@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ Cells tutorial
7 Drifters
8 Cyclic dependencies
9 Synapses
+ 9.1 Built-in synapses
+ 9.2 Defining your own
10 Example: playing sudoku
11 Functions & macros reference
11.1 Main
@@ -21,9 +23,15 @@ Cells tutorial
11.3 Synapses
11.4 Misc
12 Other resources
+13 Introduction
+ 13.1 Where's the GUI?
+ 13.2 Cells-gtk
+14 Installation
+Cells
+
1 Introduction
1.1 What's cells?
@@ -999,6 +1007,8 @@ NIL
9 Synapses
+9.1 Built-in synapses
+
Suppose that you have a cell A that depends on another
cell B, but you want A to change only when B changes by
an amount over a given threshold, maybe because B
@@ -1114,6 +1124,132 @@ time-elapsed changes only when the accumulated
difference is at least wait-time (2 in this case).
Other synapses available are f-delta, f-plusp, f-zerop.
+9.2 Defining your own
+
+As it frequently happens, you may need a type of
+synapse that is not available. In this case, you can
+define your own synapses using the construct with-synapse.
+
+(with-synapse <id> (&rest <vars>)
+
+ <body>)
+
+<vars> is a valid variable declaration list such as
+that of the let form. These variables are created and
+initialized the first time <body> is executed, and they
+retain their value from call to call, so that you can
+use them to carry state between different
+re-evaluations of <body>. <body> should return two
+values: the value to return and one keyword out of
+:propagate and :no-propagate to indicate if the value
+should be propagated or not. For example, we could have
+a ruled cell that propagates only when another cell is odd:
+
+(defmodel my-syn-test ()
+
+ ((num :accessor num :initform (c-in 0))
+
+ (odd-num :reader odd-num
+
+ :initform (c?
+
+ (with-synapse :odd-syn ()
+
+ (if (oddp (^num))
+
+ (values (^num) :propagate))
+
+ (values nil :no-propagate)))))))
+
+(defobserver odd-num ()
+
+ (when old-value-boundp
+
+ (format t "Propagated!~%")))
+
+(defun try-my-syn ()
+
+ (let ((m (make-instance 'my-syn-test)))
+
+ (dolist (n '(1 2 4 5 7 11 12 14 16 15))
+
+ (format t "Setting num to ~a~%" n)
+
+ (setf (num m) n)
+
+ (format t "odd-num is ~a~%" (odd-num m)))))
+
+The crucial part is the values returned by
+with-synapse's body. When num is odd, we return it
+together with :propagate, otherwise we return a value
+that will be ignored (because it won't be propagated)
+and :no-propagate. Here is the output:
+
+> (load "hello-cells.lisp")
+
+T
+
+> (try-my-syn)
+
+Setting num to 1
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 1
+
+Setting num to 2
+
+odd-num is 1
+
+Setting num to 4
+
+odd-num is 1
+
+Setting num to 5
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 5
+
+Setting num to 7
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 7
+
+Setting num to 11
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 12
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 14
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 16
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 15
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 15
+
+NIL
+
+You can see that odd-num changes only when we return :propagateWe could have returned any other value. The only
+requirement to propagate is to return something
+different from :no-propagate.
+. When we return :no-propagate odd-num doesn't change.
+We didn't need to carry some state between different
+executions of the body, so we left the <vars> list empty.
+
10 Example: playing sudoku
We have seen a few example of using cells, but none of
@@ -1547,6 +1683,18 @@ Now the speed is much better (more than ten times
faster), it allocates only 9.5 MB of memory, and we
achieved this result with a really small change.
+One important thing to note about this example is that
+we had to write the function search-solution to solve
+the puzzle, because cells has no constraints resolution
+engine. What it does is to propagate change to
+dependent slots. We used this feature to keep the board
+in a consistent state and to roll out impossible
+combinations while searching for a solution, without
+having to worry about dependencies. This way the
+searching function has been quite simple to write,
+because all the relations between different squares
+were managed automatically by the models we defined earlier.
+
11 Functions & macros reference
Here follows a quick reference of the main functions
@@ -1681,12 +1829,6 @@ c-in. Another useful option is :lazy that lets you
specify the laziness of the cell: nil, t, :once-asked,
:until-asked or :always.
