libdrbg project

Copyright (C) 2022

This software is licensed under a dual BSD and GPL v2 license. See LICENSE file at the root folder of the project.

Authors

Ryad BENADJILA (mailto:ryadbenadjila@gmail.com)
Arnaud EBALARD (mailto:arnaud.ebalard@ssi.gouv.fr)

Description

This software implements DRBG (Deterministic Random Bit Generators) as specified in the NIST Special Publication 800-90A standard. Namely, it implements the three standardized variants:

Hash-DRBG: DRBG based on hash functions.
HMAC-DRBG: DRBG based on HMAC.
CTR-DRBG: DRBG based on block ciphers in counter mode.

The current implementations of Hash-DRBG and HMAC-DRBG go beyond the strict list of the specified hash functions in the standard (only SHA-{1,224,256,384,512,512-224,512-256} are allowed in the standard): they accept any of the following hash functions - or HMAC based on them - that are implemented in the internal libhash subproject:

SHA-{224,256,384,512,512-224,512-256}, SHA-3-{224,256,384,512}, RIPEMD-160, SM3, STREEBOG-{256,512} (RFC 6986), SHAKE-256 (with 114 bytes output), BELT-HASH (STB 34.101.31-2011), BASH-{224,256,384,512} (STB 34.101.77-2020).
Deprecated hash functions: SHA-{0,1}, MD-{2,4,5}, MDC2, GOST34-11-94.

NOTE: please consider the deprecated hash functions with care, as they are mainly here for compatibility and tests reasons. By default, the strict NIST mode is activated meaning that only SHA-{1,224,256,384,512,512-224,512-256} hash functions are activated during compilation. It is possible to force the strict NIST mode using STRICT_NIST_SP800_90A=1 or to force its deactivation with the STRICT_NIST_SP800_90A=0 toggle during compilation. Beware that SHA-1 is in the list of the available hashes for conformance with the standard but should not be used as it is deprecated and broken by practical collision attacks.

The implementation of CTR-DRBG strictly conforms to the standard as only AES and TDEA (TDES) are supported as possible block ciphers, although it would be possible to (easily) expand the library with other block ciphers. Please note that TDEA is in the process of being fully deprecated, hence AES is the only choice in practice for production code.

All the variants of the NIST standard should be implemented and selectable through options: with Prediction Resistance or not, with DF or not, etc. This exhaustive compatibility has been one of the leitmotivs of developing the library as we have not found small, portable and complete implementations in C (one of the most complete implementations is in the Linux kernel but its adherence to external modules makes it hard to be used in a standalone fashion).

The source code is pure C-99 only using stdint.h (mainly for uint with strict sizes types), stdbool.h (for booleans), and basic stdlib.h (mainly for memcpy, memset and memcmp). It should be compatible with any decent C (or C++) compiler, and portable across platforms as no external dependency is needed. No allocation is used across the project, which makes it suitable for embedded contexts. Finally, printf is used but only in the tests and main files using the DRBG API: the core files and algorithms do not use it.

The source code aims at being portable and compatible with as many platforms as possible, but the low-level primitive APIs should be simple enough and self-explanatory to replace the underlying algorithms with assembly optimized and/or hardware accelerated alternatives. For instance on recent Intel and AMD x86 platforms, the AES encryption core in aes/aes.c can be replaced with AES-NI instructions to accelerate the CTR-DRBG backend, and the SHA-{1,224,256} in libhash can be replaced with Intel SHA extensions to accelerate the Hash-DRBG and HMAC-DRBG backends.

