thread.c

/**********************************************************************

  thread.c -

  $Author$

  Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Koichi Sasada

**********************************************************************/

/*
  YARV Thread Design

  model 1: Userlevel Thread
    Same as traditional ruby thread.

  model 2: Native Thread with Global VM lock
    Using pthread (or Windows thread) and Ruby threads run concurrent.

  model 3: Native Thread with fine grain lock
    Using pthread and Ruby threads run concurrent or parallel.

  model 4: M:N User:Native threads with Global VM lock
    Combination of model 1 and 2

  model 5: M:N User:Native thread with fine grain lock
    Combination of model 1 and 3

------------------------------------------------------------------------

  model 2:
    A thread has mutex (GVL: Global VM Lock or Giant VM Lock) can run.
    When thread scheduling, running thread release GVL.  If running thread
    try blocking operation, this thread must release GVL and another
    thread can continue this flow.  After blocking operation, thread
    must check interrupt (RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS).

    Every VM can run parallel.

    Ruby threads are scheduled by OS thread scheduler.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

  model 3:
    Every threads run concurrent or parallel and to access shared object
    exclusive access control is needed.  For example, to access String
    object or Array object, fine grain lock must be locked every time.
 */


/*
 * FD_SET, FD_CLR and FD_ISSET have a small sanity check when using glibc
 * 2.15 or later and set _FORTIFY_SOURCE > 0.
 * However, the implementation is wrong. Even though Linux's select(2)
 * supports large fd size (>FD_SETSIZE), it wrongly assumes fd is always
 * less than FD_SETSIZE (i.e. 1024). And then when enabling HAVE_RB_FD_INIT,
 * it doesn't work correctly and makes program abort. Therefore we need to
 * disable FORTIFY_SOURCE until glibc fixes it.
 */
#undef _FORTIFY_SOURCE
#undef __USE_FORTIFY_LEVEL
#define __USE_FORTIFY_LEVEL 0

/* for model 2 */

#include "ruby/internal/config.h"

#ifdef __linux__
// Normally,  gcc(1)  translates  calls to alloca() with inlined code.  This is not done when either the -ansi, -std=c89, -std=c99, or the -std=c11 option is given and the header <alloca.h> is not included.
# include <alloca.h>
#endif

#define TH_SCHED(th) (&(th)->ractor->threads.sched)

#include "eval_intern.h"
#include "hrtime.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "internal/class.h"
#include "internal/cont.h"
#include "internal/error.h"
#include "internal/gc.h"
#include "internal/hash.h"
#include "internal/io.h"
#include "internal/object.h"
#include "internal/proc.h"
#include "ruby/fiber/scheduler.h"
#include "internal/signal.h"
#include "internal/thread.h"
#include "internal/time.h"
#include "internal/warnings.h"
#include "iseq.h"
#include "rjit.h"
#include "ruby/debug.h"
#include "ruby/io.h"
#include "ruby/thread.h"
#include "ruby/thread_native.h"
#include "timev.h"
#include "vm_core.h"
#include "ractor_core.h"
#include "vm_debug.h"
#include "vm_sync.h"

#if USE_RJIT && defined(HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H)
#include <sys/wait.h>
#endif

#ifndef USE_NATIVE_THREAD_PRIORITY
#define USE_NATIVE_THREAD_PRIORITY 0
#define RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX 3
#define RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN -3
#endif

static VALUE rb_cThreadShield;

static VALUE sym_immediate;
static VALUE sym_on_blocking;
static VALUE sym_never;

#define THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED FL_USER13
#define THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(th) RB_FL_TEST_RAW((th), THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED)

static inline VALUE
rb_thread_local_storage(VALUE thread)
{
    if (LIKELY(!THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(thread))) {
        rb_ivar_set(thread, idLocals, rb_hash_new());
        RB_FL_SET_RAW(thread, THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED);
    }
    return rb_ivar_get(thread, idLocals);
}

enum SLEEP_FLAGS {
    SLEEP_DEADLOCKABLE   = 0x01,
    SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK = 0x02,
    SLEEP_ALLOW_SPURIOUS = 0x04,
    SLEEP_NO_CHECKINTS   = 0x08,
};

static void sleep_forever(rb_thread_t *th, unsigned int fl);
static int sleep_hrtime(rb_thread_t *, rb_hrtime_t, unsigned int fl);

static void rb_thread_sleep_deadly_allow_spurious_wakeup(VALUE blocker, VALUE timeout, rb_hrtime_t end);
static int rb_threadptr_dead(rb_thread_t *th);
static void rb_check_deadlock(rb_ractor_t *r);
static int rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(const rb_thread_t *th);
static const char *thread_status_name(rb_thread_t *th, int detail);
static int hrtime_update_expire(rb_hrtime_t *, const rb_hrtime_t);
NORETURN(static void async_bug_fd(const char *mesg, int errno_arg, int fd));
MAYBE_UNUSED(static int consume_communication_pipe(int fd));

static volatile int system_working = 1;
static rb_internal_thread_specific_key_t specific_key_count;

struct waiting_fd {
    struct ccan_list_node wfd_node; /* <=> vm.waiting_fds */
    rb_thread_t *th;
    int fd;
    struct rb_io_close_wait_list *busy;
};

/********************************************************************************/

#define THREAD_SYSTEM_DEPENDENT_IMPLEMENTATION

struct rb_blocking_region_buffer {
    enum rb_thread_status prev_status;
};

static int unblock_function_set(rb_thread_t *th, rb_unblock_function_t *func, void *arg, int fail_if_interrupted);
static void unblock_function_clear(rb_thread_t *th);

static inline int blocking_region_begin(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region,
                                        rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *arg, int fail_if_interrupted);
static inline void blocking_region_end(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region);

#define THREAD_BLOCKING_BEGIN(th) do { \
  struct rb_thread_sched * const sched = TH_SCHED(th); \
  RB_VM_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th); \
  thread_sched_to_waiting((sched), (th));

#define THREAD_BLOCKING_END(th) \
  thread_sched_to_running((sched), (th)); \
  rb_ractor_thread_switch(th->ractor, th); \
} while(0)

#ifdef __GNUC__
#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P
#define only_if_constant(expr, notconst) __builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(expr), (expr), (notconst))
#else
#define only_if_constant(expr, notconst) (__builtin_constant_p(expr) ? (expr) : (notconst))
#endif
#else
#define only_if_constant(expr, notconst) notconst
#endif
#define BLOCKING_REGION(th, exec, ubf, ubfarg, fail_if_interrupted) do { \
    struct rb_blocking_region_buffer __region; \
    if (blocking_region_begin(th, &__region, (ubf), (ubfarg), fail_if_interrupted) || \
        /* always return true unless fail_if_interrupted */ \
        !only_if_constant(fail_if_interrupted, TRUE)) { \
        /* Important that this is inlined into the macro, and not part of \
         * blocking_region_begin - see bug #20493 */ \
        RB_VM_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th); \
        thread_sched_to_waiting(TH_SCHED(th), th); \
        exec; \
        blocking_region_end(th, &__region); \
    }; \
} while(0)

/*
 * returns true if this thread was spuriously interrupted, false otherwise
 * (e.g. hit by Thread#run or ran a Ruby-level Signal.trap handler)
 */
#define RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(ec) vm_check_ints_blocking(ec)
static inline int
vm_check_ints_blocking(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);

    if (LIKELY(rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(th))) {
        if (LIKELY(!RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(ec))) return FALSE;
    }
    else {
        th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0;
        RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(ec);
    }
    return rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(th, 1);
}

int
rb_vm_check_ints_blocking(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    return vm_check_ints_blocking(ec);
}

/*
 * poll() is supported by many OSes, but so far Linux is the only
 * one we know of that supports using poll() in all places select()
 * would work.
 */
#if defined(HAVE_POLL)
#  if defined(__linux__)
#    define USE_POLL
#  endif
#  if defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 1100000
#    define USE_POLL
     /* FreeBSD does not set POLLOUT when POLLHUP happens */
#    define POLLERR_SET (POLLHUP | POLLERR)
#  endif
#endif

static void
timeout_prepare(rb_hrtime_t **to, rb_hrtime_t *rel, rb_hrtime_t *end,
                const struct timeval *timeout)
{
    if (timeout) {
        *rel = rb_timeval2hrtime(timeout);
        *end = rb_hrtime_add(rb_hrtime_now(), *rel);
        *to = rel;
    }
    else {
        *to = 0;
    }
}

MAYBE_UNUSED(NOINLINE(static int thread_start_func_2(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE *stack_start)));
MAYBE_UNUSED(static bool th_has_dedicated_nt(const rb_thread_t *th));
MAYBE_UNUSED(static int waitfd_to_waiting_flag(int wfd_event));

#include THREAD_IMPL_SRC

/*
 * TODO: somebody with win32 knowledge should be able to get rid of
 * timer-thread by busy-waiting on signals.  And it should be possible
 * to make the GVL in thread_pthread.c be platform-independent.
 */
#ifndef BUSY_WAIT_SIGNALS
#  define BUSY_WAIT_SIGNALS (0)
#endif

#ifndef USE_EVENTFD
#  define USE_EVENTFD (0)
#endif

#include "thread_sync.c"

void
rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock)
{
    rb_native_mutex_initialize(lock);
}

void
rb_nativethread_lock_destroy(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock)
{
    rb_native_mutex_destroy(lock);
}

void
rb_nativethread_lock_lock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock)
{
    rb_native_mutex_lock(lock);
}

void
rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock)
{
    rb_native_mutex_unlock(lock);
}

static int
unblock_function_set(rb_thread_t *th, rb_unblock_function_t *func, void *arg, int fail_if_interrupted)
{
    do {
        if (fail_if_interrupted) {
            if (RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(th->ec)) {
                return FALSE;
            }
        }
        else {
            RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th->ec);
        }

        rb_native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    } while (!th->ec->raised_flag && RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED_ANY(th->ec) &&
             (rb_native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock), TRUE));

    VM_ASSERT(th->unblock.func == NULL);

    th->unblock.func = func;
    th->unblock.arg = arg;
    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);

    return TRUE;
}

static void
unblock_function_clear(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    th->unblock.func = 0;
    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

static void
threadptr_interrupt_locked(rb_thread_t *th, bool trap)
{
    // th->interrupt_lock should be acquired here

