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<h1 id="connector-sqlserver--page-root">SQL Server connector<a class="headerlink" href="#connector-sqlserver--page-root" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h1>
<p>The SQL Server connector allows querying and creating tables in an external
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.microsoft.com/sql-server/">Microsoft SQL Server</a> database. This
can be used to join data between different systems like SQL Server and Hive, or
between two different SQL Server instances.</p>
<h2 id="requirements">Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#requirements" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h2>
<p>To connect to SQL Server, you need:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>SQL Server 2012 or higher, or Azure SQL Database.</p></li>
<li><p>Network access from the Trino coordinator and workers to SQL Server.
Port 1433 is the default port.</p></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="configuration">Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h2>
<p>The connector can query a single database on an SQL server instance. Create a
catalog properties file that specifies the SQL server connector by setting the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connector.name</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlserver</span></code>.</p>
<p>For example, to access a database as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlserver</span></code>, create the file
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">etc/catalog/sqlserver.properties</span></code>. Replace the connection properties as
appropriate for your setup:</p>
<div class="highlight-properties notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="na">connector.name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">sqlserver</span>
<span class="na">connection-url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">jdbc:sqlserver://<host>:<port>;database=<database>;encrypt=false</span>
<span class="na">connection-user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">root</span>
<span class="na">connection-password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">secret</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-url</span></code> defines the connection information and parameters to pass
to the SQL Server JDBC driver. The supported parameters for the URL are
available in the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/jdbc/building-the-connection-url">SQL Server JDBC driver documentation</a>.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-user</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-password</span></code> are typically required and
determine the user credentials for the connection, often a service user. You can
use <a class="reference internal" href="../security/secrets.html"><span class="doc">secrets</span></a> to avoid actual values in the catalog
properties files.</p>
<span id="sqlserver-tls"></span><h3 id="connection-security">Connection security<a class="headerlink" href="#connection-security" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h3>
<p>The JDBC driver, and therefore the connector, automatically use Transport Layer
Security (TLS) encryption and certificate validation. This requires a suitable
TLS certificate configured on your SQL Server database host.</p>
<p>If you do not have the necessary configuration established, you can disable
encryption in the connection string with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encrypt</span></code> property:</p>
<div class="highlight-properties notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="na">connection-url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">jdbc:sqlserver://<host>:<port>;database=<database>;encrypt=false</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Further parameters like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trustServerCertificate</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hostNameInCertificate</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trustStore</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trustStorePassword</span></code> are details in the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/jdbc/using-ssl-encryption">TLS section of
SQL Server JDBC driver documentation</a>.</p>
<h3 id="multiple-sql-server-databases-or-servers">Multiple SQL Server databases or servers<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple-sql-server-databases-or-servers" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h3>
<p>The SQL Server connector can only access a single SQL Server database
within a single catalog. Thus, if you have multiple SQL Server databases,
or want to connect to multiple SQL Server instances, you must configure
multiple instances of the SQL Server connector.</p>
<p>To add another catalog, simply add another properties file to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">etc/catalog</span></code>
with a different name, making sure it ends in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.properties</span></code>. For example,
if you name the property file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sales.properties</span></code>, Trino creates a
catalog named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sales</span></code> using the configured connector.</p>
<h3 id="general-configuration-properties">General configuration properties<a class="headerlink" href="#general-configuration-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h3>
<p>The following table describes general catalog configuration properties for the
connector:</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 30%"/>
<col style="width: 40%"/>
<col style="width: 30%"/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Property name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Default value</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Support case insensitive schema and table names.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">false</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.cache-ttl</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1m</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.config-file</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Path to a name mapping configuration file in JSON format that allows
Trino to disambiguate between schemas and tables with similar names in
different cases.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.refresh-period</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Frequency with which Trino checks the name matching configuration file
for changes.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (refresh disabled)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.cache-ttl</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Duration for which metadata, including table and column statistics, is
cached.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (caching disabled)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.cache-missing</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Cache the fact that metadata, including table and column statistics, is
not available</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">false</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.cache-maximum-size</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Maximum number of objects stored in the metadata cache</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10000</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write.batch-size</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Maximum number of statements in a batched execution.
