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item_jsonfunc.cc
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/* Copyright (c) 2016, 2022, MariaDB Corporation.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA */
#include "mariadb.h"
#include "sql_priv.h"
#include "sql_class.h"
#include "item.h"
#include "sql_parse.h" // For check_stack_overrun
#include "json_schema_helper.h"
static bool get_current_value(json_engine_t *, const uchar *&, size_t &);
static bool check_overlaps(json_engine_t *, json_engine_t *, bool);
static int json_find_overlap_with_object(json_engine_t *, json_engine_t *, bool);
#ifndef DBUG_OFF
static int dbug_json_check_min_stack_requirement()
{
my_error(ER_STACK_OVERRUN_NEED_MORE, MYF(ME_FATAL),
my_thread_stack_size, my_thread_stack_size, STACK_MIN_SIZE);
return 1;
}
#endif
extern void pause_execution(THD *thd, double timeout);
/*
Allocating memory and *also* using it (reading and
writing from it) because some build instructions cause
compiler to optimize out stack_used_up. Since alloca()
here depends on stack_used_up, it doesnt get executed
correctly and causes json_debug_nonembedded to fail
( --error ER_STACK_OVERRUN_NEED_MORE does not occur).
*/
#define JSON_DO_PAUSE_EXECUTION(A, B) do \
{ \
DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("json_pause_execution", \
{ pause_execution(A, B); }); \
} while(0)
/*
Compare ASCII string against the string with the specified
character set.
Only compares the equality, case insensitive.
*/
static bool eq_ascii_string(const CHARSET_INFO *cs,
const char *ascii,
const char *s, uint32 s_len)
{
const char *s_end= s + s_len;
while (*ascii && s < s_end)
{
my_wc_t wc;
int wc_len;
wc_len= cs->mb_wc(&wc, (uchar *) s, (uchar *) s_end);
if (wc_len <= 0 || (wc | 0x20) != (my_wc_t) *ascii)
return 0;
ascii++;
s+= wc_len;
}
return *ascii == 0 && s >= s_end;
}
static bool append_simple(String *s, const char *a, size_t a_len)
{
if (!s->realloc_with_extra_if_needed(s->length() + a_len))
{
s->q_append(a, a_len);
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
static inline bool append_simple(String *s, const uchar *a, size_t a_len)
{
return append_simple(s, (const char *) a, a_len);
}
/*
Appends JSON string to the String object taking charsets in
consideration.
*/
int st_append_json(String *s,
CHARSET_INFO *json_cs, const uchar *js, uint js_len)
{
int str_len= js_len * s->charset()->mbmaxlen;
if (!s->reserve(str_len, 1024) &&
(str_len= json_unescape(json_cs, js, js + js_len,
s->charset(), (uchar *) s->end(), (uchar *) s->end() + str_len)) > 0)
{
s->length(s->length() + str_len);
return 0;
}
return str_len;
}
/*
Appends arbitrary String to the JSON string taking charsets in
consideration.
*/
static int st_append_escaped(String *s, const String *a)
{
/*
In the worst case one character from the 'a' string
turns into '\uXXXX\uXXXX' which is 12.
*/
int str_len= a->length() * 12 * s->charset()->mbmaxlen /
a->charset()->mbminlen;
if (!s->reserve(str_len, 1024) &&
(str_len=
json_escape(a->charset(), (uchar *) a->ptr(), (uchar *)a->end(),
s->charset(),
(uchar *) s->end(), (uchar *)s->end() + str_len)) > 0)
{
s->length(s->length() + str_len);
return 0;
}
return a->length();
}
static const int TAB_SIZE_LIMIT= 8;
static const char tab_arr[TAB_SIZE_LIMIT+1]= " ";
static int append_tab(String *js, int depth, int tab_size)
{
if (js->append('\n'))
return 1;
for (int i=0; i<depth; i++)
{
if (js->append(tab_arr, tab_size))
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
int json_path_parts_compare(
const json_path_step_t *a, const json_path_step_t *a_end,
const json_path_step_t *b, const json_path_step_t *b_end,
enum json_value_types vt, const int *array_sizes)
{
int res, res2;
const json_path_step_t *temp_b= b;
DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("json_check_min_stack_requirement",
return dbug_json_check_min_stack_requirement(););
if (check_stack_overrun(current_thd, STACK_MIN_SIZE , NULL))
return 1;
while (a <= a_end)
{
if (b > b_end)
{
while (vt != JSON_VALUE_ARRAY &&
(a->type & JSON_PATH_ARRAY_WILD) == JSON_PATH_ARRAY &&
a->n_item == 0)
{
if (++a > a_end)
return 0;
}
return -2;
}
DBUG_ASSERT((b->type & (JSON_PATH_WILD | JSON_PATH_DOUBLE_WILD)) == 0);
if (a->type & JSON_PATH_ARRAY)
{
if (b->type & JSON_PATH_ARRAY)
{
int res= 0, corrected_n_item_a= 0;
if (array_sizes)
corrected_n_item_a= a->n_item < 0 ?