-not-to-be
-
-(not-to-be <object>)
-
-(Function) Tells cells to stop handling <object>.
-
defobserver
(defobserver <slot-name> (&optional (<self> self)
@@ -1874,6 +2016,12 @@ fm-descendant-named
<name> starting from <self> included. If <must-find> is
nil no error is raised if it isn't found.
+not-to-be
+
+(not-to-be <object>)
+
+(Function) Unregisters <object>.
+
11.3 Synapses
f-sensitivity
@@ -1898,6 +2046,16 @@ changes only when the difference between the value
returned by <body> and the value it returned the
previous time is strictly greater than <sensitivity>.
+with-synapse
+
+(with-synapse <syn-id> (<vars>)
+
+ <body>)
+
+(Macro) Creates a synapse. <body> should return two
+multiple values, and when the second is :no-propagate,
+the eventual change isn't propagated.
+
11.4 Misc
cells-reset
@@ -1916,3 +2074,74 @@ the source files within the directories 'cells-test',
can be found in the file cells-manifesto.txt in the
source tarball. You can also ask questions about cells
on the project's mailing list: [http://common-lisp.net/cgi-bin/mailman/subscribe/cells-devel]
+
+Cells-gtk
+
+13 Introduction
+
+13.1 Where's the GUI?
+
+One classic question that a Common Lisp newcomer asks
+is what are the libraries available to build graphical
+interfaces. Some typical answers he/she would get are
+the following:
+
+1. Use a commercial implementation. Commercial
+ implementations such as Allegro or LispWorks comes
+ with portable, stable and well documented GUI
+ libraries. The drawbacks are that you would be locked
+ with a particular vendor and that you should pay for
+ them. Depending on your particular situation, this
+ may or may not be a good choice.
+
+2. No one uses GUI applications anymore. Web interfaces
+ are the new GUI. Given that there are really good
+ frameworks for web programming available for Common
+ Lisp, this is not the answer you were looking for.
+
+3. McCLIM. Once upon a time (end of the 80s), CLIM was
+ the standard way to do graphical applications with
+ Common Lisp. McCLIM is an open source project that
+ implements almost the entire CLIM standard. The
+ default CLIM look-and-feel is quite old-fashionedThere are ongoing efforts to use GTK and Cairo to bring
+to McCLIM a modern look.
+ , and interfaces built with it are fundamentally
+ different from the standard widget-oriented way of
+ doing GUIs this days, so it may not be what you
+ really want. The biggest problem, though, is that
+ CLIM is very complicated, and there is very little
+ documentation to help you in the learning process.
+
+4. LTK, a port to Common Lisp of Tcl's Tk library.
+ Light, stable, cross-platform and now good looking
+ thanks to the 8.5 release of Tk.
+
+5. Cells-inside GUI toolkits. These libraries use cells
+ to let you easily build graphical applications. You
+ can choose between celtk (based on Tk), cello (based
+ on OpenGL) and cells-gtk, that uses GTK as the
+ backend. The rest of this tutorial covers cells-gtk.
+
+13.2 Cells-gtk
+
+Cells-gtk is not a direct wrapper of the gtk+ API,
+instead it uses gtk+ just as a backend and offers a
+very high-level API to the programmer. Every widget is
+a model that inherits from family, so everything we
+have already seen about cells and the family model
+applies to widgets. The family tree mimics the
+graphical objects' hierarchy that the user sees, and
+properties of the widgets can be initialized to any
+type of cell. It is quite usual, for example, to make
+properties that give some kind of information to the
+user (such as list views or a progress bar) be ruled
+cells, and properties of widgets that the user can
+modify (such as the text of an entry or the state of a
+radio group) be input cells. The cells-gtk programmer
+makes a parsimonious use of event handlers, because
+most of the work that is usually done within an event
+handler in more traditional toolkits can be done in a
+more concise and localized way using ruled cells, input
+cells and observers.
+
+14 Installation
cells-doc-win.txt
cells-doc.dvi
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ Cells tutorial
\end_inset
+\layout Part
+
+Cells
\layout Section
Introduction
@@ -1543,6 +1546,9 @@ NIL
\layout Section
Synapses
+\layout Subsection
+
+Built-in synapses
\layout Standard
Suppose that you have a cell A that depends on another cell B, but you want
@@ -1719,6 +1725,202 @@ NIL
time-elapsed changes only when the accumulated difference is at least wait-time
(2 in this case).
