React in 1000 words

The goal of this guide is to be able to familiarize with ReactJS.

You'd probably have a better time here by being already familiar with JS and ES6, but I wrote this to be easily digested by anyone who has a bit of programming background.

Intro

React is a library for building user interfaces: think of it as an easy way to build a view with clicks and interactions.

The core of React starts with components, which are plain classes:

class LoginForm extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <form>
        <input type="text" />
        <input type="password" />
        <input type="submit" />
      </form>
    )
  }
}

When React runs, it will look for a render method in your component and lay the HTML out based on what tags are returned by the method: in this case, we're going to be creating a form with 2 text inputs and a submit button.

Interactions

In order to add some interaction to our component, we need to introduce a concept called state: React components have some state that's used to keep track of what's happening in the UI.

Let's add some silly validation on our login form, by making sure the user enters a password longer than 5 characters. To do so, React asks us to initialize our component with some initial state:

class LoginForm extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props)

    this.state = {
      password: ''
    }
  }

  ...
}

Now, don't worry about understanding what those props are -- we'll get back at them later on. For now the most important thing is to know that if we want to manage state in our component we should initialize a state property in the component's constructor and assign values there.

If we want to change the state, we can use this.setState({...}) and React will patch the existing state:

class LoginForm extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props)

    this.state = {
      password: ''
    }
  }

  render() {    
    return (
      <form>
        <input type="text" />
        <input type="text" value={this.state.password} onChange={e => this.setState({password: e.target.value})} />
        <input type="submit" />
      </form>
    )
  }
}

As you see, we're now binding the value of the password field to this.state.password and, whenever the user types on the input, we update the state.

When the state changes, React is smart enough to call the render method again, thus updating the UI (try typing in this fiddle). This is a very important concept in React: when state changes, the component re-renders.

Note you can't just do this.state.password = e.target.value, as React forces you to use the setState method so that it can "see" that the state has changed: if you were to update the state directly, React would have no visibility on the change.

Let's "finalize" our example by handling the submit action:

class LoginForm extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props)

    this.state = {
      password: ''
    }
  }

  onSubmit(e) {
    if (this.state.password.length < 5) {
      e.preventDefault()
      alert('oooops')
    }

    // Happy path code...
  }

  render() {    
    return (
      <form onSubmit={this.onSubmit}>
        <input type="text" />
        <input type="text" value={this.state.password} onChange={e => this.setState({password: e.target.value})} />
        <input type="submit" />
      </form>
    )
  }
}

As you see, you can define interactions with inline functions:

onChange={e => this.setState({password: e.target.value})}

as well as component methods:

onSubmit={this.onSubmit }

The differences between the 2 are subtle -- don't worry about them now.

Components altogether

To build your UI, you will want to integrate multiple components together.

Let's build a simple view that presents 2 login forms, one for regular users and one for admins:

class MyView extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <LoginForm />
        <LoginForm />
      </div>
    )
  }
}

Ouch, that was easy! In order to include components in other components you can simply "embed" them as HTML / XML tags: we have 2 forms now!

Now, you remember how I told you earlier to forget about those "props"? Let's get back to them!

Say that we want to make sure the UI clearly states the forms are for different users, we can "tag" our components with different attributes:

class MyView extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <LoginForm role="regular" />
        <LoginForm role="admin" />
      </div>
    )
  }
}

and in our LoginForm we can access these "tags" via the props, which is a shortcut for "component's properties", or "properties", or "props":

class LoginForm extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props)

    ...
  }

  render() {    
    return (
      <form onSubmit={e => this.onSubmit(e)}>
        <div>
          This is the form for the {this.props.role} user
        </div>

        ...
      </form>
    )
  }
}

Et voila!

Let's say the props are something we inherit from our parent component (some sort of external initialization parameters), whereas the state is something that belongs to the component only.

As I said earlier, changing the state triggers a re-render of our component, but React is smart enough to trigger a re-render when the props change as well:

class MyView extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props)

    this.state = {
      adminName: "admin"
    }

    setTimeout(_ => {
    	this.setState({adminName: 'cthulhu'})
    }, 1000)
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <LoginForm role="regular" />
        <LoginForm role={this.state.adminName} />
      </div>
    )
  }
}

As simple as that!

Lifecycle methods

As we saw, React takes advantage of your components implementing some "common" method, like render. There are quite a few more methods you can implement in your components that will be used by React -- let's call them lifecycle methods since they run at different stages of the component's lifecycle.

The only method I want to mention here is shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState), which allows you to decide whether the component should trigger a re-render when it receives new props (the parent changes) or new state (via this.setState({...})):

shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState) {
  if (this.state.adminName === nextState.adminName) {
    alert('avoided a re-render')
    return false
  }

  return true
}

You can see it in action here.

Why did I decide to mention it? Using shouldComponentUpdate effectively translates in good performance optimizations, since you can avoid re-rendering your components. More on this in the links at the bottom of this guide.

You are now equipped with enough to start writing your first React app: let me just add a couple more paragraphs to clarify some things.

Not only web

I'd like to stress on the fact that, in my opinion, React is an approach more than a library: the idea is that you have re-usable components that a library (React) renders and manages, while you focus on how your components live & interact with each other.

Our examples run on the browser, but the React team has been working on renderers for mobile applications and VR browsers among others.

At the end of the day what changes is how to render what's returned by the render method, but everything else (the component's lifecycle & inner workings) stays the same across platforms.

...what now?

We barely scratched the surface, but you should be good to go and build your first React app. A few pointers for the curious ones:

a primer on virtual DOM, which is a great performance optimization React popularized
what's this weird XML in the render function? Meet JSX!
React's top-level API
how to embed a component inside another component tag? Meet this.props.children!
re-rendering is sometimes expensive, so you should consider using pure components and immutable objects
remember when I said the differences between using methods and inline functions is subtle? This article will give you a good overview

~/projects/react-in-1000-words$ pandoc README.md | lynx -stdin -dump | wc -w
1274

Ok, I cheated a bit...

odino/react-in-1000-words

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