cxx_extensions.cxx

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Copyright (c) 1998 - 2007, The Regents of the University of California
// Produced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
// All rights reserved.
//
// This file is part of PyCXX. For details,see http://cxx.sourceforge.net/. The
// full copyright notice is contained in the file COPYRIGHT located at the root
// of the PyCXX distribution.
//
// Redistribution  and  use  in  source  and  binary  forms,  with  or  without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
//  - Redistributions of  source code must  retain the above  copyright notice,
//    this list of conditions and the disclaimer below.
//  - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
//    this  list of  conditions  and  the  disclaimer (as noted below)  in  the
//    documentation and/or materials provided with the distribution.
//  - Neither the name of the UC/LLNL nor  the names of its contributors may be
//    used to  endorse or  promote products derived from  this software without
//    specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT  HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,  BUT NOT  LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR  PURPOSE
// ARE  DISCLAIMED.  IN  NO  EVENT  SHALL  THE  REGENTS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY OF
// CALIFORNIA, THE U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  ENERGY OR CONTRIBUTORS BE  LIABLE  FOR
// ANY  DIRECT,  INDIRECT,  INCIDENTAL,  SPECIAL,  EXEMPLARY,  OR CONSEQUENTIAL
// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT  LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF  SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
// SERVICES; LOSS OF  USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR  BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
// CAUSED  AND  ON  ANY  THEORY  OF  LIABILITY,  WHETHER  IN  CONTRACT,  STRICT
// LIABILITY, OR TORT  (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)  ARISING IN ANY  WAY
// OUT OF THE  USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
// DAMAGE.
//
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include "CXX/Extensions.hxx"
#include "CXX/Exception.hxx"

#include <assert.h>

#ifdef PYCXX_DEBUG
//
//  Functions useful when debugging PyCXX
//
void bpt( void )
{
}

void printRefCount( PyObject *obj )
{
    std::cout << "RefCount of 0x" << std::hex << reinterpret_cast< unsigned int >( obj ) << std::dec << " is " << Py_REFCNT( obj ) << std::endl;
}
#endif

namespace Py
{

void Object::validate()
{
    // release pointer if not the right type
    if( !accepts( p ) )
    {
#if defined( _CPPRTTI ) || defined( __GNUG__ )
        std::string s( "PyCXX: Error creating object of type " );
        s += (typeid( *this )).name();

        if( p != NULL )
        {
            String from_repr = repr();
            s += " from ";
            s += from_repr.as_std_string();
        }
        else
        {
            s += " from (nil)";
        }
#endif
        release();
        if( PyErr_Occurred() )
        { // Error message already set
            throw Exception();
        }
        // Better error message if RTTI available
#if defined( _CPPRTTI ) || defined( __GNUG__ )
        throw TypeError( s );
#else
        throw TypeError( "PyCXX: type error." );
#endif
    }
}

//================================================================================
//
//    Implementation of MethodTable
//
//================================================================================

PyMethodDef MethodTable::method( const char *method_name, PyCFunction f, int flags, const char *doc )
{
    PyMethodDef m;
    m.ml_name = const_cast<char *>( method_name );
    m.ml_meth = f;
    m.ml_flags = flags;
    m.ml_doc = const_cast<char *>( doc );
    return m;
}

MethodTable::MethodTable()
{
    t.push_back( method( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );
    mt = NULL;
}

MethodTable::~MethodTable()
{
    delete [] mt;
}

void MethodTable::add( const char *method_name, PyCFunction f, const char *doc, int flag )
{
    if( !mt )
    {
        t.insert( t.end()-1, method( method_name, f, flag, doc ) );
    }
    else
    {
        throw RuntimeError( "Too late to add a module method!" );
    }
}

PyMethodDef *MethodTable::table()
{
    if( !mt )
    {
        Py_ssize_t t1size = t.size();
        mt = new PyMethodDef[ t1size ];
        int j = 0;
        for( std::vector<PyMethodDef>::iterator i = t.begin(); i != t.end(); i++ )
        {
            mt[ j++ ] = *i;
        }
    }
    return mt;
}

