.gitignore
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ basecamp:
domain: somedomain.projectpath.com
user: capistrano
password: password
+ use_ssl: true
project_id: 123456
category_id: 789012
- prefix: Deploy
- notify:
- - 123456
- - 789012
\ No newline at end of file
+ prefix: Deploy
\ No newline at end of file
example/basecamp.yml
@@ -7,18 +7,25 @@ namespace :basecamp do
YAML.load(File.open('config/basecamp.yml'))['basecamp']
end
- set :api_wrapper do
- Basecamp.new(basecamp_config['domain'], basecamp_config['user'], basecamp_config['password'])
- end
-
desc 'Post a new message to Basecamp containing the commit messages between the previous and the current deploy'
task :notify do
unless exists?(:stage) and stage.to_sym != :production
- api_wrapper.post_message basecamp_config['project_id'], {
- :title => "#{ basecamp_config['prefix'] || 'Deploy' }: #{application} [#{current_revision[0..6]}]",
- :body => grab_revision_log,
- :category_id => basecamp_config['category_id']
- }, basecamp_config['notify'] || []
+ domain = basecamp_config['domain']
+ user = basecamp_config['user']
+ password = basecamp_config['password']
+ use_ssl = basecamp_config['use_ssl']
+ project = basecamp_config['project_id']
+ category = basecamp_config['category_id']
+ prefix = basecamp_config['prefix'] || 'Deploy'
+
+ Basecamp.establish_connection!(domain, user, password, use_ssl)
+
+ m = Basecamp::Message.new(:project_id => project)
+ m.title = "#{prefix} - #{current_revision[0..7]}"
+ m.body = grab_revision_log
+ m.category_id = category
+
+ m.save
end
end
recipes/basecamp_notify.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# the following are all standard ruby libraries
require 'net/https'
require 'yaml'
require 'date'
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ begin
rescue LoadError
begin
require 'rubygems'
- require_gem 'xml-simple'
+ require 'xmlsimple'
rescue LoadError
abort <<-ERROR
The 'xml-simple' library could not be loaded. If you have RubyGems installed
@@ -18,34 +17,350 @@ ERROR
end
end
-# An interface to the Basecamp web-services API. Usage is straightforward:
+begin
+ require 'activeresource'
+rescue LoadError
+ begin
+ require 'rubygems'
+ require 'activeresource'
+ rescue LoadError
+ abort <<-ERROR
+The 'activeresource' library could not be loaded. If you have RubyGems
+installed you can install ActiveResource by doing "gem install activeresource".
+ERROR
+ end
+end
+
+# = A Ruby library for working with the Basecamp web-services API.
+#
+# For more information about the Basecamp web-services API, visit:
+#
+# http://developer.37signals.com/basecamp
+#
+# NOTE: not all of Basecamp's web-services are accessible via REST. This
+# library provides access to RESTful services via ActiveResource. Services not
+# yet upgraded to REST are accessed via the Basecamp class. Continue reading
+# for more details.
+#
+#
+# == Establishing a Connection
+#
+# The first thing you need to do is establish a connection to Basecamp. This
+# requires your Basecamp site address and your login credentials. Example:
+#
+# Basecamp.establish_connection!('you.grouphub.com', 'username', 'password')
+#
+# This is the same whether you're accessing using the ActiveResource interface,
+# or the legacy interface.
+#
+#
+# == Using the REST interface via ActiveResource
+#
+# The REST interface is accessed via ActiveResource, a popular Ruby library
+# that implements object-relational mapping for REST web-services. For more
+# information on working with ActiveResource, see:
+#
+# * http://api.rubyonrails.org/files/activeresource/README.html
+# * http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveResource/Base.html
+#
+# === Finding a Resource
+#
+# Find a specific resource using the +find+ method. Attributes of the resource
+# are available as instance methods on the resulting object. For example, to
+# find a message with the ID of 8675309 and access its title attribute, you
+# would do the following:
+#
+# m = Basecamp::Message.find(8675309)
+# m.title # => 'Jenny'
+#
+# === Creating a Resource
+#
+# Create a resource by making a new instance of that resource, setting its
+# attributes, and saving it. If the resource requires a prefix to identify
+# it (as is the case with resources that belong to a sub-resource, such as a
+# project), it should be specified when instantiating the object. Examples:
+#
+# m = Basecamp::Message.new(:project_id => 1037)
+# m.category_id = 7301
+# m.title = 'Message in a bottle'
+# m.body = 'Another lonely day, with no one here but me'
+# m.save # => true
+#
+# c = Basecamp::Comment.new(:post_id => 25874)
+# c.body = 'Did you get those TPS reports?'