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("th:%u trap:%d", rb_th_serial(th), trap);

    if (trap) {
        RUBY_VM_SET_TRAP_INTERRUPT(th->ec);
    }
    else {
        RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th->ec);
    }

    if (th->unblock.func != NULL) {
        (th->unblock.func)(th->unblock.arg);
    }
    else {
        /* none */
    }
}

static void
threadptr_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th, int trap)
{
    rb_native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    {
        threadptr_interrupt_locked(th, trap);
    }
    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

void
rb_threadptr_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("th:%u", rb_th_serial(th));
    threadptr_interrupt(th, false);
}

static void
threadptr_trap_interrupt(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    threadptr_interrupt(th, true);
}

static void
terminate_all(rb_ractor_t *r, const rb_thread_t *main_thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = 0;

    ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
        if (th != main_thread) {
            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("terminate start th:%u status:%s", rb_th_serial(th), thread_status_name(th, TRUE));

            rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, RUBY_FATAL_THREAD_TERMINATED);
            rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);

            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("terminate done th:%u status:%s", rb_th_serial(th), thread_status_name(th, TRUE));
        }
        else {
            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("main thread th:%u", rb_th_serial(th));
        }
    }
}

static void
rb_threadptr_join_list_wakeup(rb_thread_t *thread)
{
    while (thread->join_list) {
        struct rb_waiting_list *join_list = thread->join_list;

        // Consume the entry from the join list:
        thread->join_list = join_list->next;

        rb_thread_t *target_thread = join_list->thread;

        if (target_thread->scheduler != Qnil && join_list->fiber) {
            rb_fiber_scheduler_unblock(target_thread->scheduler, target_thread->self, rb_fiberptr_self(join_list->fiber));
        }
        else {
            rb_threadptr_interrupt(target_thread);

            switch (target_thread->status) {
              case THREAD_STOPPED:
              case THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER:
                target_thread->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
                break;
              default:
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

void
rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    while (th->keeping_mutexes) {
        rb_mutex_t *mutex = th->keeping_mutexes;
        th->keeping_mutexes = mutex->next_mutex;

        // rb_warn("mutex #<%p> was not unlocked by thread #<%p>", (void *)mutex, (void*)th);

        const char *error_message = rb_mutex_unlock_th(mutex, th, mutex->fiber);
        if (error_message) rb_bug("invalid keeping_mutexes: %s", error_message);
    }
}

void
rb_thread_terminate_all(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_ractor_t *cr = th->ractor;
    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = th->ec;
    volatile int sleeping = 0;

    if (cr->threads.main != th) {
        rb_bug("rb_thread_terminate_all: called by child thread (%p, %p)",
               (void *)cr->threads.main, (void *)th);
    }

    /* unlock all locking mutexes */
    rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(th);

    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
    if (EC_EXEC_TAG() == TAG_NONE) {
      retry:
        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("th:%u", rb_th_serial(th));

        terminate_all(cr, th);

        while (rb_ractor_living_thread_num(cr) > 1) {
            rb_hrtime_t rel = RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC;
            /*q
             * Thread exiting routine in thread_start_func_2 notify
             * me when the last sub-thread exit.
             */
            sleeping = 1;
            native_sleep(th, &rel);
            RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(ec);
            sleeping = 0;
        }
    }
    else {
        /*
         * When caught an exception (e.g. Ctrl+C), let's broadcast
         * kill request again to ensure killing all threads even
         * if they are blocked on sleep, mutex, etc.
         */
        if (sleeping) {
            sleeping = 0;
            goto retry;
        }
    }
    EC_POP_TAG();
}

void rb_threadptr_root_fiber_terminate(rb_thread_t *th);
static void threadptr_interrupt_exec_cleanup(rb_thread_t *th);

static void
thread_cleanup_func_before_exec(void *th_ptr)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = th_ptr;
    th->status = THREAD_KILLED;

    // The thread stack doesn't exist in the forked process:
    th->ec->machine.stack_start = th->ec->machine.stack_end = NULL;

    threadptr_interrupt_exec_cleanup(th);
    rb_threadptr_root_fiber_terminate(th);
}

static void
thread_cleanup_func(void *th_ptr, int atfork)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = th_ptr;

    th->locking_mutex = Qfalse;
    thread_cleanup_func_before_exec(th_ptr);

    /*
     * Unfortunately, we can't release native threading resource at fork
     * because libc may have unstable locking state therefore touching
     * a threading resource may cause a deadlock.
     */
    if (atfork) {
        th->nt = NULL;
        return;
    }

    rb_native_mutex_destroy(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

static VALUE rb_threadptr_raise(rb_thread_t *, int, VALUE *);
static VALUE rb_thread_to_s(VALUE thread);

void
ruby_thread_init_stack(rb_thread_t *th, void *local_in_parent_frame)
{
    native_thread_init_stack(th, local_in_parent_frame);
}

const VALUE *
rb_vm_proc_local_ep(VALUE proc)
{
    const VALUE *ep = vm_proc_ep(proc);

    if (ep) {
        return rb_vm_ep_local_ep(ep);
    }
    else {
        return NULL;
    }
}

// for ractor, defined in vm.c
VALUE rb_vm_invoke_proc_with_self(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_proc_t *proc, VALUE self,
                                  int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE passed_block_handler);

static VALUE
thread_do_start_proc(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    VALUE args = th->invoke_arg.proc.args;
    const VALUE *args_ptr;
    int args_len;
    VALUE procval = th->invoke_arg.proc.proc;
    rb_proc_t *proc;
    GetProcPtr(procval, proc);

    th->ec->errinfo = Qnil;
    th->ec->root_lep = rb_vm_proc_local_ep(procval);
    th->ec->root_svar = Qfalse;

    vm_check_ints_blocking(th->ec);

    if (th->invoke_type == thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc) {
        VALUE self = rb_ractor_self(th->ractor);
        VM_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(args));
        args_len = FIX2INT(args);
        args_ptr = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, args_len);
        rb_ractor_receive_parameters(th->ec, th->ractor, args_len, (VALUE *)args_ptr);
        vm_check_ints_blocking(th->ec);

        return rb_vm_invoke_proc_with_self(
            th->ec, proc, self,
            args_len, args_ptr,
            th->invoke_arg.proc.kw_splat,
            VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE
        );
    }
    else {
        args_len = RARRAY_LENINT(args);
        if (args_len < 8) {
            /* free proc.args if the length is enough small */
            args_ptr = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, args_len);
            MEMCPY((VALUE *)args_ptr, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args), VALUE, args_len);
            th->invoke_arg.proc.args = Qnil;
        }
        else {
            args_ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args);
        }

        vm_check_ints_blocking(th->ec);

        return rb_vm_invoke_proc(
            th->ec, proc,
            args_len, args_ptr,
            th->invoke_arg.proc.kw_splat,
            VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE
        );
    }
}

static VALUE
thread_do_start(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    native_set_thread_name(th);
    VALUE result = Qundef;

    switch (th->invoke_type) {
      case thread_invoke_type_proc:
        result = thread_do_start_proc(th);
        break;

      case thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc:
        result = thread_do_start_proc(th);
        rb_ractor_atexit(th->ec, result);
        break;

      case thread_invoke_type_func:
        result = (*th->invoke_arg.func.func)(th->invoke_arg.func.arg);
        break;

      case thread_invoke_type_none:
        rb_bug("unreachable");
    }

    return result;
}

void rb_ec_clear_current_thread_trace_func(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);

static int
thread_start_func_2(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE *stack_start)
{
    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("th:%u", rb_th_serial(th));
    VM_ASSERT(th != th->vm->ractor.main_thread);

    enum ruby_tag_type state;
    VALUE errinfo = Qnil;
    rb_thread_t *ractor_main_th = th->ractor->threads.main;

    // setup ractor
    if (rb_ractor_status_p(th->ractor, ractor_blocking)) {
        RB_VM_LOCK();
        {
            rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_dec(th->vm, th->ractor, __FILE__, __LINE__);
            rb_ractor_t *r = th->ractor;
            r->r_stdin = rb_io_prep_stdin();
            r->r_stdout = rb_io_prep_stdout();
            r->r_stderr = rb_io_prep_stderr();
        }
        RB_VM_UNLOCK();
    }

    // Ensure that we are not joinable.
    VM_ASSERT(UNDEF_P(th->value));

    int fiber_scheduler_closed = 0, event_thread_end_hooked = 0;
    VALUE result = Qundef;

    EC_PUSH_TAG(th->ec);

    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
        EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th->ec, RUBY_EVENT_THREAD_BEGIN, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qundef);

        result = thread_do_start(th);
    }

    if (!fiber_scheduler_closed) {
        fiber_scheduler_closed = 1;
        rb_fiber_scheduler_set(Qnil);
    }

    if (!event_thread_end_hooked) {
        event_thread_end_hooked = 1;
        EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th->ec, RUBY_EVENT_THREAD_END, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qundef);
    }

    if (state == TAG_NONE) {
        // This must be set AFTER doing all user-level code. At this point, the thread is effectively finished and calls to `Thread#join` will succeed.
        th->value = result;
    } else {
        errinfo = th->ec->errinfo;

        VALUE exc = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, Qundef);
        if (!NIL_P(exc)) errinfo = exc;

        if (state == TAG_FATAL) {
            if (th->invoke_type == thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc) {
                rb_ractor_atexit(th->ec, Qnil);
            }
            /* fatal error within this thread, need to stop whole script */
        }
        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSystemExit)) {
            /* exit on main_thread. */
        }
        else {
            if (th->report_on_exception) {
                VALUE mesg = rb_thread_to_s(th->self);
                rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, " terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):\n");
                rb_write_error_str(mesg);
                rb_ec_error_print(th->ec, errinfo);
            }

            if (th->invoke_type == thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc) {
                rb_ractor_atexit_exception(th->ec);
            }

            if (th->vm->thread_abort_on_exception ||
                th->abort_on_exception || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
                /* exit on main_thread */
            }
            else {
                errinfo = Qnil;
            }
        }
        th->value = Qnil;
    }

    // The thread is effectively finished and can be joined.
    VM_ASSERT(!UNDEF_P(th->value));

    rb_threadptr_join_list_wakeup(th);
    rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(th);

    if (th->invoke_type == thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc) {
        rb_thread_terminate_all(th);
        rb_ractor_teardown(th->ec);
    }

    th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("killed th:%u", rb_th_serial(th));

    if (th->vm->ractor.main_thread == th) {
        ruby_stop(0);
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(errinfo, T_OBJECT)) {
        /* treat with normal error object */
        rb_threadptr_raise(ractor_main_th, 1, &errinfo);
    }

    EC_POP_TAG();

    rb_ec_clear_current_thread_trace_func(th->ec);