//================================================================================
//
//    Implementation of ExtensionModule
//
//================================================================================
ExtensionModuleBase::ExtensionModuleBase( const char *name )
: m_module_name( name )
, m_full_module_name( __Py_PackageContext() != NULL ? std::string( __Py_PackageContext() ) : m_module_name )
, m_method_table()
//m_module_def
, m_module( NULL )
{}

ExtensionModuleBase::~ExtensionModuleBase()
{}

const std::string &ExtensionModuleBase::name() const
{
    return m_module_name;
}

const std::string &ExtensionModuleBase::fullName() const
{
    return m_full_module_name;
}

class ExtensionModuleBasePtr : public PythonExtension<ExtensionModuleBasePtr>
{
public:
    ExtensionModuleBasePtr( ExtensionModuleBase *_module )
    : module( _module )
    {}

    virtual ~ExtensionModuleBasePtr()
    {}

    ExtensionModuleBase *module;
};

void ExtensionModuleBase::initialize( const char *module_doc )
{
    memset( &m_module_def, 0, sizeof( m_module_def ) );

    m_module_def.m_name = const_cast<char *>( m_module_name.c_str() );
    m_module_def.m_doc = const_cast<char *>( module_doc );
    m_module_def.m_methods = m_method_table.table();
    // where does module_ptr get passed in?

    m_module = PyModule_Create( &m_module_def );
}

Py::Module ExtensionModuleBase::module( void ) const
{
    return Module( m_module );
}

Py::Dict ExtensionModuleBase::moduleDictionary( void ) const
{
    return module().getDict();
}

//================================================================================
//
//    Implementation of PythonType
//
//================================================================================
extern "C"
{
    static void standard_dealloc( PyObject *p );
    //
    // All the following functions redirect the call from Python
    // onto the matching virtual function in PythonExtensionBase
    //
    static int print_handler( PyObject *, FILE *, int );
    static PyObject *getattr_handler( PyObject *, char * );
    static int setattr_handler( PyObject *, char *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *getattro_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static int setattro_handler( PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *rich_compare_handler( PyObject *, PyObject *, int );
    static PyObject *repr_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *str_handler( PyObject * );
    static Py_hash_t hash_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *call_handler( PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *iter_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *iternext_handler( PyObject * );

    // Sequence methods
    static Py_ssize_t sequence_length_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *sequence_concat_handler( PyObject *,PyObject * );
    static PyObject *sequence_repeat_handler( PyObject *, Py_ssize_t );
    static PyObject *sequence_item_handler( PyObject *, Py_ssize_t );
    static int sequence_ass_item_handler( PyObject *, Py_ssize_t, PyObject * );

    // Mapping
    static Py_ssize_t mapping_length_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *mapping_subscript_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static int mapping_ass_subscript_handler( PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject * );

    // Numeric methods
    static PyObject *number_negative_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_positive_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_absolute_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_invert_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_int_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_float_handler( PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_add_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_subtract_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_multiply_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_remainder_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_divmod_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_lshift_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_rshift_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_and_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_xor_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_or_handler( PyObject *, PyObject * );
    static PyObject *number_power_handler( PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject * );

    // Buffer
    static int buffer_get_handler( PyObject *, Py_buffer *, int );
    static void buffer_release_handler( PyObject *, Py_buffer * );
}

extern "C" void standard_dealloc( PyObject *p )
{
    PyMem_DEL( p );
}

bool PythonType::readyType()
{
    return PyType_Ready( table ) >= 0;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportSequenceType()
{
    if( !sequence_table )
    {
        sequence_table = new PySequenceMethods;
        memset( sequence_table, 0, sizeof( PySequenceMethods ) );   // ensure new fields are 0
        table->tp_as_sequence = sequence_table;
        sequence_table->sq_length = sequence_length_handler;
        sequence_table->sq_concat = sequence_concat_handler;
        sequence_table->sq_repeat = sequence_repeat_handler;
        sequence_table->sq_item = sequence_item_handler;