+# c.save # => true
+#
+# You can also create a resource using the +create+ method, which will create
+# and save it in one step. Example:
+#
+# Basecamp::TodoItem.create(:todo_list_id => 3422, :contents => 'Do it')
+#
+# === Updating a Resource
+#
+# To update a resource, first find it by its id, change its attributes, and
+# save it. Example:
+#
+# m = Basecamp::Message.find(8675309)
+# m.body = 'Changed'
+# m.save # => true
+#
+# === Deleting a Resource
+#
+# To delete a resource, use the +delete+ method with the ID of the resource
+# you want to delete. Example:
+#
+# Basecamp::Message.delete(1037)
+#
+# === Attaching Files to a Resource
+#
+# If the resource accepts file attachments, the +attachments+ parameter should
+# be an array of Basecamp::Attachment objects. Example:
+#
+# a1 = Basecamp::Atachment.create('primary', File.read('primary.doc'))
+# a2 = Basecamp::Atachment.create('another', File.read('another.doc'))
+#
+# m = Basecamp::Message.new(:project_id => 1037)
+# ...
+# m.attachments = [a1, a2]
+# m.save # => true
+#
+#
+# = Using the non-REST inteface
+#
+# The non-REST interface is accessed via instance methods on the Basecamp
+# class. Ensure you've established a connection, then create a new Basecamp
+# instance and call methods on it. Examples:
+#
+# basecamp = Basecamp.new
+#
+# basecamp.projects.length # => 5
+# basecamp.person(93832) # => #<Record(person)..>
+# basecamp.file_categories(123) # => [#<Record(file-category)>,#<Record..>]
+#
+## Object attributes are accessible as methods. Example:
+#
+# person = basecamp.person(93832)
+# person.first_name # => "Jason"
#
-# session = Basecamp.new('your.basecamp.com', 'username', 'password')
-# puts "projects: #{session.projects.length}"
class Basecamp
-
- # A wrapper to encapsulate the data returned by Basecamp, for easier access.
+ class Connection #:nodoc:
+ def initialize(master)
+ @master = master
+ @connection = Net::HTTP.new(master.site, master.use_ssl ? 443 : 80)
+ @connection.use_ssl = master.use_ssl
+ @connection.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE if master.use_ssl
+ end
+
+ def post(path, body, headers = {})
+ request = Net::HTTP::Post.new(path, headers.merge('Accept' => 'application/xml'))
+ request.basic_auth(@master.user, @master.password)
+ @connection.request(request, body)
+ end
+ end
+
+ class Resource < ActiveResource::Base #:nodoc:
+ class << self
+ def parent_resources(*parents)
+ @parent_resources = parents
+ end
+
+ def element_name
+ name.split(/::/).last.underscore
+ end
+
+ def prefix_source
+ @parent_resources.map { |resource| "/#{resource.to_s.pluralize}/:#{resource}_id/" }.join
+ end
+
+ def prefix(options={})
+ if options.any?
+ options.map { |name, value| "/#{name.to_s.chomp('_id').pluralize}/#{value}/" }.join
+ else
+ super
+ end
+ end
+ end
+
+ def prefix_options
+ id ? {} : super
+ end
+ end
+
+ class Message < Resource
+ parent_resources :project
+ self.element_name = 'post'
+
+ # Returns the most recent 25 messages in the given project (and category,
+ # if specified). If you need to retrieve older messages, use the archive
+ # method instead. Example:
+ #
+ # Basecamp::Message.list(1037)
+ # Basecamp::Message.list(1037, :category_id => 7301)
+ #
+ def self.list(project_id, options = {})
+ find(:all, :params => options.merge(:project_id => project_id))
+ end
+
+ # Returns a summary of all messages in the given project (and category, if
+ # specified). The summary is simply the title and category of the message,
+ # as well as the number of attachments (if any). Example:
+ #
+ # Basecamp::Message.archive(1037)
+ # Basecamp::Message.archive(1037, :category_id => 7301)
+ #
+ def self.archive(project_id, options = {})
+ find(:all, :params => options.merge(:project_id => project_id), :from => :archive)
+ end
+
+ def comments(options = {})
+ @comments ||= Comment.find(:all, :params => options.merge(:post_id => id))
+ end
+ end
+
+ # == Creating Comments for Multiple Resources
+ #
+ # Comments can be created for messages, milestones, and to-dos, identified
+ # by the <tt>post_id</tt>, <tt>milestone_id</tt>, and <tt>todo_item_id</tt>
+ # params respectively.