array_sizes[b-temp_b] + a->n_item : a->n_item;
if (a->type & JSON_PATH_ARRAY_RANGE)
{
int corrected_n_item_end_a= 0;
if (array_sizes)
corrected_n_item_end_a= a->n_item_end < 0 ?
array_sizes[b-temp_b] + a->n_item_end :
a->n_item_end;
res= b->n_item >= corrected_n_item_a &&
b->n_item <= corrected_n_item_end_a;
}
else
res= corrected_n_item_a == b->n_item;
if ((a->type & JSON_PATH_WILD) || res)
goto step_fits;
goto step_failed;
}
if ((a->type & JSON_PATH_WILD) == 0 && a->n_item == 0)
goto step_fits_autowrap;
goto step_failed;
}
else /* JSON_PATH_KEY */
{
if (!(b->type & JSON_PATH_KEY))
goto step_failed;
if (!(a->type & JSON_PATH_WILD) &&
(a->key_end - a->key != b->key_end - b->key ||
memcmp(a->key, b->key, a->key_end - a->key) != 0))
goto step_failed;
goto step_fits;
}
step_failed:
if (!(a->type & JSON_PATH_DOUBLE_WILD))
return -1;
b++;
continue;
step_fits:
b++;
if (!(a->type & JSON_PATH_DOUBLE_WILD))
{
a++;
continue;
}
/* Double wild handling needs recursions. */
res= json_path_parts_compare(a+1, a_end, b, b_end, vt,
array_sizes ? array_sizes + (b - temp_b) :
NULL);
if (res == 0)
return 0;
res2= json_path_parts_compare(a, a_end, b, b_end, vt,
array_sizes ? array_sizes + (b - temp_b) :
NULL);
return (res2 >= 0) ? res2 : res;
step_fits_autowrap:
if (!(a->type & JSON_PATH_DOUBLE_WILD))
{
a++;
continue;
}
/* Double wild handling needs recursions. */
res= json_path_parts_compare(a+1, a_end, b+1, b_end, vt,
array_sizes ? array_sizes + (b - temp_b) :
NULL);
if (res == 0)
return 0;
res2= json_path_parts_compare(a, a_end, b+1, b_end, vt,
array_sizes ? array_sizes + (b - temp_b) :
NULL);
return (res2 >= 0) ? res2 : res;
}
return b <= b_end;
}
int json_path_compare(const json_path_t *a, const json_path_t *b,
enum json_value_types vt, const int *array_size)
{
return json_path_parts_compare(a->steps+1, a->last_step,
b->steps+1, b->last_step, vt, array_size);
}
static int json_nice(json_engine_t *je, String *nice_js,
Item_func_json_format::formats mode, int tab_size=4)
{
int depth= 0;
static const char *comma= ", ", *colon= "\": ";
uint comma_len, colon_len;
int first_value= 1;
int value_size = 0;
int curr_state= -1;
int64_t value_len= 0;
String curr_str{};
nice_js->length(0);
nice_js->set_charset(je->s.cs);
nice_js->alloc(je->s.str_end - je->s.c_str + 32);
DBUG_ASSERT(mode != Item_func_json_format::DETAILED ||
(tab_size >= 0 && tab_size <= TAB_SIZE_LIMIT));
if (mode == Item_func_json_format::LOOSE)
{
comma_len= 2;
colon_len= 3;
}
else if (mode == Item_func_json_format::DETAILED)
{
comma_len= 1;
colon_len= 3;
}
else
{
comma_len= 1;
colon_len= 2;
}
do
{
curr_state= je->state;
switch (je->state)
{
case JST_KEY:
{
const uchar *key_start= je->s.c_str;
const uchar *key_end;
do
{
key_end= je->s.c_str;
} while (json_read_keyname_chr(je) == 0);
if (unlikely(je->s.error))
goto error;
if (!first_value)
nice_js->append(comma, comma_len);
if (mode == Item_func_json_format::DETAILED &&
append_tab(nice_js, depth, tab_size))
goto error;
nice_js->append('"');
append_simple(nice_js, key_start, key_end - key_start);
