fix code snippets

Author: rsokl

docs/.doctrees/Module2_EssentialsOfPython/Basic_Objects.doctree

@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ <h4>Understanding Numerical Precision<a class="headerlink" href="#Understanding-
 value of that float. As such, attempting to modify a number in decimal
 places beyond its numerical precision does not have any effect:</p>
 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># changing a float beyond its precision has no effect</span>
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>  <span class="mf">1.</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1e-16</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="mf">1.</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1e-16</span>
 <span class="mf">1.0</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
@@ -604,6 +604,7 @@ <h4>Understanding Numerical Precision<a class="headerlink" href="#Understanding-
 we will check if their absolute difference is sufficiently small:</p>
 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># checking if two float values are &quot;almost equal&quot;</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">math</span>
+
 <span class="c1"># check:</span>
 <span class="c1"># | (0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 - 0.3) - 0 | &lt; 1x10^{-9}</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isclose</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mf">0.1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">0.1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">0.1</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mf">0.3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mf">0.</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">abs_tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1e-9</span><span class="p">)</span>
@@ -744,7 +745,7 @@ <h2>The Boolean Type<a class="headerlink" href="#The-Boolean-Type" title="Permal
 <span class="go">False</span>
 
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></code> type has additional utilities, which will be discussed in
@@ -858,7 +859,7 @@ <h3>Introducing the string type<a class="headerlink" href="#Introducing-the-stri
 <p>As the string stores a <em>sequence</em> of characters, Python provides a means
 for accessing individual characters and subsequences of characters from
 a string:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sentence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;The cat in the hat.</span>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sentence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;The cat in the hat.&quot;</span>
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
 <span class="go">&#39;T&#39;</span>
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sentence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
@@ -1054,6 +1055,7 @@ <h3>Lists can be “mutated”<a class="headerlink" href="#Lists-can-be-“mutat
 
 <span class="c1"># replace a subsequence of `y`</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">y</span>
 <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">]</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
@@ -1076,18 +1078,19 @@ <h3>Lists can be “mutated”<a class="headerlink" href="#Lists-can-be-“mutat
 based on its position in the list, or by specifying the item itself,
 respectively.</p>
 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;b&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;c&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;d&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+
 <span class="go"># pop the position-1 item out from a list</span>
 <span class="go"># `pop` will return the item that gets removed.</span>
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">&quot;b&quot;</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;b&#39;</span>
 
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">x</span>
 <span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;c&#39;, &#39;d&#39;]</span>
 
 <span class="go"># remove the object &quot;d&quot; from the list</span>
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;d&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">x</span>
-<span class="go">[&quot;a&quot;, &quot;c&quot;]</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;c&#39;]</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>

docs/.doctrees/Module2_EssentialsOfPython/ConditionalStatements.doctree

@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ <h3>Inline if-else statements<a class="headerlink" href="#Inline-if-else-stateme
 <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;a&quot;</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s2">&quot;b&quot;</span>
-<span class="s2">&quot;b</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>We will see this syntax shine when we learn about comprehension

docs/.doctrees/Module2_EssentialsOfPython/DataStructures.doctree

@@ -267,9 +267,11 @@ <h1>Data Structures (Part I): Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#Data-Stru
 membership in a list:</p>
 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># test for membership in a list</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;moo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># takes 295 nanoseconds on my machine</span>
+<span class="bp">False</span>
 
