NAME
    mixin - Mix-in inheritance, an alternative to multiple inheritance

SYNOPSIS
      package Dog;
      sub speak { print "Bark!\n" }
      sub new { my $class = shift;  bless {}, $class }

      package Dog::Small;
      use base 'Dog';
      sub speak { print "Yip!\n"; }

      package Dog::Retriever;
      use mixin::with 'Dog';
      sub fetch { print "Get your own stinking $_[1]\n" }

      package Dog::Small::Retriever;
      use base 'Dog::Small';
      use mixin 'Dog::Retriever';

      my $small_retriever = Dog::Small::Retriever->new;
      $small_retriever->speak;          # Yip!
      $small_retriever->fetch('ball');  # Get your own stinking ball

DESCRIPTION
    NOTE You probably want to look into the similar but superior concept of
    traits/roles instead. See "SEE ALSO" for suggested modules.

    Mixin inheritance is an alternative to the usual multiple-inheritance
    and solves the problem of knowing which parent will be called. It also
    solves a number of tricky problems like diamond inheritence.

    The idea is to solve the same sets of problems which MI solves without
    the problems of MI. For all practical purposes you can think of a mixin
    as multiple inheritance without the actual inheritance.

    Mixins are a band-aid for the problems of MI. A better solution is to
    use traits (called "Roles" in Perl 6), which are like mixins on
    steroids. Class::Trait implements this.

  Using a mixin class
    There are two steps to using a mixin-class.

    First, make sure you are inherited from the class with which the
    mixin-class is to be mixed.

      package Dog::Small::Retriever;
      use base 'Dog::Small';

    Since Dog::Small isa Dog, that does it. Then simply mixin the new
    functionality

      use mixin 'Dog::Retriever';

    and now you can use fetch().

  Writing a mixin class
    See mixin::with.

  Mixins, Inheritance and SUPER
    A class which uses a mixin *does not* inherit from it. However, through
    some clever trickery, "SUPER" continues to work. Here's an example.

        {
            package Parent;
            sub foo { "Parent" }
        }

        {
            package Middle;
            use mixin::with "Parent";

            sub foo {
                my $self = shift;
                return $self->SUPER::foo(), "Middle";
            }
        }

        {
            package Child;
            use base "Parent";
            use mixin "Middle";

            sub foo {
                my $self = shift;
                return $self->SUPER::foo(), "Child";
            }
        }

        print join " ", Child->foo;  # Parent Middle Child

    This will print "Parent Middle Child". You'll note that this is the same
    result if Child inherited from Middle and Middle from Parent. Its also
    the same result if Child multiply inherited from Middle and Parent but
    *NOT* if it inherited from Parent then Middle. The advantage of mixins
    vs multiple inheritance is such ambiguities do not exist.

    Note that even though both the Child and Middle define foo() the Middle
    mixin does not overwrite Child's foo(). A mixin does not simply export
    its methods into the mixer and thus does not blow over existing methods.

NOTES
    A mixin will not warn if the mixin and the user define the same method.

AUTHOR
    Michael G Schwern <schwern@pobox.com>

LICENSE
    Copyright 2002-2015 by Michael G Schwern

    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the same terms as Perl itself.

    <http://dev.perl.org/licenses/>

SEE ALSO
    Role::Tiny - A stand alone implementation of traits/roles, like mixins
    but better.

    Moose::Role - Moose's implementation of traits/roles.

    mro and Class::C3 make multiple inheritance work more sensibly.