Other synapses available are f-delta, f-plusp, f-zerop.
+\layout Subsection
+
+Defining your own
+\layout Standard
+
+As it frequently happens, you may need a type of synapse that is not available.
+ In this case, you can define your own synapses using the construct with-synapse.
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+(with-synapse <id> (&rest <vars>)
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ <body>)
+\layout Standard
+
+<vars> is a valid variable declaration list such as that of the let form.
+ These variables are created and initialized the first time <body> is executed,
+ and they retain their value from call to call, so that you can use them
+ to carry state between different re-evaluations of <body>.
+ <body> should return two values: the value to return and one keyword out
+ of :propagate and :no-propagate to indicate if the value should be propagated
+ or not.
+ For example, we could have a ruled cell that propagates only when another
+ cell is odd:
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+(defmodel my-syn-test ()
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ ((num :accessor num :initform (c-in 0))
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (odd-num :reader odd-num
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ :initform (c?
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (with-synapse :odd-syn ()
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (if (oddp (^num))
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (values (^num) :propagate))
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (values nil :no-propagate)))))))
+\newline
+
+\newline
+(defobserver odd-num ()
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (when old-value-boundp
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (format t "Propagated!~%")))
+\newline
+
+\newline
+(defun try-my-syn ()
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (let ((m (make-instance 'my-syn-test)))
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (dolist (n '(1 2 4 5 7 11 12 14 16 15))
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (format t "Setting num to ~a~%" n)
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (setf (num m) n)
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ (format t "odd-num is ~a~%" (odd-num m)))))
+\layout Standard
+
+The crucial part is the values returned by with-synapse's body.
+ When num is odd, we return it together with :propagate, otherwise we return
+ a value that will be ignored (because it won't be propagated) and :no-propagate.
+ Here is the output:
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+> (load
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+hello-cells.lisp
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+T
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+> (try-my-syn)
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 1
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Propagated!
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 1
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 2
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 1
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 4
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 1
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 5
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Propagated!
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 5
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 7
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Propagated!
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 7
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 11
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Propagated!
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 11
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 12
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 11
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 14
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 11
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 16
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 11
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Setting num to 15
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+Propagated!
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+odd-num is 15
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+NIL
+\layout Standard
+
+You can see that odd-num changes only when we return :propagate
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+
+We could have returned any other value.
+ The only requirement to propagate is to return something different from
+ :no-propagate.
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ When we return :no-propagate odd-num doesn't change.
+ We didn't need to carry some state between different executions of the
+ body, so we left the <vars> list empty.
\layout Section
Example: playing sudoku
@@ -2378,6 +2580,21 @@ NIL
Now the speed is much better (more than ten times faster), it allocates
only 9.5 MB of memory, and we achieved this result with a really small change.
+\layout Standard
+
+One important thing to note about this example is that we
+\emph on
+had
+\emph default
+ to write the function search-solution to solve the puzzle, because cells
+ has no constraints resolution engine.
+ What it does is to propagate change to dependent slots.
+ We used this feature to keep the board in a consistent state and to roll
+ out impossible combinations while searching for a solution, without having
+ to worry about dependencies.
+ This way the searching function has been quite simple to write, because
+ all the relations between different squares were managed automatically
+ by the models we defined earlier.
\layout Section
Functions & macros reference
@@ -2578,16 +2795,6 @@ c-formula
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-not-to-be
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-(not-to-be <object>)
-\layout Standard
-
-(Function) Tells cells to stop handling <object>.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
defobserver
\layout LyX-Code
@@ -2871,6 +3078,16 @@ fm-descendant-named
(Function) Gets the first successor whose md-name is <name> starting from
<self> included.
If <must-find> is nil no error is raised if it isn't found.
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+not-to-be
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+(not-to-be <object>)
+\layout Standard
+
+(Function) Unregisters <object>.
\layout Subsection
Synapses
@@ -2905,6 +3122,21 @@ f-delta
the difference between the value returned by <body> and the value it returned
the previous time is strictly greater than <sensitivity>.
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+with-synapse
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+(with-synapse <syn-id> (<vars>)
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+ <body>)
+\layout Standard
+
+(Macro) Creates a synapse.
