)
         -> bool
         where T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>
     {
         let mut have_bound_regions = false;
-        self.fold_regions(value, &mut have_bound_regions,
-                          |r, d| { region_set.insert(r.from_depth(d)); r });
+        self.fold_regions(value, &mut have_bound_regions, |r, d| {
+            region_set.insert(self.mk_region(r.from_depth(d)));
+            r
+        });
         have_bound_regions
     }
 
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         skipped_regions: &mut bool,
         mut f: F)
         -> T
-        where F : FnMut(ty::Region, u32) -> ty::Region,
+        where F : FnMut(&'tcx ty::Region, u32) -> &'tcx ty::Region,
               T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
     {
         value.fold_with(&mut RegionFolder::new(self, skipped_regions, &mut f))
@@ -260,14 +262,14 @@ pub struct RegionFolder<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
     skipped_regions: &'a mut bool,
     current_depth: u32,
-    fld_r: &'a mut (FnMut(ty::Region, u32) -> ty::Region + 'a),
+    fld_r: &'a mut (FnMut(&'tcx ty::Region, u32) -> &'tcx ty::Region + 'a),
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionFolder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn new<F>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                   skipped_regions: &'a mut bool,
                   fld_r: &'a mut F) -> RegionFolder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>
-        where F : FnMut(ty::Region, u32) -> ty::Region
+        where F : FnMut(&'tcx ty::Region, u32) -> &'tcx ty::Region
     {
         RegionFolder {
             tcx: tcx,
@@ -288,8 +290,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for RegionFolder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         t
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-        match r {
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, _) if debruijn.depth < self.current_depth => {
                 debug!("RegionFolder.fold_region({:?}) skipped bound region (current depth={})",
                        r, self.current_depth);
@@ -313,16 +315,16 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for RegionFolder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 struct RegionReplacer<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
     current_depth: u32,
-    fld_r: &'a mut (FnMut(ty::BoundRegion) -> ty::Region + 'a),
-    map: FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region>
+    fld_r: &'a mut (FnMut(ty::BoundRegion) -> &'tcx ty::Region + 'a),
+    map: FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, &'tcx ty::Region>
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn replace_late_bound_regions<T,F>(self,
         value: &Binder<T>,
         mut f: F)
-        -> (T, FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, ty::Region>)
-        where F : FnMut(ty::BoundRegion) -> ty::Region,
+        -> (T, FnvHashMap<ty::BoundRegion, &'tcx ty::Region>)
+        where F : FnMut(ty::BoundRegion) -> &'tcx ty::Region,
               T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
     {
         let mut replacer = RegionReplacer::new(self, &mut f);
@@ -340,7 +342,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         where T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>
     {
         self.replace_late_bound_regions(value, |br| {
-            ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion{scope: all_outlive_scope, bound_region: br})
+            self.mk_region(ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
+                scope: all_outlive_scope,
+                bound_region: br
+            }))
         }).0
     }
 
@@ -353,11 +358,11 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         let bound0_value = bound2_value.skip_binder().skip_binder();
         let value = self.fold_regions(bound0_value, &mut false,
                                       |region, current_depth| {
-            match region {
+            match *region {
                 ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, br) if debruijn.depth >= current_depth => {
                     // should be true if no escaping regions from bound2_value
                     assert!(debruijn.depth - current_depth <= 1);
-                    ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(current_depth), br)
+                    self.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(current_depth), br))
                 }
                 _ => {
                     region
@@ -411,7 +416,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn erase_late_bound_regions<T>(self, value: &Binder<T>) -> T
         where T : TypeFoldable<'tcx>
     {
-        self.replace_late_bound_regions(value, |_| ty::ReErased).0
+        self.replace_late_bound_regions(value, |_| self.mk_region(ty::ReErased)).0
     }
 
     /// Rewrite any late-bound regions so that they are anonymous.  Region numbers are
@@ -428,7 +433,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         let mut counter = 0;
         Binder(self.replace_late_bound_regions(sig, |_| {
             counter += 1;
-            ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(1), ty::BrAnon(counter))
+            self.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(1), ty::BrAnon(counter)))
         }).0)
     }
 }
@@ -436,7 +441,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionReplacer<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn new<F>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>, fld_r: &'a mut F)
               -> RegionReplacer<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>
-        where F : FnMut(ty::BoundRegion) -> ty::Region
+        where F : FnMut(ty::BoundRegion) -> &'tcx ty::Region
     {
         RegionReplacer {
             tcx: tcx,
@@ -465,22 +470,22 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for RegionReplacer<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         t.super_fold_with(self)
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-        match r {
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r:&'tcx  ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, br) if debruijn.depth == self.current_depth => {
                 let fld_r = &mut self.fld_r;
                 let region = *self.map.entry(br).or_insert_with(|| fld_r(br));
-                if let ty::ReLateBound(debruijn1, br) = region {
+                if let ty::ReLateBound(debruijn1, br) = *region {
                     // If the callback returns a late-bound region,
                     // that region should always use depth 1. Then we
                     // adjust it to the correct depth.
                     assert_eq!(debruijn1.depth, 1);
-                    ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, br)
+                    self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, br))
                 } else {
                     region
                 }
             }
-            r => r
+            _ => r
         }
     }
 }
@@ -528,7 +533,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 u.super_fold_with(self)
             }
 
-            fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
+            fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
                 // because late-bound regions affect subtyping, we can't
                 // erase the bound/free distinction, but we can replace
                 // all free regions with 'erased.
@@ -537,9 +542,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 // type system never "sees" those, they get substituted
                 // away. In trans, they will always be erased to 'erased
                 // whenever a substitution occurs.
-                match r {
+                match *r {
                     ty::ReLateBound(..) => r,
-                    _ => ty::ReErased
+                    _ => self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReErased)
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -574,7 +579,7 @@ pub fn shift_regions<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, T>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
            value, amount);
 
     value.fold_with(&mut RegionFolder::new(tcx, &mut false, &mut |region, _current_depth| {
-        shift_region(region, amount)
+        tcx.mk_region(shift_region(*region, amount))
     }))
 }
 
@@ -616,7 +621,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for HasEscapingRegionsVisitor {
         t.region_depth > self.depth
     }
 
-    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> bool {
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> bool {
         r.escapes_depth(self.depth)
     }
 }
@@ -630,17 +635,18 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for HasTypeFlagsVisitor {
         t.flags.get().intersects(self.flags)
     }
 
-    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> bool {
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> bool {
         if self.flags.intersects(ty::TypeFlags::HAS_LOCAL_NAMES) {
             // does this represent a region that cannot be named
             // in a global way? used in fulfillment caching.
-            match r {
+            match *r {
                 ty::ReStatic | ty::ReEmpty | ty::ReErased => {}
                 _ => return true,
             }
         }
-        if self.flags.intersects(ty::TypeFlags::HAS_RE_INFER) {
-            match r {
+        if self.flags.intersects(ty::TypeFlags::HAS_RE_INFER |
+                                 ty::TypeFlags::KEEP_IN_LOCAL_TCX) {
+            match *r {
                 ty::ReVar(_) | ty::ReSkolemized(..) => { return true }
                 _ => {}
             }
@@ -688,8 +694,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for LateBoundRegionsCollector {
         t.super_visit_with(self)
     }
 
-    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> bool {
-        match r {
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> bool {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, br) if debruijn.depth == self.current_depth => {
                 self.regions.insert(br);
             }
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/mod.rs b/src/librustc/ty/mod.rs
index 571ad3ca8b9aa..3079deff1b641 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/mod.rs
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ pub struct Method<'tcx> {
     pub generics: &'tcx Generics<'tcx>,
     pub predicates: GenericPredicates<'tcx>,
     pub fty: &'tcx BareFnTy<'tcx>,
-    pub explicit_self: ExplicitSelfCategory,
+    pub explicit_self: ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx>,
     pub vis: Visibility,
     pub defaultness: hir::Defaultness,
     pub def_id: DefId,
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Method<'tcx> {
                generics: &'tcx ty::Generics<'tcx>,
                predicates: GenericPredicates<'tcx>,
                fty: &'tcx BareFnTy<'tcx>,
-               explicit_self: ExplicitSelfCategory,
+               explicit_self: ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx>,
                vis: Visibility,
                defaultness: hir::Defaultness,
                def_id: DefId,
@@ -658,28 +658,28 @@ pub enum BorrowKind {
 /// Information describing the capture of an upvar. This is computed
 /// during `typeck`, specifically by `regionck`.
 #[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Copy)]
-pub enum UpvarCapture {
+pub enum UpvarCapture<'tcx> {
     /// Upvar is captured by value. This is always true when the
     /// closure is labeled `move`, but can also be true in other cases
     /// depending on inference.
     ByValue,
 
     /// Upvar is captured by reference.
-    ByRef(UpvarBorrow),
+    ByRef(UpvarBorrow<'tcx>),
 }
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct UpvarBorrow {
+pub struct UpvarBorrow<'tcx> {
     /// The kind of borrow: by-ref upvars have access to shared
     /// immutable borrows, which are not part of the normal language
     /// syntax.
     pub kind: BorrowKind,
 
     /// Region of the resulting reference.
-    pub region: ty::Region,
+    pub region: &'tcx ty::Region,
 }
 
-pub type UpvarCaptureMap = FnvHashMap<UpvarId, UpvarCapture>;
+pub type UpvarCaptureMap<'tcx> = FnvHashMap<UpvarId, UpvarCapture<'tcx>>;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct ClosureUpvar<'tcx> {
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ pub enum IntVarValue {
 /// this is `None`, then the default is inherited from the
 /// surrounding context. See RFC #599 for details.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub enum ObjectLifetimeDefault {
+pub enum ObjectLifetimeDefault<'tcx> {
     /// Require an explicit annotation. Occurs when multiple
     /// `T:'a` constraints are found.
     Ambiguous,
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ pub enum ObjectLifetimeDefault {
     BaseDefault,
 
     /// Use the given region as the default.
-    Specific(Region),
+    Specific(&'tcx Region),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -719,18 +719,18 @@ pub struct TypeParameterDef<'tcx> {
     pub index: u32,
     pub default_def_id: DefId, // for use in error reporing about defaults
     pub default: Option<Ty<'tcx>>,
-    pub object_lifetime_default: ObjectLifetimeDefault,
+    pub object_lifetime_default: ObjectLifetimeDefault<'tcx>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct RegionParameterDef {
+pub struct RegionParameterDef<'tcx> {
     pub name: Name,
     pub def_id: DefId,
     pub index: u32,
-    pub bounds: Vec<ty::Region>,
+    pub bounds: Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>,
 }
 
-impl RegionParameterDef {
+impl<'tcx> RegionParameterDef<'tcx> {
     pub fn to_early_bound_region(&self) -> ty::Region {
         ty::ReEarlyBound(ty::EarlyBoundRegion {
             index: self.index,
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ pub struct Generics<'tcx> {
     pub parent: Option<DefId>,
     pub parent_regions: u32,
     pub parent_types: u32,
-    pub regions: Vec<RegionParameterDef>,
+    pub regions: Vec<RegionParameterDef<'tcx>>,
     pub types: Vec<TypeParameterDef<'tcx>>,
     pub has_self: bool,
 }
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ pub enum Predicate<'tcx> {
     Equate(PolyEquatePredicate<'tcx>),
 
     /// where 'a : 'b
-    RegionOutlives(PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate),
+    RegionOutlives(PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate<'tcx>),
 
     /// where T : 'a
     TypeOutlives(PolyTypeOutlivesPredicate<'tcx>),
@@ -991,8 +991,9 @@ pub type PolyEquatePredicate<'tcx> = ty::Binder<EquatePredicate<'tcx>>;
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
 pub struct OutlivesPredicate<A,B>(pub A, pub B); // `A : B`
 pub type PolyOutlivesPredicate<A,B> = ty::Binder<OutlivesPredicate<A,B>>;
-pub type PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate = PolyOutlivesPredicate<ty::Region, ty::Region>;
-pub type PolyTypeOutlivesPredicate<'tcx> = PolyOutlivesPredicate<Ty<'tcx>, ty::Region>;
+pub type PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate<'tcx> = PolyOutlivesPredicate<&'tcx ty::Region,
+                                                                   &'tcx ty::Region>;
+pub type PolyTypeOutlivesPredicate<'tcx> = PolyOutlivesPredicate<Ty<'tcx>, &'tcx ty::Region>;
 
 /// This kind of predicate has no *direct* correspondent in the
 /// syntax, but it roughly corresponds to the syntactic forms:
@@ -1081,7 +1082,7 @@ impl<'tcx> ToPredicate<'tcx> for PolyEquatePredicate<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> ToPredicate<'tcx> for PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate {
+impl<'tcx> ToPredicate<'tcx> for PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate<'tcx> {
     fn to_predicate(&self) -> Predicate<'tcx> {
         Predicate::RegionOutlives(self.clone())
     }
@@ -1237,7 +1238,7 @@ pub struct ParameterEnvironment<'tcx> {
     /// indicates it must outlive at least the function body (the user
     /// may specify stronger requirements). This field indicates the
     /// region of the callee.
-    pub implicit_region_bound: ty::Region,
+    pub implicit_region_bound: &'tcx ty::Region,
 