Do not change this setting from the default. Non-default values may
negatively impact performance.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1000</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join-pushdown.enabled</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Enable <a class="reference internal" href="../optimizer/pushdown.html#join-pushdown"><span class="std std-ref">join pushdown</span></a>. Equivalent <a class="reference internal" href="../sql/set-session.html"><span class="doc">catalog
session property</span></a> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join_pushdown_enabled</span></code>. Enabling
this may negatively impact performance for some queries.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">false</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="procedures">Procedures<a class="headerlink" href="#procedures" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">system.flush_metadata_cache()</span></code></p>
<p>Flush JDBC metadata caches. For example, the following system call
flushes the metadata caches for all schemas in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example</span></code> catalog</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">USE</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">myschema</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">CALL</span> <span class="k">system</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">flush_metadata_cache</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="case-insensitive-matching">Case insensitive matching<a class="headerlink" href="#case-insensitive-matching" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h4>
<p>When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code>, Trino
is able to query non-lowercase schemas and tables by maintaining a mapping of
the lowercase name to the actual name in the remote system. However, if two
schemas and/or tables have names that differ only in case (such as “customers”
and “Customers”) then Trino fails to query them due to ambiguity.</p>
<p>In these cases, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.config-file</span></code> catalog
configuration property to specify a configuration file that maps these remote
schemas/tables to their respective Trino schemas/tables:</p>
<div class="highlight-json notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">"schemas"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">"remote"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"CaseSensitiveName"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"mapping"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"case_insensitive_1"</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">"remote"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"cASEsENSITIVEnAME"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"mapping"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"case_insensitive_2"</span>
<span class="p">}],</span>
<span class="nt">"tables"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">"remoteSchema"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"CaseSensitiveName"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"remoteTable"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"tablex"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"mapping"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"table_1"</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">"remoteSchema"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"CaseSensitiveName"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"remoteTable"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"TABLEX"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"mapping"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"table_2"</span>
<span class="p">}]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Queries against one of the tables or schemes defined in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mapping</span></code>
attributes are run against the corresponding remote entity. For example, a query
against tables in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case_insensitive_1</span></code> schema is forwarded to the
CaseSensitiveName schema and a query against <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case_insensitive_2</span></code> is forwarded
to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cASEsENSITIVEnAME</span></code> schema.</p>
<p>At the table mapping level, a query on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case_insensitive_1.table_1</span></code> as
configured above is forwarded to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CaseSensitiveName.tablex</span></code>, and a query on
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case_insensitive_1.table_2</span></code> is forwarded to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CaseSensitiveName.TABLEX</span></code>.</p>
<p>By default, when a change is made to the mapping configuration file, Trino must
be restarted to load the changes. Optionally, you can set the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-mapping.refresh-period</span></code> to have Trino refresh the
properties without requiring a restart:</p>
<div class="highlight-properties notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="na">case-insensitive-name-mapping.refresh-period</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">30s</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<h3 id="non-transactional-insert">Non-transactional INSERT<a class="headerlink" href="#non-transactional-insert" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h3>
<p>The connector supports adding rows using <a class="reference internal" href="../sql/insert.html"><span class="doc">INSERT statements</span></a>.
By default, data insertion is performed by writing data to a temporary table.
You can skip this step to improve performance and write directly to the target
table. Set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">insert.non-transactional-insert.enabled</span></code> catalog property
or the corresponding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">non_transactional_insert</span></code> catalog session property to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code>.</p>
<p>Note that with this property enabled, data can be corrupted in rare cases where
exceptions occur during the insert operation. With transactions disabled, no
rollback can be performed.</p>
<h2 id="querying-sql-server">Querying SQL Server<a class="headerlink" href="#querying-sql-server" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h2>
<p>The SQL Server connector provides access to all schemas visible to the specified user in the configured database.
For the following examples, assume the SQL Server catalog is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlserver</span></code>.</p>
<p>You can see the available schemas by running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SHOW</span> <span class="pre">SCHEMAS</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SHOW</span> <span class="n">SCHEMAS</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">sqlserver</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you have a schema named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">web</span></code>, you can view the tables
in this schema by running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SHOW</span> <span class="pre">TABLES</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SHOW</span> <span class="n">TABLES</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">sqlserver</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">web</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can see a list of the columns in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clicks</span></code> table in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">web</span></code> database
using either of the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DESCRIBE</span> <span class="n">sqlserver</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clicks</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SHOW</span> <span class="n">COLUMNS</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">sqlserver</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clicks</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Finally, you can query the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clicks</span></code> table in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">web</span></code> schema:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">sqlserver</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clicks</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you used a different name for your catalog properties file, use
that catalog name instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlserver</span></code> in the above examples.</p>
<span id="sqlserver-type-mapping"></span><h2 id="type-mapping">Type mapping<a class="headerlink" href="#type-mapping" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h2>
<p>Trino supports the following SQL Server data types:</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 52%"/>
<col style="width: 48%"/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>SQL Server Type</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Trino Type</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char(n)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char(n)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar(n)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar(n)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime2(n)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp(n)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetimeoffset(n)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp(n)</span> <span class="pre">with</span> <span class="pre">time</span> <span class="pre">zone</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Complete list of <a class="reference external" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187752.aspx">SQL Server data types</a>.</p>
<h3 id="type-mapping-configuration-properties">Type mapping configuration properties<a class="headerlink" href="#type-mapping-configuration-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h3>
<p>The following properties can be used to configure how data types from the
connected data source are mapped to Trino data types and how the metadata is
cached in Trino.</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 30%"/>
<col style="width: 40%"/>
<col style="width: 30%"/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Property name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Default value</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsupported-type-handling</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Configure how unsupported column data types are handled:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IGNORE</span></code>, column is not accessible.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONVERT_TO_VARCHAR</span></code>, column is converted to unbounded <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VARCHAR</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The respective catalog session property is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsupported_type_handling</span></code>.</p>
</td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IGNORE</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jdbc-types-mapped-to-varchar</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Allow forced mapping of comma separated lists of data types to convert to
unbounded <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VARCHAR</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span id="sqlserver-sql-support"></span><h2 id="sql-support">SQL support<a class="headerlink" href="#sql-support" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h2>
<p>The connector provides read access and write access to data and metadata in SQL
Server. In addition to the <a class="reference internal" href="../language/sql-support.html#sql-globally-available"><span class="std std-ref">globally available</span></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="../language/sql-support.html#sql-read-operations"><span class="std std-ref">read operation</span></a> statements, the connector
supports the following features:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="../sql/insert.html"><span class="doc">INSERT</span></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="../sql/delete.html"><span class="doc">DELETE</span></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="../sql/truncate.html"><span class="doc">TRUNCATE</span></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="../language/sql-support.html#sql-schema-table-management"><span class="std std-ref">Schema and table management</span></a></p></li>
</ul>