    /* locking_mutex must be Qfalse */
    if (th->locking_mutex != Qfalse) {
        rb_bug("thread_start_func_2: locking_mutex must not be set (%p:%"PRIxVALUE")",
               (void *)th, th->locking_mutex);
    }

    if (ractor_main_th->status == THREAD_KILLED &&
        th->ractor->threads.cnt <= 2 /* main thread and this thread */) {
        /* I'm last thread. wake up main thread from rb_thread_terminate_all */
        rb_threadptr_interrupt(ractor_main_th);
    }

    rb_check_deadlock(th->ractor);

    rb_fiber_close(th->ec->fiber_ptr);

    thread_cleanup_func(th, FALSE);
    VM_ASSERT(th->ec->vm_stack == NULL);

    if (th->invoke_type == thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc) {
        // after rb_ractor_living_threads_remove()
        // GC will happen anytime and this ractor can be collected (and destroy GVL).
        // So gvl_release() should be before it.
        thread_sched_to_dead(TH_SCHED(th), th);
        rb_ractor_living_threads_remove(th->ractor, th);
    }
    else {
        rb_ractor_living_threads_remove(th->ractor, th);
        thread_sched_to_dead(TH_SCHED(th), th);
    }

    return 0;
}

struct thread_create_params {
    enum thread_invoke_type type;

    // for normal proc thread
    VALUE args;
    VALUE proc;

    // for ractor
    rb_ractor_t *g;

    // for func
    VALUE (*fn)(void *);
};

static void thread_specific_storage_alloc(rb_thread_t *th);

static VALUE
thread_create_core(VALUE thval, struct thread_create_params *params)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(thval), *current_th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
    int err;

    thread_specific_storage_alloc(th);

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(current_th->thgroup)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError,
                 "can't start a new thread (frozen ThreadGroup)");
    }

    rb_fiber_inherit_storage(ec, th->ec->fiber_ptr);

    switch (params->type) {
      case thread_invoke_type_proc:
        th->invoke_type = thread_invoke_type_proc;
        th->invoke_arg.proc.args = params->args;
        th->invoke_arg.proc.proc = params->proc;
        th->invoke_arg.proc.kw_splat = rb_keyword_given_p();
        break;

      case thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc:
#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
        rb_ractor_setup_belonging_to(thval, rb_ractor_id(params->g));
#endif
        th->invoke_type = thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc;
        th->ractor = params->g;
        th->ractor->threads.main = th;
        th->invoke_arg.proc.proc = rb_proc_isolate_bang(params->proc);
        th->invoke_arg.proc.args = INT2FIX(RARRAY_LENINT(params->args));
        th->invoke_arg.proc.kw_splat = rb_keyword_given_p();
        rb_ractor_send_parameters(ec, params->g, params->args);
        break;

      case thread_invoke_type_func:
        th->invoke_type = thread_invoke_type_func;
        th->invoke_arg.func.func = params->fn;
        th->invoke_arg.func.arg = (void *)params->args;
        break;

      default:
        rb_bug("unreachable");
    }

    th->priority = current_th->priority;
    th->thgroup = current_th->thgroup;

    th->pending_interrupt_queue = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
    th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0;
    th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack = rb_ary_dup(current_th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack);
    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack);

    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&th->interrupt_lock);

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("r:%u th:%u", rb_ractor_id(th->ractor), rb_th_serial(th));

    rb_ractor_living_threads_insert(th->ractor, th);

    /* kick thread */
    err = native_thread_create(th);
    if (err) {
        th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
        rb_ractor_living_threads_remove(th->ractor, th);
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't create Thread: %s", strerror(err));
    }
    return thval;
}

#define threadptr_initialized(th) ((th)->invoke_type != thread_invoke_type_none)

/*
 * call-seq:
 *  Thread.new { ... }			-> thread
 *  Thread.new(*args, &proc)		-> thread
 *  Thread.new(*args) { |args| ... }	-> thread
 *
 *  Creates a new thread executing the given block.
 *
 *  Any +args+ given to ::new will be passed to the block:
 *
 *	arr = []
 *	a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
 *	Thread.new(a,b,c) { |d,e,f| arr << d << e << f }.join
 *	arr #=> [1, 2, 3]
 *
 *  A ThreadError exception is raised if ::new is called without a block.
 *
 *  If you're going to subclass Thread, be sure to call super in your
 *  +initialize+ method, otherwise a ThreadError will be raised.
 */
static VALUE
thread_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    rb_thread_t *th;
    VALUE thread = rb_thread_alloc(klass);

    if (GET_RACTOR()->threads.main->status == THREAD_KILLED) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't alloc thread");
    }

    rb_obj_call_init_kw(thread, argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
    th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);
    if (!threadptr_initialized(th)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "uninitialized thread - check '%"PRIsVALUE"#initialize'",
                 klass);
    }
    return thread;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.start([args]*) {|args| block }   -> thread
 *     Thread.fork([args]*) {|args| block }    -> thread
 *
 *  Basically the same as ::new. However, if class Thread is subclassed, then
 *  calling +start+ in that subclass will not invoke the subclass's
 *  +initialize+ method.
 */

static VALUE
thread_start(VALUE klass, VALUE args)
{
    struct thread_create_params params = {
        .type = thread_invoke_type_proc,
        .args = args,
        .proc = rb_block_proc(),
    };
    return thread_create_core(rb_thread_alloc(klass), &params);
}

static VALUE
threadptr_invoke_proc_location(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    if (th->invoke_type == thread_invoke_type_proc) {
        return rb_proc_location(th->invoke_arg.proc.proc);
    }
    else {
        return Qnil;
    }
}

/* :nodoc: */
static VALUE
thread_initialize(VALUE thread, VALUE args)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);

    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "must be called with a block");
    }
    else if (th->invoke_type != thread_invoke_type_none) {
        VALUE loc = threadptr_invoke_proc_location(th);
        if (!NIL_P(loc)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eThreadError,
                     "already initialized thread - %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
                     RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1));
        }
        else {
            rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "already initialized thread");
        }
    }
    else {
        struct thread_create_params params = {
            .type = thread_invoke_type_proc,
            .args = args,
            .proc = rb_block_proc(),
        };
        return thread_create_core(thread, &params);
    }
}

VALUE
rb_thread_create(VALUE (*fn)(void *), void *arg)
{
    struct thread_create_params params = {
        .type = thread_invoke_type_func,
        .fn = fn,
        .args = (VALUE)arg,
    };
    return thread_create_core(rb_thread_alloc(rb_cThread), &params);
}

VALUE
rb_thread_create_ractor(rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE args, VALUE proc)
{
    struct thread_create_params params = {
        .type = thread_invoke_type_ractor_proc,
        .g = r,
        .args = args,
        .proc = proc,
    };
    return thread_create_core(rb_thread_alloc(rb_cThread), &params);
}


struct join_arg {
    struct rb_waiting_list *waiter;
    rb_thread_t *target;
    VALUE timeout;
    rb_hrtime_t *limit;
};

static VALUE
remove_from_join_list(VALUE arg)
{
    struct join_arg *p = (struct join_arg *)arg;
    rb_thread_t *target_thread = p->target;

    if (target_thread->status != THREAD_KILLED) {
        struct rb_waiting_list **join_list = &target_thread->join_list;

        while (*join_list) {
            if (*join_list == p->waiter) {
                *join_list = (*join_list)->next;
                break;
            }

            join_list = &(*join_list)->next;
        }
    }

    return Qnil;
}

static int
thread_finished(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    return th->status == THREAD_KILLED || !UNDEF_P(th->value);
}

static VALUE
thread_join_sleep(VALUE arg)
{
    struct join_arg *p = (struct join_arg *)arg;
    rb_thread_t *target_th = p->target, *th = p->waiter->thread;
    rb_hrtime_t end = 0, *limit = p->limit;

    if (limit) {
        end = rb_hrtime_add(*limit, rb_hrtime_now());
    }

    while (!thread_finished(target_th)) {
        VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();

        if (scheduler != Qnil) {
            rb_fiber_scheduler_block(scheduler, target_th->self, p->timeout);
            // Check if the target thread is finished after blocking:
            if (thread_finished(target_th)) break;
            // Otherwise, a timeout occurred:
            else return Qfalse;
        }
        else if (!limit) {
            sleep_forever(th, SLEEP_DEADLOCKABLE | SLEEP_ALLOW_SPURIOUS | SLEEP_NO_CHECKINTS);
        }
        else {
            if (hrtime_update_expire(limit, end)) {
                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("timeout target_th:%u", rb_th_serial(target_th));
                return Qfalse;
            }
            th->status = THREAD_STOPPED;
            native_sleep(th, limit);
        }
        RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th->ec);
        th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;

        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("interrupted target_th:%u status:%s", rb_th_serial(target_th), thread_status_name(target_th, TRUE));
    }

    return Qtrue;
}

static VALUE
thread_join(rb_thread_t *target_th, VALUE timeout, rb_hrtime_t *limit)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    rb_thread_t *th = ec->thread_ptr;
    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ec->fiber_ptr;

    if (th == target_th) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "Target thread must not be current thread");
    }

    if (th->ractor->threads.main == target_th) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "Target thread must not be main thread");
    }

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("target_th:%u status:%s", rb_th_serial(target_th), thread_status_name(target_th, TRUE));

    if (target_th->status != THREAD_KILLED) {
        struct rb_waiting_list waiter;
        waiter.next = target_th->join_list;
        waiter.thread = th;
        waiter.fiber = rb_fiberptr_blocking(fiber) ? NULL : fiber;
        target_th->join_list = &waiter;

        struct join_arg arg;
        arg.waiter = &waiter;
        arg.target = target_th;
        arg.timeout = timeout;
        arg.limit = limit;

        if (!rb_ensure(thread_join_sleep, (VALUE)&arg, remove_from_join_list, (VALUE)&arg)) {
            return Qnil;
        }
    }

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("success target_th:%u status:%s", rb_th_serial(target_th), thread_status_name(target_th, TRUE));

    if (target_th->ec->errinfo != Qnil) {
        VALUE err = target_th->ec->errinfo;

        if (FIXNUM_P(err)) {
            switch (err) {
              case INT2FIX(TAG_FATAL):
                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("terminated target_th:%u status:%s", rb_th_serial(target_th), thread_status_name(target_th, TRUE));

