Bump SQLite to 3.37.1 (#6602)

Context: sqlite/sqlite@version-3.37.0...version-3.37.1

	% git diff --shortstat version-3.37.0...version-3.37.1
	 16 files changed, 221 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)

Changes: xamarin/sqlite@88e12a9...0893b3b

	% git diff --shortstat 88e12a9e...0893b3b6
	 9 files changed, 62305 insertions(+), 39585 deletions(-)

Context: https://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_37_1.html

  * Fix a bug introduced by the UPSERT enhancements of version 3.35.0
    that can cause incorrect byte-code to be generated for some
    obscure but valid SQL, possibly resulting in a NULL-pointer
    dereference.
  * Fix an OOB read that can occur in FTS5 when reading corrupt
    database files.
  * Improved robustness of the --safe option in the CLI.
  * Other minor fixes to assert() statements and test cases