     /// Obligations that the caller must satisfy. This is basically
     /// the set of bounds on the in-scope type parameters, translated
@@ -2825,7 +2826,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         ty::ParameterEnvironment {
             free_substs: Substs::empty(self),
             caller_bounds: Vec::new(),
-            implicit_region_bound: ty::ReEmpty,
+            implicit_region_bound: self.mk_region(ty::ReEmpty),
             free_id_outlive: free_id_outlive
         }
     }
@@ -2841,8 +2842,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
         let substs = Substs::for_item(self.global_tcx(), def_id, |def, _| {
             // map bound 'a => free 'a
-            ReFree(FreeRegion { scope: free_id_outlive,
-                                bound_region: def.to_bound_region() })
+            self.global_tcx().mk_region(ReFree(FreeRegion {
+                scope: free_id_outlive,
+                bound_region: def.to_bound_region()
+            }))
         }, |def, _| {
             // map T => T
             self.global_tcx().mk_param_from_def(def)
@@ -2892,7 +2895,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
         let unnormalized_env = ty::ParameterEnvironment {
             free_substs: free_substs,
-            implicit_region_bound: ty::ReScope(free_id_outlive),
+            implicit_region_bound: tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(free_id_outlive)),
             caller_bounds: predicates,
             free_id_outlive: free_id_outlive,
         };
@@ -2901,6 +2904,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         traits::normalize_param_env_or_error(tcx, unnormalized_env, cause)
     }
 
+    pub fn node_scope_region(self, id: NodeId) -> &'tcx Region {
+        self.mk_region(ty::ReScope(self.region_maps.node_extent(id)))
+    }
+
     pub fn is_method_call(self, expr_id: NodeId) -> bool {
         self.tables.borrow().method_map.contains_key(&MethodCall::expr(expr_id))
     }
@@ -2910,7 +2917,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                                                             autoderefs))
     }
 
-    pub fn upvar_capture(self, upvar_id: ty::UpvarId) -> Option<ty::UpvarCapture> {
+    pub fn upvar_capture(self, upvar_id: ty::UpvarId) -> Option<ty::UpvarCapture<'tcx>> {
         Some(self.tables.borrow().upvar_capture_map.get(&upvar_id).unwrap().clone())
     }
 
@@ -2936,10 +2943,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
 /// The category of explicit self.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
-pub enum ExplicitSelfCategory {
+pub enum ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx> {
     Static,
     ByValue,
-    ByReference(Region, hir::Mutability),
+    ByReference(&'tcx Region, hir::Mutability),
     ByBox,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/outlives.rs b/src/librustc/ty/outlives.rs
index ee431681ad100..4d5b38212f600 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/outlives.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/outlives.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use ty::{self, Ty, TypeFoldable};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum Component<'tcx> {
-    Region(ty::Region),
+    Region(&'tcx ty::Region),
     Param(ty::ParamTy),
     UnresolvedInferenceVariable(ty::InferTy),
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-fn push_region_constraints<'tcx>(out: &mut Vec<Component<'tcx>>, regions: Vec<ty::Region>) {
+fn push_region_constraints<'tcx>(out: &mut Vec<Component<'tcx>>, regions: Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>) {
     for r in regions {
         if !r.is_bound() {
             out.push(Component::Region(r));
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/relate.rs b/src/librustc/ty/relate.rs
index 481e8c97974ac..8aa390cdd64e2 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/relate.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/relate.rs
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ pub trait TypeRelation<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> : Sized {
     fn tys(&mut self, a: Ty<'tcx>, b: Ty<'tcx>)
            -> RelateResult<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>;
 
-    fn regions(&mut self, a: ty::Region, b: ty::Region)
-               -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region>;
+    fn regions(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Region, b: &'tcx ty::Region)
+               -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region>;
 
     fn binders<T>(&mut self, a: &ty::Binder<T>, b: &ty::Binder<T>)
                   -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Binder<T>>
@@ -471,9 +471,9 @@ pub fn super_relate_tys<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, R>(relation: &mut R,
 
         (&ty::TyRef(a_r, ref a_mt), &ty::TyRef(b_r, ref b_mt)) =>
         {
-            let r = relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Contravariant, a_r, b_r)?;
+            let r = relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Contravariant, &a_r, &b_r)?;
             let mt = relation.relate(a_mt, b_mt)?;
-            Ok(tcx.mk_ref(tcx.mk_region(r), mt))
+            Ok(tcx.mk_ref(r, mt))
         }
 
         (&ty::TyArray(a_t, sz_a), &ty::TyArray(b_t, sz_b)) =>
@@ -569,11 +569,11 @@ impl<'tcx> Relate<'tcx> for &'tcx Substs<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> Relate<'tcx> for ty::Region {
+impl<'tcx> Relate<'tcx> for &'tcx ty::Region {
     fn relate<'a, 'gcx, R>(relation: &mut R,
-                           a: &ty::Region,
-                           b: &ty::Region)
-                           -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region>
+                           a: &&'tcx ty::Region,
+                           b: &&'tcx ty::Region)
+                           -> RelateResult<'tcx, &'tcx ty::Region>
         where R: TypeRelation<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a
     {
         relation.regions(*a, *b)
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/structural_impls.rs b/src/librustc/ty/structural_impls.rs
index 9ccf817a53624..705cca056f24c 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/structural_impls.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/structural_impls.rs
@@ -72,13 +72,6 @@ impl<'tcx, T: Lift<'tcx>> Lift<'tcx> for Vec<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> Lift<'tcx> for ty::Region {
-    type Lifted = Self;
-    fn lift_to_tcx(&self, _: TyCtxt) -> Option<ty::Region> {
-        Some(*self)
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a, 'tcx> Lift<'tcx> for ty::TraitRef<'a> {
     type Lifted = ty::TraitRef<'tcx>;
     fn lift_to_tcx<'b, 'gcx>(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'b, 'gcx, 'tcx>) -> Option<Self::Lifted> {
@@ -315,13 +308,21 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Lift<'tcx> for ty::error::TypeError<'a> {
             FixedArraySize(x) => FixedArraySize(x),
             TyParamSize(x) => TyParamSize(x),
             ArgCount => ArgCount,
-            RegionsDoesNotOutlive(a, b) => RegionsDoesNotOutlive(a, b),
-            RegionsNotSame(a, b) => RegionsNotSame(a, b),
-            RegionsNoOverlap(a, b) => RegionsNoOverlap(a, b),
+            RegionsDoesNotOutlive(a, b) => {
+                return tcx.lift(&(a, b)).map(|(a, b)| RegionsDoesNotOutlive(a, b))
+            }
+            RegionsNotSame(a, b) => {
+                return tcx.lift(&(a, b)).map(|(a, b)| RegionsNotSame(a, b))
+            }
+            RegionsNoOverlap(a, b) => {
+                return tcx.lift(&(a, b)).map(|(a, b)| RegionsNoOverlap(a, b))
+            }
             RegionsInsufficientlyPolymorphic(a, b) => {
-                RegionsInsufficientlyPolymorphic(a, b)
+                return tcx.lift(&b).map(|b| RegionsInsufficientlyPolymorphic(a, b))
+            }
+            RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(a, b) => {
+                return tcx.lift(&b).map(|b| RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(a, b))
             }
-            RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(a, b) => RegionsOverlyPolymorphic(a, b),
             IntegerAsChar => IntegerAsChar,
             IntMismatch(x) => IntMismatch(x),
             FloatMismatch(x) => FloatMismatch(x),
@@ -654,7 +655,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::ImplHeader<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::Region {
+impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for &'tcx ty::Region {
     fn super_fold_with<'gcx: 'tcx, F: TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx>>(&self, _folder: &mut F) -> Self {
         *self
     }
@@ -672,25 +673,6 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::Region {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for &'tcx ty::Region {
-    fn super_fold_with<'gcx: 'tcx, F: TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx>>(&self, _folder: &mut F) -> Self {
-        *self
-    }
-
-    fn fold_with<'gcx: 'tcx, F: TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx>>(&self, folder: &mut F) -> Self {
-        let region = folder.fold_region(**self);
-        folder.tcx().mk_region(region)
-    }
-
-    fn super_visit_with<V: TypeVisitor<'tcx>>(&self, _visitor: &mut V) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    fn visit_with<V: TypeVisitor<'tcx>>(&self, visitor: &mut V) -> bool {
-        visitor.visit_region(**self)
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::ClosureSubsts<'tcx> {
     fn super_fold_with<'gcx: 'tcx, F: TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx>>(&self, folder: &mut F) -> Self {
         ty::ClosureSubsts {
@@ -766,7 +748,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::TypeParameterDef<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault {
+impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault<'tcx> {
     fn super_fold_with<'gcx: 'tcx, F: TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx>>(&self, folder: &mut F) -> Self {
         match *self {
             ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault::Ambiguous =>
@@ -788,7 +770,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::RegionParameterDef {
+impl<'tcx> TypeFoldable<'tcx> for ty::RegionParameterDef<'tcx> {
     fn super_fold_with<'gcx: 'tcx, F: TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx>>(&self, folder: &mut F) -> Self {
         ty::RegionParameterDef {
             name: self.name,
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/sty.rs b/src/librustc/ty/sty.rs
index 3f8d55b4634e0..5e0f3bc5e26f7 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/sty.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/sty.rs
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Decodable for ClosureSubsts<'tcx> {
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct TraitObject<'tcx> {
     pub principal: PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>,
-    pub region_bound: ty::Region,
+    pub region_bound: &'tcx ty::Region,
     pub builtin_bounds: BuiltinBounds,
     pub projection_bounds: Vec<PolyExistentialProjection<'tcx>>,
 }
@@ -676,6 +676,15 @@ pub enum Region {
     ReErased,
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> Decodable for &'tcx Region {
+    fn decode<D: Decoder>(d: &mut D) -> Result<&'tcx Region, D::Error> {
+        let r = Decodable::decode(d)?;
+        cstore::tls::with_decoding_context(d, |dcx, _| {
+            Ok(dcx.tcx().mk_region(r))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Debug)]
 pub struct EarlyBoundRegion {
     pub index: u32,
@@ -1207,10 +1216,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyS<'tcx> {
     /// Returns the regions directly referenced from this type (but
     /// not types reachable from this type via `walk_tys`). This
     /// ignores late-bound regions binders.
-    pub fn regions(&self) -> Vec<ty::Region> {
+    pub fn regions(&self) -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region> {
         match self.sty {
             TyRef(region, _) => {
-                vec![*region]
+                vec![region]
             }
             TyTrait(ref obj) => {
                 let mut v = vec![obj.region_bound];
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/subst.rs b/src/librustc/ty/subst.rs
index 96f4bda361b63..b20c17c8a6677 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/subst.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/subst.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Substs<'tcx> {
                             mut mk_region: FR,
                             mut mk_type: FT)
                             -> &'tcx Substs<'tcx>
-    where FR: FnMut(&ty::RegionParameterDef, &Substs<'tcx>) -> ty::Region,
+    where FR: FnMut(&ty::RegionParameterDef, &Substs<'tcx>) -> &'tcx ty::Region,
           FT: FnMut(&ty::TypeParameterDef<'tcx>, &Substs<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
         let defs = tcx.lookup_generics(def_id);
         let num_regions = defs.parent_regions as usize + defs.regions.len();
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Substs<'tcx> {
                          defs: &ty::Generics<'tcx>,
                          mk_region: &mut FR,
                          mk_type: &mut FT)
-    where FR: FnMut(&ty::RegionParameterDef, &Substs<'tcx>) -> ty::Region,
+    where FR: FnMut(&ty::RegionParameterDef, &Substs<'tcx>) -> &'tcx ty::Region,
           FT: FnMut(&ty::TypeParameterDef<'tcx>, &Substs<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
         if let Some(def_id) = defs.parent {
             let parent_defs = tcx.lookup_generics(def_id);
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Substs<'tcx> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn region_at(&self, i: usize) -> ty::Region {
+    pub fn region_at(&self, i: usize) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         self.regions[i]
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Substs<'tcx> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn region_for_def(&self, def: &ty::RegionParameterDef) -> ty::Region {
+    pub fn region_for_def(&self, def: &ty::RegionParameterDef) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         self.region_at(def.index as usize)
     }
 
@@ -255,13 +255,13 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for SubstFolder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         t
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         // Note: This routine only handles regions that are bound on
         // type declarations and other outer declarations, not those
         // bound in *fn types*. Region substitution of the bound
         // regions that appear in a function signature is done using
         // the specialized routine `ty::replace_late_regions()`.
-        match r {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReEarlyBound(data) => {
                 match self.substs.regions.get(data.index as usize) {
                     Some(&r) => {
@@ -394,8 +394,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> SubstFolder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         result
     }
 