Compiling

Compiling is as simple as:

	$ make

Some options can be provided in the form of toggles:

STRICT_NIST_SP800_90A=0 will deactivate the strict mode for the hash functions. When WITH_HASH_CONF_OVERRIDE is not used (see below), the NIST approved hash functions are selected for compilation, and checked at runtime (namely SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-512-224, SHA-256, SHA-512-256, and SHA-512).
SMALL_MEMORY_FOOTPRINT=1 will use small footprint implementations, this mostly concerns AES where table based or compact SBOX variants are selected.
VERBOSE=1 will activate self-tests verbosity.
USE_SANITIZERS=1 will compile with the sanitizers (address, undefined behaviour, leak). This is useful for checks before shipping production code, but usually heavily impacts performance and hence should be deactivated when not debugging. However, if performance is not an issue, it is advised to leave them as they will catch (potentially dangerous) runtime errors.
PEDANTIC=1 allows to activate strict(er) compilation flags (by default the usual -Wall -Wextra -Wunreachable-code -Werror is used, this activates more picky options).
WNOERROR=1 will force compilation without the -Werror flag, i.e. compiler warning are not treated as errors (this can be useful for cases where some warnings are false alarms or for toolchains with picky warnings).
WITH_TEST_ENTROPY_SOURCE=1 activates a default entropy backend depending on the OS (/dev/random on UNIX based including MacOS, crypto provider under Windows). See entropy.c for more details. These implementations are examples, and you are encouraged to add more entropy sources to improve them (see the discussion below).
NO_XXX_DRBG=1 is used to remove a specific DRBG backend (where XXX is one of HASH, HMAC or CTR). More than one toggle can be specified, but beware that removing the three backends all together will trigger a compilation error.
NO_BC_TDEA=1 and/or NO_BC_AES=1 are used to remove TDEA and AES algorithms when they are not necessary (i.e. the user wants to use the CTR-DRBG without one of the algorithms). Beware that removing both TDEA and AES will render the CTR-DRBG unusable.
DEBUG=1 activates the -g options to embed the symbols and make debugging sessions easier (should not be activated for production code).
WITH_HASH_CONF_OVERRIDE is used to select an explicit subset of the hash functions, see below for more details. Beware that using this flag will override the NIST strict hash functions list in any case, but if the strict mode is active checks will be performed at runtime (meaning that only the subset of hash functions present in WITH_HASH_CONF_OVERRIDE and conforming to the standard will be accepted, the others will trigger an error).
GCC_ANALYZER=1 is used to activate the gcc static analyzer. This is only relevant for gcc versions >= 10 (where this static analyzer has been introduced).

It is possible to provide (cross-)compilation options using the toggles:

CC=XXX that will use the XXX compiler.
CROSS_COMPILE=YYY that will use the YYY prefix for a toolchain (e.g. arm-none-eabi-).
EXTRA_CFLAGS=ZZZ will add additional user defined CFLAGS.

For example, the following invocation will compile the project using the sparc64-linux-gnu- toolchain and produce a static ELF binary (that it will be possible to emulate with qemu-user for instance):

        $ make clean && CROSS_COMPILE=sparc64-linux-gnu- CC=gcc WITH_TEST_ENTROPY_SOURCE=1 VERBOSE=1 EXTRA_CFLAGS="-static" make

WITH_TEST_ENTROPY_SOURCE=1 activates the default entropy source on the OS (as we use a Linux based toolchain, /dev/random is used) and VERBOSE=1 activates verbose self-tests. Note that the same compilation could have been equally performed with CC=sparc64-linux-gnu-gcc.

Another example of coss-compilation is for Windows using the MinGW toolchain:

        $ make clean && WNOERROR=1 CROSS_COMPILE=i686-w64-mingw32- CC=gcc WITH_TEST_ENTROPY_SOURCE=1 EXTRA_CFLAGS="-static" make

As we target embedded and constrained platforms, we also provide ways to only embed a subset of the hash functions in order to decrease the (flash) memory footprint:

The libhash/libhash_config.h configuration file where it is possible to only select the needed hash functions.
The more convenient WITH_HASH_CONF_OVERRIDE toggle can be used when compiling to tune the hash functions list to be embedded. Remember to deactivate the NIST strict mode with STRICT_NIST_SP800_90A=0 when hash functions not approved by the standard are selected.

