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<h1 id="functions-bitwise--page-root">Bitwise functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions-bitwise--page-root" title="Permalink to this headline">#</a></h1>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bit_count">
<code class="sig-name descname">bit_count</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">x</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n">bits</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → bigint<a class="headerlink" href="#bit_count" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Count the number of bits set in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> (treated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bits</span></code>-bit signed
integer) in 2’s complement representation:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bit_count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 2</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bit_count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 2</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bit_count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 62</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bit_count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 6</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bitwise_and">
<code class="sig-name descname">bitwise_and</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">x</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n">y</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → bigint<a class="headerlink" href="#bitwise_and" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the bitwise AND of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code> in 2’s complement representation.</p>
<p>Bitwise AND of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">19</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10011</span></code>) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">25</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">11001</span></code>) results in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">17</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10001</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_and</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 17</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bitwise_not">
<code class="sig-name descname">bitwise_not</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">x</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → bigint<a class="headerlink" href="#bitwise_not" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the bitwise NOT of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> in 2’s complement representation
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-x</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_not</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">--  11</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_not</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">-- -20</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_not</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">-- -26</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bitwise_or">
<code class="sig-name descname">bitwise_or</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">x</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n">y</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → bigint<a class="headerlink" href="#bitwise_or" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the bitwise OR of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code> in 2’s complement representation.</p>
<p>Bitwise OR of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">19</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10011</span></code>) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">25</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">11001</span></code>) results in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">27</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">11011</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_or</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 27</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bitwise_xor">
<code class="sig-name descname">bitwise_xor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">x</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n">y</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → bigint<a class="headerlink" href="#bitwise_xor" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the bitwise XOR of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code> in 2’s complement representation.</p>
<p>Bitwise XOR of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">19</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10011</span></code>) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">25</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">11001</span></code>) results in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">01010</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_xor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 10</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bitwise_left_shift">
<code class="sig-name descname">bitwise_left_shift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">value</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n">shift</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → [same as value]<a class="headerlink" href="#bitwise_left_shift" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the left shifted value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>.</p>
<p>Shifting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">001</span></code>) by two bits results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">00100</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_left_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 4</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Shifting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">5</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0101</span></code>) by two bits results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">20</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">010100</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_left_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 20</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Shifting a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code> by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> always results in the original <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_left_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 20</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_left_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 42</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Shifting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> by a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shift</span></code> always results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_left_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 0</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_left_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bitwise_right_shift">
<code class="sig-name descname">bitwise_right_shift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">value</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n">shift</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → [same as value]<a class="headerlink" href="#bitwise_right_shift" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the logical right shifted value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>.</p>
<p>Shifting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1000</span></code>) by three bits results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">001</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Shifting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">9</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1001</span></code>) by one bit results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4</span></code> (binary: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">100</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 4</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Shifting a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code> by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> always results in the original <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 20</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 42</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Shifting a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code> by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">64</span></code> or more bits results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 0</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Shifting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> by a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shift</span></code> always results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 0</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- 0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt id="bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic">
<code class="sig-name descname">bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n">value</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n">shift</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> → [same as value]<a class="headerlink" href="#bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the arithmetic right shifted value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>.</p>
<p>Returns the same values as <a class="reference internal" href="#bitwise_right_shift" title="bitwise_right_shift"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bitwise_right_shift()</span></code></a> when shifting by less than
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">64</span></code> bits. Shifting by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">64</span></code> or more bits results in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> for a positive and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> for a negative <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">--  0</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- -1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="aggregate.html#bitwise_and_agg" title="bitwise_and_agg"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bitwise_and_agg()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="aggregate.html#bitwise_or_agg" title="bitwise_or_agg"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bitwise_or_agg()</span></code></a>.</p>


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