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<title>Web Application Security - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>Web Application Security</h1>
<p>Website security must be thought about while building every level of the web
stack. However, this section includes topics that deserve particular
treatment, such as cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, cross-site
request forgery and usage of public-private keypairs.</p>
<h2>Security open source projects</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.bro.org/">Bro</a> is a network security and traffic monitor.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/marshyski/quick-secure">quick NIX secure script</a> for
securing Linux distributions.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/CISOfy/lynis">lynis</a> is a really cool security audit
tool that can be run as a shell script on a Linux system to find out
its vulnerabilities so that you can fix them instead of allowing them
to be exploited by malicious actors.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>HTTPS resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://robertheaton.com/2014/03/27/how-does-https-actually-work/">How does HTTPS actually work?</a>
is a well-written overview of the protocol including certificates,
signatures, signing and related topics.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>These
<a href="https://18f.gsa.gov/2015/07/16/introduction-to-https-webinar/">introduction to HTTPS</a>
videos explain what HTTPS is and how to implement it.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This question asking <a href="http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/5126/whats-the-difference-between-ssl-tls-and-https">what is the difference between TLS and SSL?</a>
explains that TLS is a newer version of SSL and should be used because
SSL through version 3.0 is insecure.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you have wondered what all the SSL/TLS acronyms and settings mean,
read the
<a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS">Security/Server Side TLS guide</a>
which Mozilla uses to operationalize its servers.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you're having users submit sensitive information to your site you need
to use SSL/TLS. Anything before TLS is now insecure. Check out this
<a href="http://wingolog.org/archives/2014/10/17/ffs-ssl">handy guide</a> that goes
over some of the nuances of the subject.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://hynek.me/talks/tls/">The Sorry State of SSL</a> details the
history and evolution of SSL/TLS. There are important differences between
the versions and Hynek explains why TLS should always be used. The
talk prompted work to improve Python's SSL in 2.7.9 based on the upgrades
in Python 3 outlined in
<a href="https://developer.rackspace.com/blog/the-not-so-sorry-state-of-ssl-in-python/">The not-so-sorry state of SSL in Python</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.hartleybrody.com/https-certificates/">How HTTPS Secures Connections</a>
is a guide for what HTTPS does and does not secure against.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://erik.io/blog/2013/06/08/a-basic-guide-to-when-and-how-to-deploy-https/">When and How to Deploy HTTPS</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.moserware.com/2009/06/first-few-milliseconds-of-https.html">The first few milliseconds of an HTTPS connection</a>
provides a detailed look at the SSL handshake process that is implemented
by browsers based on the <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2818">RFC 2818</a>
specification.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/">Qualy SSL Server Test</a> can be used to
determine what's in place and what is missing for your server's HTTPS
connection. Once you run the test read this article on
<a href="https://sethvargo.com/getting-an-a-plus-on-qualys-ssl-labs-tester/">Getting an A+ on Qualy's SSL Labs Tester</a>
to improve your situation.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>General security resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) has
<a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cheat_Sheets">cheat sheets for security</a>
topics.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This page contains a
<a href="http://dfir.org/?q=node/8/">fantastic curated list of security reading material</a>
from beginning to advanced topics.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/netsec/">/r/netsec</a> subreddit is one place to
go to learn more about network and application security.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://gexos.github.io/Hacking-Tools-Repository/">Hacking Tools Repository</a>
is a great list of password cracking, scanning, sniffing and other security
penetration testing tools.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.andrewault.net/2010/05/17/securing-an-ubuntu-server/">Securing an Ubuntu Server</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://joshrendek.com/2013/01/securing-ubuntu/">Securing Ubuntu</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/misc/security_tips.html">Security Tips from Apache</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://spenserj.com/blog/2013/07/15/securing-a-linux-server/">Securing a Linux Server</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The EFF has a well written overview on
<a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/11/what-makes-good-security-audit">what makes a good security audit</a>. It's broad but contains some of their behind the
scenes thinking on important considerations with security audits.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Ars Technica wrote posts on
<a href="http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/02/securing-your-website-a-tough-job-but-someones-got-to-do-it/">securing your website</a>
along with <a href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/11/how-to-set-up-a-safe-and-secure-web-server/">how to set up a safe and secure web server: part 1</a>
and <a href="http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/securing-your-web-server-with-ssltls/">part 2</a>
to explain HTTPS and SSL without much required pre-existing knowledge.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.crypto101.io/">Crypto 101</a> is an introductory course on
cryptography for programmers.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://getprismatic.com/story/1409447605839">An in-depth analysis of SSH attacks on Amazon EC2</a>
shows how important it is to secure your web servers, especially when they are
hosted in IP address ranges that are commonly scanned by malicious actors.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.infoq.com/articles/cloud-security-auditing-challenges-and-emerging-approaches">Cloud Security Auditing: Challenges and Emerging Approaches</a>
is a high-level overview of some of security auditing problems that come
with cloud deployments.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Wondering how the common buffer overflow attack works? Check out this
<a href="http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/how-security-flaws-work-the-buffer-overflow/">article on buffer overflows</a>
that explains the attack in layman's terms.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/7-security-measures-to-protect-your-servers">7 Security Measures to Protect Your Servers</a>
provides a good overview of the fundamentals for how servers should be
configured for baseline security.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>As you're developing on Linux, you'll want to read and follow this
<a href="https://github.com/lfit/itpol/blob/master/linux-workstation-security.md">Linux workstation security</a>
document to make sure your code and environment are not compromised.