For example, the following invocation will only select SHA-256 and SHA-3-256 (note the STRICT_NIST_SP800_90A=0 as SHA-3-256 is not in the standard approved list):

        $ STRICT_NIST_SP800_90A=0 WITH_HASH_CONF_OVERRIDE="-DWITH_HASH_CONF_OVERRIDE -DWITH_HASH_SHA256 -DWITH_HASH_SHA3_256" make

NOTE: please beware that when selecting specific hash functions, it is still possible to ask for the non-selected ones in the API but an error will be triggered by the main wrapper at initialization or instantiation. Hence, depending on the selected primitives self-tests might fail (for good reasons when the concerned hash functions are not compiled!).

NOTE: using WITH_HASH_CONF_OVERRIDE will override STRICT_NIST_SP800_90A selection of hash functions for compilation (but the strict runtime check still holds, meaning that the user must be careful when using these two toggles together).

NOTE: since libhash.a is an autonomous compilation unit, and since the DRBG source code depends for Hash-DRBG and HMAC-DRBG on the MAX_DIGEST_SIZE static size (that is statically computed from the embedded hashes), some kind of compilation time sanity check is used to ensure that the compiled libhash is on par with the currently compiled sources of the DRBG algorithm. This sanity check is in libhash/hash.h, and it will trigger a compilation error when an inconsistency is detected.

Using the NO_BC_TDEA=1 and NO_BC_AES=1 toggles will remove either TDEA or AES, or both when used together. In this last case, the CTR-DRBG becomes an empty shell as no block cipher is usable then.

There is a specific compilation selection for the backends (e.g. when one only wants to use Hash-DRBG and not the other backends). By default, the three backends are activated. If one wants to remove a specific backend, a NO_XXX_DRBG=1 toggle can be used, where XXX can be either HASH, HMAC or CTR. For example, to remove the CTR-DRBG you can use:

        $ NO_CTR_DRBG=1 make

Removing the three backends will trigger a compilation error as at least one is required:

        $ NO_CTR_DRBG=1 NO_HASH_DRBG=1 NO_HMAC_DRBG=1 make
	...
	drbg_common.h:18:2: error: #error "No DRBG backend compiled! Please activate at least one!"
   18 | #error "No DRBG backend compiled! Please activate at least one!"

APIs and architecture

The project can be mainly divided in five parts:

The main DRBG APIs in drbg.c and drbg.h. These APIs consist in the usual drbg_instantiate, drbg_generate, drbg_reseed and drbg_uninstantiate as specified in the SP800-90A publication. For power users, specific options can be passed to drbg_instantiate().
The three possible backends to the DRBG: Hash-DRBG, HMAC-DRBG and CTR-DRBG. The main DRBG APIs are "plugged" to the backend and transparently use them depending on the type of DRBG that has been instantiated. It is also possible to access, for each backend, to the dedicated raw APIs: for example, hash_drbg.h exposes hash_drbg_instantiate, hash_drbg_generate, hash_drbg_reseed, and hash_drbg_uninstantiate. Each backend exposes a unified API in the form of callbacks in a drbg_methods structure (see drbg_common.h).
The hash library libhash in the libhash/ folder that contains all the hash primitives used by the DRBG backends. This should be a standalone library with its dedicated Makefile.
The AES block cipher implementation in the aes/ folder. Please note that the TDEA implementation actually comes with libhash as it is used by the MDC2 hash function. AES and TDEA are only used in the CTR-DRBG.
The self-tests framework and tests extracted from the NIST test vectors in the drbg_tests/ folder, as well as a main.c main file that provides API usage examples as well as self-tests execution.

The NIST test vectors are extracted and formatted for our framework from the original CAVS 14.3 NIST tests. This explains the rather large sizes of header files in drbg_tests/test_vectors/: please note that these must of course NOT be included "as is" when compiling for constrained devices. Only a subset of representative self-tests should be included to preserve the memory footprint (the full set of NIST tests is present for completeness).