nice_js->append(colon, colon_len);
}
/* now we have key value to handle, so no 'break'. */
DBUG_ASSERT(je->state == JST_VALUE);
goto handle_value;
case JST_VALUE:
if (!first_value)
nice_js->append(comma, comma_len);
if (mode == Item_func_json_format::DETAILED &&
depth > 0 &&
append_tab(nice_js, depth, tab_size))
goto error;
handle_value:
if (json_read_value(je))
goto error;
if (json_value_scalar(je))
{
if (append_simple(nice_js, je->value_begin,
je->value_end - je->value_begin))
goto error;
curr_str.copy((const char *)je->value_begin,
je->value_end - je->value_begin, je->s.cs);
value_len= je->value_end - je->value_begin;
first_value= 0;
if (value_size != -1)
value_size++;
}
else
{
if (mode == Item_func_json_format::DETAILED &&
depth > 0 && !(curr_state != JST_KEY) &&
append_tab(nice_js, depth, tab_size))
goto error;
nice_js->append((je->value_type == JSON_VALUE_OBJECT) ? "{" : "[", 1);
first_value= 1;
value_size= (je->value_type == JSON_VALUE_OBJECT) ? -1: 0;
depth++;
}
break;
case JST_OBJ_END:
case JST_ARRAY_END:
depth--;
if (mode == Item_func_json_format::DETAILED && (value_size > 1 || value_size == -1) &&
append_tab(nice_js, depth, tab_size))
goto error;
if (mode == Item_func_json_format::DETAILED &&
value_size == 1 && je->state != JST_OBJ_END)
{
for (auto i = 0; i < value_len; i++)
{
nice_js->chop();
}
for (auto i = 0; i < (depth + 1) * tab_size + 1; i++)
{
nice_js->chop();
}
nice_js->append(curr_str);
}
nice_js->append((je->state == JST_OBJ_END) ? "}": "]", 1);
first_value= 0;
value_size= -1;
break;
default:
break;
};
} while (json_scan_next(je) == 0);
return je->s.error || *je->killed_ptr;
error:
return 1;
}
#define report_json_error(js, je, n_param) \
report_json_error_ex(js->ptr(), je, func_name(), n_param, \
Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN)
void report_json_error_ex(const char *js, json_engine_t *je,
const char *fname, int n_param,
Sql_condition::enum_warning_level lv)
{
THD *thd= current_thd;
int position= (int)((const char *) je->s.c_str - js);
uint code;
n_param++;
switch (je->s.error)
{
case JE_BAD_CHR:
code= ER_JSON_BAD_CHR;
break;
case JE_NOT_JSON_CHR:
code= ER_JSON_NOT_JSON_CHR;
break;
case JE_EOS:
code= ER_JSON_EOS;
break;
case JE_SYN:
case JE_STRING_CONST:
code= ER_JSON_SYNTAX;
break;
case JE_ESCAPING:
code= ER_JSON_ESCAPING;
break;
case JE_DEPTH:
code= ER_JSON_DEPTH;
if (lv == Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_ERROR)
my_error(code, MYF(0), JSON_DEPTH_LIMIT, n_param, fname, position);
else
push_warning_printf(thd, lv, code, ER_THD(thd, code), JSON_DEPTH_LIMIT,
n_param, fname, position);
return;
default:
return;
}
if (lv == Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_ERROR)
my_error(code, MYF(0), n_param, fname, position);
else
push_warning_printf(thd, lv, code, ER_THD(thd, code),
n_param, fname, position);
}
#define NO_WILDCARD_ALLOWED 1
#define SHOULD_END_WITH_ARRAY 2
#define TRIVIAL_PATH_NOT_ALLOWED 3
#define report_path_error(js, je, n_param) \
report_path_error_ex(js->ptr(), je, func_name(), n_param,\
Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_WARN)
void report_path_error_ex(const char *ps, json_path_t *p,
const char *fname, int n_param,
Sql_condition::enum_warning_level lv)
{
THD *thd= current_thd;
int position= (int)((const char *) p->s.c_str - ps + 1);
uint code;
n_param++;
switch (p->s.error)
{
case JE_BAD_CHR:
case JE_NOT_JSON_CHR:
case JE_SYN:
code= ER_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX;
break;
case JE_EOS:
code= ER_JSON_PATH_EOS;
break;
case JE_DEPTH:
code= ER_JSON_PATH_DEPTH;
if (lv == Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_ERROR)
my_error(code, MYF(0), JSON_DEPTH_LIMIT, n_param, fname, position);
else
push_warning_printf(thd, lv, code, ER_THD(thd, code),
JSON_DEPTH_LIMIT, n_param, fname, position);
return;
case NO_WILDCARD_ALLOWED:
code= ER_JSON_PATH_NO_WILDCARD;
break;
case TRIVIAL_PATH_NOT_ALLOWED:
code= ER_JSON_PATH_EMPTY;
break;
default:
return;
}
if (lv == Sql_condition::WARN_LEVEL_ERROR)
my_error(code, MYF(0), n_param, fname, position);
else
push_warning_printf(thd, lv, code, ER_THD(thd, code),
n_param, fname, position);
}
/*
Checks if the path has '.*' '[*]' or '**' constructions
and sets the NO_WILDCARD_ALLOWED error if the case.
*/
static int path_setup_nwc(json_path_t *p, CHARSET_INFO *i_cs,
const uchar *str, const uchar *end)
{
if (!json_path_setup(p, i_cs, str, end))
{
if ((p->types_used & (JSON_PATH_WILD | JSON_PATH_DOUBLE_WILD |
JSON_PATH_ARRAY_RANGE)) == 0)
return 0;
p->s.error= NO_WILDCARD_ALLOWED;
}
return 1;
}
bool Item_func_json_valid::val_bool()
{
String *js= args[0]->val_json(&tmp_value);
if ((null_value= args[0]->null_value))
return 0;
return json_valid(js->ptr(), js->length(), js->charset());
}
bool Item_func_json_equals::fix_length_and_dec(THD *thd)
{
if (Item_bool_func::fix_length_and_dec(thd))
return TRUE;
set_maybe_null();
return FALSE;
}
bool Item_func_json_equals::val_bool()
{
longlong result= 0;
String a_tmp, b_tmp;
String *a= args[0]->val_json(&a_tmp);
String *b= args[1]->val_json(&b_tmp);
DYNAMIC_STRING a_res;
if (init_dynamic_string(&a_res, NULL, 0, 0))
{
null_value= 1;
return 1;
}
DYNAMIC_STRING b_res;
if (init_dynamic_string(&b_res, NULL, 0, 0))
{
dynstr_free(&a_res);
null_value= 1;
return 1;
}
if ((null_value= args[0]->null_value || args[1]->null_value))
{
null_value= 1;
goto end;
}
if (json_normalize(&a_res, a->ptr(), a->length(), a->charset()))
{
null_value= 1;
goto end;
}
if (json_normalize(&b_res, b->ptr(), b->length(), b->charset()))
{
null_value= 1;
goto end;
}
result= strcmp(a_res.str, b_res.str) ? 0 : 1;
end:
dynstr_free(&b_res);
dynstr_free(&a_res);
return result;
}
bool Item_func_json_exists::fix_length_and_dec(THD *thd)
{
if (Item_bool_func::fix_length_and_dec(thd))
return TRUE;
set_maybe_null();
path.set_constant_flag(args[1]->const_item());
return FALSE;
}
bool Item_func_json_exists::val_bool()
{
json_engine_t je;
int array_counters[JSON_DEPTH_LIMIT];
String *js= args[0]->val_json(&tmp_js);
if (!path.parsed)
{
String *s_p= args[1]->val_str(&tmp_path);
if (s_p &&
json_path_setup(&path.p, s_p->charset(), (const uchar *) s_p->ptr(),
