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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Nginx is a commonly deployed web server that also functions well as a reverse proxy for WSGI Python web apps.">
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<title>Nginx - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>Nginx</h1>
<p>Nginx is the
<a href="http://w3techs.com/technologies/cross/web_server/ranking">second most common web server among the top 100,000 websites</a>. Nginx also functions well as a
reverse proxy to handle requests and pass back responses for Python
<a href="/wsgi-servers.html">WSGI servers</a> or even other web servers such as Apache.</p>
<p><img src="/img/web-servers-map.png" width="100%" alt="Python web application deployments rely on Nginx either as a web server or reverse proxy for WSGI servers." class="technical-diagram" /></p>
<div class="well see-also">Nginx is an implementation of the <a href="/web-servers.html">web server</a> concept. Learn how these pieces fit together in the <a href="/deployment.html">deployment</a> chapter or view the <a href="/table-of-contents.html">table of contents</a> for all topics.</div>
<h2>Should I use Nginx or the Apache HTTP Server?</h2>
<p>Let's be clear about these two "competing" servers: they are both fantastic
open source projects and either will serve your web application deployment
well. In fact, many of the top global web applications use both servers in
their deployments to function in many steps throughout the HTTP
request-response cycle.</p>
<p>I personally use Nginx more frequently than Apache because Nginx's
configuration feel easier to write, with less boilerplate than alternatives.</p>
<p>There's also a bit of laziness in the usage: Nginx works well, it never causes
me problems. So I stick with my battle-tested
Ansible <a href="/configuration-management.html">configuration management</a> files
that set up Nginx with HTTPS and SSL/TLS certificates </p>
<h2>Securing Nginx</h2>
<p>Nginx's default configuration after a standard installation through a
system package manager or compiling from source is a good base for security.
However, setting up ciphers and redirects can be confusing the first few
times you try it. It's a really good idea to read some of these tutorials
to make sure you are avoiding the most common security errors that plague
HTTP(S) configurations.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.airport-parking-shop.co.uk/blog/hacker-news-broke-site-nginx-pagespeed-fixed-problem/">Hacker News broke our site – how Nginx and PageSpeed fixed the problem</a>
is primarily about optimizing Nginx's configuration for more efficient
SSL connections. The post also covers
<a href="/configuration-management.html">configuration management</a> with Ansible
as well as the Pagespeed module that Google released for both Nginx
and the <a href="/apache-http-server.html">Apache HTTP Server</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://letsecure.me/secure-web-deployment-with-lets-encrypt-and-nginx/">Secure Web Deployment with Let's Encrypt and Nginx</a>
is a detailed walkthrough for setting up HTTPS under Ubuntu 14.04 with
Nginx.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-secure-nginx-on-ubuntu-14-04">How To Secure Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04</a>
explains SSL configurations and IP address blacklisting then provides
several other tutorials for more advanced security modules.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/Strong_SSL_Security_On_nginx.html">Strong SSL Security on Nginx</a>
shows how to mitigate high profile SSL attacks like
<a href="https://weakdh.org/">Logjam</a>,
<a href="http://heartbleed.com/">Heartbleed</a>
and <a href="https://freakattack.com/">FREAK</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>General Nginx resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://www.aosabook.org/en/nginx.html">Nginx chapter</a> in the
<a href="http://www.aosabook.org/en/index.html">Architecture of Open Source Applications book</a>
has a great chapter devoted to why Nginx is built to scale a certain way
and lessons learned along the development journey.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://nginx.com/blog/inside-nginx-how-we-designed-for-performance-scale/">Inside Nginx: How we designed for performance and scale</a>
is a blog post from the developers behind Nginx on why they believe their
architecture model is more performant and scalable than other approaches
used to build web servers.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://gdstechnology.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/25/test-driving-web-server-configuration/">Test-driving web server configuration</a>
is a good story for how to iteratively apply configuration changes, such
as routing traffic to <a href="http://piwik.org/">Piwik</a> for
<a href="/web-analytics.html">web analytics</a>, reverse proxying to backend
application servers and terminately TLS connections appropriately.
It is impressive to read a well-written softare development article like
this from a government agency, although UK's Government Digital Service as
well as USA's 18F and US Digital Service foster a far more credible
culture than most typical agencies.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://carrot.is/coding/nginx_introduction">Nginx for Developers: An Introduction</a>
provides the first steps to getting an initial Nginx configuration up and
running. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://arstechnica.com/business/2011/11/a-faster-web-server-ripping-out-apache-for-nginx/">A faster Web server: ripping out Apache for Nginx</a>
explains how Nginx can be used instead of Apache in some cases for
better performance.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-vs-apache-our-view/">Nginx vs Apache: Our view</a>
is a first-party perspective written by the developers behind Nginx
as to the differences between the web servers.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://lincolnloop.com/blog/rate-limiting-nginx/">Rate Limiting with Nginx</a>
covers how to mitigate against brute force password guessing attempts using
Nginx rate limits.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://tenzer.dk/nginx-with-dynamic-upstreams/">Nginx with dynamic upstreams</a>
is an important note for setting up your upstream WSGI server(s) if you're
using Nginx as a reverse proxy with hostnames that change.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://serversforhackers.com/nginx-caching/">Nginx Caching</a> shows how
to set up Nginx for caching HTTP requests, which is often done by Varnish
but can also be handled by Nginx with the <code>proxy_cache</code> and related
directives.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://articles.slicehost.com/nginx">Nginx web server tutorials</a> are oldies
but goodies on setting up previous versions of Nginx. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://benwilber.github.io/nginx/syslog/logging/2015/08/26/dynamic-log-formats-in-nginx.html">Dynamic log formats in nginx</a>
explains how to use the HttpSetMiscModule module to transform variables
in Nginx and map input to controlled output in the logs. The author uses
this technique for pixel tracking but there are other purposes this method
could be used for such as advanced debugging. </p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Continue learning about web servers or move to a new topic?</h3>
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Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Integration</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Creation</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 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Meta</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>About the Author</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Nginx</h3></div>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a> <a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Nginx</a>
<a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a>
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