If you're on Mac OS X, check out this
<a href="https://github.com/drduh/OS-X-Yosemite-Security-and-Privacy-Guide">securing Yosemite guide</a>
which covers that environment.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.moses.io/2015/09/tls-and-server-hardening-post-nginx/">TLS and Nginx Web Server Hardening</a>
explains a secure server configuration for the Nginx web server.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/10/new-attacks-on-network-time-protocol-can-defeat-https-and-create-chaos/">Timing attacks are one form of vulnerability</a>
that can be used to defeat HTTPS in certain configurations. Understanding
how those attacks work is important in keeping your users' connections
secure.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Web security learning checklist</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Read and understand the major web application security flaws that are
commonly exploited by malicious actors. These include cross-site request
forgery (CSRF), cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection and session
hijacking. The
<a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2013-Top_10">OWASP top 10 web application vulnerabilities list</a>
is a great place to get an overview of these topics.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Determine how the framework you've chosen mitigates these vulnerabilities.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Ensure your code implements the mitigation techniques for your framework. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Think like an attacker and actively work to break into your own system.
If you do not have enough experience to confidently break the security
consider hiring a known white hat attacker. Have her break the
application's security, report the easiest vulnerabilities to exploit in
your app and help implement protections against those weaknesses.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Recognize that no system is ever totally secure. However, the more popular
an application becomes the more attractive a target it is to attackers.
Reevaluate your web application security on a frequent basis.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>What web development topic do you want to learn about next?</h3>
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<p class="under-btn">I want to learn more about app users via web analytics.</p> </div>
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<p class="under-btn">How do I integrate existing web APIs into my application?</p> </div>
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Introduction</a><a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Learning Programming</a><a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Why Use Python?</a><a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Python 2 or 3?</a><a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Enterprise Python</a><a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Best Python Resources</a><a href="/best-python-videos.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Best Python Videos</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/vim.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Vim</a><a href="/emacs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Emacs</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/generators.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Generators</a><a href="/comprehensions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Comprehensions</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Frameworks</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Other Web Frameworks</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Design</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>JavaScript</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>WebSockets</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Template Engines</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Application Security</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Static Site Generators</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Jinja2</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Relational Databases</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>NoSQL Data Stores</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Object-relational Mappers</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>SQLite</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Integration</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Creation</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Servers</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Platform-as-a-Service</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Operating Systems</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Servers</a><a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>WSGI Servers</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Source Control</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Application Dependencies</a><a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Static Content</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Task Queues</a><a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Configuration Management</a><a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Continuous Integration</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Logging</a><a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Monitoring</a><a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Analytics</a><a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Docker</a><a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Caching</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Microservices</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>DevOps</a><a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Nginx</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Apache HTTP Server</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Caddy</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Unit Testing</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Integration Testing</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Code Metrics</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Debugging</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Bots</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>About the Author</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Web Application Security</h3></div>
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Major updates are tweeted via
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Need more detailed tutorials than you see here?
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">Learn more about The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book.</a>
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<h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Chapters</a></h3>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a> <a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Web Application Security</a>
<a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a>
2016
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