(const uchar *) s_p->ptr() + s_p->length()))
goto err_return;
path.parsed= path.constant;
}
if ((null_value= args[0]->null_value || args[1]->null_value))
{
null_value= 1;
return 0;
}
null_value= 0;
json_scan_start(&je, js->charset(),(const uchar *) js->ptr(),
(const uchar *) js->ptr() + js->length());
path.cur_step= path.p.steps;
if (json_find_path(&je, &path.p, &path.cur_step, array_counters))
{
if (je.s.error)
goto err_return;
return 0;
}
return 1;
err_return:
null_value= 1;
return 0;
}
bool Item_func_json_value::fix_length_and_dec(THD *thd)
{
collation.set(args[0]->collation);
max_length= args[0]->max_length;
set_constant_flag(args[1]->const_item());
set_maybe_null();
return FALSE;
}
bool Item_func_json_query::fix_length_and_dec(THD *thd)
{
collation.set(args[0]->collation);
max_length= args[0]->max_length;
set_constant_flag(args[1]->const_item());
set_maybe_null();
return FALSE;
}
bool Json_path_extractor::extract(String *str, Item *item_js, Item *item_jp,
CHARSET_INFO *cs)
{
String *js= item_js->val_json(&tmp_js);
int error= 0;
int array_counters[JSON_DEPTH_LIMIT];
if (!parsed)
{
String *s_p= item_jp->val_str(&tmp_path);
if (s_p &&
json_path_setup(&p, s_p->charset(), (const uchar *) s_p->ptr(),
(const uchar *) s_p->ptr() + s_p->length()))
return true;
parsed= constant;
}
if (item_js->null_value || item_jp->null_value)
return true;
Json_engine_scan je(*js);
str->length(0);
str->set_charset(cs);
cur_step= p.steps;
continue_search:
if (json_find_path(&je, &p, &cur_step, array_counters))
return true;
if (json_read_value(&je))
return true;
if (je.value_type == JSON_VALUE_NULL)
return true;
if (unlikely(check_and_get_value(&je, str, &error)))
{
if (error)
return true;
goto continue_search;
}
return false;
}
bool Json_engine_scan::check_and_get_value_scalar(String *res, int *error)
{
CHARSET_INFO *json_cs;
const uchar *js;
uint js_len;
if (!json_value_scalar(this))
{
/* We only look for scalar values! */
if (json_skip_level(this) || json_scan_next(this))
*error= 1;
return true;
}
if (value_type == JSON_VALUE_TRUE ||
value_type == JSON_VALUE_FALSE)
{
json_cs= &my_charset_utf8mb4_bin;
js= (const uchar *) ((value_type == JSON_VALUE_TRUE) ? "1" : "0");
js_len= 1;
}
else
{
json_cs= s.cs;
js= value;
js_len= value_len;
}
return st_append_json(res, json_cs, js, js_len);
}
bool Json_engine_scan::check_and_get_value_complex(String *res, int *error,
json_value_types
cur_value_type)
{
if (json_value_scalar(this))
{
/* We skip scalar values. */
if (json_scan_next(this))
*error= 1;
return true;
}
const uchar *tmp_value= value;
if (json_skip_level(this))
{
*error= 1;
return true;
}
if (cur_value_type != JSON_VALUE_UNINITIALIZED &&
value_type != cur_value_type)
{
*error= 1;
return true;
}
res->set((const char *) value, (uint32)(s.c_str - tmp_value), s.cs);
return false;
}
bool Item_func_json_quote::fix_length_and_dec(THD *thd)
{
collation.set(&my_charset_utf8mb4_bin);
/*
Odd but realistic worst case is when all characters
of the argument turn into '\uXXXX\uXXXX', which is 12.