+ #
+ # For example, to create a comment on the message with id #8675309:
+ #
+ # c = Basecamp::Comment.new(:post_id => 8675309)
+ # c.body = 'Great tune'
+ # c.save # => true
+ #
+ # Similarly, to create a comment on a milestone:
+ #
+ # c = Basecamp::Comment.new(:milestone_id => 8473647)
+ # c.body = 'Is this done yet?'
+ # c.save # => true
+ #
+ class Comment < Resource
+ parent_resources :post, :milestone, :todo_item
+ end
+
+ class TodoList < Resource
+ parent_resources :project
+
+ # Returns all lists for a project. If complete is true, only completed lists
+ # are returned. If complete is false, only uncompleted lists are returned.
+ def self.all(project_id, complete=nil)
+ filter = case complete
+ when nil then "all"
+ when true then "finished"
+ when false then "pending"
+ else raise ArgumentError, "invalid value for `complete'"
+ end
+
+ find(:all, :params => { :project_id => project_id, :filter => filter })
+ end
+
+ def todo_items(options={})
+ @todo_items ||= TodoItem.find(:all, :params => options.merge(:todo_list_id => id))
+ end
+ end
+
+ class TodoItem < Resource
+ parent_resources :todo_list
+
+ def todo_list(options={})
+ @todo_list ||= TodoList.find(todo_list_id, options)
+ end
+
+ def time_entries(options={})
+ @time_entries ||= TimeEntry.find(:all, :params => options.merge(:todo_item_id => id))
+ end
+
+ def comments(options = {})
+ @comments ||= Comment.find(:all, :params => options.merge(:todo_item_id => id))
+ end
+
+ def complete!
+ put(:complete)
+ end
+
+ def uncomplete!
+ put(:uncomplete)
+ end
+ end
+
+ class TimeEntry < Resource
+ parent_resources :project, :todo_item
+
+ def self.all(project_id, page=0)
+ find(:all, :params => { :project_id => project_id, :page => page })
+ end
+
+ def self.report(options={})
+ find(:all, :from => :report, :params => options)
+ end
+
+ def todo_item(options={})
+ @todo_item ||= todo_item_id && TodoItem.find(todo_item_id, options)
+ end
+ end
+
+ class Attachment
+ attr_accessor :id, :filename, :content, :content_type
+
+ def self.create(filename, content)
+ returning new(filename, content) do |attachment|
+ attachment.save
+ end
+ end
+
+ def initialize(filename, content, content_type = 'application/octet-stream')
+ @filename, @content, @content_type = filename, content, content_type
+ end
+
+ def attributes
+ { :file => id, :original_filename => filename, :content_type => content_type }
+ end
+
+ def to_xml(options = {})
+ { :file => attributes }.to_xml(options)
+ end
+
+ def inspect
+ to_s
+ end
+
+ def save
+ response = Basecamp.connection.post('/upload', content, 'Content-Type' => content_type)
+
+ if response.code == '200'
+ self.id = Hash.from_xml(response.body)['upload']['id']
+ true
+ else
+ raise "Could not save attachment: #{response.message} (#{response.code})"
+ end
+ end
+ end
+
class Record #:nodoc:
attr_reader :type
def initialize(type, hash)
- @type = type
- @hash = hash
+ @type, @hash = type, hash
end
def [](name)
name = dashify(name)
+
case @hash[name]
- when Hash then
- @hash[name] = (@hash[name].keys.length == 1 && Array === @hash[name].values.first) ?
