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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<section id="the-python-tutorial">
<span id="tutorial-index"></span><h1>Python 教學<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-tutorial" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h1>
<p>Python 是一種易學、功能強大的程式語言。它有高效能的高階資料結構，也有簡單但有效的方法去實現物件導向程式設計。Python 優雅的語法和動態型別，結合其直譯特性，使它成為眾多領域和大多數平臺上，撰寫腳本和快速開發應用程式的理想語言。</p>
<p>使用者可以自由且免費地從 Python 官網上 (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a>) 取得各大平台上用的 Python 直譯器和標準函式庫，下載其源碼或二進位形式執行檔，同時，也可以將其自由地散佈。另外，Python 官網也提供了許多自由且免費的第三方 Python 模組、程式與工具、以及額外說明文件，有興趣的使用者，可在官網上找到相關的發行版本與連結網址。</p>
<p>使用 C 或 C++（或其他可被 C 呼叫的程式語言），可以很容易在 Python 直譯器內新增功能函式及資料型別。同時，對可讓使用者自製功能的應用程式來說，Python 也適合作為其擴充用介面語言 (extension language)。</p>
<p>這份教學將簡介 Python 語言與系統的基本概念及功能。除了閱讀之外、實際用 Python 直譯器寫程式跑範例，將有助於學習。但如果只用讀的，也是可行的學習方式，因為所有範例的內容皆獨立且完整。</p>
<p>若想了解 Python 標準物件和模組的描述，請參閱 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)</span></a>。在 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 語言參考手冊</span></a> 中，你可以學到 Python 語言更正規的定義。想用 C 或 C++ 寫延伸套件 (extensions) 的讀者，請閱讀 <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">擴充和嵌入 Python 直譯器</span></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API 參考手冊</span></a> 。此外，市面上也能找到更深入的 Python 學習書。</p>
<p>這份教學中，我們不會介紹每一個功能，甚至，也不打算介紹完每一個常用功能。取而代之，我們的重心將放在介紹 Python 中最值得一提的那些功能，幫助你了解 Python 語言的特色與風格。讀完教學後，你將有能力閱讀和撰寫 Python 模組與程式，也做好進一步學習 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)</span></a> 中各類型的 Python 函式庫模組的準備。</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#glossary"><span class="std std-ref">術語表</span></a> 頁面也值得細讀。</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appetite.html">1. 淺嘗滋味</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html">2. 使用 Python 直譯器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. 啟動直譯器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. 傳遞引數</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. 互動模式</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. 直譯器與它的環境</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. 原始碼的字元編碼 (encoding)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html">3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. 把 Python 當作計算機使用</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. 數字 (Number)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#text">3.1.2. 文字</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#lists">3.1.3. List（串列）</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. 初探程式設計的前幾步</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html">4. 深入了解流程控制</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code> 函式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements">4.4. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code> 和 <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#else-clauses-on-loops">4.5. 迴圈的 <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> 子句</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.6. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#match-statements">4.7. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">match</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.8. 定義函式 (function)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.9. 深入了解函式定義</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.9.1. 預設引數值</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.9.2. 關鍵字引數</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#special-parameters">4.9.3. 特殊參數</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#positional-or-keyword-arguments">4.9.3.1. 位置或關鍵字引數 (Positional-or-Keyword Arguments)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#positional-only-parameters">4.9.3.2. 僅限位置參數 (Positional-Only Parameters)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#keyword-only-arguments">4.9.3.3. 僅限關鍵字引數 (Keyword-Only Arguments)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#function-examples">4.9.3.4. 函式範例</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#recap">4.9.3.5. 回顧</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.9.4. 任意引數列表 (Arbitrary Argument Lists)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.9.5. 拆解引數列表（Unpacking Argument Lists）</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.9.6. Lambda 運算式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.9.7. 說明文件字串 (Documentation Strings)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#function-annotations">4.9.8. 函式註釋 (Function Annotations)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.10. 間奏曲：程式碼風格 (Coding Style)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html">5. 資料結構</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. 進一步了解 List（串列）</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. 將 List 作為 Stack（堆疊）使用</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. 將 List 作為 Queue（佇列）使用</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions（串列綜合運算）</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. 巢狀的 List Comprehensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples 和序列 (Sequences)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#sets">5.4. 集合 (Sets)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. 字典（Dictionary）</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. 迴圈技巧</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. 深入了解條件 (Condition)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. 序列和其他資料類型之比較</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">6. 模組 (Module)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. 深入了解模組</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. 把模組當作腳本執行</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. 模組的搜尋路徑</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. 「編譯」Python 檔案</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. 標準模組</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> 函式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages">6.4. 套件 (Package)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. 從套件中 import *</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. 套件內引用</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. 多目錄中的套件</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html">7. 