        sequence_table->sq_ass_item = sequence_ass_item_handler;    // BAS setup seperately?
        // QQQ sq_inplace_concat
        // QQQ sq_inplace_repeat
    }
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportMappingType()
{
    if( !mapping_table )
    {
        mapping_table = new PyMappingMethods;
        memset( mapping_table, 0, sizeof( PyMappingMethods ) );   // ensure new fields are 0
        table->tp_as_mapping = mapping_table;
        mapping_table->mp_length = mapping_length_handler;
        mapping_table->mp_subscript = mapping_subscript_handler;
        mapping_table->mp_ass_subscript = mapping_ass_subscript_handler;    // BAS setup seperately?
    }
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportNumberType()
{
    if( !number_table )
    {
        number_table = new PyNumberMethods;
        memset( number_table, 0, sizeof( PyNumberMethods ) );   // ensure new fields are 0
        table->tp_as_number = number_table;
        number_table->nb_add = number_add_handler;
        number_table->nb_subtract = number_subtract_handler;
        number_table->nb_multiply = number_multiply_handler;
        number_table->nb_remainder = number_remainder_handler;
        number_table->nb_divmod = number_divmod_handler;
        number_table->nb_power = number_power_handler;
        number_table->nb_negative = number_negative_handler;
        number_table->nb_positive = number_positive_handler;
        number_table->nb_absolute = number_absolute_handler;
        number_table->nb_invert = number_invert_handler;
        number_table->nb_lshift = number_lshift_handler;
        number_table->nb_rshift = number_rshift_handler;
        number_table->nb_and = number_and_handler;
        number_table->nb_xor = number_xor_handler;
        number_table->nb_or = number_or_handler;
        number_table->nb_int = number_int_handler;
        number_table->nb_float = number_float_handler;

        // QQQ lots of new methods to add
    }
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportBufferType()
{
    if( !buffer_table )
    {
        buffer_table = new PyBufferProcs;
        memset( buffer_table, 0, sizeof( PyBufferProcs ) );   // ensure new fields are 0
        table->tp_as_buffer = buffer_table;
        buffer_table->bf_getbuffer = buffer_get_handler;
        buffer_table->bf_releasebuffer = buffer_release_handler;
    }
    return *this;
}

// if you define one sequence method you must define
// all of them except the assigns

PythonType::PythonType( size_t basic_size, int itemsize, const char *default_name )
: table( new PyTypeObject )
, sequence_table( NULL )
, mapping_table( NULL )
, number_table( NULL )
, buffer_table( NULL )
{
    // PyTypeObject is defined in <python-sources>/Include/object.h

    memset( table, 0, sizeof( PyTypeObject ) );   // ensure new fields are 0
    *reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>( table ) = py_object_initializer;
    reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>( table )->ob_type = _Type_Type();
    // QQQ table->ob_size = 0;
    table->tp_name = const_cast<char *>( default_name );
    table->tp_basicsize = basic_size;
    table->tp_itemsize = itemsize;

    // Methods to implement standard operations
    table->tp_dealloc = (destructor)standard_dealloc;
    table->tp_print = 0;
    table->tp_getattr = 0;
    table->tp_setattr = 0;
    table->tp_repr = 0;

    // Method suites for standard classes
    table->tp_as_number = 0;
    table->tp_as_sequence = 0;
    table->tp_as_mapping =  0;

    // More standard operations (here for binary compatibility)
    table->tp_hash = 0;
    table->tp_call = 0;
    table->tp_str = 0;
    table->tp_getattro = 0;
    table->tp_setattro = 0;

    // Functions to access object as input/output buffer
    table->tp_as_buffer = 0;

    // Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features
    table->tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT;

    // Documentation string
    table->tp_doc = 0;

    table->tp_traverse = 0;

    // delete references to contained objects
    table->tp_clear = 0;

    // Assigned meaning in release 2.1
    // rich comparisons
    table->tp_richcompare = 0;
    // weak reference enabler
    table->tp_weaklistoffset = 0;

    // Iterators
    table->tp_iter = 0;
    table->tp_iternext = 0;

    // Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff
    table->tp_methods = 0;
    table->tp_members = 0;
    table->tp_getset = 0;
    table->tp_base = 0;
    table->tp_dict = 0;
    table->tp_descr_get = 0;
    table->tp_descr_set = 0;
    table->tp_dictoffset = 0;
    table->tp_init = 0;
    table->tp_alloc = 0;
    table->tp_new = 0;
    table->tp_free = 0;     // Low-level free-memory routine
    table->tp_is_gc = 0;    // For PyObject_IS_GC
    table->tp_bases = 0;
    table->tp_mro = 0;      // method resolution order
    table->tp_cache = 0;
    table->tp_subclasses = 0;
    table->tp_weaklist = 0;
    table->tp_del = 0;

    // Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6
    table->tp_version_tag = 0;

#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
    table->tp_alloc = 0;
    table->tp_free = 0;
    table->tp_maxalloc = 0;
    table->tp_orev = 0;
    table->tp_next = 0;
#endif
}

PythonType::~PythonType()
{
    delete table;
    delete sequence_table;
    delete mapping_table;
    delete number_table;
    delete buffer_table;
}

PyTypeObject *PythonType::type_object() const
{
    return table;
}

PythonType &PythonType::name( const char *nam )
{
    table->tp_name = const_cast<char *>( nam );
    return *this;
}

const char *PythonType::getName() const
{
    return table->tp_name;
}

PythonType &PythonType::doc( const char *d )
{
    table->tp_doc = const_cast<char *>( d );
    return *this;
}

const char *PythonType::getDoc() const
{
    return table->tp_doc;
}

PythonType &PythonType::set_tp_dealloc( void (*tp_dealloc)( PyObject *self ) )
{
    table->tp_dealloc = tp_dealloc;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::set_tp_init( int (*tp_init)( PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds ) )
{
    table->tp_init = tp_init;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::set_tp_new( PyObject *(*tp_new)( PyTypeObject *subtype, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds ) )
{
    table->tp_new = tp_new;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::set_methods( PyMethodDef *methods )
{
    table->tp_methods = methods;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportClass()
{
    table->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE;
    return *this;
}

#ifdef PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3
PythonType &PythonType::supportPrint()
{
    table->tp_print = print_handler;
    return *this;
}
#endif

PythonType &PythonType::supportGetattr()
{
    table->tp_getattr = getattr_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportSetattr()
{
    table->tp_setattr = setattr_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportGetattro()
{
    table->tp_getattro = getattro_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportSetattro()
{
    table->tp_setattro = setattro_handler;
    return *this;
}

#ifdef PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3
PythonType &PythonType::supportCompare( void )
{
    return *this;
}
#endif


PythonType &PythonType::supportRichCompare()
{
    table->tp_richcompare = rich_compare_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportRepr()
{
    table->tp_repr = repr_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportStr()
{
    table->tp_str = str_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportHash()
{
    table->tp_hash = hash_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportCall()
{
    table->tp_call = call_handler;
    return *this;
}

PythonType &PythonType::supportIter()
{
    table->tp_iter = iter_handler;
    table->tp_iternext = iternext_handler;
    return *this;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//    Handlers
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PythonExtensionBase *getPythonExtensionBase( PyObject *self )
{
    if( self->ob_type->tp_flags&Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE )
    {
        PythonClassInstance *instance = reinterpret_cast<PythonClassInstance *>( self );
        return instance->m_pycxx_object;
    }
    else
    {
        return static_cast<PythonExtensionBase *>( self );
    }
}

#ifdef PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3
extern "C" int print_handler( PyObject *self, FILE *fp, int flags )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->print( fp, flags );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}
#endif

extern "C" PyObject *getattr_handler( PyObject *self, char *name )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->getattr( name ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" int setattr_handler( PyObject *self, char *name, PyObject *value )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->setattr( name, Py::Object( value ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *getattro_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *name )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->getattro( Py::String( name ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" int setattro_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *name, PyObject *value )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->setattro( Py::String( name ), Py::Object( value ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *rich_compare_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other, int op )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->rich_compare( Py::Object( other ), op ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *repr_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->repr() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *str_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->str() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" Py_hash_t hash_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->hash();
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *call_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        if( kw != NULL )
            return new_reference_to( p->call( Py::Object( args ), Py::Object( kw ) ) );
        else
            return new_reference_to( p->call( Py::Object( args ), Py::Object() ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *iter_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->iter() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *iternext_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->iternext();  // might be a NULL ptr on end of iteration
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}