Basic usage of the DRBG API

Instantiating a DRBG without specific option is very simple. For instance, to instantiate a Hash-DRBG with a security strength of 128 bits and no Prediction Resistance:

drbg_ctx drbg;
drbg_error ret;
const unsigned char pers_string[] = "DRBG_PERS";
uint32_t asked_strength = 128;

/* '128' is the desired security strength, 'false' is the Prediction Resistance flag,
 * and the last NULL argument is for "NULL" specific options.
 *
 */
ret = drbg_instantiate(&drbg, pers_string, sizeof(pers_string) - 1, &asked_strength, true,
                       DRBG_HASH, NULL);
if(ret != DRBG_OK){
...
/* The asked_strength is updated with the "real" instantiated strength, which will be
 * greater than or equal to given one.
 */

Then it is possible to generate random bits without additional data and no Prediction Resistance request:

unsigned char output[1024] = { 0 };
/* NULL and 0 are additional data: none here, and we generate with
 * no Prediction Resistance request.
 */
ret = drbg_generate(&drbg, NULL, 0, output, sizeof(output), false);
if(ret != DRBG_OK){
...

It is also possible to explicitly reseed the instance (with no Prediction Resistance request and no additional data):

/* NULL and 0 are additional data: none here, and we reseed with
 * no Prediction Resistance request.
 */
ret = drbg_reseed(&drbg, NULL, 0, false);
if(ret != DRBG_OK){
...

You can of course adapt the additional data and Prediction Resistance flags and requests at your will.

Finally, it is possible to uninstantiate a DRBG using:

ret = drbg_unsinsantiate(&drbg);
if(ret != DRBG_OK){
...

NOTE: please refer to the standard for more insight on how these notions (additional data, prediction resistance, etc.) interact, since incompatible combinations will trigger an error.

This simple usage of the API will automatically choose the most appropriate algorithm (hash for Hash-DRBG/HMAC-DRBG and block cipher for CTR-DRBG) depending on the asked security strength. Behind the scene, these APIs make calls to the get_entropy_input callback that brings the necessary entropy to the critical steps of the DRBG. Please see below the dedicated section on entropy for more information on how critical this is and what the user should implement.

Finally, extended versions of these APIs exist, where the user can instead directly provide his own entropy in buffers and where no call to get_entropy_input is performed, so that the user can completely control the DRBG.

Advanced usage of the DRBG API

Using dedicated options:

For each DRBG type, some options can be possibly provided when instantiating. For Hash-DRBG and HMAC-DRBG: it is possible to specify the underlying hash function to be used using the dedicated DRBG_HASH_OPTIONS_INIT and DRBG_MAC_OPTIONS_INIT.

drbg_error ret;
drbg_ctx drbg
drbg_options opt;
uint32_t asked_strength = 128;
DRBG_HASH_OPTIONS_INIT(opt, HASH_RIPEMD160); /* Use RIPEMD-160 as hash */
ret = drbg_instantiate(&drbg, pers_string, sizeof(pers_string) - 1,
                       &asked_strength, true, DRBG_HASH, &opt);
...
DRBG_HMAC_OPTIONS_INIT(opt, HASH_SHA3_256); /* Use SHA-3-256 as hash */
ret = drbg_instantiate(&drbg, pers_string, sizeof(pers_string) - 1,
                       NULL, true, DRBG_HMAC, &opt);
...
/* Get the actual security strength of the instance */
ret = drbg_get_drbg_strength(&drbg, &security_strength);
...

For CTR-DRBG: it is possible to specify the underlying block cipher to be used (AES, TDEA), if a DF (Derivation Function) is used or not, and the "counter" size (please refer to the standard for more insight on these options). For the counter, a specific value of 0 means that the backend will choose the default value (as 0 is a forbidden value by the specification), which is encryption function block size.

drbg_error ret;
drbg_ctx drbg
drbg_options opt;
uint32_t asked_strength = 100;
DRBG_CTR_OPTIONS_INIT(opt, CTR_DRBG_BC_TDEA, true, 5); /* Use TDEA, a derivation function
                                                        * and a counter on 5 bytes */
ret = drbg_instantiate(&drbg, pers_string, sizeof(pers_string) - 1,
                       &asked_strength, true, DRBG_CTR, &opt);
...
DRBG_CTR_OPTIONS_INIT(opt, CTR_DRBG_BC_AES, false, 0); /* Use AES, no derivation function
                                                        * and a counter on default size
                                                        * (block size of AES here,
                                                        * i.e. 16 bytes) */
asked_strength = 100;
ret = drbg_instantiate(&drbg, pers_string, sizeof(pers_string) - 1,
                       &asked_strength, true, DRBG_CTR, &opt);
...

