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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="A static site generator combines a markup language with a templating engine to produce HTML files. Learn more on Full Stack Python.">
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<title>Static Site Generators - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>Static Site Generator</h1>
<p>A static website generator combines a markup language, such as Markdown
or reStructuredText, with a templating engine such as
<a href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/">Jinja</a>, to produce HTML
files. The HTML files can be hosted and served by a
<a href="/web-servers.html">web server</a> or
<a href="/static-content.html">content delivery network (CDN)</a>
<em>without</em> any additional dependencies such as a
<a href="/wsgi-servers.html">WSGI server</a>.</p>
<h2>Why are static site generators useful?</h2>
<p><a href="/static-content.html">Static content files</a> such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript
can be served from a content delivery network (CDN) for high scale and low
cost. If a statically generated website is hit by high concurrent traffic it
will be easily served by the CDN without dropped connections. </p>
<p>For example, when
<a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7985692">Full Stack Python was on the top of Hacker News</a>
for a weekend, <a href="https://pages.github.com/">GitHub Pages</a> was used as a CDN
to serve the site and didn't have any issues even with close to 400
concurrent connections at a time, as shown in the following Google Analytics
screenshot captured during that traffic burst.</p>
<p><img src="/img/hacker-news-traffic.jpg" width="100%" alt="Example of how static websites scale with a CDN based on Full Stack Python on Hacker News front page traffic." class="technical-diagram"></p>
<h2>How do static website generators work?</h2>
<p>Static site generators allow a user to create HTML files by writing in a
markup language and coding template files. The static site generator then
combines the markup language and templates to produce HTML. The output HTML
does not need to be maintained by hand because it is regenerated every time
the markup or templates are modified.</p>
<p>For example, as shown in the diagram below, the Pelican static site
generator can take in reStructuredText files and Jinja2 template files
as input then combine them to output a set of static HTML files.</p>
<p><img src="/img/pelican-flow.jpg" width="100%" alt="Example of how static site generators work with a markup language and templates." class="technical-diagram"></p>
<h2>What's the downside of using static site generators?</h2>
<p>The major downside is that code cannot be executed after a site is created.
You are stuck with the output files so if you're used to building web
applications with a traditional <a href="/web-frameworks.html">web framework</a> you'll
have to change your expectations. </p>
<p>Content that is typically powered by a database, such as comments, sessions
and user data can only be handled through third party services. For example,
if you want to have comments on a static website you'd need to
<a href="https://disqus.com/">embed Disqus's form</a> and be completely reliant upon
their service.</p>
<p>Many web applications simply cannot be built with only a static site generator.
However, a static website generator can create part of a site that will be
served up by a web server while other pages are handled by the WSGI server.
If done right, those web applications have the potential to scale better than
if every page is rendered by the WSGI server. The complexity may or may not be
worth it for your specific application.</p>
<h2>Python implementations</h2>
<p>Numerous static website generators exist in many different languages. The
ones listed here are primarily coded in Python.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.getpelican.com/">Pelican</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/getpelican/pelican">source code</a>)
is a commonly used Python static website generator which is used to create
<a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.com">Full Stack Python</a>. The
primary templating engine is Jinja and Markdown, reStructuredText and
AsciiDoc are supported with the default configuration.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.mkdocs.org/">MkDocs</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/mkdocs/mkdocs/">source code</a>) uses a YAML configuration
file to take Markdown files and an optional theme to output a documentation
site. The templating engine is Jinja, but a user doesn't have to create her
own templates unless a custom site is desired at which point it might make
more sense to use a different static site generator instead.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://getnikola.com/">Nikola</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/getnikola/nikola">source code</a>) takes in
reStructuredText, Markdown or Jupyter (IPython) Notebooks and combines
the files with Mako or Jinja2 templates to output static sites. It is
compatible with both Python 2.7 and 3.3+. Python 2.7 will be dropped
in early 2016 while Python 3.3+ will continue to be supported.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://posativ.org/acrylamid/">Acrylamid</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/posativ/acrylamid">source code</a>) uses incremental
builds to generate static sites faster than recreating every page after
each change is made to the input files.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://hyde.github.io/">Hyde</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/hyde/hyde">source code</a>) started out as a Python
rewrite of the popular Ruby-based
<a href="http://jekyllrb.com/">Jekyll static site generator</a>. Today the project
has moved past those "clone Jekyll" origins. Hyde supports Jinja as well
as other templating languages and places more emphasis on metadata within
the markup files to instruct the generator how to produce the output files.
