From f4148a6adb37dfd571f1b80b1ede041e05b92066 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jorge Aparicio Date: Sun, 9 Sep 2018 15:55:59 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] remove #[used] from the unstable book it'll be documented in the reference --- .../src/language-features/used.md | 157 ------------------ 1 file changed, 157 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/used.md diff --git a/src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/used.md b/src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/used.md deleted file mode 100644 index d49271382b604..0000000000000 --- a/src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/used.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,157 +0,0 @@ -# `used` - -The tracking issue for this feature -is: [40289](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/40289). - ------------------------- - -The `#[used]` attribute can be applied to `static` variables to prevent the Rust -compiler from optimizing them away even if they appear to be unused by the crate -(appear to be "dead code"). - -``` rust -#![feature(used)] - -#[used] -static FOO: i32 = 1; - -static BAR: i32 = 2; - -fn main() {} -``` - -If you compile this program into an object file, you'll see that `FOO` makes it -to the object file but `BAR` doesn't. Neither static variable is used by the -program. - -``` text -$ rustc -C opt-level=3 --emit=obj used.rs - -$ nm -C used.o -0000000000000000 T main - U std::rt::lang_start -0000000000000000 r used::FOO -0000000000000000 t used::main -``` - -Note that the *linker* knows nothing about the `#[used]` attribute and will -remove `#[used]` symbols if they are not referenced by other parts of the -program: - -``` text -$ rustc -C opt-level=3 used.rs - -$ nm -C used | grep FOO -``` - -"This doesn't sound too useful then!" you may think but keep reading. - -To preserve the symbols all the way to the final binary, you'll need the -cooperation of the linker. Here's one example: - -The ELF standard defines two special sections, `.init_array` and -`.pre_init_array`, that may contain function pointers which will be executed -*before* the `main` function is invoked. The linker will preserve symbols placed -in these sections (at least when linking programs that target the `*-*-linux-*` -targets). - -``` rust,ignore -#![feature(used)] - -extern "C" fn before_main() { - println!("Hello, world!"); -} - -#[link_section = ".init_array"] -#[used] -static INIT_ARRAY: [extern "C" fn(); 1] = [before_main]; - -fn main() {} -``` - -So, `#[used]` and `#[link_section]` can be combined to obtain "life before -main". - -``` text -$ rustc -C opt-level=3 before-main.rs - -$ ./before-main -Hello, world! -``` - -Another example: ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers need their reset handler, a -pointer to the function that will executed right after the microcontroller is -turned on, to be placed near the start of their FLASH memory to boot properly. - -This condition can be met using `#[used]` and `#[link_section]` plus a linker -script. - -``` rust,ignore -#![feature(panic_handler)] -#![feature(used)] -#![no_main] -#![no_std] - -use core::panic::PanicInfo; - -extern "C" fn reset_handler() -> ! { - loop {} -} - -#[link_section = ".reset_handler"] -#[used] -static RESET_HANDLER: extern "C" fn() -> ! = reset_handler; - -#[panic_handler] -fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! { - loop {} -} -``` - -``` text -MEMORY -{ - FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x08000000, LENGTH = 128K - RAM : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 20K -} - -SECTIONS -{ - .text ORIGIN(FLASH) : - { - /* Vector table */ - LONG(ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM)); /* initial SP value */ - KEEP(*(.reset_handler)); - - /* Omitted: The rest of the vector table */ - - *(.text.*); - } > FLASH - - /DISCARD/ : - { - /* Unused unwinding stuff */ - *(.ARM.exidx.*) - } -} -``` - -``` text -$ xargo rustc --target thumbv7m-none-eabi --release -- \ - -C link-arg=-Tlink.x -C link-arg=-nostartfiles - -$ arm-none-eabi-objdump -Cd target/thumbv7m-none-eabi/release/app -./target/thumbv7m-none-eabi/release/app: file format elf32-littlearm - - -Disassembly of section .text: - -08000000 : - 8000000: 20005000 .word 0x20005000 - -08000004 : - 8000004: 08000009 .... - -08000008 : - 8000008: e7fe b.n 8000008 -```