+ <body> should return two multiple values, and when the second is :no-propagate,
+ the eventual change isn't propagated.
\layout Subsection
Misc
@@ -2935,4 +3167,95 @@ This tutorial just scratched the surface of cells.
\end_inset
+\layout Part
+
+Cells-gtk
+\layout Section
+
+Introduction
+\layout Subsection
+
+Where's the GUI?
+\layout Standard
+
+One classic question that a Common Lisp newcomer asks is what are the libraries
+ available to build graphical interfaces.
+ Some typical answers he/she would get are the following:
+\layout Enumerate
+
+Use a commercial implementation.
+ Commercial implementations such as Allegro or LispWorks comes with portable,
+ stable and well documented GUI libraries.
+ The drawbacks are that you would be locked with a particular vendor and
+ that you should pay for them.
+ Depending on your particular situation, this may or may not be a good choice.
+\layout Enumerate
+
+No one uses GUI applications anymore.
+ Web interfaces are the new GUI.
+ Given that there are really good frameworks for web programming available
+ for Common Lisp, this is not the answer you were looking for.
+\layout Enumerate
+
+McCLIM.
+ Once upon a time (end of the 80s), CLIM was the standard way to do graphical
+ applications with Common Lisp.
+ McCLIM is an open source project that implements almost the entire CLIM
+ standard.
+ The default CLIM look-and-feel is quite old-fashioned
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+
+There are ongoing efforts to use GTK and Cairo to bring to McCLIM a modern
+ look.
+\end_inset
+
+, and interfaces built with it are fundamentally different from the standard
+ widget-oriented way of doing GUIs this days, so it may not be what you
+ really want.
+ The biggest problem, though, is that CLIM is
+\emph on
+very
+\emph default
+complicated, and there is very little documentation to help you in the learning
+ process.
+\layout Enumerate
+
+LTK, a port to Common Lisp of Tcl's Tk library.
+ Light, stable, cross-platform and now good looking thanks to the 8.5 release
+ of Tk.
+\layout Enumerate
+
+Cells-inside GUI toolkits.
+ These libraries use cells to let you easily build graphical applications.
+ You can choose between celtk (based on Tk), cello (based on OpenGL) and
+ cells-gtk, that uses GTK as the backend.
+ The rest of this tutorial covers cells-gtk.
+\layout Subsection
+
+Cells-gtk
+\layout Standard
+
+Cells-gtk is not a direct wrapper of the gtk+ API, instead it uses gtk+
+ just as a backend and offers a very high-level API to the programmer.
+ Every widget is a model that inherits from family, so everything we have
+ already seen about cells and the family model applies to widgets.
+ The family tree mimics the graphical objects' hierarchy that the user sees,
+ and properties of the widgets can be initialized to any type of cell.
+ It is quite usual, for example, to make properties that give some kind
+ of information to the user (such as list views or a progress bar) be ruled
+ cells, and properties of widgets that the user can modify (such as the
+ text of an entry or the state of a radio group) be input cells.
+ The cells-gtk programmer makes a parsimonious use of event handlers, because
+ most of the work that is usually done within an event handler in more tradition
+al toolkits can be done in a more concise and
+\emph on
+localized
+\emph default
+ way using ruled cells, input cells and observers.
+\layout Section
+
+Installation
\the_end
cells-doc.lyx
cells-doc.pdf
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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%%Trailer
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
cells-doc.ps
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@
\tableofcontents{}
+\part{Cells}
+
+
\section{Introduction}
@@ -1001,6 +1004,9 @@ NIL
\section{Synapses}
+
+\subsection{Built-in synapses}
+
Suppose that you have a cell A that depends on another cell B, but
you want A to change only when B changes by an amount over a given
threshold, maybe because B receives data from an external probe and
@@ -1115,6 +1121,133 @@ wait-time (2 in this case). Other synapses available are f-delta,
f-plusp, f-zerop.
+\subsection{Defining your own}
+
+As it frequently happens, you may need a type of synapse that is not
+available. In this case, you can define your own synapses using the
+construct with-synapse.