輸入和輸出</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. 更華麗的輸出格式</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. 格式化的字串文本 (Formatted String Literals)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#the-string-format-method">7.1.2. 字串的 format() method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#manual-string-formatting">7.1.3. 手動格式化字串</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.4. 格式化字串的舊方法</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. 讀寫檔案</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. 檔案物件的 method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. 使用 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> 儲存結構化資料</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">8. 錯誤和例外</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. 語法錯誤 (Syntax Error)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#exceptions">8.2. 例外 (Exception)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. 處理例外</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. 引發例外</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#exception-chaining">8.5. 例外鏈接 (Exception Chaining)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.6. 使用者自定的例外</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.7. 定義清理動作</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.8. 預定義的清理動作</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#raising-and-handling-multiple-unrelated-exceptions">8.9. 引發及處理多個無關的例外</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#enriching-exceptions-with-notes">8.10. 用註解使例外更詳細</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html">9. Class（類別）</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. 關於名稱與物件的一段話</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python 作用域 (Scope) 及命名空間 (Namespace)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. 作用域和命名空間的範例</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. 初見 class</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class definition（類別定義）語法</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class 物件</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. 實例物件</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method 物件</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class 及實例變數</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. 隨意的備註</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#inheritance">9.5. 繼承 (Inheritance)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. 多重繼承</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#private-variables">9.6. 私有變數</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html">10. Python 標準函式庫概覽</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#operating-system-interface">10.1. 作業系統介面</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#command-line-arguments">10.3. 命令列引數</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. 錯誤輸出重新導向與程式終止</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#string-pattern-matching">10.5. 字串樣式比對</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#mathematics">10.6. 數學相關</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#internet-access">10.7. 網路存取</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#dates-and-times">10.8. 日期與時間</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#data-compression">10.9. 資料壓縮</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#performance-measurement">10.10. 效能量測</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#quality-control">10.11. 品質控管</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#batteries-included">10.12. 標準模組庫</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html">11. Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#output-formatting">11.1. 輸出格式化 (Output Formatting)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#templating">11.2. 模板化 (Templating)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts">11.3. 二進制資料記錄編排 (Binary Data Record Layouts)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#multi-threading">11.4. 多執行緒 (Multi-threading)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#logging">11.5. 日誌記錄 (Logging)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#weak-references">11.6. 弱引用 (Weak References)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#tools-for-working-with-lists">11.7. 使用於 List 的工具</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib2.html#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic">11.8. 十進制浮點數運算 (Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic)</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="venv.html">12. 虛擬環境與套件</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="venv.html#introduction">12.1. 簡介</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="venv.html#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. 建立虛擬環境</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="venv.html#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. 用 pip 管理套件</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatnow.html">13. 現在可以來學習些什麼？</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="interactive.html">14. 互動式輸入編輯和歷史記錄替換</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interactive.html#tab-completion-and-history-editing">14.1. Tab 鍵自動完成 (Tab Completion) 和歷史記錄編輯 (History Editing)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interactive.html#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter">14.2. 互動式直譯器的替代方案</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="floatingpoint.html">15. 浮點數運算：問題與限制</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="floatingpoint.html#representation-error">15.1. 表示法誤差 (Representation Error)</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html">16. 附錄</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#interactive-mode">16.1. 互動模式</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#error-handling">16.1.1. 錯誤處理</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#executable-python-scripts">16.1.2. 可執行的 Python 腳本</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#the-interactive-startup-file">16.1.3. 互動式啟動檔案</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. 客製化模組</a></li>
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