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test_connect.py
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# Copyright (C) 2016-present the asyncpg authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of asyncpg and is released under
# the Apache 2.0 License: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
import asyncio
import contextlib
import gc
import ipaddress
import os
import platform
import ssl
import stat
import tempfile
import textwrap
import unittest
import weakref
import asyncpg
from asyncpg import _testbase as tb
from asyncpg import connection
from asyncpg import connect_utils
from asyncpg import cluster as pg_cluster
from asyncpg import exceptions
from asyncpg.serverversion import split_server_version_string
_system = platform.uname().system
CERTS = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'certs')
SSL_CA_CERT_FILE = os.path.join(CERTS, 'ca.cert.pem')
SSL_CERT_FILE = os.path.join(CERTS, 'server.cert.pem')
SSL_KEY_FILE = os.path.join(CERTS, 'server.key.pem')
class TestSettings(tb.ConnectedTestCase):
async def test_get_settings_01(self):
self.assertEqual(
self.con.get_settings().client_encoding,
'UTF8')
async def test_server_version_01(self):
version = self.con.get_server_version()
version_num = await self.con.fetchval("SELECT current_setting($1)",
'server_version_num', column=0)
ver_maj = int(version_num[:-4])
ver_min = int(version_num[-4:-2])
ver_fix = int(version_num[-2:])
self.assertEqual(version[:3], (ver_maj, ver_min, ver_fix))
def test_server_version_02(self):
versions = [
("9.2", (9, 2, 0, 'final', 0),),
("Postgres-XL 9.2.1", (9, 2, 1, 'final', 0),),
("9.4beta1", (9, 4, 0, 'beta', 1),),
("10devel", (10, 0, 0, 'devel', 0),),
("10beta2", (10, 0, 0, 'beta', 2),),
# For PostgreSQL versions >=10 we always
# set version.minor to 0.
("10.1", (10, 0, 1, 'final', 0),),
("11.1.2", (11, 0, 1, 'final', 0),),
("PostgreSQL 10.1 (Debian 10.1-3)", (10, 0, 1, 'final', 0),),
]
for version, expected in versions:
result = split_server_version_string(version)
self.assertEqual(expected, result)
class TestAuthentication(tb.ConnectedTestCase):
def setUp(self):
super().setUp()
if not self.cluster.is_managed():
self.skipTest('unmanaged cluster')
methods = [
('trust', None),
('reject', None),
('scram-sha-256', 'correctpassword'),
('md5', 'correctpassword'),
('password', 'correctpassword'),
]
self.cluster.reset_hba()
create_script = []
for method, password in methods:
if method == 'scram-sha-256' and self.server_version.major < 10:
continue
username = method.replace('-', '_')
# if this is a SCRAM password, we need to set the encryption method
# to "scram-sha-256" in order to properly hash the password
if method == 'scram-sha-256':
create_script.append(
"SET password_encryption = 'scram-sha-256';"
)
create_script.append(
'CREATE ROLE {}_user WITH LOGIN{};'.format(
username,
' PASSWORD {!r}'.format(password) if password else ''
)
)
# to be courteous to the MD5 test, revert back to MD5 after the
# scram-sha-256 password is set
if method == 'scram-sha-256':
create_script.append(
"SET password_encryption = 'md5';"
)
if _system != 'Windows':
self.cluster.add_hba_entry(
type='local',
database='postgres', user='{}_user'.format(username),
auth_method=method)
self.cluster.add_hba_entry(
type='host', address=ipaddress.ip_network('127.0.0.0/24'),
database='postgres', user='{}_user'.format(username),
auth_method=method)
self.cluster.add_hba_entry(
type='host', address=ipaddress.ip_network('::1/128'),
database='postgres', user='{}_user'.format(username),
auth_method=method)
# Put hba changes into effect
self.cluster.reload()
create_script = '\n'.join(create_script)
self.loop.run_until_complete(self.con.execute(create_script))
def tearDown(self):
# Reset cluster's pg_hba.conf since we've meddled with it
self.cluster.trust_local_connections()
methods = [
'trust',
'reject',
'scram-sha-256',
'md5',
'password',
]
drop_script = []
for method in methods:
if method == 'scram-sha-256' and self.server_version.major < 10:
continue
username = method.replace('-', '_')
drop_script.append('DROP ROLE {}_user;'.format(username))
drop_script = '\n'.join(drop_script)
self.loop.run_until_complete(self.con.execute(drop_script))
super().tearDown()
async def _try_connect(self, **kwargs):