                /* OK. killed. */
                break;
              default:
                rb_bug("thread_join: Fixnum (%d) should not reach here.", FIX2INT(err));
            }
        }
        else if (THROW_DATA_P(target_th->ec->errinfo)) {
            rb_bug("thread_join: THROW_DATA should not reach here.");
        }
        else {
            /* normal exception */
            rb_exc_raise(err);
        }
    }
    return target_th->self;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.join          -> thr
 *     thr.join(limit)   -> thr
 *
 *  The calling thread will suspend execution and run this +thr+.
 *
 *  Does not return until +thr+ exits or until the given +limit+ seconds have
 *  passed.
 *
 *  If the time limit expires, +nil+ will be returned, otherwise +thr+ is
 *  returned.
 *
 *  Any threads not joined will be killed when the main program exits.
 *
 *  If +thr+ had previously raised an exception and the ::abort_on_exception or
 *  $DEBUG flags are not set, (so the exception has not yet been processed), it
 *  will be processed at this time.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { print "a"; sleep(10); print "b"; print "c" }
 *     x = Thread.new { print "x"; Thread.pass; print "y"; print "z" }
 *     x.join # Let thread x finish, thread a will be killed on exit.
 *     #=> "axyz"
 *
 *  The following example illustrates the +limit+ parameter.
 *
 *     y = Thread.new { 4.times { sleep 0.1; puts 'tick... ' }}
 *     puts "Waiting" until y.join(0.15)
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     tick...
 *     Waiting
 *     tick...
 *     Waiting
 *     tick...
 *     tick...
 */

static VALUE
thread_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE timeout = Qnil;
    rb_hrtime_t rel = 0, *limit = 0;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) {
        timeout = argv[0];
    }

    // Convert the timeout eagerly, so it's always converted and deterministic
    /*
     * This supports INFINITY and negative values, so we can't use
     * rb_time_interval right now...
     */
    if (NIL_P(timeout)) {
        /* unlimited */
    }
    else if (FIXNUM_P(timeout)) {
        rel = rb_sec2hrtime(NUM2TIMET(timeout));
        limit = &rel;
    }
    else {
        limit = double2hrtime(&rel, rb_num2dbl(timeout));
    }

    return thread_join(rb_thread_ptr(self), timeout, limit);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.value   -> obj
 *
 *  Waits for +thr+ to complete, using #join, and returns its value or raises
 *  the exception which terminated the thread.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { 2 + 2 }
 *     a.value   #=> 4
 *
 *     b = Thread.new { raise 'something went wrong' }
 *     b.value   #=> RuntimeError: something went wrong
 */

static VALUE
thread_value(VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(self);
    thread_join(th, Qnil, 0);
    if (UNDEF_P(th->value)) {
        // If the thread is dead because we forked th->value is still Qundef.
        return Qnil;
    }
    return th->value;
}

/*
 * Thread Scheduling
 */

static void
getclockofday(struct timespec *ts)
{
#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
    if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ts) == 0)
        return;
#endif
    rb_timespec_now(ts);
}

/*
 * Don't inline this, since library call is already time consuming
 * and we don't want "struct timespec" on stack too long for GC
 */
NOINLINE(rb_hrtime_t rb_hrtime_now(void));
rb_hrtime_t
rb_hrtime_now(void)
{
    struct timespec ts;

    getclockofday(&ts);
    return rb_timespec2hrtime(&ts);
}

/*
 * at least gcc 7.2 and 7.3 complains about "rb_hrtime_t end"
 * being uninitialized, maybe other versions, too.
 */
COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 7 && __GNUC_MINOR__ <= 3
COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wmaybe-uninitialized)
#endif
#ifndef PRIu64
#define PRIu64 PRI_64_PREFIX "u"
#endif
/*
 * @end is the absolute time when @ts is set to expire
 * Returns true if @end has past
 * Updates @ts and returns false otherwise
 */
static int
hrtime_update_expire(rb_hrtime_t *timeout, const rb_hrtime_t end)
{
    rb_hrtime_t now = rb_hrtime_now();

    if (now > end) return 1;

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%"PRIu64" > %"PRIu64"", (uint64_t)end, (uint64_t)now);

    *timeout = end - now;
    return 0;
}
COMPILER_WARNING_POP

static int
sleep_hrtime(rb_thread_t *th, rb_hrtime_t rel, unsigned int fl)
{
    enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;
    int woke;
    rb_hrtime_t end = rb_hrtime_add(rb_hrtime_now(), rel);

    th->status = THREAD_STOPPED;
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th->ec);
    while (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED) {
        native_sleep(th, &rel);
        woke = vm_check_ints_blocking(th->ec);
        if (woke && !(fl & SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK))
            break;
        if (hrtime_update_expire(&rel, end))
            break;
        woke = 1;
    }
    th->status = prev_status;
    return woke;
}

static int
sleep_hrtime_until(rb_thread_t *th, rb_hrtime_t end, unsigned int fl)
{
    enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;
    int woke;
    rb_hrtime_t rel = rb_hrtime_sub(end, rb_hrtime_now());

    th->status = THREAD_STOPPED;
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th->ec);
    while (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED) {
        native_sleep(th, &rel);
        woke = vm_check_ints_blocking(th->ec);
        if (woke && !(fl & SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK))
            break;
        if (hrtime_update_expire(&rel, end))
            break;
        woke = 1;
    }
    th->status = prev_status;
    return woke;
}

static void
sleep_forever(rb_thread_t *th, unsigned int fl)
{
    enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;
    enum rb_thread_status status;
    int woke;

    status  = fl & SLEEP_DEADLOCKABLE ? THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER : THREAD_STOPPED;
    th->status = status;

    if (!(fl & SLEEP_NO_CHECKINTS)) RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(th->ec);

    while (th->status == status) {
        if (fl & SLEEP_DEADLOCKABLE) {
            rb_ractor_sleeper_threads_inc(th->ractor);
            rb_check_deadlock(th->ractor);
        }
        {
            native_sleep(th, 0);
        }
        if (fl & SLEEP_DEADLOCKABLE) {
            rb_ractor_sleeper_threads_dec(th->ractor);
        }
        if (fl & SLEEP_ALLOW_SPURIOUS) {
            break;
        }

        woke = vm_check_ints_blocking(th->ec);

        if (woke && !(fl & SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK)) {
            break;
        }
    }
    th->status = prev_status;
}

void
rb_thread_sleep_forever(void)
{
    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("forever");
    sleep_forever(GET_THREAD(), SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK);
}

void
rb_thread_sleep_deadly(void)
{
    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("deadly");
    sleep_forever(GET_THREAD(), SLEEP_DEADLOCKABLE|SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK);
}

static void
rb_thread_sleep_deadly_allow_spurious_wakeup(VALUE blocker, VALUE timeout, rb_hrtime_t end)
{
    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
        rb_fiber_scheduler_block(scheduler, blocker, timeout);
    }
    else {
        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("...");
        if (end) {
            sleep_hrtime_until(GET_THREAD(), end, SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK);
        }
        else {
            sleep_forever(GET_THREAD(), SLEEP_DEADLOCKABLE);
        }
    }
}

void
rb_thread_wait_for(struct timeval time)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();

    sleep_hrtime(th, rb_timeval2hrtime(&time), SLEEP_SPURIOUS_CHECK);
}

void
rb_ec_check_ints(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(ec);
}

/*
 * CAUTION: This function causes thread switching.
 *          rb_thread_check_ints() check ruby's interrupts.
 *          some interrupt needs thread switching/invoke handlers,
 *          and so on.
 */

void
rb_thread_check_ints(void)
{
    rb_ec_check_ints(GET_EC());
}

/*
 * Hidden API for tcl/tk wrapper.
 * There is no guarantee to perpetuate it.
 */
int
rb_thread_check_trap_pending(void)
{
    return rb_signal_buff_size() != 0;
}

/* This function can be called in blocking region. */
int
rb_thread_interrupted(VALUE thval)
{
    return (int)RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(rb_thread_ptr(thval)->ec);
}

void
rb_thread_sleep(int sec)
{
    rb_thread_wait_for(rb_time_timeval(INT2FIX(sec)));
}

static void
rb_thread_schedule_limits(uint32_t limits_us)
{
    if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
        rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("us:%u", (unsigned int)limits_us);

        if (th->running_time_us >= limits_us) {
            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("switch %s", "start");

            RB_VM_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th);
            thread_sched_yield(TH_SCHED(th), th);
            rb_ractor_thread_switch(th->ractor, th);

            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("switch %s", "done");
        }
    }
}

void
rb_thread_schedule(void)
{
    rb_thread_schedule_limits(0);
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(GET_EC());
}

/* blocking region */

static inline int
blocking_region_begin(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region,
                      rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *arg, int fail_if_interrupted)
{
#ifdef RUBY_ASSERT_CRITICAL_SECTION
    VM_ASSERT(ruby_assert_critical_section_entered == 0);
#endif
    VM_ASSERT(th == GET_THREAD());

    region->prev_status = th->status;
    if (unblock_function_set(th, ubf, arg, fail_if_interrupted)) {
        th->blocking_region_buffer = region;
        th->status = THREAD_STOPPED;
        rb_ractor_blocking_threads_inc(th->ractor, __FILE__, __LINE__);

        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("thread_id:%p", (void *)th->nt->thread_id);
        return TRUE;
    }
    else {
        return FALSE;
    }
}

static inline void
blocking_region_end(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *region)
{
    /* entry to ubf_list still permitted at this point, make it impossible: */
    unblock_function_clear(th);
    /* entry to ubf_list impossible at this point, so unregister is safe: */
    unregister_ubf_list(th);

    thread_sched_to_running(TH_SCHED(th), th);
    rb_ractor_thread_switch(th->ractor, th);

    th->blocking_region_buffer = 0;
    rb_ractor_blocking_threads_dec(th->ractor, __FILE__, __LINE__);
    if (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED) {
        th->status = region->prev_status;
    }

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("end");

#ifndef _WIN32
    // GET_THREAD() clears WSAGetLastError()
    VM_ASSERT(th == GET_THREAD());
#endif
}

void *
rb_nogvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1,
         rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2,
         int flags)
{
    if (flags & RB_NOGVL_OFFLOAD_SAFE) {
        VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
        if (scheduler != Qnil) {
            struct rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_state state;

            VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_blocking_operation_wait(scheduler, func, data1, ubf, data2, flags, &state);

            if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
                rb_errno_set(state.saved_errno);
                return state.result;
            }
        }
    }

    void *val = 0;
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
    rb_vm_t *vm = rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec);
    bool is_main_thread = vm->ractor.main_thread == th;
    int saved_errno = 0;

    if ((ubf == RUBY_UBF_IO) || (ubf == RUBY_UBF_PROCESS)) {
        ubf = ubf_select;
        data2 = th;
    }
    else if (ubf && rb_ractor_living_thread_num(th->ractor) == 1 && is_main_thread) {
        if (flags & RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE) {
            vm->ubf_async_safe = 1;
        }
    }

    rb_vm_t *volatile saved_vm = vm;
    BLOCKING_REGION(th, {
        val = func(data1);
        saved_errno = rb_errno();
    }, ubf, data2, flags & RB_NOGVL_INTR_FAIL);
    vm = saved_vm;

    if (is_main_thread) vm->ubf_async_safe = 0;

    if ((flags & RB_NOGVL_INTR_FAIL) == 0) {
        RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(ec);
    }

    rb_errno_set(saved_errno);

    return val;
}

/*
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl - permit concurrent/parallel execution.
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl2 - permit concurrent/parallel execution
 *                               without interrupt process.
 *
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl() does:
 *   (1) Check interrupts.
 *   (2) release GVL.
 *       Other Ruby threads may run in parallel.
 *   (3) call func with data1
 *   (4) acquire GVL.
 *       Other Ruby threads can not run in parallel any more.
 *   (5) Check interrupts.
 *
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl2() does:
 *   (1) Check interrupt and return if interrupted.
 *   (2) release GVL.
 *   (3) call func with data1 and a pointer to the flags.
 *   (4) acquire GVL.
 *
 * If another thread interrupts this thread (Thread#kill, signal delivery,
 * VM-shutdown request, and so on), `ubf()' is called (`ubf()' means
 * "un-blocking function").  `ubf()' should interrupt `func()' execution by
 * toggling a cancellation flag, canceling the invocation of a call inside
 * `func()' or similar.  Note that `ubf()' may not be called with the GVL.
 *
 * There are built-in ubfs and you can specify these ubfs:
 *
 * * RUBY_UBF_IO: ubf for IO operation
 * * RUBY_UBF_PROCESS: ubf for process operation
 *
 * However, we can not guarantee our built-in ubfs interrupt your `func()'
 * correctly. Be careful to use rb_thread_call_without_gvl(). If you don't
 * provide proper ubf(), your program will not stop for Control+C or other
 * shutdown events.
 *
 * "Check interrupts" on above list means checking asynchronous
 * interrupt events (such as Thread#kill, signal delivery, VM-shutdown
 * request, and so on) and calling corresponding procedures
 * (such as `trap' for signals, raise an exception for Thread#raise).
 * If `func()' finished and received interrupts, you may skip interrupt
 * checking.  For example, assume the following func() it reads data from file.
 *
 *   read_func(...) {
 *                   // (a) before read
 *     read(buffer); // (b) reading
 *                   // (c) after read
 *   }
 *
 * If an interrupt occurs at (a) or (b), then `ubf()' cancels this
 * `read_func()' and interrupts are checked. However, if an interrupt occurs
 * at (c), after *read* operation is completed, checking interrupts is harmful
 * because it causes irrevocable side-effect, the read data will vanish.  To
 * avoid such problem, the `read_func()' should be used with
 * `rb_thread_call_without_gvl2()'.
 *
 * If `rb_thread_call_without_gvl2()' detects interrupt, it returns
 * immediately. This function does not show when the execution was interrupted.
 * For example, there are 4 possible timing (a), (b), (c) and before calling
 * read_func(). You need to record progress of a read_func() and check
 * the progress after `rb_thread_call_without_gvl2()'. You may need to call
 * `rb_thread_check_ints()' correctly or your program can not process proper
 * process such as `trap' and so on.
 *
 * NOTE: You can not execute most of Ruby C API and touch Ruby
 *       objects in `func()' and `ubf()', including raising an
 *       exception, because current thread doesn't acquire GVL
 *       (it causes synchronization problems).  If you need to
 *       call ruby functions either use rb_thread_call_with_gvl()
 *       or read source code of C APIs and confirm safety by
 *       yourself.
 *
 * NOTE: In short, this API is difficult to use safely.  I recommend you
 *       use other ways if you have.  We lack experiences to use this API.
 *       Please report your problem related on it.
 *
 * NOTE: Releasing GVL and re-acquiring GVL may be expensive operations
 *       for a short running `func()'. Be sure to benchmark and use this
 *       mechanism when `func()' consumes enough time.
 *
 * Safe C API:
 * * rb_thread_interrupted() - check interrupt flag
 * * ruby_xmalloc(), ruby_xrealloc(), ruby_xfree() -
 *   they will work without GVL, and may acquire GVL when GC is needed.
 */
void *
rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1,
                            rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2)
{
    return rb_nogvl(func, data1, ubf, data2, RB_NOGVL_INTR_FAIL);
}

void *
rb_thread_call_without_gvl(void *(*func)(void *data), void *data1,
                            rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2)
{
    return rb_nogvl(func, data1, ubf, data2, 0);
}

static int
waitfd_to_waiting_flag(int wfd_event)
{
    return wfd_event << 1;
}

static void
thread_io_setup_wfd(rb_thread_t *th, int fd, struct waiting_fd *wfd)
{
    wfd->fd = fd;
    wfd->th = th;
    wfd->busy = NULL;

    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
    {
        ccan_list_add(&th->vm->waiting_fds, &wfd->wfd_node);
    }
    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
}

static void
thread_io_wake_pending_closer(struct waiting_fd *wfd)
{
    bool has_waiter = wfd->busy && RB_TEST(wfd->busy->wakeup_mutex);
    if (has_waiter) {
        rb_mutex_lock(wfd->busy->wakeup_mutex);
    }

    /* Needs to be protected with RB_VM_LOCK because we don't know if
       wfd is on the global list of pending FD ops or if it's on a
       struct rb_io_close_wait_list close-waiter. */
    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
    ccan_list_del(&wfd->wfd_node);
    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();

    if (has_waiter) {
        rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(wfd->busy->closing_thread);
        if (th->scheduler != Qnil) {
            rb_fiber_scheduler_unblock(th->scheduler, wfd->busy->closing_thread, wfd->busy->closing_fiber);
        } else {
            rb_thread_wakeup(wfd->busy->closing_thread);
        }
        rb_mutex_unlock(wfd->busy->wakeup_mutex);
    }
}

static bool
thread_io_mn_schedulable(rb_thread_t *th, int events, const struct timeval *timeout)
{
#if defined(USE_MN_THREADS) && USE_MN_THREADS
    return !th_has_dedicated_nt(th) && (events || timeout) && th->blocking;
#else
    return false;
#endif
}

// true if need retry
static bool
thread_io_wait_events(rb_thread_t *th, int fd, int events, const struct timeval *timeout)
{
#if defined(USE_MN_THREADS) && USE_MN_THREADS
    if (thread_io_mn_schedulable(th, events, timeout)) {
        rb_hrtime_t rel, *prel;

        if (timeout) {
            rel = rb_timeval2hrtime(timeout);
            prel = &rel;
        }
        else {
            prel = NULL;
        }

        VM_ASSERT(prel || (events & (RB_WAITFD_IN | RB_WAITFD_OUT)));

        if (thread_sched_wait_events(TH_SCHED(th), th, fd, waitfd_to_waiting_flag(events), prel)) {
            // timeout
            return false;
        }
        else {
            return true;
        }
    }
#endif // defined(USE_MN_THREADS) && USE_MN_THREADS
    return false;
}

// assume read/write
static bool
blocking_call_retryable_p(int r, int eno)
{
    if (r != -1) return false;

    switch (eno) {
      case EAGAIN:
#if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
      case EWOULDBLOCK:
#endif
        return true;
      default:
        return false;
    }
}

bool
rb_thread_mn_schedulable(VALUE thval)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(thval);
    return th->mn_schedulable;
}

VALUE
rb_thread_io_blocking_call(rb_blocking_function_t *func, void *data1, int fd, int events)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *volatile ec = GET_EC();
    rb_thread_t *volatile th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("th:%u fd:%d ev:%d", rb_th_serial(th), fd, events);

    struct waiting_fd waiting_fd;
    volatile VALUE val = Qundef; /* shouldn't be used */
    volatile int saved_errno = 0;
    enum ruby_tag_type state;
    bool prev_mn_schedulable = th->mn_schedulable;
    th->mn_schedulable = thread_io_mn_schedulable(th, events, NULL);

    // `errno` is only valid when there is an actual error - but we can't
    // extract that from the return value of `func` alone, so we clear any
    // prior `errno` value here so that we can later check if it was set by
    // `func` or not (as opposed to some previously set value).
    errno = 0;

    thread_io_setup_wfd(th, fd, &waiting_fd);
    {
        EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
        if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
            volatile enum ruby_tag_type saved_state = state; /* for BLOCKING_REGION */
          retry:
            BLOCKING_REGION(waiting_fd.th, {
                val = func(data1);
                saved_errno = errno;
            }, ubf_select, waiting_fd.th, FALSE);

            th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
            if (events &&
                blocking_call_retryable_p((int)val, saved_errno) &&
                thread_io_wait_events(th, fd, events, NULL)) {
                RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(ec);
                goto retry;
            }
            state = saved_state;
        }
        EC_POP_TAG();

        th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
        th->mn_schedulable = prev_mn_schedulable;
    }
    /*
     * must be deleted before jump
     * this will delete either from waiting_fds or on-stack struct rb_io_close_wait_list
     */
    thread_io_wake_pending_closer(&waiting_fd);

    if (state) {
        EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, state);
    }
    /* TODO: check func() */
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(ec);

    // If the error was a timeout, we raise a specific exception for that:
    if (saved_errno == ETIMEDOUT) {
        rb_raise(rb_eIOTimeoutError, "Blocking operation timed out!");
    }

    errno = saved_errno;

    return val;
}

VALUE
rb_thread_io_blocking_region(rb_blocking_function_t *func, void *data1, int fd)
{
    return rb_thread_io_blocking_call(func, data1, fd, 0);
}