+
+\begin{lyxcode}
+(with-synapse~<id>~(\&rest~<vars>)
+
+~~<body>)
+\end{lyxcode}
+<vars> is a valid variable declaration list such as that of the let
+form. These variables are created and initialized the first time <body>
+is executed, and they retain their value from call to call, so that
+you can use them to carry state between different re-evaluations of
+<body>. <body> should return two values: the value to return and one
+keyword out of :propagate and :no-propagate to indicate if the value
+should be propagated or not. For example, we could have a ruled cell
+that propagates only when another cell is odd:
+
+\begin{lyxcode}
+(defmodel~my-syn-test~()
+
+~~((num~:accessor~num~:initform~(c-in~0))
+
+~~~(odd-num~:reader~odd-num
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~:initform~(c?
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(with-synapse~:odd-syn~()
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(if~(oddp~(\textasciicircum{}num))
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(values~(\textasciicircum{}num)~:propagate))
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(values~nil~:no-propagate)))))))~\\
+~\\
+(defobserver~odd-num~()
+
+~~(when~old-value-boundp
+
+~~~~(format~t~\char`\"{}Propagated!\textasciitilde{}\%\char`\"{})))~\\
+~\\
+(defun~try-my-syn~()
+
+~~(let~((m~(make-instance~'my-syn-test)))
+
+~~~~(dolist~(n~'(1~2~4~5~7~11~12~14~16~15))
+
+~~~~~~(format~t~\char`\"{}Setting~num~to~\textasciitilde{}a\textasciitilde{}\%\char`\"{}~n)
+
+~~~~~~(setf~(num~m)~n)
+
+~~~~~~(format~t~\char`\"{}odd-num~is~\textasciitilde{}a\textasciitilde{}\%\char`\"{}~(odd-num~m)))))
+\end{lyxcode}
+The crucial part is the values returned by with-synapse's body. When
+num is odd, we return it together with :propagate, otherwise we return
+a value that will be ignored (because it won't be propagated) and
+:no-propagate. Here is the output:
+
+\begin{lyxcode}
+>~(load~{}``hello-cells.lisp'')
+
+T
+
+>~(try-my-syn)
+
+Setting~num~to~1
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num~is~1
+
+Setting~num~to~2
+
+odd-num~is~1
+
+Setting~num~to~4
+
+odd-num~is~1
+
+Setting~num~to~5
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num~is~5
+
+Setting~num~to~7
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num~is~7
+
+Setting~num~to~11
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num~is~11
+
+Setting~num~to~12
+
+odd-num~is~11
+
+Setting~num~to~14
+
+odd-num~is~11
+
+Setting~num~to~16
+
+odd-num~is~11
+
+Setting~num~to~15
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num~is~15
+
+NIL~
+\end{lyxcode}
+You can see that odd-num changes only when we return :propagate%
+\footnote{We could have returned any other value. The only requirement to propagate
+is to return something different from :no-propagate. %
+}. When we return :no-propagate odd-num doesn't change. We didn't need
+to carry some state between different executions of the body, so we
+left the <vars> list empty.
+
+
\section{Example: playing sudoku}
We have seen a few example of using cells, but none of them actually
@@ -1539,6 +1672,16 @@ Now the speed is much better (more than ten times faster), it allocates
only 9.5 MB of memory, and we achieved this result with a really small
change.
+One important thing to note about this example is that we \emph{had}
+to write the function search-solution to solve the puzzle, because
+cells has no constraints resolution engine. What it does is to propagate
+change to dependent slots. We used this feature to keep the board
+in a consistent state and to roll out impossible combinations while
+searching for a solution, without having to worry about dependencies.
+This way the searching function has been quite simple to write, because
+all the relations between different squares were managed automatically
+by the models we defined earlier.
+
\section{Functions \& macros reference}
@@ -1690,14 +1833,6 @@ that lets you specify the laziness of the cell: nil, t, :once-asked,
:until-asked or :always.
\begin{lyxlist}{00.00.0000}
-\item [not-to-be]~
-\end{lyxlist}
-\begin{lyxcode}
-(not-to-be~<object>)
-\end{lyxcode}
-(Function) Tells cells to stop handling <object>.
-
-\begin{lyxlist}{00.00.0000}
\item [defobserver]~
\end{lyxlist}
\begin{lyxcode}
@@ -1923,6 +2058,14 @@ from <self> included.
from <self> included. If <must-find> is nil no error is raised if
it isn't found.