// Sequence methods
extern "C" Py_ssize_t sequence_length_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->sequence_length();
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *sequence_concat_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->sequence_concat( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *sequence_repeat_handler( PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t count )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->sequence_repeat( count ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *sequence_item_handler( PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t index )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->sequence_item( index ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" int sequence_ass_item_handler( PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t index, PyObject *value )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->sequence_ass_item( index, Py::Object( value ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

// Mapping
extern "C" Py_ssize_t mapping_length_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->mapping_length();
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *mapping_subscript_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *key )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->mapping_subscript( Py::Object( key ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" int mapping_ass_subscript_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *key, PyObject *value )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->mapping_ass_subscript( Py::Object( key ), Py::Object( value ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

// Number
extern "C" PyObject *number_negative_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_negative() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_positive_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_positive() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_absolute_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_absolute() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_invert_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_invert() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_int_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_int() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_float_handler( PyObject *self )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_float() );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_add_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_add( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_subtract_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_subtract( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_multiply_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_multiply( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_remainder_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_remainder( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_divmod_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_divmod( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_lshift_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_lshift( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_rshift_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_rshift( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_and_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_and( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_xor_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_xor( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_or_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *other )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_or( Py::Object( other ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *number_power_handler( PyObject *self, PyObject *x1, PyObject *x2 )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return new_reference_to( p->number_power( Py::Object( x1 ), Py::Object( x2 ) ) );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return NULL;    // indicate error
    }
}

// Buffer
extern "C" int buffer_get_handler( PyObject *self, Py_buffer *buf, int flags )
{
    try
    {
        PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
        return p->buffer_get( buf, flags );
    }
    catch( Py::Exception & )
    {
        return -1;    // indicate error
    }
}

extern "C" void buffer_release_handler( PyObject *self, Py_buffer *buf )
{
    PythonExtensionBase *p = getPythonExtensionBase( self );
    p->buffer_release( buf );
    // NOTE: No way to indicate error to Python
}

//================================================================================
//
//    Implementation of PythonExtensionBase
//
//================================================================================
#define missing_method( method ) \
    throw RuntimeError( "Extension object missing implement of " #method );

PythonExtensionBase::PythonExtensionBase()
{
    ob_refcnt = 0;
}

PythonExtensionBase::~PythonExtensionBase()
{
    assert( ob_refcnt == 0 );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name )
{
    Py::TupleN args;
    return  self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1 );
    return  self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2, const Py::Object &arg3 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2, arg3 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2, const Py::Object &arg3,
                                            const Py::Object &arg4 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2, const Py::Object &arg3,
                                            const Py::Object &arg4, const Py::Object &arg5 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2, const Py::Object &arg3,
                                            const Py::Object &arg4, const Py::Object &arg5, const Py::Object &arg6 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2, const Py::Object &arg3,
                                            const Py::Object &arg4, const Py::Object &arg5, const Py::Object &arg6,
                                            const Py::Object &arg7 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2, const Py::Object &arg3,
                                            const Py::Object &arg4, const Py::Object &arg5, const Py::Object &arg6,
                                            const Py::Object &arg7, const Py::Object &arg8 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::callOnSelf( const std::string &fn_name,
                                            const Py::Object &arg1, const Py::Object &arg2, const Py::Object &arg3,
                                            const Py::Object &arg4, const Py::Object &arg5, const Py::Object &arg6,
                                            const Py::Object &arg7, const Py::Object &arg8, const Py::Object &arg9 )
{
    Py::TupleN args( arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8, arg9 );
    return self().callMemberFunction( fn_name, args );
}

void PythonExtensionBase::reinit( Tuple &args, Dict &kwds )
{
    throw RuntimeError( "Must not call __init__ twice on this class" );
}


Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::genericGetAttro( const Py::String &name )
{
    return asObject( PyObject_GenericGetAttr( selfPtr(), name.ptr() ) );
}

int PythonExtensionBase::genericSetAttro( const Py::String &name, const Py::Object &value )
{
    return PyObject_GenericSetAttr( selfPtr(), name.ptr(), value.ptr() );
}

#ifdef PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3
int PythonExtensionBase::print( FILE *, int )
{
    missing_method( print );
    return -1;
}
#endif