/*
 * rb_thread_call_with_gvl - re-enter the Ruby world after GVL release.
 *
 * After releasing GVL using
 * rb_thread_call_without_gvl() you can not access Ruby values or invoke
 * methods. If you need to access Ruby you must use this function
 * rb_thread_call_with_gvl().
 *
 * This function rb_thread_call_with_gvl() does:
 * (1) acquire GVL.
 * (2) call passed function `func'.
 * (3) release GVL.
 * (4) return a value which is returned at (2).
 *
 * NOTE: You should not return Ruby object at (2) because such Object
 *       will not be marked.
 *
 * NOTE: If an exception is raised in `func', this function DOES NOT
 *       protect (catch) the exception.  If you have any resources
 *       which should free before throwing exception, you need use
 *       rb_protect() in `func' and return a value which represents
 *       exception was raised.
 *
 * NOTE: This function should not be called by a thread which was not
 *       created as Ruby thread (created by Thread.new or so).  In other
 *       words, this function *DOES NOT* associate or convert a NON-Ruby
 *       thread to a Ruby thread.
 */
void *
rb_thread_call_with_gvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_thread_from_native();
    struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *brb;
    struct rb_unblock_callback prev_unblock;
    void *r;

    if (th == 0) {
        /* Error has occurred, but we can't use rb_bug()
         * because this thread is not Ruby's thread.
         * What should we do?
         */
        bp();
        fprintf(stderr, "[BUG] rb_thread_call_with_gvl() is called by non-ruby thread\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    brb = (struct rb_blocking_region_buffer *)th->blocking_region_buffer;
    prev_unblock = th->unblock;

    if (brb == 0) {
        rb_bug("rb_thread_call_with_gvl: called by a thread which has GVL.");
    }

    blocking_region_end(th, brb);
    /* enter to Ruby world: You can access Ruby values, methods and so on. */
    r = (*func)(data1);
    /* leave from Ruby world: You can not access Ruby values, etc. */
    int released = blocking_region_begin(th, brb, prev_unblock.func, prev_unblock.arg, FALSE);
    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(released);
    RB_VM_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th);
    thread_sched_to_waiting(TH_SCHED(th), th);
    return r;
}

/*
 * ruby_thread_has_gvl_p - check if current native thread has GVL.
 *
 ***
 *** This API is EXPERIMENTAL!
 *** We do not guarantee that this API remains in ruby 1.9.2 or later.
 ***
 */

int
ruby_thread_has_gvl_p(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_thread_from_native();

    if (th && th->blocking_region_buffer == 0) {
        return 1;
    }
    else {
        return 0;
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    Thread.pass   -> nil
 *
 * Give the thread scheduler a hint to pass execution to another thread.
 * A running thread may or may not switch, it depends on OS and processor.
 */

static VALUE
thread_s_pass(VALUE klass)
{
    rb_thread_schedule();
    return Qnil;
}

/*****************************************************/

/*
 * rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_* - manage asynchronous error queue
 *
 * Async events such as an exception thrown by Thread#raise,
 * Thread#kill and thread termination (after main thread termination)
 * will be queued to th->pending_interrupt_queue.
 * - clear: clear the queue.
 * - enque: enqueue err object into queue.
 * - deque: dequeue err object from queue.
 * - active_p: return 1 if the queue should be checked.
 *
 * All rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_* functions are called by
 * a GVL acquired thread, of course.
 * Note that all "rb_" prefix APIs need GVL to call.
 */

void
rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_clear(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_ary_clear(th->pending_interrupt_queue);
}

void
rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE v)
{
    rb_ary_push(th->pending_interrupt_queue, v);
    th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0;
}

static void
threadptr_check_pending_interrupt_queue(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    if (!th->pending_interrupt_queue) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "uninitialized thread");
    }
}

enum handle_interrupt_timing {
    INTERRUPT_NONE,
    INTERRUPT_IMMEDIATE,
    INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING,
    INTERRUPT_NEVER
};

static enum handle_interrupt_timing
rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_from_symbol(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE sym)
{
    if (sym == sym_immediate) {
        return INTERRUPT_IMMEDIATE;
    }
    else if (sym == sym_on_blocking) {
        return INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING;
    }
    else if (sym == sym_never) {
        return INTERRUPT_NEVER;
    }
    else {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "unknown mask signature");
    }
}

static enum handle_interrupt_timing
rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_check_mask(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE err)
{
    VALUE mask;
    long mask_stack_len = RARRAY_LEN(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack);
    const VALUE *mask_stack = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack);
    VALUE mod;
    long i;

    for (i=0; i<mask_stack_len; i++) {
        mask = mask_stack[mask_stack_len-(i+1)];

        if (SYMBOL_P(mask)) {
            /* do not match RUBY_FATAL_THREAD_KILLED etc */
            if (err != rb_cInteger) {
                return rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_from_symbol(th, mask);
            }
            else {
                continue;
            }
        }

        for (mod = err; mod; mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod)) {
            VALUE klass = mod;
            VALUE sym;

            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS) {
                klass = RBASIC(mod)->klass;
            }
            else if (mod != RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod)) {
                continue;
            }

            if ((sym = rb_hash_aref(mask, klass)) != Qnil) {
                return rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_from_symbol(th, sym);
            }
        }
        /* try to next mask */
    }
    return INTERRUPT_NONE;
}

static int
rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(const rb_thread_t *th)
{
    return RARRAY_LEN(th->pending_interrupt_queue) == 0;
}

static int
rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_include_p(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE err)
{
    int i;
    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(th->pending_interrupt_queue); i++) {
        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(th->pending_interrupt_queue, i);
        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, err)) {
            return TRUE;
        }
    }
    return FALSE;
}

static VALUE
rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_deque(rb_thread_t *th, enum handle_interrupt_timing timing)
{
#if 1 /* 1 to enable Thread#handle_interrupt, 0 to ignore it */
    int i;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(th->pending_interrupt_queue); i++) {
        VALUE err = RARRAY_AREF(th->pending_interrupt_queue, i);

        enum handle_interrupt_timing mask_timing = rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_check_mask(th, CLASS_OF(err));

        switch (mask_timing) {
          case INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING:
            if (timing != INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING) {
                break;
            }
            /* fall through */
          case INTERRUPT_NONE: /* default: IMMEDIATE */
          case INTERRUPT_IMMEDIATE:
            rb_ary_delete_at(th->pending_interrupt_queue, i);
            return err;
          case INTERRUPT_NEVER:
            break;
        }
    }

    th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 1;
    return Qundef;
#else
    VALUE err = rb_ary_shift(th->pending_interrupt_queue);
    if (rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(th)) {
        th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 1;
    }
    return err;
#endif
}

static int
threadptr_pending_interrupt_active_p(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    /*
     * For optimization, we don't check async errinfo queue
     * if the queue and the thread interrupt mask were not changed
     * since last check.
     */
    if (th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked) {
        return 0;
    }

    if (rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(th)) {
        return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

static int
handle_interrupt_arg_check_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE args)
{
    VALUE *maskp = (VALUE *)args;

    if (val != sym_immediate && val != sym_on_blocking && val != sym_never) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown mask signature");
    }

    if (key == rb_eException && (UNDEF_P(*maskp) || NIL_P(*maskp))) {
        *maskp = val;
        return ST_CONTINUE;
    }

    if (RTEST(*maskp)) {
        if (!RB_TYPE_P(*maskp, T_HASH)) {
            VALUE prev = *maskp;
            *maskp = rb_ident_hash_new();
            if (SYMBOL_P(prev)) {
                rb_hash_aset(*maskp, rb_eException, prev);
            }
        }
        rb_hash_aset(*maskp, key, val);
    }
    else {
        *maskp = Qfalse;
    }

    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   Thread.handle_interrupt(hash) { ... } -> result of the block
 *
 * Changes asynchronous interrupt timing.
 *
 * _interrupt_ means asynchronous event and corresponding procedure
 * by Thread#raise, Thread#kill, signal trap (not supported yet)
 * and main thread termination (if main thread terminates, then all
 * other thread will be killed).
 *
 * The given +hash+ has pairs like <code>ExceptionClass =>
 * :TimingSymbol</code>. Where the ExceptionClass is the interrupt handled by
 * the given block. The TimingSymbol can be one of the following symbols:
 *
 * [+:immediate+]   Invoke interrupts immediately.
 * [+:on_blocking+] Invoke interrupts while _BlockingOperation_.
 * [+:never+]       Never invoke all interrupts.
 *
 * _BlockingOperation_ means that the operation will block the calling thread,
 * such as read and write.  On CRuby implementation, _BlockingOperation_ is any
 * operation executed without GVL.
 *
 * Masked asynchronous interrupts are delayed until they are enabled.
 * This method is similar to sigprocmask(3).
 *
 * === NOTE
 *
 * Asynchronous interrupts are difficult to use.
 *
 * If you need to communicate between threads, please consider to use another way such as Queue.
 *
 * Or use them with deep understanding about this method.
 *
 * === Usage
 *
 * In this example, we can guard from Thread#raise exceptions.
 *
 * Using the +:never+ TimingSymbol the RuntimeError exception will always be
 * ignored in the first block of the main thread. In the second
 * ::handle_interrupt block we can purposefully handle RuntimeError exceptions.
 *
 *   th = Thread.new do
 *     Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :never) {
 *       begin
 *         # You can write resource allocation code safely.
 *         Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :immediate) {
 *	     # ...
 *         }
 *       ensure
 *         # You can write resource deallocation code safely.
 *       end
 *     }
 *   end
 *   Thread.pass
 *   # ...
 *   th.raise "stop"
 *
 * While we are ignoring the RuntimeError exception, it's safe to write our
 * resource allocation code. Then, the ensure block is where we can safely
 * deallocate your resources.
 *
 * ==== Stack control settings
 *
 * It's possible to stack multiple levels of ::handle_interrupt blocks in order
 * to control more than one ExceptionClass and TimingSymbol at a time.
 *
 *   Thread.handle_interrupt(FooError => :never) {
 *     Thread.handle_interrupt(BarError => :never) {
 *        # FooError and BarError are prohibited.
 *     }
 *   }
 *
 * ==== Inheritance with ExceptionClass
 *
 * All exceptions inherited from the ExceptionClass parameter will be considered.
 *
 *   Thread.handle_interrupt(Exception => :never) {
 *     # all exceptions inherited from Exception are prohibited.
 *   }
 *
 * For handling all interrupts, use +Object+ and not +Exception+
 * as the ExceptionClass, as kill/terminate interrupts are not handled by +Exception+.
 */
static VALUE
rb_thread_s_handle_interrupt(VALUE self, VALUE mask_arg)
{
    VALUE mask = Qundef;
    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC();
    rb_thread_t * volatile th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
    volatile VALUE r = Qnil;
    enum ruby_tag_type state;

    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "block is needed.");
    }

    mask_arg = rb_to_hash_type(mask_arg);

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(mask_arg) && rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(mask_arg)) {
        mask = Qnil;
    }

    rb_hash_foreach(mask_arg, handle_interrupt_arg_check_i, (VALUE)&mask);

    if (UNDEF_P(mask)) {
        return rb_yield(Qnil);
    }

    if (!RTEST(mask)) {
        mask = mask_arg;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(mask, T_HASH)) {
        OBJ_FREEZE(mask);
    }

    rb_ary_push(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack, mask);
    if (!rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(th)) {
        th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0;
        RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th->ec);
    }