NOTE: when both options and strength are passed to drbg_instantiate, the actual strength is compared to the one associated with the options and if it is less than the asked strength, an error is returned. NULL can be passed in place of an asked_strength, in which case the options are applied and the actual strength is internally computed, and can be checked later by the user through the drbg_get_drbg_strength API after instantiation or using the drbg_get_lengths API before or after instantiation.

NOTE: please beware that the user is responsible of the options he provides and the possible inconsistencies that they can raise. A major inconsistency is regarding the DRBG strength that can vary depending on the options, and the drbg_instantiate and similar backend APIs will return errors when the strength and the options are inconsistent, or when the options are incompatible. Also, when calling drbg_generate the maximum size that can be requested also depends on these options. You can check this size using the drbg_get_max_asked_length API after instantiation.

NOTE: these options are passed to the backend APIs, so if it is more convenient to directly use the backend, it is possible to perform:

drbg_error ret;
drbg_ctx drbg
drbg_options opt;

DRBG_HASH_OPTIONS_INIT(opt, HASH_RIPEMD160); /* Use RIPEMD-160 as hash */
ret = drbg_hash_instantiate(&drbg, entropy_input, sizeof(entropy_input_input),
                            nonce, sizeof(nonce), pers_string, sizeof(pers_string) - 1,
                            NULL, true, &opt);
...

Advanced DRBG API:

As exposed in drbg.h, in addition to the simple and straightforward APIs for the DRBG, advanced APIs exist: drbg_instantiate_with_user_entropy, drbg_generate_with_user_entropy and drbg_reseed_with_user_entropy. These APIs take additional parameters that will replace calls to get_entropy_input with user provided buffers, for the entropy_input and the nonce buffers. Please refer to the standard to understand the ins and outs of these parameters, and why the entropy quality of these buffers is critical.

NOTE: the advanced APIs are in fact a generalization of the simple APIs since providing a NULL buffer for entropy_input or nonce will instead make calls to get_entropy_input when getting these data.

NOTE: these advanced APIs are mainly here for situations where the user wants a full control over the entropy buffers, and/or when the get_entropy_input API rationale does not fit the specific use case. Use these APIs with care and knowingly.

Accessing the DRBG backends API:

Each one of the DRBG backend exposes its own API (Hash-DRBG in hash_drbg.h, HMAC-DRBG in hmac_drbg.h, CTR-DRBG in ctr_drbg.h) offering dedicated low-level instantiate, reseed, generate, uninstantiate as specified in the standard, as well as a get_lengths API. The same unified drbg_ctx context type is used, and in order to access the internal data of an instance the user can dereference the dedicated fields as exposed in drbg_common.h:

struct drbg_ctx {
        /* Elements specific to high level interface */
        uint64_t magic;
        bool is_instantiated;
        drbg_type type;

        /* Elements common to all engines */
        uint64_t engine_magic;
        uint32_t drbg_strength; /* in bits */
        uint32_t min_entropy_input_length;
        uint32_t max_entropy_input_length;
        uint32_t max_pers_string_length;
        uint32_t max_addin_length;
        uint32_t max_asked_length;
        uint64_t reseed_counter;
        uint64_t reseed_interval;
        bool engine_is_instantiated;
        bool prediction_resistance;
        bool reseed_required_flag;

        /* Methods for the current engine */
        drbg_methods *methods;

        /* Data/state specific to current engine */
        engine_data data;
};

As we can see, data common to all engines (e.g. the drbg_strength) can be accessed using ctx->drbg_strength where ctx is the pointer to the drbg_ctx context. Beware that the engine must be instantiated for these fields to be meaningful (i.e. engine_is_instantiated is true after a call to the instantiate method, and the engine_magic set to the proper value).