-    fn shift_region_through_binders(&self, region: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
-        ty::fold::shift_region(region, self.region_binders_passed)
+    fn shift_region_through_binders(&self, region: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        self.tcx().mk_region(ty::fold::shift_region(*region, self.region_binders_passed))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/util.rs b/src/librustc/ty/util.rs
index 641dfa67c5b9e..96f432587b10e 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/util.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/util.rs
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn required_region_bounds(self,
                                   erased_self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                   predicates: Vec<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>)
-                                  -> Vec<ty::Region>    {
+                                  -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>    {
         debug!("required_region_bounds(erased_self_ty={:?}, predicates={:?})",
                erased_self_ty,
                predicates);
@@ -496,8 +496,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for TypeIdHasher<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         ty.super_visit_with(self)
     }
 
-    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> bool {
-        match r {
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> bool {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReStatic | ty::ReErased => {
                 self.hash::<u32>(0);
             }
diff --git a/src/librustc/ty/wf.rs b/src/librustc/ty/wf.rs
index e1a39e6957a49..1f166cb192fa3 100644
--- a/src/librustc/ty/wf.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/ty/wf.rs
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ pub fn predicate_obligations<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
 /// For `&'a T` to be WF, `T: 'a` must hold. So we can assume `T: 'a`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum ImpliedBound<'tcx> {
-    RegionSubRegion(ty::Region, ty::Region),
-    RegionSubParam(ty::Region, ty::ParamTy),
-    RegionSubProjection(ty::Region, ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>),
+    RegionSubRegion(&'tcx ty::Region, &'tcx ty::Region),
+    RegionSubParam(&'tcx ty::Region, ty::ParamTy),
+    RegionSubProjection(&'tcx ty::Region, ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>),
 }
 
 /// Compute the implied bounds that a callee/impl can assume based on
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub fn implied_bounds<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(
 /// this down to determine what relationships would have to hold for
 /// `T: 'a` to hold. We get to assume that the caller has validated
 /// those relationships.
-fn implied_bounds_from_components<'tcx>(sub_region: ty::Region,
+fn implied_bounds_from_components<'tcx>(sub_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                         sup_components: Vec<Component<'tcx>>)
                                         -> Vec<ImpliedBound<'tcx>>
 {
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> WfPredicates<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                 cause,
                                 ty::Predicate::TypeOutlives(
                                     ty::Binder(
-                                        ty::OutlivesPredicate(mt.ty, *r)))));
+                                        ty::OutlivesPredicate(mt.ty, r)))));
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ pub fn object_region_bounds<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
     principal: ty::PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>,
     others: ty::BuiltinBounds)
-    -> Vec<ty::Region>
+    -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>
 {
     // Since we don't actually *know* the self type for an object,
     // this "open(err)" serves as a kind of dummy standin -- basically
diff --git a/src/librustc/util/ppaux.rs b/src/librustc/util/ppaux.rs
index c75fbf9579f5c..4b6234e8815ef 100644
--- a/src/librustc/util/ppaux.rs
+++ b/src/librustc/util/ppaux.rs
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ fn in_binder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, T, U>(f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
 
     let new_value = tcx.replace_late_bound_regions(&value, |br| {
         let _ = start_or_continue(f, "for<", ", ");
-        ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(1), match br {
+        let br = match br {
             ty::BrNamed(_, name, _) => {
                 let _ = write!(f, "{}", name);
                 br
@@ -261,7 +261,8 @@ fn in_binder<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, T, U>(f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
                             name,
                             ty::Issue32330::WontChange)
             }
-        })
+        };
+        tcx.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(ty::DebruijnIndex::new(1), br))
     }).0;
 
     start_or_continue(f, "", "> ")?;
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@ impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for ty::TypeParameterDef<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Debug for ty::RegionParameterDef {
+impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for ty::RegionParameterDef<'tcx> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "RegionParameterDef({}, {:?}, {}, {:?})",
                self.name,
@@ -598,7 +599,7 @@ impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for ty::ParameterEnvironment<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault {
+impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault<'tcx> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault::Ambiguous => write!(f, "Ambiguous"),
@@ -793,13 +794,14 @@ impl<'tcx> fmt::Display for ty::Binder<ty::ProjectionPredicate<'tcx>> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> fmt::Display for ty::Binder<ty::OutlivesPredicate<Ty<'tcx>, ty::Region>> {
+impl<'tcx> fmt::Display for ty::Binder<ty::OutlivesPredicate<Ty<'tcx>, &'tcx ty::Region>> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         ty::tls::with(|tcx| in_binder(f, tcx, self, tcx.lift(self)))
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for ty::Binder<ty::OutlivesPredicate<ty::Region, ty::Region>> {
+impl<'tcx> fmt::Display for ty::Binder<ty::OutlivesPredicate<&'tcx ty::Region,
+                                                             &'tcx ty::Region>> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         ty::tls::with(|tcx| in_binder(f, tcx, self, tcx.lift(self)))
     }
@@ -973,7 +975,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ty::UpvarId {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Debug for ty::UpvarBorrow {
+impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for ty::UpvarBorrow<'tcx> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "UpvarBorrow({:?}, {:?})",
                self.kind, self.region)
@@ -997,7 +999,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ty::InferTy {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for ty::ExplicitSelfCategory {
+impl<'tcx> fmt::Display for ty::ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         f.write_str(match *self {
             ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::Static => "static",
diff --git a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/check_loans.rs b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/check_loans.rs
index c1f162e5772bf..e86fa9a05f372 100644
--- a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/check_loans.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/check_loans.rs
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> euv::Delegate<'tcx> for CheckLoanCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
               borrow_id: ast::NodeId,
               borrow_span: Span,
               cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-              loan_region: ty::Region,
+              loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
               bk: ty::BorrowKind,
               loan_cause: euv::LoanCause)
     {
diff --git a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/lifetime.rs b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/lifetime.rs
index 667bf16874ec4..9f95175d59d43 100644
--- a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/lifetime.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/lifetime.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub fn guarantee_lifetime<'a, 'tcx>(bccx: &BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
                                     span: Span,
                                     cause: euv::LoanCause,
                                     cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-                                    loan_region: ty::Region,
+                                    loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                     _: ty::BorrowKind)
                                     -> Result<(),()> {
     //! Reports error if `loan_region` is larger than S
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ struct GuaranteeLifetimeContext<'a, 'tcx: 'a> {
 
     span: Span,
     cause: euv::LoanCause,
-    loan_region: ty::Region,
+    loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
     cmt_original: mc::cmt<'tcx>
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> GuaranteeLifetimeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn check_scope(&self, max_scope: ty::Region) -> R {
+    fn check_scope(&self, max_scope: &'tcx ty::Region) -> R {
         //! Reports an error if `loan_region` is larger than `max_scope`
 
         if !self.bccx.is_subregion_of(self.loan_region, max_scope) {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> GuaranteeLifetimeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn scope(&self, cmt: &mc::cmt) -> ty::Region {
+    fn scope(&self, cmt: &mc::cmt<'tcx>) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         //! Returns the maximal region scope for the which the
         //! lvalue `cmt` is guaranteed to be valid without any
         //! rooting etc, and presuming `cmt` is not mutated.
@@ -112,16 +112,15 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> GuaranteeLifetimeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
                 temp_scope
             }
             Categorization::Upvar(..) => {
-                ty::ReScope(self.item_scope)
-            }
-            Categorization::StaticItem => {
-                ty::ReStatic
+                self.bccx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(self.item_scope))
             }
             Categorization::Local(local_id) => {
-                ty::ReScope(self.bccx.tcx.region_maps.var_scope(local_id))
+                self.bccx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(
+                    self.bccx.tcx.region_maps.var_scope(local_id)))
             }
+            Categorization::StaticItem |
             Categorization::Deref(_, _, mc::UnsafePtr(..)) => {
-                ty::ReStatic
+                self.bccx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic)
             }
             Categorization::Deref(_, _, mc::BorrowedPtr(_, r)) |
             Categorization::Deref(_, _, mc::Implicit(_, r)) => {
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> GuaranteeLifetimeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn report_error(&self, code: bckerr_code) {
+    fn report_error(&self, code: bckerr_code<'tcx>) {
         self.bccx.report(BckError { cmt: self.cmt_original.clone(),
                                     span: self.span,
                                     cause: BorrowViolation(self.cause),
diff --git a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/mod.rs b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/mod.rs
index c982fc091d24c..a255564f01e25 100644
--- a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/mod.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> euv::Delegate<'tcx> for GatherLoanCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
               borrow_id: ast::NodeId,
               borrow_span: Span,
               cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-              loan_region: ty::Region,
+              loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
               bk: ty::BorrowKind,
               loan_cause: euv::LoanCause)
     {
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> GatherLoanCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                        borrow_span: Span,
                        cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
                        req_kind: ty::BorrowKind,
-                       loan_region: ty::Region,
+                       loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                        cause: euv::LoanCause) {
         debug!("guarantee_valid(borrow_id={}, cmt={:?}, \
                 req_mutbl={:?}, loan_region={:?})",
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> GatherLoanCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
 
         // a loan for the empty region can never be dereferenced, so
         // it is always safe
-        if loan_region == ty::ReEmpty {
+        if *loan_region == ty::ReEmpty {
             return;
         }
 
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> GatherLoanCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             }
 
             RestrictionResult::SafeIf(loan_path, restricted_paths) => {
-                let loan_scope = match loan_region {
+                let loan_scope = match *loan_region {
                     ty::ReScope(scope) => scope,
 
                     ty::ReFree(ref fr) => fr.scope,
diff --git a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/restrictions.rs b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/restrictions.rs
index 3d9df4c8bd008..d08f792b30c14 100644
--- a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/restrictions.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/gather_loans/restrictions.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn compute_restrictions<'a, 'tcx>(bccx: &BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
                                       span: Span,
                                       cause: euv::LoanCause,
                                       cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-                                      loan_region: ty::Region)
+                                      loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region)
                                       -> RestrictionResult<'tcx> {
     let ctxt = RestrictionsContext {
         bccx: bccx,
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub fn compute_restrictions<'a, 'tcx>(bccx: &BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
 struct RestrictionsContext<'a, 'tcx: 'a> {
     bccx: &'a BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
     span: Span,
-    loan_region: ty::Region,
+    loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
     cause: euv::LoanCause,
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> RestrictionsContext<'a, 'tcx> {
     fn extend(&self,
               result: RestrictionResult<'tcx>,
               cmt: &mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-              elem: LoanPathElem) -> RestrictionResult<'tcx> {
+              elem: LoanPathElem<'tcx>) -> RestrictionResult<'tcx> {
         match result {
             RestrictionResult::Safe => RestrictionResult::Safe,
             RestrictionResult::SafeIf(base_lp, mut base_vec) => {
diff --git a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/mod.rs b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/mod.rs
index 225895adefa4b..5826064c267a0 100644
--- a/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_borrowck/borrowck/mod.rs
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ pub enum LoanPathKind<'tcx> {
     LpVar(ast::NodeId),                         // `x` in README.md
     LpUpvar(ty::UpvarId),                       // `x` captured by-value into closure
     LpDowncast(Rc<LoanPath<'tcx>>, DefId), // `x` downcast to particular enum variant
-    LpExtend(Rc<LoanPath<'tcx>>, mc::MutabilityCategory, LoanPathElem)
+    LpExtend(Rc<LoanPath<'tcx>>, mc::MutabilityCategory, LoanPathElem<'tcx>)
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> LoanPath<'tcx> {
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ impl ToInteriorKind for mc::InteriorKind {
 // `enum E { X { foo: u32 }, Y { foo: u32 }}`
 // each `foo` is qualified by the definitition id of the variant (`X` or `Y`).
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
-pub enum LoanPathElem {
-    LpDeref(mc::PointerKind),
+pub enum LoanPathElem<'tcx> {
+    LpDeref(mc::PointerKind<'tcx>),
     LpInterior(Option<DefId>, InteriorKind),
 }
 
@@ -564,10 +564,11 @@ pub fn opt_loan_path<'tcx>(cmt: &mc::cmt<'tcx>) -> Option<Rc<LoanPath<'tcx>>> {
 
 // Errors that can occur
 #[derive(PartialEq)]
-pub enum bckerr_code {
+pub enum bckerr_code<'tcx> {
     err_mutbl,
-    err_out_of_scope(ty::Region, ty::Region, euv::LoanCause), // superscope, subscope, loan cause
-    err_borrowed_pointer_too_short(ty::Region, ty::Region), // loan, ptr
+    /// superscope, subscope, loan cause
+    err_out_of_scope(&'tcx ty::Region, &'tcx ty::Region, euv::LoanCause),
+    err_borrowed_pointer_too_short(&'tcx ty::Region, &'tcx ty::Region), // loan, ptr
 }
 
 // Combination of an error code and the categorization of the expression
@@ -577,7 +578,7 @@ pub struct BckError<'tcx> {
     span: Span,
     cause: AliasableViolationKind,
     cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-    code: bckerr_code
+    code: bckerr_code<'tcx>
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -605,7 +606,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         self.free_region_map = old_free_region_map;
     }
 