    EC_PUSH_TAG(th->ec);
    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
        r = rb_yield(Qnil);
    }
    EC_POP_TAG();

    rb_ary_pop(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack);
    if (!rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(th)) {
        th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0;
        RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th->ec);
    }

    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th->ec);

    if (state) {
        EC_JUMP_TAG(th->ec, state);
    }

    return r;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   target_thread.pending_interrupt?(error = nil) -> true/false
 *
 * Returns whether or not the asynchronous queue is empty for the target thread.
 *
 * If +error+ is given, then check only for +error+ type deferred events.
 *
 * See ::pending_interrupt? for more information.
 */
static VALUE
rb_thread_pending_interrupt_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE target_thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(target_thread);

    if (!target_th->pending_interrupt_queue) {
        return Qfalse;
    }
    if (rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(target_th)) {
        return Qfalse;
    }
    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) {
        VALUE err = argv[0];
        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_cModule)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "class or module required for rescue clause");
        }
        return RBOOL(rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_include_p(target_th, err));
    }
    else {
        return Qtrue;
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   Thread.pending_interrupt?(error = nil) -> true/false
 *
 * Returns whether or not the asynchronous queue is empty.
 *
 * Since Thread::handle_interrupt can be used to defer asynchronous events,
 * this method can be used to determine if there are any deferred events.
 *
 * If you find this method returns true, then you may finish +:never+ blocks.
 *
 * For example, the following method processes deferred asynchronous events
 * immediately.
 *
 *   def Thread.kick_interrupt_immediately
 *     Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :immediate) {
 *       Thread.pass
 *     }
 *   end
 *
 * If +error+ is given, then check only for +error+ type deferred events.
 *
 * === Usage
 *
 *   th = Thread.new{
 *     Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking){
 *       while true
 *         ...
 *         # reach safe point to invoke interrupt
 *         if Thread.pending_interrupt?
 *           Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :immediate){}
 *         end
 *         ...
 *       end
 *     }
 *   }
 *   ...
 *   th.raise # stop thread
 *
 * This example can also be written as the following, which you should use to
 * avoid asynchronous interrupts.
 *
 *   flag = true
 *   th = Thread.new{
 *     Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking){
 *       while true
 *         ...
 *         # reach safe point to invoke interrupt
 *         break if flag == false
 *         ...
 *       end
 *     }
 *   }
 *   ...
 *   flag = false # stop thread
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_pending_interrupt_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    return rb_thread_pending_interrupt_p(argc, argv, GET_THREAD()->self);
}

NORETURN(static void rb_threadptr_to_kill(rb_thread_t *th));

static void
rb_threadptr_to_kill(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_clear(th);
    th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
    th->to_kill = 1;
    th->ec->errinfo = INT2FIX(TAG_FATAL);
    EC_JUMP_TAG(th->ec, TAG_FATAL);
}

static inline rb_atomic_t
threadptr_get_interrupts(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = th->ec;
    rb_atomic_t interrupt;
    rb_atomic_t old;

    do {
        interrupt = ec->interrupt_flag;
        old = ATOMIC_CAS(ec->interrupt_flag, interrupt, interrupt & ec->interrupt_mask);
    } while (old != interrupt);
    return interrupt & (rb_atomic_t)~ec->interrupt_mask;
}

static void threadptr_interrupt_exec_exec(rb_thread_t *th);

int
rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(rb_thread_t *th, int blocking_timing)
{
    rb_atomic_t interrupt;
    int postponed_job_interrupt = 0;
    int ret = FALSE;

    if (th->ec->raised_flag) return ret;

    while ((interrupt = threadptr_get_interrupts(th)) != 0) {
        int sig;
        int timer_interrupt;
        int pending_interrupt;
        int trap_interrupt;
        int terminate_interrupt;

        timer_interrupt = interrupt & TIMER_INTERRUPT_MASK;
        pending_interrupt = interrupt & PENDING_INTERRUPT_MASK;
        postponed_job_interrupt = interrupt & POSTPONED_JOB_INTERRUPT_MASK;
        trap_interrupt = interrupt & TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK;
        terminate_interrupt = interrupt & TERMINATE_INTERRUPT_MASK; // request from other ractors

        if (interrupt & VM_BARRIER_INTERRUPT_MASK) {
            RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
            RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
        }

        if (postponed_job_interrupt) {
            rb_postponed_job_flush(th->vm);
        }

        if (trap_interrupt) {
            /* signal handling */
            if (th == th->vm->ractor.main_thread) {
                enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;

                th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
                {
                    while ((sig = rb_get_next_signal()) != 0) {
                        ret |= rb_signal_exec(th, sig);
                    }
                }
                th->status = prev_status;
            }

            if (!ccan_list_empty(&th->interrupt_exec_tasks)) {
                enum rb_thread_status prev_status = th->status;

                th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
                {
                    threadptr_interrupt_exec_exec(th);
                }
                th->status = prev_status;
            }
        }

        /* exception from another thread */
        if (pending_interrupt && threadptr_pending_interrupt_active_p(th)) {
            VALUE err = rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_deque(th, blocking_timing ? INTERRUPT_ON_BLOCKING : INTERRUPT_NONE);
            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("err:%"PRIdVALUE, err);
            ret = TRUE;

            if (UNDEF_P(err)) {
                /* no error */
            }
            else if (err == RUBY_FATAL_THREAD_KILLED        /* Thread#kill received */   ||
                     err == RUBY_FATAL_THREAD_TERMINATED   /* Terminate thread */       ||
                     err == INT2FIX(TAG_FATAL) /* Thread.exit etc. */         ) {
                terminate_interrupt = 1;
            }
            else {
                if (err == th->vm->special_exceptions[ruby_error_stream_closed]) {
                    /* the only special exception to be queued across thread */
                    err = ruby_vm_special_exception_copy(err);
                }
                /* set runnable if th was slept. */
                if (th->status == THREAD_STOPPED ||
                    th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER)
                    th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
                rb_exc_raise(err);
            }
        }

        if (terminate_interrupt) {
            rb_threadptr_to_kill(th);
        }

        if (timer_interrupt) {
            uint32_t limits_us = TIME_QUANTUM_USEC;

            if (th->priority > 0)
                limits_us <<= th->priority;
            else
                limits_us >>= -th->priority;

            if (th->status == THREAD_RUNNABLE)
                th->running_time_us += 10 * 1000; // 10ms = 10_000us // TODO: use macro

            VM_ASSERT(th->ec->cfp);
            EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th->ec, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_SWITCH, th->ec->cfp->self,
                            0, 0, 0, Qundef);

            rb_thread_schedule_limits(limits_us);
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

void
rb_thread_execute_interrupts(VALUE thval)
{
    rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(rb_thread_ptr(thval), 1);
}

static void
rb_threadptr_ready(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
}

static VALUE
rb_threadptr_raise(rb_thread_t *target_th, int argc, VALUE *argv)
{
    VALUE exc;

    if (rb_threadptr_dead(target_th)) {
        return Qnil;
    }

    if (argc == 0) {
        exc = rb_exc_new(rb_eRuntimeError, 0, 0);
    }
    else {
        exc = rb_make_exception(argc, argv);
    }

    /* making an exception object can switch thread,
       so we need to check thread deadness again */
    if (rb_threadptr_dead(target_th)) {
        return Qnil;
    }

    rb_ec_setup_exception(GET_EC(), exc, Qundef);
    rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(target_th, exc);
    rb_threadptr_interrupt(target_th);
    return Qnil;
}

void
rb_threadptr_signal_raise(rb_thread_t *th, int sig)
{
    VALUE argv[2];

    argv[0] = rb_eSignal;
    argv[1] = INT2FIX(sig);
    rb_threadptr_raise(th->vm->ractor.main_thread, 2, argv);
}

void
rb_threadptr_signal_exit(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    VALUE argv[2];

    argv[0] = rb_eSystemExit;
    argv[1] = rb_str_new2("exit");

    // TODO: check signal raise deliverly
    rb_threadptr_raise(th->vm->ractor.main_thread, 2, argv);
}

int
rb_ec_set_raised(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    if (ec->raised_flag & RAISED_EXCEPTION) {
        return 1;
    }
    ec->raised_flag |= RAISED_EXCEPTION;
    return 0;
}

int
rb_ec_reset_raised(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
{
    if (!(ec->raised_flag & RAISED_EXCEPTION)) {
        return 0;
    }
    ec->raised_flag &= ~RAISED_EXCEPTION;
    return 1;
}

int
rb_notify_fd_close(int fd, struct rb_io_close_wait_list *busy)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_THREAD()->vm;
    struct waiting_fd *wfd = 0, *next;
    ccan_list_head_init(&busy->pending_fd_users);
    int has_any;
    VALUE wakeup_mutex;

    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
    {
        ccan_list_for_each_safe(&vm->waiting_fds, wfd, next, wfd_node) {
            if (wfd->fd == fd) {
                rb_thread_t *th = wfd->th;
                VALUE err;

                ccan_list_del(&wfd->wfd_node);
                ccan_list_add(&busy->pending_fd_users, &wfd->wfd_node);

                wfd->busy = busy;
                err = th->vm->special_exceptions[ruby_error_stream_closed];
                rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, err);
                rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
            }
        }
    }

    has_any = !ccan_list_empty(&busy->pending_fd_users);
    busy->closing_thread = rb_thread_current();
    busy->closing_fiber = rb_fiber_current();
    wakeup_mutex = Qnil;
    if (has_any) {
        wakeup_mutex = rb_mutex_new();
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(wakeup_mutex); /* hide from ObjectSpace */
    }
    busy->wakeup_mutex = wakeup_mutex;

    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();

    /* If the caller didn't pass *busy as a pointer to something on the stack,
       we need to guard this mutex object on _our_ C stack for the duration
       of this function. */
    RB_GC_GUARD(wakeup_mutex);
    return has_any;
}

void
rb_notify_fd_close_wait(struct rb_io_close_wait_list *busy)
{
    if (!RB_TEST(busy->wakeup_mutex)) {
        /* There was nobody else using this file when we closed it, so we
           never bothered to allocate a mutex*/
        return;
    }

    rb_mutex_lock(busy->wakeup_mutex);
    while (!ccan_list_empty(&busy->pending_fd_users)) {
        rb_mutex_sleep(busy->wakeup_mutex, Qnil);
    }
    rb_mutex_unlock(busy->wakeup_mutex);
}

void
rb_thread_fd_close(int fd)
{
    struct rb_io_close_wait_list busy;

    if (rb_notify_fd_close(fd, &busy)) {
        rb_notify_fd_close_wait(&busy);
    }
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.raise
 *     thr.raise(string)
 *     thr.raise(exception [, string [, array]])
 *
 *  Raises an exception from the given thread. The caller does not have to be
 *  +thr+. See Kernel#raise for more information.
 *
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 *     a = Thread.new { sleep(200) }
 *     a.raise("Gotcha")
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     prog.rb:3: Gotcha (RuntimeError)
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `initialize'
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `new'
 *     	from prog.rb:2
 */

static VALUE
thread_raise_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(self);
    const rb_thread_t *current_th = GET_THREAD();

    threadptr_check_pending_interrupt_queue(target_th);
    rb_threadptr_raise(target_th, argc, argv);