+\begin{lyxlist}{00.00.0000}
+\item [not-to-be]~
+\end{lyxlist}
+\begin{lyxcode}
+(not-to-be~<object>)
+\end{lyxcode}
+(Function) Unregisters <object>.
+
\subsection{Synapses}
@@ -1950,6 +2093,17 @@ from the value it had the last time it propagated.
when the difference between the value returned by <body> and the value
it returned the previous time is strictly greater than <sensitivity>.
+\begin{lyxlist}{00.00.0000}
+\item [with-synapse]~
+\end{lyxlist}
+\begin{lyxcode}
+(with-synapse~<syn-id>~(<vars>)
+
+~~<body>)
+\end{lyxcode}
+(Macro) Creates a synapse. <body> should return two multiple values,
+and when the second is :no-propagate, the eventual change isn't propagated.
+
\subsection{Misc}
@@ -1970,4 +2124,65 @@ tarball or by looking at the source files within the directories 'cells-test',
'tutorial' and 'Use Cases'. A general overview of cells can be found
in the file cells-manifesto.txt in the source tarball. You can also
ask questions about cells on the project's mailing list: \url{http://common-lisp.net/cgi-bin/mailman/subscribe/cells-devel}
+
+
+\part{Cells-gtk}
+
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+
+\subsection{Where's the GUI?}
+
+One classic question that a Common Lisp newcomer asks is what are
+the libraries available to build graphical interfaces. Some typical
+answers he/she would get are the following:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item Use a commercial implementation. Commercial implementations such as
+Allegro or LispWorks comes with portable, stable and well documented
+GUI libraries. The drawbacks are that you would be locked with a particular
+vendor and that you should pay for them. Depending on your particular
+situation, this may or may not be a good choice.
+\item No one uses GUI applications anymore. Web interfaces are the new GUI.
+Given that there are really good frameworks for web programming available
+for Common Lisp, this is not the answer you were looking for.
+\item McCLIM. Once upon a time (end of the 80s), CLIM was the standard way
+to do graphical applications with Common Lisp. McCLIM is an open source
+project that implements almost the entire CLIM standard. The default
+CLIM look-and-feel is quite old-fashioned%
+\footnote{There are ongoing efforts to use GTK and Cairo to bring to McCLIM
+a modern look.%
+}, and interfaces built with it are fundamentally different from the
+standard widget-oriented way of doing GUIs this days, so it may not
+be what you really want. The biggest problem, though, is that CLIM
+is \emph{very} complicated, and there is very little documentation
+to help you in the learning process.
+\item LTK, a port to Common Lisp of Tcl's Tk library. Light, stable, cross-platform
+and now good looking thanks to the 8.5 release of Tk.
+\item Cells-inside GUI toolkits. These libraries use cells to let you easily
+build graphical applications. You can choose between celtk (based
+on Tk), cello (based on OpenGL) and cells-gtk, that uses GTK as the
+backend. The rest of this tutorial covers cells-gtk.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{Cells-gtk}
+
+Cells-gtk is not a direct wrapper of the gtk+ API, instead it uses
+gtk+ just as a backend and offers a very high-level API to the programmer.
+Every widget is a model that inherits from family, so everything we
+have already seen about cells and the family model applies to widgets.
+The family tree mimics the graphical objects' hierarchy that the user
+sees, and properties of the widgets can be initialized to any type
+of cell. It is quite usual, for example, to make properties that give
+some kind of information to the user (such as list views or a progress
+bar) be ruled cells, and properties of widgets that the user can modify
+(such as the text of an entry or the state of a radio group) be input
+cells. The cells-gtk programmer makes a parsimonious use of event
+handlers, because most of the work that is usually done within an
+event handler in more traditional toolkits can be done in a more concise
+and \emph{localized} way using ruled cells, input cells and observers.
+
+
+\section{Installation}
\end{document}
cells-doc.tex
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ Cells tutorial
7 Drifters
8 Cyclic dependencies
9 Synapses
+ 9.1 Built-in synapses
+ 9.2 Defining your own
10 Example: playing sudoku
11 Functions & macros reference
11.1 Main
@@ -21,9 +23,15 @@ Cells tutorial
11.3 Synapses
11.4 Misc
12 Other resources
+13 Introduction
+ 13.1 Where's the GUI?