-    pub fn is_subregion_of(&self, r_sub: ty::Region, r_sup: ty::Region)
+    pub fn is_subregion_of(&self, r_sub: &'tcx ty::Region, r_sup: &'tcx ty::Region)
                            -> bool
     {
         self.free_region_map.is_subregion_of(self.tcx, r_sub, r_sup)
@@ -614,9 +615,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     pub fn report(&self, err: BckError<'tcx>) {
         // Catch and handle some particular cases.
         match (&err.code, &err.cause) {
-            (&err_out_of_scope(ty::ReScope(_), ty::ReStatic, _),
+            (&err_out_of_scope(&ty::ReScope(_), &ty::ReStatic, _),
              &BorrowViolation(euv::ClosureCapture(span))) |
-            (&err_out_of_scope(ty::ReScope(_), ty::ReFree(..), _),
+            (&err_out_of_scope(&ty::ReScope(_), &ty::ReFree(..), _),
              &BorrowViolation(euv::ClosureCapture(span))) => {
                 return self.report_out_of_scope_escaping_closure_capture(&err, span);
             }
@@ -965,8 +966,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             .emit();
     }
 
-    fn region_end_span(&self, region: ty::Region) -> Option<Span> {
-        match region {
+    fn region_end_span(&self, region: &'tcx ty::Region) -> Option<Span> {
+        match *region {
             ty::ReScope(scope) => {
                 match scope.span(&self.tcx.region_maps, &self.tcx.map) {
                     Some(s) => {
@@ -1194,8 +1195,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> BorrowckCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-fn statement_scope_span(tcx: TyCtxt, region: ty::Region) -> Option<Span> {
-    match region {
+fn statement_scope_span(tcx: TyCtxt, region: &ty::Region) -> Option<Span> {
+    match *region {
         ty::ReScope(scope) => {
             match tcx.map.find(scope.node_id(&tcx.region_maps)) {
                 Some(hir_map::NodeStmt(stmt)) => Some(stmt.span),
diff --git a/src/librustc_const_eval/check_match.rs b/src/librustc_const_eval/check_match.rs
index 3c82358542876..82c142c919e34 100644
--- a/src/librustc_const_eval/check_match.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_const_eval/check_match.rs
@@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Delegate<'tcx> for MutationChecker<'a, 'gcx> {
               _: NodeId,
               span: Span,
               _: cmt,
-              _: Region,
+              _: &'tcx Region,
               kind: BorrowKind,
               _: LoanCause) {
         match kind {
diff --git a/src/librustc_driver/test.rs b/src/librustc_driver/test.rs
index 32d0bbbfdb6b7..a99262d30eee3 100644
--- a/src/librustc_driver/test.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_driver/test.rs
@@ -283,25 +283,26 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Env<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn re_early_bound(&self,
                           index: u32,
                           name: &'static str)
-                          -> ty::Region {
+                          -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         let name = token::intern(name);
-        ty::ReEarlyBound(ty::EarlyBoundRegion {
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReEarlyBound(ty::EarlyBoundRegion {
             index: index,
             name: name,
-        })
+        }))
     }
 
-    pub fn re_late_bound_with_debruijn(&self, id: u32, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex) -> ty::Region {
-        ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, ty::BrAnon(id))
+    pub fn re_late_bound_with_debruijn(&self, id: u32, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex)
+                                       -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, ty::BrAnon(id)))
     }
 
-    pub fn t_rptr(&self, r: ty::Region) -> Ty<'tcx> {
-        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(r), self.tcx().types.isize)
+    pub fn t_rptr(&self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(r, self.tcx().types.isize)
     }
 
     pub fn t_rptr_late_bound(&self, id: u32) -> Ty<'tcx> {
         let r = self.re_late_bound_with_debruijn(id, ty::DebruijnIndex::new(1));
-        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(r), self.tcx().types.isize)
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(r, self.tcx().types.isize)
     }
 
     pub fn t_rptr_late_bound_with_debruijn(&self,
@@ -309,7 +310,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Env<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                            debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex)
                                            -> Ty<'tcx> {
         let r = self.re_late_bound_with_debruijn(id, debruijn);
-        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(r), self.tcx().types.isize)
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(r, self.tcx().types.isize)
     }
 
     pub fn t_rptr_scope(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> Ty<'tcx> {
@@ -317,16 +318,16 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Env<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(r), self.tcx().types.isize)
     }
 
-    pub fn re_free(&self, nid: ast::NodeId, id: u32) -> ty::Region {
-        ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
+    pub fn re_free(&self, nid: ast::NodeId, id: u32) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
             scope: self.tcx().region_maps.item_extent(nid),
             bound_region: ty::BrAnon(id),
-        })
+        }))
     }
 
     pub fn t_rptr_free(&self, nid: ast::NodeId, id: u32) -> Ty<'tcx> {
         let r = self.re_free(nid, id);
-        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(r), self.tcx().types.isize)
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_imm_ref(r, self.tcx().types.isize)
     }
 
     pub fn t_rptr_static(&self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
diff --git a/src/librustc_metadata/astencode.rs b/src/librustc_metadata/astencode.rs
index ad52d346857ff..0236f9c413ddc 100644
--- a/src/librustc_metadata/astencode.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_metadata/astencode.rs
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ pub fn encode_cast_kind(ebml_w: &mut Encoder, kind: cast::CastKind) {
 // Encoding and decoding the side tables
 
 trait rbml_writer_helpers<'tcx> {
-    fn emit_region(&mut self, ecx: &e::EncodeContext, r: ty::Region);
+    fn emit_region(&mut self, ecx: &e::EncodeContext, r: &'tcx ty::Region);
     fn emit_ty<'a>(&mut self, ecx: &e::EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>);
     fn emit_substs<'a>(&mut self, ecx: &e::EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx>,
                        substs: &Substs<'tcx>);
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ trait rbml_writer_helpers<'tcx> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> rbml_writer_helpers<'tcx> for Encoder<'a> {
-    fn emit_region(&mut self, ecx: &e::EncodeContext, r: ty::Region) {
+    fn emit_region(&mut self, ecx: &e::EncodeContext, r: &'tcx ty::Region) {
         self.emit_opaque(|this| Ok(tyencode::enc_region(&mut this.cursor,
                                                         &ecx.ty_str_ctxt(),
                                                         r)));
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> rbml_writer_helpers<'tcx> for Encoder<'a> {
                 &adjustment::AutoPtr(r, m) => {
                     this.emit_enum_variant("AutoPtr", 0, 2, |this| {
                         this.emit_enum_variant_arg(0,
-                            |this| Ok(this.emit_region(ecx, *r)));
+                            |this| Ok(this.emit_region(ecx, r)));
                         this.emit_enum_variant_arg(1, |this| m.encode(this))
                     })
                 }
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ trait rbml_decoder_decoder_helpers<'tcx> {
                                      f: F) -> R
         where F: for<'x> FnOnce(&mut tydecode::TyDecoder<'x, 'tcx>) -> R;
 
-    fn read_region(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext) -> ty::Region;
+    fn read_region<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>) -> &'tcx ty::Region;
     fn read_ty<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx>;
     fn read_tys<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>) -> Vec<Ty<'tcx>>;
     fn read_trait_ref<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>)
@@ -835,8 +835,8 @@ trait rbml_decoder_decoder_helpers<'tcx> {
                               -> ty::Predicate<'tcx>;
     fn read_substs<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>)
                            -> &'tcx Substs<'tcx>;
-    fn read_upvar_capture(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext)
-                          -> ty::UpvarCapture;
+    fn read_upvar_capture<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>)
+                                  -> ty::UpvarCapture<'tcx>;
     fn read_auto_adjustment<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>)
                                     -> adjustment::AutoAdjustment<'tcx>;
     fn read_cast_kind<'a, 'b>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'a, 'b, 'tcx>)
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> rbml_decoder_decoder_helpers<'tcx> for reader::Decoder<'a> {
             str
         }
     }
-    fn read_region(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext) -> ty::Region {
+    fn read_region<'b, 'c>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'b, 'c, 'tcx>) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         // Note: regions types embed local node ids.  In principle, we
         // should translate these node ids into the new decode
         // context.  However, we do not bother, because region types
@@ -948,7 +948,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> rbml_decoder_decoder_helpers<'tcx> for reader::Decoder<'a> {
                .parse_substs())
         }).unwrap()
     }
-    fn read_upvar_capture(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext) -> ty::UpvarCapture {
+    fn read_upvar_capture<'b, 'c>(&mut self, dcx: &DecodeContext<'b, 'c, 'tcx>)
+                                  -> ty::UpvarCapture<'tcx> {
         self.read_enum("UpvarCapture", |this| {
             let variants = ["ByValue", "ByRef"];
             this.read_enum_variant(&variants, |this, i| {
@@ -1032,7 +1033,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> rbml_decoder_decoder_helpers<'tcx> for reader::Decoder<'a> {
             this.read_enum_variant(&variants, |this, i| {
                 Ok(match i {
                     0 => {
-                        let r: ty::Region =
+                        let r: &'tcx ty::Region =
                             this.read_enum_variant_arg(0, |this| {
                                 Ok(this.read_region(dcx))
                             }).unwrap();
@@ -1041,7 +1042,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> rbml_decoder_decoder_helpers<'tcx> for reader::Decoder<'a> {
                                 Decodable::decode(this)
                             }).unwrap();
 
-                        adjustment::AutoPtr(dcx.tcx.mk_region(r), m)
+                        adjustment::AutoPtr(r, m)
                     }
                     1 => {
                         let m: hir::Mutability =
diff --git a/src/librustc_metadata/csearch.rs b/src/librustc_metadata/csearch.rs
index 94426dcbf1d8d..d5c3a4a6bb0dc 100644
--- a/src/librustc_metadata/csearch.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_metadata/csearch.rs
@@ -291,13 +291,6 @@ impl<'tcx> CrateStore<'tcx> for cstore::CStore {
         decoder::is_foreign_item(&cdata, did.index)
     }
 
-    fn is_static_method(&self, def: DefId) -> bool
-    {
-        self.dep_graph.read(DepNode::MetaData(def));
-        let cdata = self.get_crate_data(def.krate);
-        decoder::is_static_method(&cdata, def.index)
-    }
-
     fn is_statically_included_foreign_item(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> bool
     {
         self.do_is_statically_included_foreign_item(id)
diff --git a/src/librustc_metadata/decoder.rs b/src/librustc_metadata/decoder.rs
index b0335258b4041..ccd8bb70f652d 100644
--- a/src/librustc_metadata/decoder.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_metadata/decoder.rs
@@ -859,7 +859,8 @@ pub fn maybe_get_item_mir<'a, 'tcx>(cdata: Cmd,
     }
 }
 
-fn get_explicit_self(item: rbml::Doc) -> ty::ExplicitSelfCategory {
+fn get_explicit_self<'a, 'tcx>(item: rbml::Doc, tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'tcx, 'tcx>)
+                               -> ty::ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx> {
     fn get_mutability(ch: u8) -> hir::Mutability {
         match ch as char {
             'i' => hir::MutImmutable,
@@ -879,7 +880,7 @@ fn get_explicit_self(item: rbml::Doc) -> ty::ExplicitSelfCategory {
         // FIXME(#4846) expl. region
         '&' => {
             ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByReference(
-                ty::ReEmpty,
+                tcx.mk_region(ty::ReEmpty),
                 get_mutability(string.as_bytes()[1]))
         }
         _ => bug!("unknown self type code: `{}`", explicit_self_kind as char)
@@ -905,16 +906,6 @@ pub fn get_trait_name(cdata: Cmd, id: DefIndex) -> ast::Name {
     item_name(doc)
 }
 