*/
fix_char_length_ulonglong((ulonglong) args[0]->max_char_length() * 12 + 2);
return FALSE;
}
String *Item_func_json_quote::val_str(String *str)
{
String *s= args[0]->val_str(&tmp_s);
if ((null_value= (args[0]->null_value ||
args[0]->result_type() != STRING_RESULT)))
return NULL;
str->length(0);
str->set_charset(&my_charset_utf8mb4_bin);
if (str->append('"') ||
st_append_escaped(str, s) ||
str->append('"'))
{
/* Report an error. */
null_value= 1;
return 0;
}
return str;
}
bool Item_func_json_unquote::fix_length_and_dec(THD *thd)
{
collation.set(&my_charset_utf8mb3_general_ci,
DERIVATION_CAST, MY_REPERTOIRE_ASCII);
max_length= args[0]->max_char_length() * collation.collation->mbmaxlen;
set_maybe_null();
return FALSE;
}
String *Item_func_json_unquote::read_json(json_engine_t *je)
{
String *js= args[0]->val_json(&tmp_s);
if ((null_value= args[0]->null_value))
return 0;
json_scan_start(je, js->charset(),(const uchar *) js->ptr(),
(const uchar *) js->ptr() + js->length());
if (json_read_value(je))
goto error;
return js;
error:
if (je->value_type == JSON_VALUE_STRING)
report_json_error(js, je, 0);
return js;
}
String *Item_func_json_unquote::val_str(String *str)
{
json_engine_t je;
int c_len;
String *js;
if (!(js= read_json(&je)))
return NULL;
if (unlikely(je.s.error) || je.value_type != JSON_VALUE_STRING)
return js;
str->length(0);
str->set_charset(&my_charset_utf8mb3_general_ci);
if (str->realloc_with_extra_if_needed(je.value_len) ||
(c_len= json_unescape(js->charset(),
je.value, je.value + je.value_len,
&my_charset_utf8mb3_general_ci,
(uchar *) str->ptr(), (uchar *) (str->ptr() + je.value_len))) < 0)
goto error;
str->length(c_len);
return str;
error:
report_json_error(js, &je, 0);
return js;
}
static int alloc_tmp_paths(THD *thd, uint n_paths,
json_path_with_flags **paths, String **tmp_paths)
{
if (n_paths > 0)
{
if (*tmp_paths == 0)
{
MEM_ROOT *root= thd->active_stmt_arena_to_use()->mem_root;
*paths= (json_path_with_flags *) alloc_root(root,
sizeof(json_path_with_flags) * n_paths);
*tmp_paths= new (root) String[n_paths];
if (*paths == 0 || *tmp_paths == 0)
return 1;
for (uint c_path=0; c_path < n_paths; c_path++)
(*tmp_paths)[c_path].set_charset(&my_charset_utf8mb3_general_ci);
}
return 0;
}
/* n_paths == 0 */
*paths= 0;
*tmp_paths= 0;
return 0;
}
static void mark_constant_paths(json_path_with_flags *p,
Item** args, uint n_args)
{
uint n;
for (n= 0; n < n_args; n++)
p[n].set_constant_flag(args[n]->const_item());
}
Item_json_str_multipath::~Item_json_str_multipath()
{
if (tmp_paths)
{
for (uint i= n_paths; i>0; i--)
tmp_paths[i-1].free();
}
}
bool Item_json_str_multipath::fix_fields(THD *thd, Item **ref)
{
if (!tmp_paths)
{
/*
Remember the number of paths and allocate required memory on first time
the method fix_fields() is invoked. For prepared statements the method
fix_fields can be called several times for the same item because its
clean up is performed every item a prepared statement finishing its
execution. In result, the data member fixed is reset and the method
fix_field() is invoked on next time the same prepared statement be
executed. On the other side, any memory allocations on behalf of
the prepared statement must be performed only once on its first execution.
The data member tmp_path is kind a guard to do these activities only once
on first time the method fix_field() is called.
*/
n_paths= get_n_paths();
if (alloc_tmp_paths(thd, n_paths, &paths, &tmp_paths))
return true;
}
#ifdef PROTECT_STATEMENT_MEMROOT
/*