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<section id="An-Informal-Introduction-to-Python">
<h1>An Informal Introduction to Python<a class="headerlink" href="#An-Informal-Introduction-to-Python" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Now that you have the Anaconda distribution of Python installed on your machine, let’s write some simple Python code! We are going to forego writing a full Python script for now, and instead make use of a convenient tool for doing quick code scratchwork. The IPython console was installed as a part of Anaconda; it will allow us to build incrementally off of snippets of code, instead of having to execute an entire script all at once.</p>
<p>Let’s open an IPython console. Open your terminal if you are a Mac/Linux user, or start <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd.exe</span></code> if you are a Windows user. Now type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipython</span></code> into the console and hit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><Enter></span></code>. You should see the following display on your screen:</p>
<p><img alt="IPython console example" src="../_images/ipython_0.PNG" /></p>
<p>We can type small pieces of Python code into this console, and then simply hit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><Enter></span></code> to have the CPython interpreter execute our code immediately within the IPython console!</p>
<p>Let’s acquaint ourselves with Python’s numbers, strings, and lists. In doing so, we will learn about the Python standard library, and how to make use of its modules, like the math module. IPython’s autocompletion and documentation-display utilities will provide a nice means for exploring the library and the functionality built into the different types of Python objects. A quick glimpse at Python’s strings and lists will hint at the common interface Python provides for working with sequences of
objects, while highlighting some of the nice features of these all-important data types.</p>
<section id="Dabbling-with-Numbers">
<h2>Dabbling with Numbers<a class="headerlink" href="#Dabbling-with-Numbers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Time to execute some Python code that performs simple arithmetic. Typing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">3</span></code> into the IPython console and hitting the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><ENTER></span></code> key, you should see the following input and output in the console:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
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5
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<p>This console session is persistent, meaning that we can define a variable and then reference it in our code later on within this console session. Let’s define the variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> and assign it to the integer <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10</span></code> (please follow along in the IPython console)</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
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<p>We can check the contents of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> in this console by simply entering <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> in the next line and hitting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><ENTER></span></code>:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span>
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10
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<p>Now, let’s use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> in a quadratic equation <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(x^{2} + 2x + 3\)</span>, and compute this total.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
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123
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<p>Python’s “standard library”, the various tools and functions that come packaged as part of the core language, includes plenty of familiar mathematical functions. As a matter of organization, Python stores these mathematical functions away in a module named “math”. To make use of this math module, we must import it into our code.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">math</span>
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<p>Having imported it, the term <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code> now refers to the math module in our code. IPython provides a nice way for us to see a list of all the functions that are provided by the math module. To utilize this, type into the console <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.</span></code> (note the trailing period) and then hit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><TAB></span></code>. You should see this list appear:</p>
<p><img alt="Displaying the contents of the math module" src="../_images/ipython_math.PNG" /></p>
<p>In general, hitting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><TAB></span></code> will cue IPython to try to autocomplete code for you. This menu displays all the valid things that you could type after <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.</span></code>. Looking at the functions starting with “s”, we see <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqrt()</span></code>. This is the square root function. To see autocompletion in action, type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.sq</span></code> and then hit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><TAB></span></code>. You should see the code autocomplete to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.sqrt</span></code>.</p>
<p>Let’s use this function to compute <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\sqrt{100}\)</span>:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
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10.0
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<p>You might wonder why the result displayed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10.0</span></code> and not simply as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10</span></code>; in Module 2 we will see that these are two different <em>types</em> of numbers in the Python language. The former is called a floating-point number, indicating the presence of its decimal point, whereas the latter is an integer. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.sqrt</span></code> function is defined such that it always returns its results as floating-point numbers.</p>
<p>In the case that we want to make frequent use of a certain function from the math module, it’d be nice to avoid having to type out the math module prefix, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.</span></code>, repeatedly. We can accomplish this by importing an individual function from the math module. Let’s import the factorial function from the math module.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">factorial</span>
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<p>We can now make use of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">factorial</span></code> function in our code. Recall that 5-factorial is <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(5! = 5\times 4\times 3\times 2\times 1 = 120\)</span></p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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120
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</section>
<section id="Messing-with-Strings">
<h2>Messing with Strings<a class="headerlink" href="#Messing-with-Strings" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In the context of code, written text is referred to as a string of characters, or string for short. Python is an excellent language for doing text-processing work as it provides many convenient, efficient functions for working with strings.</p>
<p>To begin, we simply form a string by typing characters between quotation marks:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">"the cat in the hat"</span>
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'the cat in the hat'
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<p>Single quotes also work:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s1">'the dog in the sash'</span>
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'the dog in the sash'
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<p>If you use single quotes to form a string, then that string is able to contain the double-quote as a character (and vice versa):</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s1">'He picked up the phone, "Hello? What do you want?" Bob was a rather impolite dude.'</span>
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'He picked up the phone, "Hello? What do you want?" Bob was a rather impolite dude.'