- @hash[name].values.first.map { |v| Record.new(@hash[name].keys.first, v) } :
- Record.new(name, @hash[name])
- else @hash[name]
+ when Hash then
+ @hash[name] = if (@hash[name].keys.length == 1 && @hash[name].values.first.is_a?(Array))
+ @hash[name].values.first.map { |v| Record.new(@hash[name].keys.first, v) }
+ else
+ Record.new(name, @hash[name])
+ end
+ else
+ @hash[name]
end
end
def id
- @hash["id"]
+ @hash['id']
end
def attributes
@@ -79,28 +394,38 @@ class Basecamp
end
end
- # A wrapper to represent a file that should be uploaded. This is used so that
- # the form/multi-part encoder knows when to encode a field as a file, versus
- # when to encode it as a simple field.
- class FileUpload
- attr_reader :filename, :content
-
- def initialize(filename, content)
- @filename = filename
- @content = content
+ attr_accessor :use_xml
+
+ class << self
+ attr_reader :site, :user, :password, :use_ssl
+
+ def establish_connection!(site, user, password, use_ssl = false)
+ @site = site
+ @user = user
+ @password = password
+ @use_ssl = use_ssl
+
+ Resource.user = user
+ Resource.password = password
+ Resource.site = (use_ssl ? "https" : "http") + "://" + site
+
+ @connection = Connection.new(self)
end
- end
- attr_accessor :use_xml
+ def connection
+ @connection || raise('No connection established')
+ end
+ end
- # Connects
- def initialize(url, user_name, password, use_ssl = false)
+ def initialize
@use_xml = false
- @user_name, @password = user_name, password
- connect!(url, use_ssl)
end
- # Return the list of all accessible projects.
+ # ==========================================================================
+ # GENERAL
+ # ==========================================================================
+
+ # Return the list of all accessible projects
def projects
records "project", "/project/list"
end
@@ -115,6 +440,10 @@ class Basecamp
records "attachment-category", "/projects/#{project_id}/attachment_categories"
end
+ # ==========================================================================
+ # CONTACT MANAGEMENT
+ # ==========================================================================
+
# Return information for the company with the given id
def company(id)
record "/contacts/company/#{id}"
@@ -133,172 +462,9 @@ class Basecamp
record "/contacts/person/#{id}"
end
- # Return information about the message(s) with the given id(s). The API
- # limits you to requesting 25 messages at a time, so if you need to get more
- # than that, you'll need to do it in multiple requests.
- def message(*ids)
- result = records("post", "/msg/get/#{ids.join(",")}")
- result.length == 1 ? result.first : result
- end
-
- # Returns a summary of all messages in the given project (and category, if
- # specified). The summary is simply the title and category of the message,
- # as well as the number of attachments (if any).
- def message_list(project_id, category_id=nil)
- url = "/projects/#{project_id}/msg"
- url << "/cat/#{category_id}" if category_id
- url << "/archive"
-
- records "post", url
- end
-
- # Create a new message in the given project. The +message+ parameter should
- # be a hash. The +email_to+ parameter must be an array of person-id's that
- # should be notified of the post.
- #
- # If you want to add attachments to the message, the +attachments+ parameter
- # should be an array of hashes, where each has has a :name key (optional),
- # and a :file key (required). The :file key must refer to a Basecamp::FileUpload
- # instance.
- #
- # msg = session.post_message(158141,
- # { :title => "Requirements",
- # :body => "Here are the requirements documents you asked for.",
- # :category_id => 2301121 },
- # [john.id, martha.id],
- # [ { :name => "Primary Requirements",
- # :file => Basecamp::FileUpload.new('primary.doc", File.read('primary.doc')) },
- # { :file => Basecamp::FileUpload.new('other.doc', File.read('other.doc')) } ])
- def post_message(project_id, message, notify=[], attachments=[])
- prepare_attachments(attachments)
- record "/projects/#{project_id}/msg/create",
- :post => message,
- :notify => notify,
- :attachments => attachments
- end
-
- # Edit the message with the given id. The +message+ parameter should
- # be a hash. The +email_to+ parameter must be an array of person-id's that
- # should be notified of the post.
- #
- # The +attachments+ parameter, if used, should be the same as described for
- # #post_message.
- def update_message(id, message, notify=[], attachments=[])
- prepare_attachments(attachments)
- record "/msg/update/#{id}",
- :post => message,
- :notify => notify,
- :attachments => attachments
- end
-
- # Deletes the message with the given id, and returns it.