+ 13.2 Cells-gtk
+14 Installation
+Cells
+
1 Introduction
1.1 What's cells?
@@ -999,6 +1007,8 @@ NIL
9 Synapses
+9.1 Built-in synapses
+
Suppose that you have a cell A that depends on another
cell B, but you want A to change only when B changes by
an amount over a given threshold, maybe because B
@@ -1114,6 +1124,132 @@ time-elapsed changes only when the accumulated
difference is at least wait-time (2 in this case).
Other synapses available are f-delta, f-plusp, f-zerop.
+9.2 Defining your own
+
+As it frequently happens, you may need a type of
+synapse that is not available. In this case, you can
+define your own synapses using the construct with-synapse.
+
+(with-synapse <id> (&rest <vars>)
+
+ <body>)
+
+<vars> is a valid variable declaration list such as
+that of the let form. These variables are created and
+initialized the first time <body> is executed, and they
+retain their value from call to call, so that you can
+use them to carry state between different
+re-evaluations of <body>. <body> should return two
+values: the value to return and one keyword out of
+:propagate and :no-propagate to indicate if the value
+should be propagated or not. For example, we could have
+a ruled cell that propagates only when another cell is odd:
+
+(defmodel my-syn-test ()
+
+ ((num :accessor num :initform (c-in 0))
+
+ (odd-num :reader odd-num
+
+ :initform (c?
+
+ (with-synapse :odd-syn ()
+
+ (if (oddp (^num))
+
+ (values (^num) :propagate))
+
+ (values nil :no-propagate)))))))
+
+(defobserver odd-num ()
+
+ (when old-value-boundp
+
+ (format t "Propagated!~%")))
+
+(defun try-my-syn ()
+
+ (let ((m (make-instance 'my-syn-test)))
+
+ (dolist (n '(1 2 4 5 7 11 12 14 16 15))
+
+ (format t "Setting num to ~a~%" n)
+
+ (setf (num m) n)
+
+ (format t "odd-num is ~a~%" (odd-num m)))))
+
+The crucial part is the values returned by
+with-synapse's body. When num is odd, we return it
+together with :propagate, otherwise we return a value
+that will be ignored (because it won't be propagated)
+and :no-propagate. Here is the output:
+
+> (load "hello-cells.lisp")
+
+T
+
+> (try-my-syn)
+
+Setting num to 1
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 1
+
+Setting num to 2
+
+odd-num is 1
+
+Setting num to 4
+
+odd-num is 1
+
+Setting num to 5
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 5
+
+Setting num to 7
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 7
+
+Setting num to 11
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 12
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 14
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 16
+
+odd-num is 11
+
+Setting num to 15
+
+Propagated!
+
+odd-num is 15
+
+NIL
+
+You can see that odd-num changes only when we return :propagateWe could have returned any other value. The only
+requirement to propagate is to return something
+different from :no-propagate.
+. When we return :no-propagate odd-num doesn't change.
+We didn't need to carry some state between different
+executions of the body, so we left the <vars> list empty.
+
10 Example: playing sudoku
We have seen a few example of using cells, but none of
@@ -1547,6 +1683,18 @@ Now the speed is much better (more than ten times
faster), it allocates only 9.5 MB of memory, and we
achieved this result with a really small change.
+One important thing to note about this example is that
+we had to write the function search-solution to solve
+the puzzle, because cells has no constraints resolution
+engine. What it does is to propagate change to
+dependent slots. We used this feature to keep the board
+in a consistent state and to roll out impossible
+combinations while searching for a solution, without
+having to worry about dependencies. This way the
+searching function has been quite simple to write,
+because all the relations between different squares
+were managed automatically by the models we defined earlier.
+
11 Functions & macros reference
Here follows a quick reference of the main functions
@@ -1681,12 +1829,6 @@ c-in. Another useful option is :lazy that lets you
specify the laziness of the cell: nil, t, :once-asked,
:until-asked or :always.
-not-to-be
-
-(not-to-be <object>)
-
-(Function) Tells cells to stop handling <object>.
-
defobserver
(defobserver <slot-name> (&optional (<self> self)
@@ -1874,6 +2016,12 @@ fm-descendant-named
<name> starting from <self> included. If <must-find> is
nil no error is raised if it isn't found.