-pub fn is_static_method(cdata: Cmd, id: DefIndex) -> bool {
-    let doc = cdata.lookup_item(id);
-    match item_sort(doc) {
-        Some('r') | Some('p') => {
-            get_explicit_self(doc) == ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::Static
-        }
-        _ => false
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn get_impl_or_trait_item<'a, 'tcx>(cdata: Cmd, id: DefIndex, tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'tcx, 'tcx>)
                                         -> Option<ty::ImplOrTraitItem<'tcx>> {
     let item_doc = cdata.lookup_item(id);
@@ -959,7 +950,7 @@ pub fn get_impl_or_trait_item<'a, 'tcx>(cdata: Cmd, id: DefIndex, tcx: TyCtxt<'a
                     "the type {:?} of the method {:?} is not a function?",
                     ity, name)
             };
-            let explicit_self = get_explicit_self(item_doc);
+            let explicit_self = get_explicit_self(item_doc, tcx);
 
             ty::MethodTraitItem(Rc::new(ty::Method::new(name,
                                                         generics,
diff --git a/src/librustc_metadata/tydecode.rs b/src/librustc_metadata/tydecode.rs
index c76cf23639237..3b022448efa5d 100644
--- a/src/librustc_metadata/tydecode.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_metadata/tydecode.rs
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ impl<'a,'tcx> TyDecoder<'a,'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn parse_region(&mut self) -> ty::Region {
-        match self.next() {
+    pub fn parse_region(&mut self) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
+        self.tcx.mk_region(match self.next() {
             'b' => {
                 assert_eq!(self.next(), '[');
                 let id = ty::DebruijnIndex::new(self.parse_u32());
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl<'a,'tcx> TyDecoder<'a,'tcx> {
             'e' => ty::ReEmpty,
             'E' => ty::ReErased,
             _ => bug!("parse_region: bad input")
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     fn parse_scope(&mut self) -> region::CodeExtent {
@@ -403,9 +403,7 @@ impl<'a,'tcx> TyDecoder<'a,'tcx> {
             '~' => return tcx.mk_box(self.parse_ty()),
             '*' => return tcx.mk_ptr(self.parse_mt()),
             '&' => {
-                let r = self.parse_region();
-                let mt = self.parse_mt();
-                return tcx.mk_ref(tcx.mk_region(r), mt);
+                return tcx.mk_ref(self.parse_region(), self.parse_mt());
             }
             'V' => {
                 let t = self.parse_ty();
@@ -657,7 +655,7 @@ impl<'a,'tcx> TyDecoder<'a,'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse_region_param_def(&mut self) -> ty::RegionParameterDef {
+    fn parse_region_param_def(&mut self) -> ty::RegionParameterDef<'tcx> {
         let name = self.parse_name(':');
         let def_id = self.parse_def();
         let index = self.parse_u32();
@@ -681,7 +679,7 @@ impl<'a,'tcx> TyDecoder<'a,'tcx> {
     }
 
 
-    fn parse_object_lifetime_default(&mut self) -> ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault {
+    fn parse_object_lifetime_default(&mut self) -> ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault<'tcx> {
         match self.next() {
             'a' => ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault::Ambiguous,
             'b' => ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault::BaseDefault,
diff --git a/src/librustc_metadata/tyencode.rs b/src/librustc_metadata/tyencode.rs
index 10f503f4e3699..f502ec4554328 100644
--- a/src/librustc_metadata/tyencode.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_metadata/tyencode.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub fn enc_ty<'a, 'tcx>(w: &mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>, cx: &ctxt<'a, 'tcx>, t: Ty<'tcx
         ty::TyRawPtr(mt) => { write!(w, "*"); enc_mt(w, cx, mt); }
         ty::TyRef(r, mt) => {
             write!(w, "&");
-            enc_region(w, cx, *r);
+            enc_region(w, cx, r);
             enc_mt(w, cx, mt);
         }
         ty::TyArray(t, sz) => {
@@ -286,8 +286,8 @@ pub fn enc_generics<'a, 'tcx>(w: &mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>, cx: &ctxt<'a, 'tcx>,
     }
 }
 
-pub fn enc_region(w: &mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>, cx: &ctxt, r: ty::Region) {
-    match r {
+pub fn enc_region(w: &mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>, cx: &ctxt, r: &ty::Region) {
+    match *r {
         ty::ReLateBound(id, br) => {
             write!(w, "b[{}|", id.depth);
             enc_bound_region(w, cx, br);
diff --git a/src/librustc_mir/build/matches/mod.rs b/src/librustc_mir/build/matches/mod.rs
index ec390704d0789..1b64b4d0b5317 100644
--- a/src/librustc_mir/build/matches/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_mir/build/matches/mod.rs
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ struct Binding<'tcx> {
     var_id: NodeId,
     var_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
     mutability: Mutability,
-    binding_mode: BindingMode,
+    binding_mode: BindingMode<'tcx>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
diff --git a/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/expr.rs b/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/expr.rs
index a61fdb79df822..6e8a5771eea94 100644
--- a/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/expr.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/expr.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Mirror<'tcx> for &'tcx hir::Expr {
                                 region, ty::TypeAndMut { ty: expr.ty, mutbl: mutbl }),
                             span: expr.span,
                             kind: ExprKind::Borrow {
-                                region: *region,
+                                region: region,
                                 borrow_kind: to_borrow_kind(mutbl),
                                 arg: expr.to_ref()
                             }
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Mirror<'tcx> for &'tcx hir::Expr {
                                 ty: adjusted_ty,
                                 span: self.span,
                                 kind: ExprKind::Borrow {
-                                    region: *r,
+                                    region: r,
                                     borrow_kind: to_borrow_kind(m),
                                     arg: expr.to_ref(),
                                 },
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Mirror<'tcx> for &'tcx hir::Expr {
                                 ty: cx.tcx.mk_ref(region, ty::TypeAndMut { ty: expr.ty, mutbl: m }),
                                 span: self.span,
                                 kind: ExprKind::Borrow {
-                                    region: *region,
+                                    region: region,
                                     borrow_kind: to_borrow_kind(m),
                                     arg: expr.to_ref(),
                                 },
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ fn make_mirror_unadjusted<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(cx: &mut Cx<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                 _ => span_bug!(expr.span, "type of & not region"),
             };
             ExprKind::Borrow {
-                region: *region,
+                region: region,
                 borrow_kind: to_borrow_kind(mutbl),
                 arg: expr.to_ref(),
             }
@@ -842,8 +842,7 @@ fn convert_var<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(cx: &mut Cx<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                     ExprKind::Deref {
                         arg: Expr {
                             temp_lifetime: temp_lifetime,
-                            ty: cx.tcx.mk_ref(
-                                cx.tcx.mk_region(borrow.region),
+                            ty: cx.tcx.mk_ref(borrow.region,
                                 ty::TypeAndMut {
                                     ty: var_ty,
                                     mutbl: borrow.kind.to_mutbl_lossy()
@@ -907,8 +906,7 @@ fn overloaded_operator<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(cx: &mut Cx<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
         }
 
         PassArgs::ByRef => {
-            let scope = cx.tcx.region_maps.node_extent(expr.id);
-            let region = cx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(scope));
+            let region = cx.tcx.node_scope_region(expr.id);
             let temp_lifetime = cx.tcx.region_maps.temporary_scope(expr.id);
             argrefs.extend(
                 args.iter()
@@ -922,7 +920,7 @@ fn overloaded_operator<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(cx: &mut Cx<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                             temp_lifetime: temp_lifetime,
                             ty: adjusted_ty,
                             span: expr.span,
-                            kind: ExprKind::Borrow { region: *region,
+                            kind: ExprKind::Borrow { region: region,
                                                      borrow_kind: BorrowKind::Shared,
                                                      arg: arg.to_ref() }
                         }.to_ref()
diff --git a/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/pattern.rs b/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/pattern.rs
index c54c8bfb5981e..0bd22cd2d9308 100644
--- a/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/pattern.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_mir/hair/cx/pattern.rs
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl<'patcx, 'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> PatCx<'patcx, 'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 let id = self.cx.tcx.expect_def(pat.id).var_id();
                 let var_ty = self.cx.tcx.node_id_to_type(pat.id);
                 let region = match var_ty.sty {
-                    ty::TyRef(&r, _) => Some(r),
+                    ty::TyRef(r, _) => Some(r),
                     _ => None,
                 };
                 let (mutability, mode) = match bm {
diff --git a/src/librustc_mir/hair/mod.rs b/src/librustc_mir/hair/mod.rs
index 2a5b7d0fb2902..353f243335302 100644
--- a/src/librustc_mir/hair/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_mir/hair/mod.rs
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ pub enum ExprKind<'tcx> {
         id: DefId,
     },
     Borrow {
-        region: Region,
+        region: &'tcx Region,
         borrow_kind: BorrowKind,
         arg: ExprRef<'tcx>,
     },
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ pub enum PatternKind<'tcx> {
     Binding {
         mutability: Mutability,
         name: ast::Name,
-        mode: BindingMode,
+        mode: BindingMode<'tcx>,
         var: ast::NodeId,
         ty: Ty<'tcx>,
         subpattern: Option<Pattern<'tcx>>,
@@ -332,9 +332,9 @@ pub enum PatternKind<'tcx> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub enum BindingMode {
+pub enum BindingMode<'tcx> {
     ByValue,
-    ByRef(Region, BorrowKind),
+    ByRef(&'tcx Region, BorrowKind),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
diff --git a/src/librustc_passes/consts.rs b/src/librustc_passes/consts.rs
index b116ab7b3161a..4aae6d690c4df 100644
--- a/src/librustc_passes/consts.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_passes/consts.rs
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> euv::Delegate<'tcx> for CheckCrateVisitor<'a, 'gcx> {
               borrow_id: ast::NodeId,
               _borrow_span: Span,
               cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-              _loan_region: ty::Region,
+              _loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
               bk: ty::BorrowKind,
               loan_cause: euv::LoanCause) {
         // Kind of hacky, but we allow Unsafe coercions in constants.
diff --git a/src/librustc_passes/rvalues.rs b/src/librustc_passes/rvalues.rs
index 782ee34edd4f9..c3ef5a72a2944 100644
--- a/src/librustc_passes/rvalues.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_passes/rvalues.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> euv::Delegate<'tcx> for RvalueContextDelegate<'a, 'gcx, 'tc
               _borrow_id: ast::NodeId,
               _borrow_span: Span,
               _cmt: mc::cmt,
-              _loan_region: ty::Region,
+              _loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
               _bk: ty::BorrowKind,
               _loan_cause: euv::LoanCause) {
     }
diff --git a/src/librustc_trans/collector.rs b/src/librustc_trans/collector.rs
index 76910304eebb0..b0afc147e6f9d 100644
--- a/src/librustc_trans/collector.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_trans/collector.rs
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ fn create_trans_items_for_default_impls<'a, 'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'tcx, 'tcx>,
                     // The substitutions we have are on the impl, so we grab
                     // the method type from the impl to substitute into.
                     let impl_substs = Substs::for_item(tcx, impl_def_id,
-                                                       |_, _| ty::ReErased,
+                                                       |_, _| tcx.mk_region(ty::ReErased),
                                                        |_, _| tcx.types.err);
                     let mth = meth::get_impl_method(tcx,
                                                     callee_substs,
diff --git a/src/librustc_trans/context.rs b/src/librustc_trans/context.rs
index 0a295b251b31e..71184dd3f814d 100644
--- a/src/librustc_trans/context.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_trans/context.rs
@@ -563,7 +563,9 @@ impl<'b, 'tcx> SharedCrateContext<'b, 'tcx> {
     /// Given the def-id of some item that has no type parameters, make
     /// a suitable "empty substs" for it.
     pub fn empty_substs_for_def_id(&self, item_def_id: DefId) -> &'tcx Substs<'tcx> {
-        Substs::for_item(self.tcx(), item_def_id, |_, _| ty::ReErased, |_, _| {
+        Substs::for_item(self.tcx(), item_def_id,
+                         |_, _| self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReErased),
+                         |_, _| {
             bug!("empty_substs_for_def_id: {:?} has type parameters", item_def_id)
         })
     }
diff --git a/src/librustc_trans/meth.rs b/src/librustc_trans/meth.rs
index 103afd827de93..483bc99c310fc 100644
--- a/src/librustc_trans/meth.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_trans/meth.rs
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ pub fn get_vtable_methods<'a, 'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'tcx, 'tcx>,
             // the method may have some early-bound lifetimes, add
             // regions for those
             let method_substs = Substs::for_item(tcx, trait_method_def_id,
-                                                 |_, _| ty::ReErased,
+                                                 |_, _| tcx.mk_region(ty::ReErased),
                                                  |_, _| tcx.types.err);
 
             // The substitutions we have are on the impl, so we grab
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/astconv.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/astconv.rs
index 72f81c7d48da8..79c4a9af8295c 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/astconv.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/astconv.rs
@@ -178,8 +178,9 @@ type TraitAndProjections<'tcx> = (ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, Vec<ty::PolyProjection
 /// This type must not appear anywhere in other converted types.
 const TRAIT_OBJECT_DUMMY_SELF: ty::TypeVariants<'static> = ty::TyInfer(ty::FreshTy(0));
 
-pub fn ast_region_to_region(tcx: TyCtxt, lifetime: &hir::Lifetime)
-                            -> ty::Region {
+pub fn ast_region_to_region<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
+                                            lifetime: &hir::Lifetime)
+                                            -> &'tcx ty::Region {
     let r = match tcx.named_region_map.defs.get(&lifetime.id) {
         None => {
             // should have been recorded by the `resolve_lifetime` pass
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ pub fn ast_region_to_region(tcx: TyCtxt, lifetime: &hir::Lifetime)
            lifetime.id,
            r);
 
-    r
+    tcx.mk_region(r)
 }
 
 fn report_elision_failure(
@@ -313,14 +314,14 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
     pub fn opt_ast_region_to_region(&self,
         rscope: &RegionScope,
         default_span: Span,
-        opt_lifetime: &Option<hir::Lifetime>) -> ty::Region
+        opt_lifetime: &Option<hir::Lifetime>) -> &'tcx ty::Region
     {
         let r = match *opt_lifetime {
             Some(ref lifetime) => {
                 ast_region_to_region(self.tcx(), lifetime)
             }
 