- def delete_message(id)
- record "/msg/delete/#{id}"
- end
-
- # Return a list of the comments for the specified message.
- def comments(post_id)
- records "comment", "/msg/comments/#{post_id}"
- end
-
- # Retrieve a specific comment
- def comment(id)
- record "/msg/comment/#{id}"
- end
-
- # Add a new comment to a message. +comment+ must be a hash describing the
- # comment. You can add attachments to the comment, too, by giving them in
- # an array. See the #post_message method for a description of how to do that.
- def create_comment(post_id, comment, attachments=[])
- prepare_attachments(attachments)
- record "/msg/create_comment", :comment => comment.merge(:post_id => post_id),
- :attachments => attachments
- end
-
- # Update the given comment. Attachments follow the same format as #post_message.
- def update_comment(id, comment, attachments=[])
- prepare_attachments(attachments)
- record "/msg/update_comment", :comment_id => id,
- :comment => comment, :attachments => attachments
- end
-
- # Deletes (and returns) the given comment.
- def delete_comment(id)
- record "/msg/delete_comment/#{id}"
- end
-
- # =========================================================================
- # TODO LISTS AND ITEMS
- # =========================================================================
-
- # Marks the given item completed.
- def complete_item(id)
- record "/todos/complete_item/#{id}"
- end
-
- # Marks the given item uncompleted.
- def uncomplete_item(id)
- record "/todos/uncomplete_item/#{id}"
- end
-
- # Creates a new to-do item.
- def create_item(list_id, content, responsible_party=nil, notify=true)
- record "/todos/create_item/#{list_id}",
- :content => content, :responsible_party => responsible_party,
- :notify => notify
- end
-
- # Creates a new list using the given hash of list metadata.
- def create_list(project_id, list)
- record "/projects/#{project_id}/todos/create_list", list
- end
-
- # Deletes the given item from it's parent list.
- def delete_item(id)
- record "/todos/delete_item/#{id}"
- end
-
- # Deletes the given list and all of its items.
- def delete_list(id)
- record "/todos/delete_list/#{id}"
- end
-
- # Retrieves the specified list, and all of its items.
- def get_list(id)
- record "/todos/list/#{id}"
- end
-
- # Return all lists for a project. If complete is true, only completed lists
- # are returned. If complete is false, only uncompleted lists are returned.
- def lists(project_id, complete=nil)
- records "todo-list", "/projects/#{project_id}/todos/lists", :complete => complete
- end
-
- # Repositions an item to be at the given position in its list
- def move_item(id, to)
- record "/todos/move_item/#{id}", :to => to
- end
-
- # Repositions a list to be at the given position in its project
- def move_list(id, to)
- record "/todos/move_list/#{id}", :to => to
- end
-
- # Updates the given item
- def update_item(id, content, responsible_party=nil, notify=true)
- record "/todos/update_item/#{id}",
- :item => { :content => content }, :responsible_party => responsible_party,
- :notify => notify
- end
-
- # Updates the given list's metadata
- def update_list(id, list)
- record "/todos/update_list/#{id}", :list => list
- end
-
- # =========================================================================
+ # ==========================================================================
# MILESTONES
- # =========================================================================
+ # ==========================================================================
# Complete the milestone with the given id
def complete_milestone(id)
@@ -342,76 +508,46 @@ class Basecamp
:move_upcoming_milestones_off_weekends => move_off_weekends
end
- # Make a raw web-service request to Basecamp. This will return a Hash of
- # Arrays of the response, and may seem a little odd to the uninitiated.
- def request(path, parameters = {}, second_try = false)
- response = post(path, convert_body(parameters), "Content-Type" => content_type)
-
- if response.code.to_i / 100 == 2
- result = XmlSimple.xml_in(response.body, 'keeproot' => true,
- 'contentkey' => '__content__', 'forcecontent' => true)
- typecast_value(result)
- elsif response.code == "302" && !second_try
- connect!(@url, !@use_ssl)
- request(path, parameters, true)
- else
- raise "#{response.message} (#{response.code})"
- end
- end
+ private
- # A convenience method for wrapping the result of a query in a Record
- # object. This assumes that the result is a singleton, not a collection.