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::getattr( const char * )
{
    missing_method( getattr );
    return Py::None();
}

int PythonExtensionBase::setattr( const char *, const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( setattr );
    return -1;
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::getattro( const Py::String &name )
{
    return asObject( PyObject_GenericGetAttr( selfPtr(), name.ptr() ) );
}

int PythonExtensionBase::setattro( const Py::String &name, const Py::Object &value )
{
    return PyObject_GenericSetAttr( selfPtr(), name.ptr(), value.ptr() );
}


int PythonExtensionBase::compare( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( compare );
    return -1;
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::rich_compare( const Py::Object &, int )
{
    missing_method( rich_compare );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::repr()
{
    missing_method( repr );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::str()
{
    missing_method( str );
    return Py::None();
}

Py_hash_t PythonExtensionBase::hash()
{
    missing_method( hash );
    return -1; }


Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::call( const Py::Object &, const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( call );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::iter()
{
    missing_method( iter );
    return Py::None();
}

PyObject *PythonExtensionBase::iternext()
{
    missing_method( iternext );
    return NULL; }



// Sequence methods
int PythonExtensionBase::sequence_length()
{
    missing_method( sequence_length );
    return -1; }


Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::sequence_concat( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( sequence_concat );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::sequence_repeat( Py_ssize_t )
{
    missing_method( sequence_repeat );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::sequence_item( Py_ssize_t )
{
    missing_method( sequence_item );
    return Py::None();
}

int PythonExtensionBase::sequence_ass_item( Py_ssize_t, const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( sequence_ass_item );
    return -1;
}


// Mapping
int PythonExtensionBase::mapping_length()
{
    missing_method( mapping_length );
    return -1;
}


Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::mapping_subscript( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( mapping_subscript );
    return Py::None();
}

int PythonExtensionBase::mapping_ass_subscript( const Py::Object &, const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( mapping_ass_subscript );
    return -1;
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_negative()
{
    missing_method( number_negative );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_positive()
{
    missing_method( number_positive );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_absolute()
{
    missing_method( number_absolute );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_invert()
{
    missing_method( number_invert );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_int()
{
    missing_method( number_int );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_float()
{
    missing_method( number_float );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_long()
{
    missing_method( number_long );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_add( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_add );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_subtract( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_subtract );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_multiply( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_multiply );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_remainder( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_remainder );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_divmod( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_divmod );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_lshift( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_lshift );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_rshift( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_rshift );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_and( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_and );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_xor( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_xor );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_or( const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_or );
    return Py::None();
}

Py::Object PythonExtensionBase::number_power( const Py::Object &, const Py::Object & )
{
    missing_method( number_power );
    return Py::None();
}


// Buffer
int PythonExtensionBase::buffer_get( Py_buffer *buf, int flags )
{
    missing_method( buffer_get );
    return -1;
}

int PythonExtensionBase::buffer_release( Py_buffer *buf )
{
    /* This method is optional and only required if the buffer's
       memory is dynamic. */
    return 0;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//    Method call handlers for
//        PythonExtensionBase
//        ExtensionModuleBase
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Note: Python calls noargs as varargs buts args==NULL
extern "C" PyObject *method_noargs_call_handler( PyObject *_self_and_name_tuple, PyObject * )
{
    try
    {
        Tuple self_and_name_tuple( _self_and_name_tuple );

        PyObject *self_in_cobject = self_and_name_tuple[0].ptr();
        void *self_as_void = PyCapsule_GetPointer( self_in_cobject, NULL );
        if( self_as_void == NULL )
            return NULL;

        ExtensionModuleBase *self = static_cast<ExtensionModuleBase *>( self_as_void );

        Object result( self->invoke_method_noargs( PyCapsule_GetPointer( self_and_name_tuple[1].ptr(), NULL ) ) );

        return new_reference_to( result.ptr() );
    }
    catch( Exception & )
    {
        return 0;
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *method_varargs_call_handler( PyObject *_self_and_name_tuple, PyObject *_args )
{
    try
    {
        Tuple self_and_name_tuple( _self_and_name_tuple );

        PyObject *self_in_cobject = self_and_name_tuple[0].ptr();
        void *self_as_void = PyCapsule_GetPointer( self_in_cobject, NULL );
        if( self_as_void == NULL )
            return NULL;