+not-to-be
+
+(not-to-be <object>)
+
+(Function) Unregisters <object>.
+
11.3 Synapses
f-sensitivity
@@ -1898,6 +2046,16 @@ changes only when the difference between the value
returned by <body> and the value it returned the
previous time is strictly greater than <sensitivity>.
+with-synapse
+
+(with-synapse <syn-id> (<vars>)
+
+ <body>)
+
+(Macro) Creates a synapse. <body> should return two
+multiple values, and when the second is :no-propagate,
+the eventual change isn't propagated.
+
11.4 Misc
cells-reset
@@ -1916,3 +2074,74 @@ the source files within the directories 'cells-test',
can be found in the file cells-manifesto.txt in the
source tarball. You can also ask questions about cells
on the project's mailing list: [http://common-lisp.net/cgi-bin/mailman/subscribe/cells-devel]
+
+Cells-gtk
+
+13 Introduction
+
+13.1 Where's the GUI?
+
+One classic question that a Common Lisp newcomer asks
+is what are the libraries available to build graphical
+interfaces. Some typical answers he/she would get are
+the following:
+
+1. Use a commercial implementation. Commercial
+ implementations such as Allegro or LispWorks comes
+ with portable, stable and well documented GUI
+ libraries. The drawbacks are that you would be locked
+ with a particular vendor and that you should pay for
+ them. Depending on your particular situation, this
+ may or may not be a good choice.
+
+2. No one uses GUI applications anymore. Web interfaces
+ are the new GUI. Given that there are really good
+ frameworks for web programming available for Common
+ Lisp, this is not the answer you were looking for.
+
+3. McCLIM. Once upon a time (end of the 80s), CLIM was
+ the standard way to do graphical applications with
+ Common Lisp. McCLIM is an open source project that
+ implements almost the entire CLIM standard. The
+ default CLIM look-and-feel is quite old-fashionedThere are ongoing efforts to use GTK and Cairo to bring
+to McCLIM a modern look.
+ , and interfaces built with it are fundamentally
+ different from the standard widget-oriented way of
+ doing GUIs this days, so it may not be what you
+ really want. The biggest problem, though, is that
+ CLIM is very complicated, and there is very little
+ documentation to help you in the learning process.
+
+4. LTK, a port to Common Lisp of Tcl's Tk library.
+ Light, stable, cross-platform and now good looking
+ thanks to the 8.5 release of Tk.
+
+5. Cells-inside GUI toolkits. These libraries use cells
+ to let you easily build graphical applications. You
+ can choose between celtk (based on Tk), cello (based
+ on OpenGL) and cells-gtk, that uses GTK as the
+ backend. The rest of this tutorial covers cells-gtk.
+
+13.2 Cells-gtk
+
+Cells-gtk is not a direct wrapper of the gtk+ API,
+instead it uses gtk+ just as a backend and offers a
+very high-level API to the programmer. Every widget is
+a model that inherits from family, so everything we
+have already seen about cells and the family model
+applies to widgets. The family tree mimics the
+graphical objects' hierarchy that the user sees, and
+properties of the widgets can be initialized to any
+type of cell. It is quite usual, for example, to make
+properties that give some kind of information to the
+user (such as list views or a progress bar) be ruled
+cells, and properties of widgets that the user can
+modify (such as the text of an entry or the state of a
+radio group) be input cells. The cells-gtk programmer
+makes a parsimonious use of event handlers, because
+most of the work that is usually done within an event
+handler in more traditional toolkits can be done in a
+more concise and localized way using ruled cells, input
+cells and observers.
+
+14 Installation
cells-doc.txt
55c28ca75e619a20f6f71732f49a749403d42d33
Stefano Dissegna
stefano.dissegna@gmail.com
http://github.com/stefano/cells-doc/commit/b508b9227445e2e47164a0fb55f9aec845c125a1
b508b9227445e2e47164a0fb55f9aec845c125a1
2008-08-28T06:12:52-07:00
2008-08-28T06:12:52-07:00
section on with-synapse & introduction to cells-gtk
02b9b7745f3f37ba02cbae3c90461b0ecc02e6a5
Stefano Dissegna
stefano.dissegna@gmail.com