# On Windows the server sometimes just closes
# the connection sooner than we receive the
# actual error.
if _system == 'Windows':
for tried in range(3):
try:
return await self.connect(**kwargs)
except asyncpg.ConnectionDoesNotExistError:
pass
return await self.connect(**kwargs)
async def test_auth_bad_user(self):
with self.assertRaises(
asyncpg.InvalidAuthorizationSpecificationError):
await self._try_connect(user='__nonexistent__')
async def test_auth_trust(self):
conn = await self.connect(user='trust_user')
await conn.close()
async def test_auth_reject(self):
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
asyncpg.InvalidAuthorizationSpecificationError,
'pg_hba.conf rejects connection'):
await self._try_connect(user='reject_user')
async def test_auth_password_cleartext(self):
conn = await self.connect(
user='password_user',
password='correctpassword')
await conn.close()
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
asyncpg.InvalidPasswordError,
'password authentication failed for user "password_user"'):
await self._try_connect(
user='password_user',
password='wrongpassword')
async def test_auth_password_md5(self):
conn = await self.connect(
user='md5_user', password='correctpassword')
await conn.close()
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
asyncpg.InvalidPasswordError,
'password authentication failed for user "md5_user"'):
await self._try_connect(
user='md5_user', password='wrongpassword')
async def test_auth_password_scram_sha_256(self):
# scram is only supported in PostgreSQL 10 and above
if self.server_version.major < 10:
return
conn = await self.connect(
user='scram_sha_256_user', password='correctpassword')
await conn.close()
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
asyncpg.InvalidPasswordError,
'password authentication failed for user "scram_sha_256_user"'
):
await self._try_connect(
user='scram_sha_256_user', password='wrongpassword')
# various SASL prep tests
# first ensure that password are being hashed for SCRAM-SHA-256
await self.con.execute("SET password_encryption = 'scram-sha-256';")
alter_password = "ALTER ROLE scram_sha_256_user PASSWORD E{!r};"
passwords = [
'nonascii\u1680space', # C.1.2
'common\u1806nothing', # B.1
'ab\ufb01c', # normalization
'ab\u007fc', # C.2.1
'ab\u206ac', # C.2.2, C.6
'ab\ue000c', # C.3, C.5
'ab\ufdd0c', # C.4
'ab\u2ff0c', # C.7
'ab\u2000c', # C.8
'ab\ue0001', # C.9
]
# ensure the passwords that go through SASLprep work
for password in passwords:
# update the password
await self.con.execute(alter_password.format(password))
# test to see that passwords are properly SASL prepped
conn = await self.connect(
user='scram_sha_256_user', password=password)
await conn.close()
alter_password = \
"ALTER ROLE scram_sha_256_user PASSWORD 'correctpassword';"
await self.con.execute(alter_password)
await self.con.execute("SET password_encryption = 'md5';")
async def test_auth_unsupported(self):
pass
class TestConnectParams(tb.TestCase):
TESTS = [
{
'env': {
'PGUSER': 'user',
'PGDATABASE': 'testdb',
'PGPASSWORD': 'passw',
'PGHOST': 'host',
'PGPORT': '123'
},
'result': ([('host', 123)], {
'user': 'user',
'password': 'passw',
'database': 'testdb'})
},
{
'env': {
'PGUSER': 'user',
'PGDATABASE': 'testdb',
'PGPASSWORD': 'passw',
'PGHOST': 'host',
'PGPORT': '123'
},
'host': 'host2',
'port': '456',
'user': 'user2',
'password': 'passw2',
'database': 'db2',
'result': ([('host2', 456)], {
'user': 'user2',
'password': 'passw2',
'database': 'db2'})
},
{
'env': {
'PGUSER': 'user',
'PGDATABASE': 'testdb',
'PGPASSWORD': 'passw',
'PGHOST': 'host',
'PGPORT': '123',
'PGSSLMODE': 'prefer'
},
'dsn': 'postgres://user3:123123@localhost/abcdef',
'host': 'host2',
'port': '456',
'user': 'user2',
'password': 'passw2',
'database': 'db2',
'ssl': False,
'result': ([('host2', 456)], {
'user': 'user2',
'password': 'passw2',
'database': 'db2',
'ssl': False})
},
{
'env': {
'PGUSER': 'user',
'PGDATABASE': 'testdb',
'PGPASSWORD': 'passw',
'PGHOST': 'host',
'PGPORT': '123',
'PGSSLMODE': 'prefer'
},
'dsn': 'postgres://user3:123123@localhost:5555/abcdef',
'result': ([('localhost', 5555)], {
'user': 'user3',
'password': '123123',
'database': 'abcdef',
'ssl': ssl.SSLContext,
'ssl_is_advisory': True})
},
{
'dsn': 'postgres://user3:123123@localhost:5555/abcdef',
'result': ([('localhost', 5555)], {
'user': 'user3',
'password': '123123',
'database': 'abcdef'})
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql://user@host1,host2/db',
'result': ([('host1', 5432), ('host2', 5432)], {
