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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description" content="Green Unicorn (Gunicorn) is a Python WSGI server that runs Python web application code.">
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<title>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn) - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</h1>
<p><a href="http://gunicorn.org/">Green Unicorn</a>, commonly shortened to "Gunicorn",
is a <a href="/wsgi-servers.html">Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) server</a>
implementation that is commonly used to run Python web applications.</p>
<p><a href="http://gunicorn.org/" style="border: none;"><img src="/img/gunicorn-logo.jpg" width="100%" alt="Official Green Unicorn (Gunicorn) logo." class="technical-diagram"></a></p>
<h2>Why is Gunicorn important?</h2>
<p>Gunicorn is one of many WSGI server implementations, but it's particularly
important because it is a stable, commonly-used part of
<a href="/deployment.html">web app deployments</a> that's powered some of the
largest Python-powered web applications in the world, such as
<a href="http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/13649370142/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances">Instagram</a>.</p>
<p>Gunicorn implements the
<a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/">PEP3333 WSGI server standard specification</a>
so that it can run Python web applications that implement the application
interface. For example, if you write a web application with a
<a href="/web-frameworks.html">web framework</a> such as <a href="/django.html">Django</a>,
<a href="/flask.html">Flask</a> or <a href="/bottle.html">Bottle</a>, then your application
implements the WSGI specification. </p>
<div class="well see-also">Gunicorn is an implementation of the <a href="/wsgi-servers.html">WSGI servers</a> concept. Learn how these pieces fit together in the <a href="/deployment.html">deployment</a> chapter or view the <a href="/table-of-contents.html">table of contents</a> for all topics.</div>
<h2>How does Gunicorn know how to run my web app?</h2>
<p>Gunicorn knows how to run a web application based on the hook between the
WSGI server and the WSGI-compliant web app.</p>
<p>Here is an example of a typical Django web application and how it is run
by Gunicorn. We'll use the
<a href="https://github.com/makaimc/compare-python-web-frameworks/tree/master/django_defaults">django_defaults</a>
as an example Django project. Within the <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/compare-python-web-frameworks/tree/master/django_defaults/django_defaults">django_defaults</a>
project subdirectory, there is a short <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/compare-python-web-frameworks/blob/master/django_defaults/django_defaults/wsgi.py">wsgi.py</a>
file with the following contents:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd">WSGI config for django_defaults project.</span>
<span class="sd">It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.</span>
<span class="sd">For more information on this file, see</span>
<span class="sd">https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/howto/deployment/wsgi/</span>
<span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.core.wsgi</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">get_wsgi_application</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setdefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"django_defaults.settings"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">application</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_wsgi_application</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>That <code>wsgi.py</code> file was generated by the <code>django-admin.py startproject</code> command
when the Django project was first created. Django exposes an <code>application</code>
variable via that <code>wsgi.py</code> file so that a WSGI server can use <code>application</code>
as a hook for running the web app. Here's how the situation looks visually:</p>
<p><img src="/img/gunicorn-django-wsgi.png" alt="Gunicorn WSGI server invoking a Django WSGI application." width="100%" class="technical-diagram" /></p>
<h2>What's a "pre-fork" worker model?</h2>
<p>Gunicorn is based on a pre-fork worker model, compared to a worker model
architecture. The pre-work worker model means that a master thread spins up
workers to handle requests but otherwise does not control how those workers
perform the request handling. Each worker is independent of the controller.</p>
<h3>Gunicorn resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>There are three framework-specific posts on the
<a href="/blog.html">Full Stack Python blog</a> for configuring Gunicorn for
development on Ubuntu: </p>
<ol>
<li><a href="/blog/python-3-django-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html">Setting up Python 3, Django and Gunicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html">How to set up Python 3, Flask and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/python-3-bottle-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html">Configuring Python 3, Bottle and Gunicorn for Development on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://vxlabs.com/2015/12/08/gunicorn-as-your-django-development-server/">gunicorn as your Django development server</a>
is a short post with a few good tips on using Gunicorn for local
application development.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments</a>
provides detailed step-by-step instructions for deploying Gunicorn as part
of an entire Python web application deployment.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://prakhar.me/articles/flask-on-nginx-and-gunicorn/">Flask on Nginx and Gunicorn</a>
combines the <a href="/nginx.html">Nginx web server</a> with Gunicorn in a deployment
to serve up a Flask application.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The answers to the question "<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16857955/running-django-with-gunicorn-best-practice">what's the best practice for running Django with Gunicorn?</a>"
provide some nuance for how Gunicorn should be invokin the callable
application variable provided by Django within a deployment.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-django-gunicorn-nginx-freebsd-10-2/">How to Install Django with Gunicorn and Nginx on FreeBSD 10.2</a>
is a tutorial for FreeBSD, which is not often used in walkthroughs compared
to the frequency that Ubuntu and CentOS tutorials appear.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.philchen.com/2015/08/08/how-to-make-a-scalable-python-web-app-using-flask-and-gunicorn-nginx-on-ubuntu-14-04">How to make a Scalable Python Web App using Flask, Gunicorn, NGINX on Ubuntu 14.04</a>
and
<a href="https://github.com/defshine/flaskblog/wiki/Deploy-Flask-App-on-Ubuntu(Virtualenv-Gunicorn-Nginx-Supervisor)">Deploy a Flask App on Ubuntu</a>
both provide steps for setting up a Flask web app using Gunicorn. There
isn't much explanation provided with each tutorial but they can still be
good concise references in case you're having issues with Ubuntu.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/wsgi/gunicorn/">Django</a>
and <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/deploying/wsgi-standalone/">Flask</a>
documentation each contain instructions for deploying the respective
frameworks with Gunicorn.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://gist.github.com/Atem18/4696071">Set up Django, Nginx and Gunicorn in a Virtualenv controled by Supervisor</a>
is a GitHub Gist with some great explanations for why we're setting up
virtualenv and what to watch out for while you're doing the deployment.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Integration</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Creation</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 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Meta</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>About the Author</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</h3></div>
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Major updates are tweeted via
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a> <a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a>
<a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a>
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