- def record(path, parameters={})
- result = request(path, parameters)
- (result && !result.empty?) ? Record.new(result.keys.first, result.values.first) : nil
- end
+ # Make a raw web-service request to Basecamp. This will return a Hash of
+ # Arrays of the response, and may seem a little odd to the uninitiated.
+ def request(path, parameters = {})
+ response = Basecamp.connection.post(path, convert_body(parameters), "Content-Type" => content_type)
- # A convenience method for wrapping the result of a query in Record
- # objects. This assumes that the result is a collection--any singleton
- # result will be wrapped in an array.
- def records(node, path, parameters={})
- result = request(path, parameters).values.first or return []
- result = result[node] or return []
- result = [result] unless Array === result
- result.map { |row| Record.new(node, row) }
- end
+ if response.code.to_i / 100 == 2
+ result = XmlSimple.xml_in(response.body, 'keeproot' => true, 'contentkey' => '__content__', 'forcecontent' => true)
+ typecast_value(result)
+ else
+ raise "#{response.message} (#{response.code})"
+ end
+ end
- private
+ # A convenience method for wrapping the result of a query in a Record
+ # object. This assumes that the result is a singleton, not a collection.
+ def record(path, parameters={})
+ result = request(path, parameters)
+ (result && !result.empty?) ? Record.new(result.keys.first, result.values.first) : nil
+ end
- def connect!(url, use_ssl)
- @use_ssl = use_ssl
- @url = url
- @connection = Net::HTTP.new(url, use_ssl ? 443 : 80)
- @connection.use_ssl = @use_ssl
- @connection.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE if @use_ssl
+ # A convenience method for wrapping the result of a query in Record
+ # objects. This assumes that the result is a collection--any singleton
+ # result will be wrapped in an array.
+ def records(node, path, parameters={})
+ result = request(path, parameters).values.first or return []
+ result = result[node] or return []
+ result = [result] unless Array === result
+ result.map { |row| Record.new(node, row) }
end
def convert_body(body)
- body = use_xml ? body.to_xml : body.to_yaml
+ body = use_xml ? body.to_legacy_xml : body.to_yaml
end
def content_type
use_xml ? "application/xml" : "application/x-yaml"
end
- def post(path, body, header={})
- request = Net::HTTP::Post.new(path, header.merge('Accept' => 'application/xml'))
- request.basic_auth(@user_name, @password)
- @connection.request(request, body)
- end
-
- def store_file(contents)
- response = post("/upload", contents, 'Content-Type' => 'application/octet-stream',
- 'Accept' => 'application/xml')
-
- if response.code == "200"
- result = XmlSimple.xml_in(response.body, 'keeproot' => true, 'forcearray' => false)
- return result["upload"]["id"]
- else
- raise "Could not store file: #{response.message} (#{response.code})"
- end
- end
-
def typecast_value(value)
case value
when Hash
@@ -464,16 +600,6 @@ class Basecamp
gsub(/'/, "'").
gsub(/&/, "&")
end
-
- def prepare_attachments(list)
- (list || []).each do |data|
- upload = data[:file]
- id = store_file(upload.content)
- data[:file] = { :file => id,
- :content_type => "application/octet-stream",
- :original_filename => upload.filename }
- end
- end
end
# A minor hack to let Xml-Simple serialize symbolic keys in hashes
@@ -484,7 +610,7 @@ class Symbol
end
class Hash
- def to_xml
+ def to_legacy_xml
XmlSimple.xml_out({:request => self}, 'keeproot' => true, 'noattr' => true)
end
-end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
vendor/basecamp.rb
a36f29472c657ac46ff01f69914fd64b2f87dcf8
Luke Randall
luke.randall@gmail.com
http://github.com/scoop/basecamp_notify/commit/fb90c4790016a99bc0f0c68d35c2d169d468350c
fb90c4790016a99bc0f0c68d35c2d169d468350c
2008-12-18T07:58:16-08:00
2008-09-11T06:25:39-07:00
Update to use Basecamp's new RESTful API
Signed-off-by: Patrick Lenz <patrick@limited-overload.de>
72b0edde4cece528276ff1fd3bb4d896c7607efb
Patrick Lenz
patrick@limited-overload.de