Beyond the data common to all engines, the context specific to each engine is in the engine_data union, also defined in the drbg_common.h file for each DRBG type. You can access internal data though this union: for example, accessing the V internal value of the Hash-DRBG instance can be done using the following accessor:

ctx->data.hash_data.V

NOTE: please note that accessing the low-level raw DRBG contexts data while bypassing the exposed APIs is not a "nominal" use case of the library, it is possible to do so for advanced usages, expanding/modifying the library or advanced debugging purposes. In any case, be aware that reading such raw data can be hazardous (depending on the instantiation state of the DRBG), and writing/modifying them can be dangerous. Use at your own risks.

About entropy and entropy sources

Entropy quality

The three DRBG backends (Hash-DRBG, HMAC-DRBG, CTR-DRBG) are deterministic engines, while the upper level main DRBG algorithm makes use of external entropy sources during its instantiation and its reseeding. All-in-all, the current implementation is about the algorithmic core of DRBGs: bad entropy sources will result in bad randomness no matter the post-processing primitive is (although some guarantees such as backward and/or forward secrecy - also called backtracking and predictive resistance - are ensured when using the DRBG engine, as an inherent property of the design depending on the Prediction Resistance option). The security of your instantiation of any DRBG will heavily rely on the security and non-predictability of the entropy sources.

Such entropy sources are implemented in the entropy.c source file, with the get_entropy_input API. This MUST be provided by the user following the recommendations of NIST SP 800-90B "Recommendation for the Entropy Sources Used for Random Bit Generation", with ideally multiple sources that are mixed (e.g. with a xor, and with at least one high quality random source, e.g. using a Physical/True Random Number Generator in the form of a hardware IP whose stochastic model has been formally specified and physical model analyzed). A valuable resource on this topic is also the BSI AIS20/31.

Although entropy sources are NOT the subject of the current project, here are some high level hints:

When hardware entropy is available such as Intel's rdrand or equivalent it is advised to use it among the sources.
Physical noise when available through a sensor can be a valuable source, but beware of the real entropy brought (as quantization can be applied by the sensor) as well as the fact that a potential attacker can inject faulty measures or manipulate the environment (e.g bring heat or cold on a temperature sensor).
It is always advised to process the raw entropy sources using dedicated entropy extractors and mixers.
On a wide range of CPUs, it is possible to use highly volatile (parts of) counters, such as performance counters and/or CPU cycles counters, as (cheap) entropy sources. See here and here for interesting discussions about this. Beware however of the limitation of the quality of such sources (implying processing multiple samples to extract low bit-rate entropy), as well as possible "fault injections" of an attacker that controls the software/hardware environment (OS, hypervisor catching and emulating instructions, performance counters poisoning with cache and branch prediction flooding, backdoored hardware, etc.).
It is possible to "chain" DRBGs, meaning that a DRBG is used as an entropy source for another DRBG: in this case the DRBG is used as entropy post-processing. This design pattern, although very acceptable, does obviously not prevent from feeding at least the "last" DRBG with "real" entropy sources. Beware that if you choose such an approach when using the current library, you will at some point have to use the advanced API or implement calling DRBG awareness in get_entropy_input to switch between entropy sources.

By default, compiling with nothing will return an error at runtime encouraging the user to provide his implementation of get_entropy_input in entropy.c:

Error: please provide your implementation of entropy gathering in the file 'entropy.c'!

NOTE: this claim is however not entirely true when using the advanced API with with_user_entropy suffix as all the entropy is provided by the user as parameters to the functions, hence no call to get_entropy_input should occur in such cases!