-            None => match rscope.anon_regions(default_span, 1) {
+            None => self.tcx().mk_region(match rscope.anon_regions(default_span, 1) {
                 Ok(rs) => rs[0],
                 Err(params) => {
                     let ampersand_span = Span { hi: default_span.lo, ..default_span};
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                     err.emit();
                     ty::ReStatic
                 }
-            }
+            })
         };
 
         debug!("opt_ast_region_to_region(opt_lifetime={:?}) yields {:?}",
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                     .emit();
 
                 return Substs::for_item(tcx, def_id, |_, _| {
-                    ty::ReStatic
+                    tcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic)
                 }, |_, _| {
                     tcx.types.err
                 });
@@ -431,7 +432,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
         let expected_num_region_params = decl_generics.regions.len();
         let supplied_num_region_params = lifetimes.len();
         let regions = if expected_num_region_params == supplied_num_region_params {
-            lifetimes.iter().map(|l| ast_region_to_region(tcx, l)).collect()
+            lifetimes.iter().map(|l| *ast_region_to_region(tcx, l)).collect()
         } else {
             let anon_regions =
                 rscope.anon_regions(span, expected_num_region_params);
@@ -472,7 +473,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
 
         let mut output_assoc_binding = None;
         let substs = Substs::for_item(tcx, def_id, |def, _| {
-            regions[def.index as usize]
+            tcx.mk_region(regions[def.index as usize])
         }, |def, substs| {
             let i = def.index as usize;
 
@@ -588,7 +589,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
         }
 
         if lifetimes_for_params.iter().map(|e| e.lifetime_count).sum::<usize>() == 1 {
-            Ok(possible_implied_output_region.unwrap())
+            Ok(*possible_implied_output_region.unwrap())
         } else {
             Err(Some(lifetimes_for_params))
         }
@@ -1100,7 +1101,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
         let region_bound = match region_bound {
             Some(r) => r,
             None => {
-                match rscope.object_lifetime_default(span) {
+                tcx.mk_region(match rscope.object_lifetime_default(span) {
                     Some(r) => r,
                     None => {
                         span_err!(self.tcx().sess, span, E0228,
@@ -1108,7 +1109,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                                    from context; please supply an explicit bound");
                         ty::ReStatic
                     }
-                }
+                })
             }
         };
 
@@ -1643,7 +1644,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                         rscope,
                         ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault::Specific(r));
                 let t = self.ast_ty_to_ty(rscope1, &mt.ty);
-                tcx.mk_ref(tcx.mk_region(r), ty::TypeAndMut {ty: t, mutbl: mt.mutbl})
+                tcx.mk_ref(r, ty::TypeAndMut {ty: t, mutbl: mt.mutbl})
             }
             hir::TyNever => {
                 tcx.types.never
@@ -1801,7 +1802,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                         sig: &hir::MethodSig,
                         untransformed_self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                         anon_scope: Option<AnonTypeScope>)
-                        -> (&'tcx ty::BareFnTy<'tcx>, ty::ExplicitSelfCategory) {
+                        -> (&'tcx ty::BareFnTy<'tcx>, ty::ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx>) {
         self.ty_of_method_or_bare_fn(sig.unsafety,
                                      sig.abi,
                                      Some(untransformed_self_ty),
@@ -1826,7 +1827,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                                decl: &hir::FnDecl,
                                arg_anon_scope: Option<AnonTypeScope>,
                                ret_anon_scope: Option<AnonTypeScope>)
-                               -> (&'tcx ty::BareFnTy<'tcx>, ty::ExplicitSelfCategory)
+                               -> (&'tcx ty::BareFnTy<'tcx>, ty::ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx>)
     {
         debug!("ty_of_method_or_bare_fn");
 
@@ -1863,7 +1864,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
         // reference) in the arguments, then any anonymous regions in the output
         // have that lifetime.
         let implied_output_region = match explicit_self_category {
-            ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByReference(region, _) => Ok(region),
+            ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByReference(region, _) => Ok(*region),
             _ => self.find_implied_output_region(&arg_tys, arg_pats)
         };
 
@@ -1890,7 +1891,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                                rscope: &RegionScope,
                                untransformed_self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                explicit_self: &hir::ExplicitSelf)
-                               -> (Ty<'tcx>, ty::ExplicitSelfCategory)
+                               -> (Ty<'tcx>, ty::ExplicitSelfCategory<'tcx>)
     {
         return match explicit_self.node {
             SelfKind::Value(..) => {
@@ -1902,8 +1903,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                                              rscope,
                                              explicit_self.span,
                                              lifetime);
-                (self.tcx().mk_ref(
-                    self.tcx().mk_region(region),
+                (self.tcx().mk_ref(region,
                     ty::TypeAndMut {
                         ty: untransformed_self_ty,
                         mutbl: mutability
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
                     ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByValue
                 } else {
                     match explicit_type.sty {
-                        ty::TyRef(r, mt) => ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByReference(*r, mt.mutbl),
+                        ty::TyRef(r, mt) => ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByReference(r, mt.mutbl),
                         ty::TyBox(_) => ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByBox,
                         _ => ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByValue,
                     }
@@ -2070,7 +2070,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
         explicit_region_bounds: &[&hir::Lifetime],
         principal_trait_ref: ty::PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>,
         builtin_bounds: ty::BuiltinBounds)
-        -> Option<ty::Region> // if None, use the default
+        -> Option<&'tcx ty::Region> // if None, use the default
     {
         let tcx = self.tcx();
 
@@ -2093,7 +2093,7 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
 
         if let Err(ErrorReported) =
                 self.ensure_super_predicates(span, principal_trait_ref.def_id()) {
-            return Some(ty::ReStatic);
+            return Some(tcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic));
         }
 
         // No explicit region bound specified. Therefore, examine trait
@@ -2109,8 +2109,8 @@ impl<'o, 'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx> AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>+'o {
 
         // If any of the derived region bounds are 'static, that is always
         // the best choice.
-        if derived_region_bounds.iter().any(|r| ty::ReStatic == *r) {
-            return Some(ty::ReStatic);
+        if derived_region_bounds.iter().any(|&r| ty::ReStatic == *r) {
+            return Some(tcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic));
         }
 
         // Determine whether there is exactly one unique region in the set
@@ -2242,7 +2242,7 @@ fn report_lifetime_number_error(tcx: TyCtxt, span: Span, number: usize, expected
 // and return from functions in multiple places.
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Bounds<'tcx> {
-    pub region_bounds: Vec<ty::Region>,
+    pub region_bounds: Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>,
     pub builtin_bounds: ty::BuiltinBounds,
     pub trait_bounds: Vec<ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>>,
     pub projection_bounds: Vec<ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>>,
@@ -2264,7 +2264,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Bounds<'tcx> {
         for &region_bound in &self.region_bounds {
             // account for the binder being introduced below; no need to shift `param_ty`
             // because, at present at least, it can only refer to early-bound regions
-            let region_bound = ty::fold::shift_region(region_bound, 1);
+            let region_bound = tcx.mk_region(ty::fold::shift_region(*region_bound, 1));
             vec.push(ty::Binder(ty::OutlivesPredicate(param_ty, region_bound)).to_predicate());
         }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/_match.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/_match.rs
index 52073359c0fd9..78175c85b19bf 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/_match.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/_match.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                         // and T is the expected type.
                         let region_var = self.next_region_var(infer::PatternRegion(pat.span));
                         let mt = ty::TypeAndMut { ty: expected, mutbl: mutbl };
-                        let region_ty = tcx.mk_ref(tcx.mk_region(region_var), mt);
+                        let region_ty = tcx.mk_ref(region_var, mt);
 
                         // `x` is assigned a value of type `&M T`, hence `&M T <: typeof(x)` is
                         // required. However, we use equality, which is stronger. See (*) for
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                             let inner_ty = self.next_ty_var();
                             let mt = ty::TypeAndMut { ty: inner_ty, mutbl: mutbl };
                             let region = self.next_region_var(infer::PatternRegion(pat.span));
-                            let rptr_ty = tcx.mk_ref(tcx.mk_region(region), mt);
+                            let rptr_ty = tcx.mk_ref(region, mt);
                             self.demand_eqtype(pat.span, expected, rptr_ty);
                             (rptr_ty, inner_ty)
                         }
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/coercion.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/coercion.rs
index 4a0d529812891..7126478f2c426 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/coercion.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/coercion.rs
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ impl<'f, 'gcx, 'tcx> Coerce<'f, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 if r_borrow_var.is_none() { // create var lazilly, at most once
                     let coercion = Coercion(span);
                     let r = self.next_region_var(coercion);
-                    r_borrow_var = Some(self.tcx.mk_region(r)); // [4] above
+                    r_borrow_var = Some(r); // [4] above
                 }
                 r_borrow_var.unwrap()
             };
@@ -436,8 +436,7 @@ impl<'f, 'gcx, 'tcx> Coerce<'f, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
                 let coercion = Coercion(self.origin.span());
                 let r_borrow = self.next_region_var(coercion);
-                let region = self.tcx.mk_region(r_borrow);
-                (mt_a.ty, Some(AutoPtr(region, mt_b.mutbl)))
+                (mt_a.ty, Some(AutoPtr(r_borrow, mt_b.mutbl)))
             }
             (&ty::TyRef(_, mt_a), &ty::TyRawPtr(mt_b)) => {
                 coerce_mutbls(mt_a.mutbl, mt_b.mutbl)?;
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/dropck.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/dropck.rs
index 4e48838f85cfb..cede9d871ff4d 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/dropck.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/dropck.rs
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ fn iterate_over_potentially_unsafe_regions_in_type<'a, 'b, 'gcx, 'tcx>(
                ty);
 
         cx.rcx.type_must_outlive(infer::SubregionOrigin::SafeDestructor(cx.span),
-                                 ty, ty::ReScope(cx.parent_scope));
+                                 ty, tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(cx.parent_scope)));
 
         return Ok(());
     }
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/intrinsic.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/intrinsic.rs
index 7f9e715b7fafc..ad48827a1d039 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/intrinsic.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/intrinsic.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn equate_intrinsic_type<'a, 'tcx>(ccx: &CrateCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
     let i_ty = tcx.lookup_item_type(def_id);
 
     let substs = Substs::for_item(tcx, def_id,
-                                  |_, _| ty::ReErased,
+                                  |_, _| tcx.mk_region(ty::ReErased),
                                   |def, _| tcx.mk_param_from_def(def));
 
     let fty = tcx.mk_fn_def(def_id, substs, tcx.mk_bare_fn(ty::BareFnTy {
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/confirm.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/confirm.rs
index 8b757309f4887..9197bdaa030cd 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/confirm.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/confirm.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ConfirmContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     {
         let (autoref, unsize) = if let Some(mutbl) = pick.autoref {
             let region = self.next_region_var(infer::Autoref(self.span));
-            let autoref = AutoPtr(self.tcx.mk_region(region), mutbl);
+            let autoref = AutoPtr(region, mutbl);
             (Some(autoref), pick.unsize.map(|target| {
                 target.adjust_for_autoref(self.tcx, Some(autoref))
             }))
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs
index d8ff9b4057f34..e38d6aa7a00d7 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs
@@ -1242,7 +1242,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ProbeContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 } else {
                     // In general, during probe we erase regions. See
                     // `impl_self_ty()` for an explanation.
-                    ty::ReErased
+                    self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReErased)
                 }
             }, |def, cur_substs| {
                 let i = def.index as usize;
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> ProbeContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         let impl_ty = self.tcx.lookup_item_type(impl_def_id).ty;
 
         let substs = Substs::for_item(self.tcx, impl_def_id,
-                                      |_, _| ty::ReErased,
+                                      |_, _| self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReErased),
                                       |_, _| self.next_ty_var());
 
         (impl_ty, substs)
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/mod.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/mod.rs
index f2ed3e37c1a28..cc7eadefeb099 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/mod.rs
@@ -1422,13 +1422,13 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionScope for FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         // (and anyway, within a fn body the right region may not even
         // be something the user can write explicitly, since it might
         // be some expression).
-        self.next_region_var(infer::MiscVariable(span))
+        *self.next_region_var(infer::MiscVariable(span))
     }
 
     fn anon_regions(&self, span: Span, count: usize)
                     -> Result<Vec<ty::Region>, Option<Vec<ElisionFailureInfo>>> {
         Ok((0..count).map(|_| {
-            self.next_region_var(infer::MiscVariable(span))
+            *self.next_region_var(infer::MiscVariable(span))
         }).collect())
     }
 }
@@ -1862,7 +1862,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// outlive the region `r`.
     pub fn register_region_obligation(&self,
                                       ty: Ty<'tcx>,
-                                      region: ty::Region,
+                                      region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                       cause: traits::ObligationCause<'tcx>)
     {
         let mut fulfillment_cx = self.fulfillment_cx.borrow_mut();
@@ -1893,7 +1893,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         //
         // FIXME(#27579) all uses of this should be migrated to register_wf_obligation eventually
         let cause = traits::ObligationCause::new(span, self.body_id, code);
-        self.register_region_obligation(ty, ty::ReEmpty, cause);
+        self.register_region_obligation(ty, self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReEmpty), cause);
     }
 