        ExtensionModuleBase *self = static_cast<ExtensionModuleBase *>( self_as_void );
        Tuple args( _args );
        Object result
                (
                self->invoke_method_varargs
                    (
                    PyCapsule_GetPointer( self_and_name_tuple[1].ptr(), NULL ),
                    args
                    )
                );

        return new_reference_to( result.ptr() );
    }
    catch( Exception & )
    {
        return 0;
    }
}

extern "C" PyObject *method_keyword_call_handler( PyObject *_self_and_name_tuple, PyObject *_args, PyObject *_keywords )
{
    try
    {
        Tuple self_and_name_tuple( _self_and_name_tuple );

        PyObject *self_in_cobject = self_and_name_tuple[0].ptr();
        void *self_as_void = PyCapsule_GetPointer( self_in_cobject, NULL );
        if( self_as_void == NULL )
            return NULL;

        ExtensionModuleBase *self = static_cast<ExtensionModuleBase *>( self_as_void );

        Tuple args( _args );

        if( _keywords == NULL )
        {
            Dict keywords;    // pass an empty dict

            Object result
                (
                self->invoke_method_keyword
                    (
                    PyCapsule_GetPointer( self_and_name_tuple[1].ptr(), NULL ),
                    args,
                    keywords
                    )
                );

            return new_reference_to( result.ptr() );
        }
        else
        {
            Dict keywords( _keywords ); // make dict

            Object result
                    (
                    self->invoke_method_keyword
                        (
                        PyCapsule_GetPointer( self_and_name_tuple[1].ptr(), NULL ),
                        args,
                        keywords
                        )
                    );

            return new_reference_to( result.ptr() );
        }
    }
    catch( Exception & )
    {
        return 0;
    }
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//    ExtensionExceptionType
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ExtensionExceptionType::ExtensionExceptionType()
    : Py::Object()
{
}

void ExtensionExceptionType::init( ExtensionModuleBase &module, const std::string& name )
{
    std::string module_name( module.fullName() );
    module_name += ".";
    module_name += name;

    set( PyErr_NewException( const_cast<char *>( module_name.c_str() ), NULL, NULL ), true );
}

void ExtensionExceptionType::init( ExtensionModuleBase &module, const std::string& name, ExtensionExceptionType &parent )
 {
     std::string module_name( module.fullName() );
     module_name += ".";
     module_name += name;

    set( PyErr_NewException( const_cast<char *>( module_name.c_str() ), parent.ptr(), NULL ), true );
}

ExtensionExceptionType::~ExtensionExceptionType()
{
}

Exception::Exception( ExtensionExceptionType &exception, const std::string& reason )
{
    PyErr_SetString( exception.ptr(), reason.c_str() );
}

Exception::Exception( ExtensionExceptionType &exception, Object &reason )
{
    PyErr_SetObject( exception.ptr(), reason.ptr() );
}

Exception::Exception( PyObject *exception, Object &reason )
{
    PyErr_SetObject( exception, reason.ptr() );
}

#if 1
//------------------------------------------------------------
// compare operators
bool operator!=( const Long &a, const Long &b )
{
    return a.as_long() != b.as_long();
}

bool operator!=( const Long &a, int b )
{
    return a.as_long() != b;
}

bool operator!=( const Long &a, long b )
{
    return a.as_long() != b;
}

bool operator!=( int a, const Long &b )
{
    return a != b.as_long();
}

bool operator!=( long a, const Long &b )
{
    return a != b.as_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator==( const Long &a, const Long &b )
{
    return a.as_long() == b.as_long();
}

bool operator==( const Long &a, int b )
{
    return a.as_long() == b;
}

bool operator==( const Long &a, long b )
{
    return a.as_long() == b;
}

bool operator==( int a, const Long &b )
{
    return a == b.as_long();
}

bool operator==( long a, const Long &b )
{
    return a == b.as_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator>( const Long &a, const Long &b )
{
    return a.as_long() > b.as_long();
}

bool operator>( const Long &a, int b )
{
    return a.as_long() > b;
}

bool operator>( const Long &a, long b )
{
    return a.as_long() > b;
}

bool operator>( int a, const Long &b )
{
    return a > b.as_long();
}

bool operator>( long a, const Long &b )
{
    return a > b.as_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator>=( const Long &a, const Long &b )
{
    return a.as_long() >= b.as_long();
}