'database': 'db',
'user': 'user',
})
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql://user@host1:1111,host2:2222/db',
'result': ([('host1', 1111), ('host2', 2222)], {
'database': 'db',
'user': 'user',
})
},
{
'env': {
'PGHOST': 'host1:1111,host2:2222',
'PGUSER': 'foo',
},
'dsn': 'postgresql:///db',
'result': ([('host1', 1111), ('host2', 2222)], {
'database': 'db',
'user': 'foo',
})
},
{
'env': {
'PGUSER': 'foo',
},
'dsn': 'postgresql:///db?host=host1:1111,host2:2222',
'result': ([('host1', 1111), ('host2', 2222)], {
'database': 'db',
'user': 'foo',
})
},
{
'env': {
'PGUSER': 'foo',
},
'dsn': 'postgresql:///db',
'host': ['host1', 'host2'],
'result': ([('host1', 5432), ('host2', 5432)], {
'database': 'db',
'user': 'foo',
})
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql://user3:123123@localhost:5555/'
'abcdef?param=sss¶m=123&host=testhost&user=testuser'
'&port=2222&database=testdb&sslmode=require',
'host': '127.0.0.1',
'port': '888',
'user': 'me',
'password': 'ask',
'database': 'db',
'result': ([('127.0.0.1', 888)], {
'server_settings': {'param': '123'},
'user': 'me',
'password': 'ask',
'database': 'db',
'ssl': ssl.SSLContext,
'ssl_is_advisory': False})
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql://user3:123123@localhost:5555/'
'abcdef?param=sss¶m=123&host=testhost&user=testuser'
'&port=2222&database=testdb&sslmode=disable',
'host': '127.0.0.1',
'port': '888',
'user': 'me',
'password': 'ask',
'database': 'db',
'server_settings': {'aa': 'bb'},
'ssl': True,
'result': ([('127.0.0.1', 888)], {
'server_settings': {'aa': 'bb', 'param': '123'},
'user': 'me',
'password': 'ask',
'database': 'db',
'ssl': True})
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql:///dbname?host=/unix_sock/test&user=spam',
'result': ([os.path.join('/unix_sock/test', '.s.PGSQL.5432')], {
'user': 'spam',
'database': 'dbname'})
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql://us%40r:p%40ss@h%40st1,h%40st2:543%33/d%62',
'result': (
[('h@st1', 5432), ('h@st2', 5433)],
{
'user': 'us@r',
'password': 'p@ss',
'database': 'db',
}
)
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql://user:p@ss@host/db',
'result': (
[('ss@host', 5432)],
{
'user': 'user',
'password': 'p',
'database': 'db',
}
)
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql:///d%62?user=us%40r&host=h%40st&port=543%33',
'result': (
[('h@st', 5433)],
{
'user': 'us@r',
'database': 'db',
}
)
},
{
'dsn': 'pq:///dbname?host=/unix_sock/test&user=spam',
'error': (ValueError, 'invalid DSN')
},
{
'dsn': 'postgresql://host1,host2,host3/db',
'port': [111, 222],
'error': (
exceptions.InterfaceError,
'could not match 2 port numbers to 3 hosts'
)
},
{
'dsn': 'postgres://user@?port=56226&host=%2Ftmp',
'result': (
[os.path.join('/tmp', '.s.PGSQL.56226')],
{
'user': 'user',
'database': 'user',
}
)
},
{
'dsn': 'postgres:///db?host=/cloudsql/'
'project:region:instance-name&user=spam',
'result': (
[os.path.join(
'/cloudsql/project:region:instance-name',
'.s.PGSQL.5432'
)], {
'user': 'spam',
'database': 'db'
}
)
},
{
'dsn': 'postgres:///db?host=127.0.0.1:5432,/cloudsql/'
'project:region:instance-name,localhost:5433&user=spam',
'result': (
[
('127.0.0.1', 5432),
os.path.join(
'/cloudsql/project:region:instance-name',
'.s.PGSQL.5432'
),
('localhost', 5433)
], {
'user': 'spam',
'database': 'db'
}
)
},
]
@contextlib.contextmanager
def environ(self, **kwargs):
old_vals = {}
for key in kwargs:
if key in os.environ:
old_vals[key] = os.environ[key]
for key, val in kwargs.items():
if val is None:
if key in os.environ:
del os.environ[key]
else:
os.environ[key] = val
try:
yield
finally:
for key in kwargs:
if key in os.environ:
del os.environ[key]
for key, val in old_vals.items():
os.environ[key] = val
def run_testcase(self, testcase):
env = testcase.get('env', {})
test_env = {'PGHOST': None, 'PGPORT': None,
'PGUSER': None, 'PGPASSWORD': None,
'PGDATABASE': None, 'PGSSLMODE': None}
test_env.update(env)
dsn = testcase.get('dsn')
user = testcase.get('user')
port = testcase.get('port')
host = testcase.get('host')
password = testcase.get('password')
passfile = testcase.get('passfile')
database = testcase.get('database')
ssl = testcase.get('ssl')
server_settings = testcase.get('server_settings')
expected = testcase.get('result')
expected_error = testcase.get('error')
if expected is None and expected_error is None:
raise RuntimeError(
'invalid test case: either "result" or "error" key '
'has to be specified')