     /// Registers obligations that all types appearing in `substs` are well-formed.
@@ -3454,7 +3454,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 // value whose address was taken can actually be made to live
                 // as long as it needs to live.
                 let region = self.next_region_var(infer::AddrOfRegion(expr.span));
-                tcx.mk_ref(tcx.mk_region(region), tm)
+                tcx.mk_ref(region, tm)
             };
             self.write_ty(id, oprnd_t);
           }
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/regionck.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/regionck.rs
index a596b3cdcbb81..5f5cda358ff2f 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/regionck.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/regionck.rs
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 pub struct RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
     pub fcx: &'a FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
 
-    region_bound_pairs: Vec<(ty::Region, GenericKind<'tcx>)>,
+    region_bound_pairs: Vec<(&'tcx ty::Region, GenericKind<'tcx>)>,
 
     free_region_map: FreeRegionMap,
 
@@ -324,9 +324,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         let call_site_scope = self.call_site_scope.unwrap();
         debug!("visit_fn_body body.id {} call_site_scope: {:?}",
                body.id, call_site_scope);
+        let call_site_region = self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(call_site_scope));
         self.type_of_node_must_outlive(infer::CallReturn(span),
                                        body.id,
-                                       ty::ReScope(call_site_scope));
+                                       call_site_region);
 
         self.region_bound_pairs.truncate(old_region_bounds_pairs_len);
 
@@ -407,8 +408,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             for implication in implied_bounds {
                 debug!("implication: {:?}", implication);
                 match implication {
-                    ImpliedBound::RegionSubRegion(ty::ReFree(free_a),
-                                                  ty::ReVar(vid_b)) => {
+                    ImpliedBound::RegionSubRegion(&ty::ReFree(free_a),
+                                                  &ty::ReVar(vid_b)) => {
                         self.add_given(free_a, vid_b);
                     }
                     ImpliedBound::RegionSubParam(r_a, param_b) => {
@@ -476,9 +477,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             // variable's type enclose at least the variable's scope.
 
             let var_scope = tcx.region_maps.var_scope(id);
+            let var_region = self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(var_scope));
 
             let origin = infer::BindingTypeIsNotValidAtDecl(span);
-            self.type_of_node_must_outlive(origin, id, ty::ReScope(var_scope));
+            self.type_of_node_must_outlive(origin, id, var_region);
 
             let typ = self.resolve_node_type(id);
             dropck::check_safety_of_destructor_if_necessary(self, typ, span, var_scope);
@@ -525,7 +527,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, 'v> Visitor<'v> for RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         // scope of that expression. This also guarantees basic WF.
         let expr_ty = self.resolve_node_type(expr.id);
         // the region corresponding to this expression
-        let expr_region = ty::ReScope(self.tcx.region_maps.node_extent(expr.id));
+        let expr_region = self.tcx.node_scope_region(expr.id);
         self.type_must_outlive(infer::ExprTypeIsNotInScope(expr_ty, expr.span),
                                expr_ty, expr_region);
 
@@ -713,7 +715,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, 'v> Visitor<'v> for RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                     None => self.resolve_node_type(base.id)
                 };
                 if let ty::TyRef(r_ptr, _) = base_ty.sty {
-                    self.mk_subregion_due_to_dereference(expr.span, expr_region, *r_ptr);
+                    self.mk_subregion_due_to_dereference(expr.span, expr_region, r_ptr);
                 }
 
                 intravisit::walk_expr(self, expr);
@@ -780,9 +782,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx, 'v> Visitor<'v> for RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                 let call_site_scope = self.call_site_scope;
                 debug!("visit_expr ExprRet ret_expr.id {} call_site_scope: {:?}",
                        ret_expr.id, call_site_scope);
+                let call_site_region = self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(call_site_scope.unwrap()));
                 self.type_of_node_must_outlive(infer::CallReturn(ret_expr.span),
                                                ret_expr.id,
-                                               ty::ReScope(call_site_scope.unwrap()));
+                                               call_site_region);
                 intravisit::walk_expr(self, expr);
             }
 
@@ -819,7 +822,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             /*From:*/ (&ty::TyRef(from_r, ref from_mt),
             /*To:  */  &ty::TyRef(to_r, ref to_mt)) => {
                 // Target cannot outlive source, naturally.
-                self.sub_regions(infer::Reborrow(cast_expr.span), *to_r, *from_r);
+                self.sub_regions(infer::Reborrow(cast_expr.span), to_r, from_r);
                 self.walk_cast(cast_expr, from_mt.ty, to_mt.ty);
             }
 
@@ -889,7 +892,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         //
         // FIXME(#6268) to support nested method calls, should be callee_id
         let callee_scope = self.tcx.region_maps.node_extent(call_expr.id);
-        let callee_region = ty::ReScope(callee_scope);
+        let callee_region = self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(callee_scope));
 
         debug!("callee_region={:?}", callee_region);
 
@@ -933,8 +936,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                derefs,
                derefd_ty);
 
-        let s_deref_expr = self.tcx.region_maps.node_extent(deref_expr.id);
-        let r_deref_expr = ty::ReScope(s_deref_expr);
+        let r_deref_expr = self.tcx.node_scope_region(deref_expr.id);
         for i in 0..derefs {
             let method_call = MethodCall::autoderef(deref_expr.id, i as u32);
             debug!("constrain_autoderefs: method_call={:?} (of {:?} total)", method_call, derefs);
@@ -989,7 +991,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
             if let ty::TyRef(r_ptr, _) =  derefd_ty.sty {
                 self.mk_subregion_due_to_dereference(deref_expr.span,
-                                                     r_deref_expr, *r_ptr);
+                                                     r_deref_expr, r_ptr);
             }
 
             match derefd_ty.builtin_deref(true, ty::NoPreference) {
@@ -1003,8 +1005,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     pub fn mk_subregion_due_to_dereference(&mut self,
                                            deref_span: Span,
-                                           minimum_lifetime: ty::Region,
-                                           maximum_lifetime: ty::Region) {
+                                           minimum_lifetime: &'tcx ty::Region,
+                                           maximum_lifetime: &'tcx ty::Region) {
         self.sub_regions(infer::DerefPointer(deref_span),
                          minimum_lifetime, maximum_lifetime)
     }
@@ -1014,7 +1016,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                                      span: Span) {
         match cmt.cat {
             Categorization::Rvalue(region) => {
-                match region {
+                match *region {
                     ty::ReScope(rvalue_scope) => {
                         let typ = self.resolve_type(cmt.ty);
                         dropck::check_safety_of_destructor_if_necessary(self,
@@ -1023,7 +1025,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                                                                         rvalue_scope);
                     }
                     ty::ReStatic => {}
-                    region => {
+                    _ => {
                         span_bug!(span,
                                   "unexpected rvalue region in rvalue \
                                    destructor safety checking: `{:?}`",
@@ -1049,7 +1051,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             match mt.ty.sty {
                 ty::TySlice(_) | ty::TyStr => {
                     self.sub_regions(infer::IndexSlice(index_expr.span),
-                                     r_index_expr, *r_ptr);
+                                     self.tcx.mk_region(r_index_expr), r_ptr);
                 }
                 _ => {}
             }
@@ -1061,7 +1063,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn type_of_node_must_outlive(&mut self,
         origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         id: ast::NodeId,
-        minimum_lifetime: ty::Region)
+        minimum_lifetime: &'tcx ty::Region)
     {
         let tcx = self.tcx;
 
@@ -1132,7 +1134,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         let mc = mc::MemCategorizationContext::new(self);
         for arg in args {
             let arg_ty = self.node_ty(arg.id);
-            let re_scope = ty::ReScope(body_scope);
+            let re_scope = self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(body_scope));
             let arg_cmt = mc.cat_rvalue(arg.id, arg.ty.span, re_scope, arg_ty);
             debug!("arg_ty={:?} arg_cmt={:?} arg={:?}",
                    arg_ty,
@@ -1168,7 +1170,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn link_autoref(&self,
                     expr: &hir::Expr,
                     autoderefs: usize,
-                    autoref: &adjustment::AutoRef)
+                    autoref: &adjustment::AutoRef<'tcx>)
     {
         debug!("link_autoref(autoref={:?})", autoref);
         let mc = mc::MemCategorizationContext::new(self);
@@ -1182,8 +1184,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             }
 
             adjustment::AutoUnsafe(m) => {
-                let r = ty::ReScope(self.tcx.region_maps.node_extent(expr.id));
-                self.link_region(expr.span, &r, ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(m), expr_cmt);
+                let r = self.tcx.node_scope_region(expr.id);
+                self.link_region(expr.span, r, ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(m), expr_cmt);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1197,8 +1199,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                expr, callee_scope);
         let mc = mc::MemCategorizationContext::new(self);
         let expr_cmt = ignore_err!(mc.cat_expr(expr));
-        let borrow_region = ty::ReScope(callee_scope);
-        self.link_region(expr.span, &borrow_region, ty::ImmBorrow, expr_cmt);
+        let borrow_region = self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReScope(callee_scope));
+        self.link_region(expr.span, borrow_region, ty::ImmBorrow, expr_cmt);
     }
 
     /// Like `link_region()`, except that the region is extracted from the type of `id`,
@@ -1212,9 +1214,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                id, mutbl, cmt_borrowed);
 
         let rptr_ty = self.resolve_node_type(id);
-        if let ty::TyRef(&r, _) = rptr_ty.sty {
+        if let ty::TyRef(r, _) = rptr_ty.sty {
             debug!("rptr_ty={}",  rptr_ty);
-            self.link_region(span, &r, ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(mutbl),
+            self.link_region(span, r, ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(mutbl),
                              cmt_borrowed);
         }
     }
@@ -1225,14 +1227,14 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// between regions, as explained in `link_reborrowed_region()`.
     fn link_region(&self,
                    span: Span,
-                   borrow_region: &ty::Region,
+                   borrow_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                    borrow_kind: ty::BorrowKind,
                    borrow_cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>) {
         let mut borrow_cmt = borrow_cmt;
         let mut borrow_kind = borrow_kind;
 
         let origin = infer::DataBorrowed(borrow_cmt.ty, span);
-        self.type_must_outlive(origin, borrow_cmt.ty, *borrow_region);
+        self.type_must_outlive(origin, borrow_cmt.ty, borrow_region);
 
         loop {
             debug!("link_region(borrow_region={:?}, borrow_kind={:?}, borrow_cmt={:?})",
@@ -1322,10 +1324,10 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     /// recurse and process `ref_cmt` (see case 2 above).
     fn link_reborrowed_region(&self,
                               span: Span,
-                              borrow_region: &ty::Region,
+                              borrow_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                               borrow_kind: ty::BorrowKind,
                               ref_cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-                              ref_region: ty::Region,
+                              ref_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                               mut ref_kind: ty::BorrowKind,
                               note: mc::Note)
                               -> Option<(mc::cmt<'tcx>, ty::BorrowKind)>
@@ -1364,7 +1366,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         debug!("link_reborrowed_region: {:?} <= {:?}",
                borrow_region,
                ref_region);
-        self.sub_regions(cause, *borrow_region, ref_region);
+        self.sub_regions(cause, borrow_region, ref_region);
 
         // If we end up needing to recurse and establish a region link
         // with `ref_cmt`, calculate what borrow kind we will end up
@@ -1436,7 +1438,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                           origin: infer::ParameterOrigin,
                           substs: &Substs<'tcx>,
                           expr_span: Span,
-                          expr_region: ty::Region) {
+                          expr_region: &'tcx ty::Region) {
         debug!("substs_wf_in_scope(substs={:?}, \
                 expr_region={:?}, \
                 origin={:?}, \
@@ -1461,7 +1463,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     pub fn type_must_outlive(&self,
                              origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
                              ty: Ty<'tcx>,
-                             region: ty::Region)
+                             region: &'tcx ty::Region)
     {
         let ty = self.resolve_type(ty);
 
@@ -1479,7 +1481,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn components_must_outlive(&self,
                                origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
                                components: Vec<ty::outlives::Component<'tcx>>,
-                               region: ty::Region)
+                               region: &'tcx ty::Region)
     {
         for component in components {
             let origin = origin.clone();
@@ -1510,7 +1512,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     fn param_ty_must_outlive(&self,
                              origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                             region: ty::Region,
+                             region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                              param_ty: ty::ParamTy) {
         debug!("param_ty_must_outlive(region={:?}, param_ty={:?}, origin={:?})",
                region, param_ty, origin);
@@ -1522,7 +1524,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     fn projection_must_outlive(&self,
                                origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
-                               region: ty::Region,
+                               region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>)
     {
         debug!("projection_must_outlive(region={:?}, projection_ty={:?}, origin={:?})",
@@ -1552,7 +1554,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
         // If we know that the projection outlives 'static, then we're
         // done here.
-        if env_bounds.contains(&ty::ReStatic) {
+        if env_bounds.contains(&&ty::ReStatic) {
             debug!("projection_must_outlive: 'static as declared bound");
             return;
         }
@@ -1597,7 +1599,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         if !env_bounds.is_empty() && env_bounds[1..].iter().all(|b| *b == env_bounds[0]) {
             let unique_bound = env_bounds[0];
             debug!("projection_must_outlive: unique declared bound = {:?}", unique_bound);
-            if projection_ty.trait_ref.substs.regions().any(|r| env_bounds.contains(r)) {
+            if projection_ty.trait_ref.substs.regions().any(|r| env_bounds.contains(&r)) {
                 debug!("projection_must_outlive: unique declared bound appears in trait ref");
                 self.sub_regions(origin.clone(), region, unique_bound);
                 return;
@@ -1614,7 +1616,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         self.verify_generic_bound(origin, generic.clone(), region, verify_bound);
     }
 
-    fn type_bound(&self, span: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound {
+    fn type_bound(&self, span: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         match ty.sty {
             ty::TyParam(p) => {
                 self.param_bound(p)
@@ -1629,7 +1631,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn param_bound(&self, param_ty: ty::ParamTy) -> VerifyBound {
+    fn param_bound(&self, param_ty: ty::ParamTy) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         let param_env = &self.parameter_environment;
 
         debug!("param_bound(param_ty={:?})",
@@ -1647,7 +1649,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn projection_declared_bounds(&self,
                                   span: Span,
                                   projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>)
-                                  -> Vec<ty::Region>
+                                  -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>
     {
         // First assemble bounds from where clauses and traits.
 