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<p>There are designated special characters that allow us to affect the way a string is formatted when it is printed to the string. For example, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\n</span></code> ever occurs in a string, it is treated as a single character that indicates a line-break. This will only manifest if such a string is fed to the built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> function, which informs the computer to print text to a user’s screen.</p>
<p>Let’s create a string that will display as three separate lines, when printed to the screen.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"I like to talk to dogs.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">I like to talk to cats.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">What's my deal?"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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I like to talk to dogs.
I like to talk to cats.
What's my deal?
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<p>Of course, strings are useful beyond merely containing text! Let’s explore some ways to manipulate strings. First, we’ll write a string and assign it to a variable named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sentence</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sentence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Who would have thought that we were robots all along?"</span>
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<p>Let’s see how many characters are in this string by checking the “length” of this sequence of characters:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="p">)</span>
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53
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<p>We can access the first 4 characters in the string, the last 6 characters, or a few characters in the middle by “slicing” the string:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span>
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'Who '
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:]</span>
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'along?'
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">22</span><span class="p">]</span>
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'ould have thought'
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<p>We can also check to see if some other string is contained within our string. Is the string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"robot"</span></code> contained within <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sentence</span></code>?</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">"robot"</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sentence</span>
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True
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<p>As a quick way to check out the built-in functions that strings have available to them, we can make use of IPython’s autocompletion feature once again. Type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sentence.</span></code> (including the trailing period) and then hit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><TAB></span></code>. A menu of functions should appear as so:</p>
<p><img alt="Built-in functions for a string" src="../_images/ipython_string.PNG" /></p>
<p>Let’s use the count function to tally the number of lowercase w’s in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sentence</span></code></p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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3
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<p>Let’s see what the replace function does. IPython provides a great utility for looking up the documentation for a function by simply putting two question marks after the function name. For example:</p>
<p><img alt="Looking up documentation for a function" src="../_images/ipython_doc1.PNG" /></p>
<p>Putting our newfound understanding of the string’s replace function, let’s replace “robot” with “computer”:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"robot"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"computer"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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'Who would have thought that we were computers all along?'
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</section>
<section id="Playing-with-Lists">
<h2>Playing with Lists<a class="headerlink" href="#Playing-with-Lists" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>A list is one of several types of containers that are built into Python’s standard library. It can hold a sequence of Python objects. We can create a list of numbers:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
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[-1, 0.3333333333333333, 20, 6]
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<p>A list can contain any type of Python object; it can store a mix of numbers, strings, other lists, and much more!</p>
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[1, 2, 'a', 0.5, 'apple and orange']
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<p>You can join lists together, which is known as concatenation.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"a"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"b"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"c"</span><span class="p">]</span>
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[1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c']
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<p>Like a string, a list is sequential in nature and we can access the items in a list by specifying its position in the sequence. This is known as “indexing” the list; the index of the first item in a sequence is always 0.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">my_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">]</span>
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10
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20
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<p>Negative integers can be used to index relative to the end (right-side) of the list.</p>
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60
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<p>You can change an entry in a list by assigning it to a new value.</p>
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False
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[10, -5, 30, 40, 50, 60]
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<p>We can also access multiple items in a list at once by slicing the list, like we did with the string.</p>
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[10, -5, 30]
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<p>This slice can be used to update the first three entries of the list</p>
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['a', 'b', 'c', 40, 50, 60]
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<p>To wrap up this quick demo, let’s append an new entry to the end of this list.</p>
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['a', 'b', 'c', 40, 50, 60, 'moo']
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