It is possible to override this behaviour with the WITH_TEST_ENTROPY_SOURCE=1 toggle, that will use default implementations for entropy gathering (in the _get_entropy_input_from_os function): using /dev/random under UNIX based OSes, and CryptGenRandom under Windows. Please note that this is mainly here for testing purposes, and one must think twice before using this in a production code, especially in contexts with critical security considerations. This indeed heavily relies on the underlying OS implementation (OS flavour and version, used hardware, etc.).

When using the advanced DRBG APIs where buffers are provided as inputs to the functions in place of the get_entropy_input usage, the same recommendations obviously apply for the quality of the entropy in the provided buffers.

The `get_entropy_input` and `clear_entropy_input` API

The rationale behind get_entropy_input is to be called with a pointer to a buffer pointer (uint8_t **buf) and a length, and return an "allocated" buffer with fresh entropy of the asked length.

After calling get_entropy_input and getting a fresh entropy buffer back, it is the responsibility of the calling application to explicitly execute clear_entropy_input with the buffer pointer for garbage collection and memory maintenance (this would be the place for a free and a zeroization for instance). Calling clear_entropy_input must obviously take place after the buffer has been used by the DRBG!

The user is invited and encouraged to adapt/modify these specific implementations of get_entropy_input and clear_entropy_input.

In entropy.c when WITH_TEST_ENTROPY_SOURCE=1 is active, basic implementations of get_entropy_input and clear_entropy_input are provided. There is no dynamic allocation per se: we use a static circular buffer to provide this feature (this is mainly to avoid malloc and keep things simple). Please note that these implementations are very naive and suboptimal as some fresh entropy is thrown away in some cases (for the sake of simplicity). This will have consequences on entropy gathering with possible starvation when slow TRNG providers are used, or when many parallel DRBG instances run concurrently. Hence, it is strongly advised to provide your own implementation of get_entropy_input and clear_entropy_input

Comparative performance and security of DRBG instances

All the DRBGs are neither equal in terms of formal security, nor in terms of performance. And mostly, the choice of the parameters is crucial: the security strength is of course important, but Prediction Resistance, frequent reseeding as well as feeding additional input with good entropy can make a big difference when making calls to a DRBG instance as discussed here. The choice of the underlying hash function or block cipher is also a great deal (in a real life scenario instance, choosing TDEA over AES or SHA-1 over SHA-2 based primitives has no rationality at all).

Regarding the backends, CTR-DRBG has the great advantage of speed, but lacks a clean/simple design when compared to Hash-DRBG, or even a formal security proof as for HMAC-DRBG. In addition, the variant of CTR-DRBG without a DF (Derivation Function) is not advisable at all because of degraded security properties.

All-in-all, the current library offers many possible instances of DRBG mainly for exhaustiveness, testing and implementation reference purposes, which does not mean that the user can safely use all of them in production critical code. Use this library with care and knowingly!

About side-channel (SCA) and fault attacks

The implementations of the block ciphers (AES, TDEA), the hash functions, the HMAC and the DRBG core have neither been made side-channel resistant (for instance, the optimized AES uses classical T-tables) nor fault attacks resistant. This is left for future work. Having said that, we discuss these attack contexts a bit more hereafter.

Although the DRBG sensitiveness to SCA heavily depends on how the API is used (Prediction Resistance set to true and always using secret additional data brings protection), the CTR-DRBG variant seems more susceptible than the two other variants as discussed in this article (which does not mean at all that the two other variants are immune to SCA). Despite its performance advantages, we strongly discourage using CTR-DRBG in SCA and faults critical contexts. Anyways, the user is encouraged to replace the block cipher current code with constant time and microarchitectural-attacks free implementations (e.g. using dedicated instructions with AES-NI, or bitsliced variants). This is also true for the hash and HMAC primitives.

As a general rule of thumb, in both attack contexts (SCA and fault), it is advised to use Prediction Resistance, explicitly reseed very frequently with secret and high quality entropy, use secret additional data, and ask for small buffer chunks when calling generate (small size data will limit the "long term" secret data manipulation time frame before they are updated with fresh entropy). Applying these rules will bring defense-in-depth and heavily limit attackers impact.

License

libecc/libdrbg

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