@@ -1662,9 +1664,9 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 
     fn projection_bound(&self,
                         span: Span,
-                        declared_bounds: Vec<ty::Region>,
+                        declared_bounds: Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>,
                         projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>)
-                        -> VerifyBound {
+                        -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         debug!("projection_bound(declared_bounds={:?}, projection_ty={:?})",
                declared_bounds, projection_ty);
 
@@ -1676,7 +1678,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         VerifyBound::AnyRegion(declared_bounds).or(recursive_bound)
     }
 
-    fn recursive_type_bound(&self, span: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound {
+    fn recursive_type_bound(&self, span: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         let mut bounds = vec![];
 
         for subty in ty.walk_shallow() {
@@ -1698,7 +1700,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     fn declared_generic_bounds_from_env(&self, generic: GenericKind<'tcx>)
-                                        -> Vec<ty::Region>
+                                        -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>
     {
         let param_env = &self.parameter_environment;
 
@@ -1732,7 +1734,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> RegionCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
     fn declared_projection_bounds_from_trait(&self,
                                              span: Span,
                                              projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>)
-                                             -> Vec<ty::Region>
+                                             -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>
     {
         debug!("projection_bounds(projection_ty={:?})",
                projection_ty);
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/upvar.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/upvar.rs
index 030491b521d95..a85e295784e97 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/upvar.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/upvar.rs
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> AdjustBorrowKind<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                         match capture {
                             ty::UpvarCapture::ByValue => freevar_ty,
                             ty::UpvarCapture::ByRef(borrow) =>
-                                tcx.mk_ref(tcx.mk_region(borrow.region),
+                                tcx.mk_ref(borrow.region,
                                            ty::TypeAndMut {
                                                ty: freevar_ty,
                                                mutbl: borrow.kind.to_mutbl_lossy(),
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> euv::Delegate<'tcx> for AdjustBorrowKind<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
               borrow_id: ast::NodeId,
               _borrow_span: Span,
               cmt: mc::cmt<'tcx>,
-              _loan_region: ty::Region,
+              _loan_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
               bk: ty::BorrowKind,
               _loan_cause: euv::LoanCause)
     {
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/wfcheck.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/wfcheck.rs
index ecec4913fb7dc..b3f26c6c8386c 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/wfcheck.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/wfcheck.rs
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ impl<'ccx, 'gcx> CheckTypeWellFormedVisitor<'ccx, 'gcx> {
             ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::Static => return,
             ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByValue => self_ty,
             ty::ExplicitSelfCategory::ByReference(region, mutability) => {
-                fcx.tcx.mk_ref(fcx.tcx.mk_region(region), ty::TypeAndMut {
+                fcx.tcx.mk_ref(region, ty::TypeAndMut {
                     ty: self_ty,
                     mutbl: mutability
                 })
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/writeback.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/writeback.rs
index 3e5623404ed35..6a738032adf0a 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/writeback.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/writeback.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ struct WritebackCx<'cx, 'gcx: 'cx+'tcx, 'tcx: 'cx> {
     // early-bound versions of them, visible from the
     // outside of the function. This is needed by, and
     // only populated if there are any `impl Trait`.
-    free_to_bound_regions: DefIdMap<ty::Region>
+    free_to_bound_regions: DefIdMap<&'gcx ty::Region>
 }
 
 impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> WritebackCx<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
@@ -102,16 +102,17 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> WritebackCx<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             return wbcx;
         }
 
+        let gcx = fcx.tcx.global_tcx();
         let free_substs = fcx.parameter_environment.free_substs;
         for (i, r) in free_substs.regions().enumerate() {
             match *r {
                 ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
                     bound_region: ty::BoundRegion::BrNamed(def_id, name, _), ..
                 }) => {
-                    let bound_region = ty::ReEarlyBound(ty::EarlyBoundRegion {
+                    let bound_region = gcx.mk_region(ty::ReEarlyBound(ty::EarlyBoundRegion {
                         index: i as u32,
                         name: name,
-                    });
+                    }));
                     wbcx.free_to_bound_regions.insert(def_id, bound_region);
                 }
                 _ => {
@@ -311,9 +312,9 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> WritebackCx<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             // Convert the type from the function into a type valid outside
             // the function, by replacing free regions with early-bound ones.
             let outside_ty = gcx.fold_regions(&inside_ty, &mut false, |r, _| {
-                match r {
+                match *r {
                     // 'static is valid everywhere.
-                    ty::ReStatic => ty::ReStatic,
+                    ty::ReStatic => gcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic),
 
                     // Free regions that come from early-bound regions are valid.
                     ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
@@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> WritebackCx<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                         span_err!(self.tcx().sess, span, E0564,
                                   "only named lifetimes are allowed in `impl Trait`, \
                                    but `{}` was found in the type `{}`", r, inside_ty);
-                        ty::ReStatic
+                        gcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic)
                     }
 
                     ty::ReVar(_) |
@@ -626,12 +627,12 @@ impl<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for Resolver<'cx, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> ty::Region {
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
         match self.infcx.fully_resolve(&r) {
             Ok(r) => r,
             Err(e) => {
                 self.report_error(e);
-                ty::ReStatic
+                self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/coherence/mod.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/coherence/mod.rs
index 4362e040d2661..c522d9fce0e99 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/coherence/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/coherence/mod.rs
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> CoherenceChecker<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                     (&ty::TyBox(a), &ty::TyBox(b)) => (a, b, unsize_trait, None),
 
                     (&ty::TyRef(r_a, mt_a), &ty::TyRef(r_b, mt_b)) => {
-                        infcx.sub_regions(infer::RelateObjectBound(span), *r_b, *r_a);
+                        infcx.sub_regions(infer::RelateObjectBound(span), r_b, r_a);
                         check_mutbl(mt_a, mt_b, &|ty| tcx.mk_imm_ref(r_b, ty))
                     }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/collect.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/collect.rs
index 7e1fb32881d6f..2b2b1d3154f5a 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/collect.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/collect.rs
@@ -1919,7 +1919,7 @@ fn compute_object_lifetime_default<'a,'tcx>(ccx: &CrateCtxt<'a,'tcx>,
                                             param_id: ast::NodeId,
                                             param_bounds: &[hir::TyParamBound],
                                             where_clause: &hir::WhereClause)
-                                            -> ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault
+                                            -> ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault<'tcx>
 {
     let inline_bounds = from_bounds(ccx, param_bounds);
     let where_bounds = from_predicates(ccx, param_id, &where_clause.predicates);
@@ -1937,7 +1937,7 @@ fn compute_object_lifetime_default<'a,'tcx>(ccx: &CrateCtxt<'a,'tcx>,
 
     fn from_bounds<'a,'tcx>(ccx: &CrateCtxt<'a,'tcx>,
                             bounds: &[hir::TyParamBound])
-                            -> Vec<ty::Region>
+                            -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>
     {
         bounds.iter()
               .filter_map(|bound| {
@@ -1954,7 +1954,7 @@ fn compute_object_lifetime_default<'a,'tcx>(ccx: &CrateCtxt<'a,'tcx>,
     fn from_predicates<'a,'tcx>(ccx: &CrateCtxt<'a,'tcx>,
                                 param_id: ast::NodeId,
                                 predicates: &[hir::WherePredicate])
-                                -> Vec<ty::Region>
+                                -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>
     {
         predicates.iter()
                   .flat_map(|predicate| {
@@ -2126,7 +2126,7 @@ pub fn mk_item_substs<'gcx: 'tcx, 'tcx>(astconv: &AstConv<'gcx, 'tcx>,
     }
 
     Substs::for_item(tcx, def_id,
-                     |def, _| def.to_early_bound_region(),
+                     |def, _| tcx.mk_region(def.to_early_bound_region()),
                      |def, _| tcx.mk_param_from_def(def))
 }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/constrained_type_params.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/constrained_type_params.rs
index 7d3bd095a3a88..637df52e3cb03 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/constrained_type_params.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/constrained_type_params.rs
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for ParameterCollector {
         t.super_visit_with(self)
     }
 
-    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region) -> bool {
-        match r {
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: &'tcx ty::Region) -> bool {
+        match *r {
             ty::ReEarlyBound(data) => {
                 self.parameters.push(Parameter::Region(data));
             }
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/rscope.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/rscope.rs
index 9aca779dd89c4..f5b13c4207d90 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/rscope.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/rscope.rs
@@ -257,12 +257,12 @@ impl RegionScope for BindingRscope {
 /// A scope which overrides the default object lifetime but has no other effect.
 pub struct ObjectLifetimeDefaultRscope<'r> {
     base_scope: &'r (RegionScope+'r),
-    default: ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault,
+    default: ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault<'r>,
 }
 
 impl<'r> ObjectLifetimeDefaultRscope<'r> {
     pub fn new(base_scope: &'r (RegionScope+'r),
-               default: ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault)
+               default: ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault<'r>)
                -> ObjectLifetimeDefaultRscope<'r>
     {
         ObjectLifetimeDefaultRscope {
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ impl<'r> RegionScope for ObjectLifetimeDefaultRscope<'r> {
                 Some(self.base_object_lifetime_default(span)),
 
             ty::ObjectLifetimeDefault::Specific(r) =>
-                Some(r),
+                Some(*r),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/variance/constraints.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/variance/constraints.rs
index 536fa629fd611..5fd03cbd054b0 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/variance/constraints.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/variance/constraints.rs
@@ -483,9 +483,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ConstraintContext<'a, 'tcx> {
     /// context with ambient variance `variance`
     fn add_constraints_from_region(&mut self,
                                    generics: &ty::Generics<'tcx>,
-                                   region: ty::Region,
+                                   region: &'tcx ty::Region,
                                    variance: VarianceTermPtr<'a>) {
-        match region {
+        match *region {
             ty::ReEarlyBound(ref data) => {
                 assert_eq!(generics.parent, None);
                 assert!((data.index as usize) < generics.regions.len());
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/clean/mod.rs b/src/librustdoc/clean/mod.rs
index 51a697dad2fd6..e0a6f40c86033 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/clean/mod.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/clean/mod.rs
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ impl Clean<Lifetime> for hir::LifetimeDef {
     }
 }
 
-impl Clean<Lifetime> for ty::RegionParameterDef {
+impl<'tcx> Clean<Lifetime> for ty::RegionParameterDef<'tcx> {
     fn clean(&self, _: &DocContext) -> Lifetime {
         Lifetime(self.name.to_string())
     }
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Clean<WherePredicate> for ty::EquatePredicate<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Clean<WherePredicate> for ty::OutlivesPredicate<ty::Region, ty::Region> {
+impl<'tcx> Clean<WherePredicate> for ty::OutlivesPredicate<&'tcx ty::Region, &'tcx ty::Region> {
     fn clean(&self, cx: &DocContext) -> WherePredicate {
         let ty::OutlivesPredicate(ref a, ref b) = *self;
         WherePredicate::RegionPredicate {
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ impl Clean<WherePredicate> for ty::OutlivesPredicate<ty::Region, ty::Region> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> Clean<WherePredicate> for ty::OutlivesPredicate<ty::Ty<'tcx>, ty::Region> {
+impl<'tcx> Clean<WherePredicate> for ty::OutlivesPredicate<ty::Ty<'tcx>, &'tcx ty::Region> {
     fn clean(&self, cx: &DocContext) -> WherePredicate {
         let ty::OutlivesPredicate(ref ty, ref lt) = *self;