Check out the
<a href="https://github.com/hyde/hyde/wiki/Hyde-Powered">Hyde-powered websites</a>
page to see live examples created with Hyde.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://growsdk.org/">Grow SDK</a> (<a href="http://growsdk.org/">source code</a>)
uses projects, known as pods, which contain a specific file and directory
structure so the site can be generated. The project remains in the
"experimental" phase.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.getlektor.com/">Lektor</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/lektor/lektor">source code</a>) is a Python static
content management system that can deploy to any webserver. It uses
<a href="/jinja2.html">Jinja2</a> as a <a href="/template-engines.html">template engine</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://complexity.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Complexity</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/audreyr/complexity">source code</a>) is a site generator
for users who like to work in HTML. It uses HTML for templating but
has some functionality from Jinja for inheritance. Works with
Python 2.6+, 3.3+ and PyPy.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Cactus (<a href="https://github.com/koenbok/Cactus/">source code</a>) uses the Django
templating engine that was originally built with front-end designers in
mind. It works with both Python 2.x and 3.x.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Open source Python static site generator examples</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>This site is
<a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.com">all open source in its own GitHub repository</a>
under the MIT license. Fork away!</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tomchristie/django-rest-framework/tree/master/docs">Django REST Framework</a>
uses MkDocs to create its documentation site. Be sure to take a look at the
<a href="https://github.com/tomchristie/django-rest-framework/blob/master/mkdocs.yml">mkdocs.yml file</a>
to see how large, well-written docs are structured for that project.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.vlent.nl/">Practicing web development</a> uses Acrylamid to create
its site. The code is
<a href="https://github.com/markvl/www.vlent.nl">open source on GitHub</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://loadays.org/">Linux Open Admin Days (Loadsys)</a> has their
<a href="https://github.com/loadays/pelican-site">site open source and available for viewing</a>. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://jakevdp.github.io/">Pythonic Perambulations</a> blog has a fairly
standard theme but is
<a href="https://github.com/jakevdp/PythonicPerambulations">also open source on GitHub</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Static site generator resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.notionsandnotes.org/tech/web-development/pelican-static-blog-setup.html">The Long Road to Building a Static Blog with Pelican</a>
is a fantastic read that really gets into the details throughout the
walkthrough. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.staticgen.com/">Staticgen</a> lists static website generators
of all programming languages sorted by various attributes such as the
number of GitHub stars, forks and issues.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://wsvincent.com/static-site-hosting-with-s3-and-cloudflare/">Static site hosting with S3 and Cloudflare</a>
shows how to set up an S3 bucket with Cloudflare in front as a CDN that
serves the content with HTTPS. You should be able to accomplish roughly
the same situation with Amazon Cloudfront, but as a Cloudflare user I
like their service for these static site configurations.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/introduction-to-pelican.html">Getting Started with Pelican and GitHub Pages</a>
is a tutorial I wrote for getting up and running with Full Stack Python's
source code, which uses Pelican to generate the site.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The title is a big grandiose, but there's some solid detail in this article
on
<a href="http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/modern-static-website-generators-next-big-thing/">why static website generators are the next big thing</a>.
I'd argue static website generators have been big for a long time now.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Static site generators can be used for a range of websites from side
projects up to big sites. This blog post by
<a href="http://engineering.wework.com/engineering/2015/12/08/why-wework-com-uses-a-static-generator-and-why-you-should-too/">WeWork on why they use a static site generator</a>
explains it from the perspective of a large business.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/introduction-to-pelican.html">Getting started with Pelican and GitHub pages</a>
is a tutorial I wrote to use the Full Stack Python source code to create
and deploy your first static site.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://razius.com/articles/ditching-wordpress-and-becoming-one-of-the-cool-kids/">Ditching Wordpress and becoming one of the cool kids</a>
is one developer's experience moving away from Wordpress and onto
Pelican with reStructuredText for his personal blog.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What else do you want to learn about Python web dev?</h3>
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Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Integration</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Creation</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 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Meta</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>About the Author</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a> <a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Static Site Generators</a>
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