if expected is not None and expected_error is not None:
raise RuntimeError(
'invalid test case: either "result" or "error" key '
'has to be specified, got both')
with contextlib.ExitStack() as es:
es.enter_context(self.subTest(dsn=dsn, env=env))
es.enter_context(self.environ(**test_env))
if expected_error:
es.enter_context(self.assertRaisesRegex(*expected_error))
addrs, params = connect_utils._parse_connect_dsn_and_args(
dsn=dsn, host=host, port=port, user=user, password=password,
passfile=passfile, database=database, ssl=ssl,
connect_timeout=None, server_settings=server_settings)
params = {k: v for k, v in params._asdict().items()
if v is not None}
result = (addrs, params)
if expected is not None:
for k, v in expected[1].items():
# If `expected` contains a type, allow that to "match" any
# instance of that type tyat `result` may contain. We need
# this because different SSLContexts don't compare equal.
if isinstance(v, type) and isinstance(result[1].get(k), v):
result[1][k] = v
self.assertEqual(expected, result, 'Testcase: {}'.format(testcase))
def test_test_connect_params_environ(self):
self.assertNotIn('AAAAAAAAAA123', os.environ)
self.assertNotIn('AAAAAAAAAA456', os.environ)
self.assertNotIn('AAAAAAAAAA789', os.environ)
try:
os.environ['AAAAAAAAAA456'] = '123'
os.environ['AAAAAAAAAA789'] = '123'
with self.environ(AAAAAAAAAA123='1',
AAAAAAAAAA456='2',
AAAAAAAAAA789=None):
self.assertEqual(os.environ['AAAAAAAAAA123'], '1')
self.assertEqual(os.environ['AAAAAAAAAA456'], '2')
self.assertNotIn('AAAAAAAAAA789', os.environ)
self.assertNotIn('AAAAAAAAAA123', os.environ)
self.assertEqual(os.environ['AAAAAAAAAA456'], '123')
self.assertEqual(os.environ['AAAAAAAAAA789'], '123')
finally:
for key in {'AAAAAAAAAA123', 'AAAAAAAAAA456', 'AAAAAAAAAA789'}:
if key in os.environ:
del os.environ[key]
def test_test_connect_params_run_testcase(self):
with self.environ(PGPORT='777'):
self.run_testcase({
'env': {
'PGUSER': '__test__'
},
'host': 'abc',
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{'user': '__test__', 'database': '__test__'}
)
})
def test_connect_params(self):
for testcase in self.TESTS:
self.run_testcase(testcase)
def test_connect_pgpass_regular(self):
passfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w+t', delete=False)
passfile.write(textwrap.dedent(R'''
abc:*:*:user:password from pgpass for user@abc
localhost:*:*:*:password from pgpass for localhost
cde:5433:*:*:password from pgpass for cde:5433
*:*:*:testuser:password from pgpass for testuser
*:*:testdb:*:password from pgpass for testdb
# comment
*:*:test\:db:test\\:password from pgpass with escapes
'''))
passfile.close()
os.chmod(passfile.name, stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IRUSR)
try:
# passfile path in env
self.run_testcase({
'env': {
'PGPASSFILE': passfile.name
},
'host': 'abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for user@abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
# passfile path as explicit arg
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for user@abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
# passfile path in dsn
self.run_testcase({
'dsn': 'postgres://user@abc/db?passfile={}'.format(
passfile.name),
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for user@abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'localhost',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('localhost', 5432)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for localhost',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
if _system != 'Windows':
# unix socket gets normalized as localhost
self.run_testcase({
'host': '/tmp',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
['/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432'],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for localhost',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
# port matching (also tests that `:` can be part of password)
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'cde',
'port': 5433,
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('cde', 5433)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for cde:5433',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
# user matching
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'def',
'user': 'testuser',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('def', 5432)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for testuser',
'user': 'testuser',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