bool operator>=( const Long &a, int b )
{
    return a.as_long() >= b;
}

bool operator>=( const Long &a, long b )
{
    return a.as_long() >= b;
}

bool operator>=( int a, const Long &b )
{
    return a >= b.as_long();
}

bool operator>=( long a, const Long &b )
{
    return a >= b.as_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator<( const Long &a, const Long &b )
{
    return a.as_long() < b.as_long();
}

bool operator<( const Long &a, int b )
{
    return a.as_long() < b;
}

bool operator<( const Long &a, long b )
{
    return a.as_long() < b;
}

bool operator<( int a, const Long &b )
{
    return a < b.as_long();
}

bool operator<( long a, const Long &b )
{
    return a < b.as_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator<=( const Long &a, const Long &b )
{
    return a.as_long() <= b.as_long();
}

bool operator<=( int a, const Long &b )
{
    return a <= b.as_long();
}

bool operator<=( long a, const Long &b )
{
    return a <= b.as_long();
}

bool operator<=( const Long &a, int b )
{
    return a.as_long() <= b;
}

bool operator<=( const Long &a, long b )
{
    return a.as_long() <= b;
}

#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
//------------------------------
bool operator!=( const Long &a, PY_LONG_LONG b )
{
    return a.as_long_long() != b;
}

bool operator!=( PY_LONG_LONG a, const Long &b )
{
    return a != b.as_long_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator==( const Long &a, PY_LONG_LONG b )
{
    return a.as_long_long() == b;
}

bool operator==( PY_LONG_LONG a, const Long &b )
{
    return a == b.as_long_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator>( const Long &a, PY_LONG_LONG b )
{
    return a.as_long_long() > b;
}

bool operator>( PY_LONG_LONG a, const Long &b )
{
    return a > b.as_long_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator>=( const Long &a, PY_LONG_LONG b )
{
    return a.as_long_long() >= b;
}

bool operator>=( PY_LONG_LONG a, const Long &b )
{
    return a >= b.as_long_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator<( const Long &a, PY_LONG_LONG b )
{
    return a.as_long_long() < b;
}

bool operator<( PY_LONG_LONG a, const Long &b )
{
    return a < b.as_long_long();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator<=( const Long &a, PY_LONG_LONG b )
{
    return a.as_long_long() <= b;
}

bool operator<=( PY_LONG_LONG a, const Long &b )
{
    return a <= b.as_long_long();
}
#endif
#endif

//------------------------------------------------------------
// compare operators
bool operator!=( const Float &a, const Float &b )
{
    return a.as_double() != b.as_double();
}

bool operator!=( const Float &a, double b )
{
    return a.as_double() != b;
}

bool operator!=( double a, const Float &b )
{
    return a != b.as_double();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator==( const Float &a, const Float &b )
{
    return a.as_double() == b.as_double();
}

bool operator==( const Float &a, double b )
{
    return a.as_double() == b;
}

bool operator==( double a, const Float &b )
{
    return a == b.as_double();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator>( const Float &a, const Float &b )
{
    return a.as_double() > b.as_double();
}

bool operator>( const Float &a, double b )
{
    return a.as_double() > b;
}

bool operator>( double a, const Float &b )
{
    return a > b.as_double();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator>=( const Float &a, const Float &b )
{
    return a.as_double() >= b.as_double();
}

bool operator>=( const Float &a, double b )
{
    return a.as_double() >= b;
}

bool operator>=( double a, const Float &b )
{
    return a >= b.as_double();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator<( const Float &a, const Float &b )
{
    return a.as_double() < b.as_double();
}

bool operator<( const Float &a, double b )
{
    return a.as_double() < b;
}

bool operator<( double a, const Float &b )
{
    return a < b.as_double();
}

//------------------------------
bool operator<=( const Float &a, const Float &b )
{
    return a.as_double() <= b.as_double();
}

bool operator<=( double a, const Float &b )
{
    return a <= b.as_double();
}

bool operator<=( const Float &a, double b )
{
    return a.as_double() <= b;
}

}    // end of namespace Py