 <span class="c1"># test for membership in a set</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;moo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1"># takes 65 nanoseconds on my machine</span>
+<span class="bp">False</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>We get a 4.5x speedup in our membership test just by using a set instead

docs/.doctrees/Module2_EssentialsOfPython/Functions.doctree

@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ <h3>Specifying Arguments by Name<a class="headerlink" href="#Specifying-Argument
 also be named:</p>
 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># positional arguments cannot follow named arguments</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">is_bounded</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lower</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="c1"># error!</span>
+<span class="ne">SyntaxError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">positional</span> <span class="n">argument</span> <span class="n">follows</span> <span class="n">keyword</span> <span class="n">argument</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>

docs/.doctrees/Module2_EssentialsOfPython/Generators_and_Comprehensions.doctree

@@ -448,12 +448,15 @@ <h3>Storing generators<a class="headerlink" href="#Storing-generators" title="Pe
 reason, generators cannot be inspected in the same way that lists and
 other sequences can be. You <strong>cannot</strong> do the following:</p>
 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># you **cannot** do the following...</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">gen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">))</span>
 
 <span class="c1"># query the length of a generator</span>
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">generator</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># TypeError: object of type &#39;generator&#39; has no len()</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="s1">&#39;generator&#39;</span> <span class="n">has</span> <span class="n">no</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">()</span>
 
 <span class="c1"># index into a generator</span>
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">generator</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># TypeError: &#39;generator&#39; object is not subscriptable</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">gen</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;generator&#39;</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">subscriptable</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>The sole exception to this is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">range</span></code> generator, for which all of

docs/.doctrees/Module2_EssentialsOfPython/Itertools.doctree

@@ -236,16 +236,16 @@ <h1>Python’s “Itertools”<a class="headerlink" href="#Python’s-“Itertoo
 <div class="section" id="range">
 <h2><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">range</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#range" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
 <p>generate a sequence of integers in the specified “range”:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go"># will generate 0.. 1.. 2.. ... 8.. 9</span>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># will generate 0.. 1.. 2.. ... 8.. 9</span>
+<span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="enumerate">
 <h2><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">enumerate</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#enumerate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
 <p>“enumerate” the items in an iterable:</p>
-<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;apple&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;banana&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;cat&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;dog&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
-<span class="go"># will generate (0, &#39;apple&#39;).. (1, &#39;banana&#39;).. (2, &#39;cat&#39;).. (3, &#39;dog&#39;)]</span>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># will generate (0, &#39;apple&#39;).. (1, &#39;banana&#39;).. (2, &#39;cat&#39;).. (3, &#39;dog&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;apple&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;banana&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;cat&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;dog&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -257,8 +257,9 @@ <h2><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zip</span></code><a class="
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">exam_1_scores</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">82</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">79</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">87</span><span class="p">]</span>
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">exam_2_scores</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">95</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">84</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">72</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">91</span><span class="p">]</span>
 
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">names</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exam_1_scores</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exam_2_scores</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="go"># will generate (&#39;Angie&#39;, 90, 95).. (&#39;Brian&#39;, 82, 84).. (&#39;Cassie&#39;, 79, 72).. (&#39;David&#39;, 87, 91)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">names</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exam_1_scores</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exam_2_scores</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;zip at 0x20de1082608&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <hr class="docutils" />
@@ -274,17 +275,20 @@ <h2><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools.chain</span></cod
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iter_3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;moo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;cow&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
 <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iter_4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;him&quot;</span>
 
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span> <span class="n">chain</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">gen_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iter_3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iter_4</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="go"># will generate: 0.. 2.. 4.. 9.. 16.. 25.. &#39;moo&#39;.. &#39;cow&#39;.. &#39;h&#39;.. &#39;i&#39;.. &#39;m&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">chain</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">gen_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iter_3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iter_4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;itertools.chain at 0x20de109ec18&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="itertools.combinations">
 <h2><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools.combinations</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#itertools.combinations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
 <p>Generate all length-n “combinations” from an iterable:</p>
 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">itertools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">combinations</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">combinations</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># generate all length-3 combinations from [0, 1, 2, 3]</span>
+
 <span class="go"># will generate: (0, 1, 2).. (0, 1, 3).. (0, 2, 3).. (1, 2, 3)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">combinations</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># generate all length-3 combinations from [0, 1, 2, 3]</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;itertools.combinations at 0x20de10a7728&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>