# database matching
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'efg',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'testdb',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('efg', 5432)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass for testdb',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'testdb',
}
)
})
# test escaping
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'fgh',
'user': R'test\\',
'database': R'test\:db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('fgh', 5432)],
{
'password': 'password from pgpass with escapes',
'user': R'test\\',
'database': R'test\:db',
}
)
})
finally:
os.unlink(passfile.name)
@unittest.skipIf(_system == 'Windows', 'no mode checking on Windows')
def test_connect_pgpass_badness_mode(self):
# Verify that .pgpass permissions are checked
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w+t') as passfile:
os.chmod(passfile.name,
stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IRGRP)
with self.assertWarnsRegex(
UserWarning,
'password file .* has group or world access'):
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
def test_connect_pgpass_badness_non_file(self):
# Verify warnings when .pgpass is not a file
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as passfile:
with self.assertWarnsRegex(
UserWarning,
'password file .* is not a plain file'):
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile,
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
def test_connect_pgpass_nonexistent(self):
# nonexistent passfile is OK
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': 'totally nonexistent',
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
@unittest.skipIf(_system == 'Windows', 'no mode checking on Windows')
def test_connect_pgpass_inaccessible_file(self):
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w+t') as passfile:
os.chmod(passfile.name, stat.S_IWUSR)
# nonexistent passfile is OK
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
@unittest.skipIf(_system == 'Windows', 'no mode checking on Windows')
def test_connect_pgpass_inaccessible_directory(self):
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as passdir:
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w+t', dir=passdir) as passfile:
os.chmod(passdir, stat.S_IWUSR)
try:
# nonexistent passfile is OK
self.run_testcase({
'host': 'abc',
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
'passfile': passfile.name,
'result': (
[('abc', 5432)],
{
'user': 'user',
'database': 'db',
}
)
})
finally:
os.chmod(passdir, stat.S_IRWXU)
async def test_connect_args_validation(self):
for val in {-1, 'a', True, False, 0}:
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'greater than 0'):
await asyncpg.connect(command_timeout=val)
for arg in {'max_cacheable_statement_size',
'max_cached_statement_lifetime',
'statement_cache_size'}:
for val in {None, -1, True, False}:
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'greater or equal'):
await asyncpg.connect(**{arg: val})
class TestConnection(tb.ConnectedTestCase):
async def test_connection_isinstance(self):
self.assertTrue(isinstance(self.con, connection.Connection))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(self.con, object))
self.assertFalse(isinstance(self.con, list))
async def test_connection_use_after_close(self):
def check():
return self.assertRaisesRegex(asyncpg.InterfaceError,
'connection is closed')
await self.con.close()
with check():
await self.con.add_listener('aaa', lambda: None)
with check():
self.con.transaction()
with check():
await self.con.executemany('SELECT 1', [])
with check():
await self.con.set_type_codec('aaa', encoder=None, decoder=None)
with check():
await self.con.set_builtin_type_codec('aaa', codec_name='aaa')
for meth in ('execute', 'fetch', 'fetchval', 'fetchrow',
'prepare', 'cursor'):
with check():
await getattr(self.con, meth)('SELECT 1')
with check():
await self.con.reset()
@unittest.skipIf(os.environ.get('PGHOST'), 'unmanaged cluster')
async def test_connection_ssl_to_no_ssl_server(self):
ssl_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
ssl_context.load_verify_locations(SSL_CA_CERT_FILE)
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ConnectionError, 'rejected SSL'):
await self.connect(
host='localhost',
user='ssl_user',
ssl=ssl_context)
@unittest.skipIf(os.environ.get('PGHOST'), 'unmanaged cluster')
async def test_connection_sslmode_no_ssl_server(self):
async def verify_works(sslmode):
con = None
try: