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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset" role="main">
<section id="postgresql-connector">
<h1 id="connector-postgresql--page-root">PostgreSQL connector<a class="headerlink" href="#connector-postgresql--page-root" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<img class="connector-logo" src="../_static/img/postgresql.png"/><p>The PostgreSQL connector allows querying and creating tables in an
external <a class="reference external" href="https://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL</a> database. This can be used to join data between
different systems like PostgreSQL and Hive, or between different
PostgreSQL instances.</p>
<section id="requirements">
<h2 id="requirements">Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#requirements" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>To connect to PostgreSQL, you need:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>PostgreSQL 10.x or higher.</p></li>
<li><p>Network access from the Trino coordinator and workers to PostgreSQL.
Port 5432 is the default port.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="configuration">
<h2 id="configuration">Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The connector can query a database on a PostgreSQL server. Create a catalog
properties file that specifies the PostgreSQL connector by setting the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connector.name</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">postgresql</span></code>.</p>
<p>For example, to access a database as the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example</span></code> catalog, create the file
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">etc/catalog/example.properties</span></code>. Replace the connection properties as
appropriate for your setup:</p>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>connector.name=postgresql
connection-url=jdbc:postgresql://example.net:5432/database
connection-user=root
connection-password=secret
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-url</span></code> defines the connection information and parameters to pass
to the PostgreSQL JDBC driver. The parameters for the URL are available in the
<a class="reference external" href="https://jdbc.postgresql.org/documentation/use/#connecting-to-the-database">PostgreSQL JDBC driver documentation</a>.
Some parameters can have adverse effects on the connector behavior or not work
with the connector.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-user</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-password</span></code> are typically required and
determine the user credentials for the connection, often a service user. You can
use <a class="reference internal" href="../security/secrets.html"><span class="doc">secrets</span></a> to avoid actual values in the catalog
properties files.</p>
<section id="connection-security">
<span id="postgresql-tls"></span><h3 id="connection-security">Connection security<a class="headerlink" href="#connection-security" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>If you have TLS configured with a globally-trusted certificate installed on your
data source, you can enable TLS between your cluster and the data
source by appending a parameter to the JDBC connection string set in the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-url</span></code> catalog configuration property.</p>
<p>For example, with version 42 of the PostgreSQL JDBC driver, enable TLS by
appending the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl=true</span></code> parameter to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-url</span></code> configuration
property:</p>
<div class="highlight-properties notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="na">connection-url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">jdbc:postgresql://example.net:5432/database?ssl=true</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For more information on TLS configuration options, see the <a class="reference external" href="https://jdbc.postgresql.org/documentation/use/#connecting-to-the-database">PostgreSQL JDBC
driver documentation</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="data-source-authentication">
<h3 id="data-source-authentication">Data source authentication<a class="headerlink" href="#data-source-authentication" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>The connector can provide credentials for the data source connection
in multiple ways:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>inline, in the connector configuration file</p></li>
<li><p>in a separate properties file</p></li>
<li><p>in a key store file</p></li>
<li><p>as extra credentials set when connecting to Trino</p></li>
</ul>
<p>You can use <a class="reference internal" href="../security/secrets.html"><span class="doc">secrets</span></a> to avoid storing sensitive
values in the catalog properties files.</p>
<p>The following table describes configuration properties
for connection credentials:</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 40%"/>
<col style="width: 60%"/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Property name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">credential-provider.type</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Type of the credential provider. Must be one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INLINE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE</span></code>, or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KEYSTORE</span></code>; defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INLINE</span></code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-user</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Connection user name.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-password</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Connection password.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user-credential-name</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Name of the extra credentials property, whose value to use as the user
name. See <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extraCredentials</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="../client/jdbc.html#jdbc-parameter-reference"><span class="std std-ref">Parameter reference</span></a>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password-credential-name</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Name of the extra credentials property, whose value to use as the
password.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-credential-file</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Location of the properties file where credentials are present. It must
contain the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-user</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-password</span></code> properties.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keystore-file-path</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>The location of the Java Keystore file, from which to read credentials.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keystore-type</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>File format of the keystore file, for example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JKS</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PEM</span></code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keystore-password</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Password for the key store.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keystore-user-credential-name</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Name of the key store entity to use as the user name.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keystore-user-credential-password</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Password for the user name key store entity.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keystore-password-credential-name</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Name of the key store entity to use as the password.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keystore-password-credential-password</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Password for the password key store entity.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="multiple-postgresql-databases-or-servers">
<h3 id="multiple-postgresql-databases-or-servers">Multiple PostgreSQL databases or servers<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple-postgresql-databases-or-servers" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>The PostgreSQL connector can only access a single database within
a PostgreSQL server. Thus, if you have multiple PostgreSQL databases,
or want to connect to multiple PostgreSQL servers, you must configure
multiple instances of the PostgreSQL connector.</p>
<p>To add another catalog, simply add another properties file to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">etc/catalog</span></code>
with a different name, making sure it ends in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.properties</span></code>. For example,
if you name the property file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sales.properties</span></code>, Trino creates a
catalog named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sales</span></code> using the configured connector.</p>
</section>
<section id="general-configuration-properties">
<h3 id="general-configuration-properties">General configuration properties<a class="headerlink" href="#general-configuration-properties" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>The following table describes general catalog configuration properties for the
connector:</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 30%"/>
<col style="width: 40%"/>
<col style="width: 30%"/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Property name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Default value</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Support case insensitive schema and table names.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">false</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.cache-ttl</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1m</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.config-file</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Path to a name mapping configuration file in JSON format that allows
Trino to disambiguate between schemas and tables with similar names in
different cases.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.refresh-period</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Frequency with which Trino checks the name matching configuration file
for changes.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (refresh disabled)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.cache-ttl</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Duration for which metadata, including table and column statistics, is
cached.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (caching disabled)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.cache-missing</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Cache the fact that metadata, including table and column statistics, is
not available</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">false</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.cache-maximum-size</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Maximum number of objects stored in the metadata cache</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10000</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write.batch-size</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Maximum number of statements in a batched execution.
Do not change this setting from the default. Non-default values may
negatively impact performance.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1000</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic-filtering.enabled</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Push down dynamic filters into JDBC queries</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic-filtering.wait-timeout</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Maximum duration for which Trino will wait for dynamic filters to be
collected from the build side of joins before starting a JDBC query.
Using a large timeout can potentially result in more detailed dynamic filters.
However, it can also increase latency for some queries.</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">20s</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<section id="domain-compaction-threshold">
<h4 id="domain-compaction-threshold">Domain compaction threshold<a class="headerlink" href="#domain-compaction-threshold" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h4>
<p>Pushing down a large list of predicates to the data source can compromise
performance. Trino compacts large predicates into a simpler range predicate
by default to ensure a balance between performance and predicate pushdown.
If necessary, the threshold for this compaction can be increased to improve
performance when the data source is capable of taking advantage of large
predicates. Increasing this threshold may improve pushdown of large
<a class="reference internal" href="../admin/dynamic-filtering.html"><span class="doc">dynamic filters</span></a>.
The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">domain-compaction-threshold</span></code> catalog configuration property or the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">domain_compaction_threshold</span></code> <a class="reference internal" href="../sql/set-session.html#session-properties-definition"><span class="std std-ref">catalog session property</span></a> can be used to adjust the default value of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">32</span></code> for this threshold.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="procedures">
<h3 id="procedures">Procedures<a class="headerlink" href="#procedures" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">system.flush_metadata_cache()</span></code></p>
<p>Flush JDBC metadata caches. For example, the following system call
flushes the metadata caches for all schemas in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example</span></code> catalog</p>
<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">USE</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">example_schema</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">CALL</span> <span class="k">system</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">flush_metadata_cache</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<section id="case-insensitive-matching">
<h4 id="case-insensitive-matching">Case insensitive matching<a class="headerlink" href="#case-insensitive-matching" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h4>
<p>When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code>, Trino
is able to query non-lowercase schemas and tables by maintaining a mapping of
the lowercase name to the actual name in the remote system. However, if two
schemas and/or tables have names that differ only in case (such as “customers”
and “Customers”) then Trino fails to query them due to ambiguity.</p>
<p>In these cases, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case-insensitive-name-matching.config-file</span></code> catalog
configuration property to specify a configuration file that maps these remote
schemas/tables to their respective Trino schemas/tables:</p>