    /* To perform Thread.current.raise as Kernel.raise */
    if (current_th == target_th) {
        RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(target_th->ec);
    }
    return Qnil;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.exit        -> thr
 *     thr.kill        -> thr
 *     thr.terminate   -> thr
 *
 *  Terminates +thr+ and schedules another thread to be run, returning
 *  the terminated Thread.  If this is the main thread, or the last
 *  thread, exits the process.
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_kill(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);

    if (target_th->to_kill || target_th->status == THREAD_KILLED) {
        return thread;
    }
    if (target_th == target_th->vm->ractor.main_thread) {
        rb_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }

    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("target_th:%u", rb_th_serial(target_th));

    if (target_th == GET_THREAD()) {
        /* kill myself immediately */
        rb_threadptr_to_kill(target_th);
    }
    else {
        threadptr_check_pending_interrupt_queue(target_th);
        rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(target_th, RUBY_FATAL_THREAD_KILLED);
        rb_threadptr_interrupt(target_th);
    }

    return thread;
}

int
rb_thread_to_be_killed(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);

    if (target_th->to_kill || target_th->status == THREAD_KILLED) {
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.kill(thread)   -> thread
 *
 *  Causes the given +thread+ to exit, see also Thread::exit.
 *
 *     count = 0
 *     a = Thread.new { loop { count += 1 } }
 *     sleep(0.1)       #=> 0
 *     Thread.kill(a)   #=> #<Thread:0x401b3d30 dead>
 *     count            #=> 93947
 *     a.alive?         #=> false
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_kill(VALUE obj, VALUE th)
{
    return rb_thread_kill(th);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.exit   -> thread
 *
 *  Terminates the currently running thread and schedules another thread to be
 *  run.
 *
 *  If this thread is already marked to be killed, ::exit returns the Thread.
 *
 *  If this is the main thread, or the last  thread, exit the process.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_exit(VALUE _)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    return rb_thread_kill(th->self);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.wakeup   -> thr
 *
 *  Marks a given thread as eligible for scheduling, however it may still
 *  remain blocked on I/O.
 *
 *  *Note:* This does not invoke the scheduler, see #run for more information.
 *
 *     c = Thread.new { Thread.stop; puts "hey!" }
 *     sleep 0.1 while c.status!='sleep'
 *     c.wakeup
 *     c.join
 *     #=> "hey!"
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_wakeup(VALUE thread)
{
    if (!RTEST(rb_thread_wakeup_alive(thread))) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "killed thread");
    }
    return thread;
}

VALUE
rb_thread_wakeup_alive(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);
    if (target_th->status == THREAD_KILLED) return Qnil;

    rb_threadptr_ready(target_th);

    if (target_th->status == THREAD_STOPPED ||
        target_th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER) {
        target_th->status = THREAD_RUNNABLE;
    }

    return thread;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.run   -> thr
 *
 *  Wakes up +thr+, making it eligible for scheduling.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { puts "a"; Thread.stop; puts "c" }
 *     sleep 0.1 while a.status!='sleep'
 *     puts "Got here"
 *     a.run
 *     a.join
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     a
 *     Got here
 *     c
 *
 *  See also the instance method #wakeup.
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_run(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_wakeup(thread);
    rb_thread_schedule();
    return thread;
}


VALUE
rb_thread_stop(void)
{
    if (rb_thread_alone()) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError,
                 "stopping only thread\n\tnote: use sleep to stop forever");
    }
    rb_thread_sleep_deadly();
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.stop   -> nil
 *
 *  Stops execution of the current thread, putting it into a ``sleep'' state,
 *  and schedules execution of another thread.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { print "a"; Thread.stop; print "c" }
 *     sleep 0.1 while a.status!='sleep'
 *     print "b"
 *     a.run
 *     a.join
 *     #=> "abc"
 */

static VALUE
thread_stop(VALUE _)
{
    return rb_thread_stop();
}

/********************************************************************/

VALUE
rb_thread_list(void)
{
    // TODO
    return rb_ractor_thread_list();
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.list   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an array of Thread objects for all threads that are either runnable
 *  or stopped.
 *
 *     Thread.new { sleep(200) }
 *     Thread.new { 1000000.times {|i| i*i } }
 *     Thread.new { Thread.stop }
 *     Thread.list.each {|t| p t}
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     #<Thread:0x401b3e84 sleep>
 *     #<Thread:0x401b3f38 run>
 *     #<Thread:0x401b3fb0 sleep>
 *     #<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>
 */

static VALUE
thread_list(VALUE _)
{
    return rb_thread_list();
}

VALUE
rb_thread_current(void)
{
    return GET_THREAD()->self;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.current   -> thread
 *
 *  Returns the currently executing thread.
 *
 *     Thread.current   #=> #<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>
 */

static VALUE
thread_s_current(VALUE klass)
{
    return rb_thread_current();
}

VALUE
rb_thread_main(void)
{
    return GET_RACTOR()->threads.main->self;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.main   -> thread
 *
 *  Returns the main thread.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_main(VALUE klass)
{
    return rb_thread_main();
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the status of the global ``abort on exception'' condition.
 *
 *  The default is +false+.
 *
 *  When set to +true+, if any thread is aborted by an exception, the
 *  raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread.
 *
 *  Can also be specified by the global $DEBUG flag or command line option
 *  +-d+.
 *
 *  See also ::abort_on_exception=.
 *
 *  There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread,
 *  see #abort_on_exception.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_abort_exc(VALUE _)
{
    return RBOOL(GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_abort_on_exception);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception= boolean   -> true or false
 *
 *  When set to +true+, if any thread is aborted by an exception, the
 *  raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread.
 *  Returns the new state.
 *
 *     Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 *     t1 = Thread.new do
 *       puts  "In new thread"
 *       raise "Exception from thread"
 *     end
 *     sleep(1)
 *     puts "not reached"
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     In new thread
 *     prog.rb:4: Exception from thread (RuntimeError)
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `initialize'
 *     	from prog.rb:2:in `new'
 *     	from prog.rb:2
 *
 *  See also ::abort_on_exception.
 *
 *  There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread,
 *  see #abort_on_exception=.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_abort_exc_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
{
    GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_abort_on_exception = RTEST(val);
    return val;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.abort_on_exception   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the status of the thread-local ``abort on exception'' condition for
 *  this +thr+.
 *
 *  The default is +false+.
 *
 *  See also #abort_on_exception=.
 *
 *  There is also a class level method to set this for all threads, see
 *  ::abort_on_exception.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_abort_exc(VALUE thread)
{
    return RBOOL(rb_thread_ptr(thread)->abort_on_exception);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.abort_on_exception= boolean   -> true or false
 *
 *  When set to +true+, if this +thr+ is aborted by an exception, the
 *  raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread.
 *
 *  See also #abort_on_exception.
 *
 *  There is also a class level method to set this for all threads, see
 *  ::abort_on_exception=.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_abort_exc_set(VALUE thread, VALUE val)
{
    rb_thread_ptr(thread)->abort_on_exception = RTEST(val);
    return val;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.report_on_exception   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the status of the global ``report on exception'' condition.
 *
 *  The default is +true+ since Ruby 2.5.
 *
 *  All threads created when this flag is true will report
 *  a message on $stderr if an exception kills the thread.
 *
 *     Thread.new { 1.times { raise } }
 *
 *  will produce this output on $stderr:
 *
 *     #<Thread:...> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
 *     Traceback (most recent call last):
 *             2: from -e:1:in `block in <main>'
 *             1: from -e:1:in `times'
 *
 *  This is done to catch errors in threads early.
 *  In some cases, you might not want this output.
 *  There are multiple ways to avoid the extra output:
 *
 *  * If the exception is not intended, the best is to fix the cause of
 *    the exception so it does not happen anymore.
 *  * If the exception is intended, it might be better to rescue it closer to
 *    where it is raised rather then let it kill the Thread.
 *  * If it is guaranteed the Thread will be joined with Thread#join or
 *    Thread#value, then it is safe to disable this report with
 *    <code>Thread.current.report_on_exception = false</code>
 *    when starting the Thread.
 *    However, this might handle the exception much later, or not at all
 *    if the Thread is never joined due to the parent thread being blocked, etc.
 *
 *  See also ::report_on_exception=.
 *
 *  There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread,
 *  see #report_on_exception=.
 *
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_report_exc(VALUE _)
{
    return RBOOL(GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_report_on_exception);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.report_on_exception= boolean   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the new state.
 *  When set to +true+, all threads created afterwards will inherit the
 *  condition and report a message on $stderr if an exception kills a thread:
 *
 *     Thread.report_on_exception = true
 *     t1 = Thread.new do
 *       puts  "In new thread"
 *       raise "Exception from thread"
 *     end
 *     sleep(1)
 *     puts "In the main thread"
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     In new thread
 *     #<Thread:...prog.rb:2> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
 *     Traceback (most recent call last):
 *     prog.rb:4:in `block in <main>': Exception from thread (RuntimeError)
 *     In the main thread
 *
 *  See also ::report_on_exception.
 *
 *  There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread,
 *  see #report_on_exception=.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_report_exc_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
{
    GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_report_on_exception = RTEST(val);
    return val;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.ignore_deadlock -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the status of the global ``ignore deadlock'' condition.
 *  The default is +false+, so that deadlock conditions are not ignored.
 *
 *  See also ::ignore_deadlock=.
 *
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_ignore_deadlock(VALUE _)
{
    return RBOOL(GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_ignore_deadlock);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     Thread.ignore_deadlock = boolean   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the new state.
 *  When set to +true+, the VM will not check for deadlock conditions.
 *  It is only useful to set this if your application can break a
 *  deadlock condition via some other means, such as a signal.
 *
 *     Thread.ignore_deadlock = true
 *     queue = Thread::Queue.new
 *
 *     trap(:SIGUSR1){queue.push "Received signal"}
 *
 *     # raises fatal error unless ignoring deadlock
 *     puts queue.pop
 *
 *  See also ::ignore_deadlock.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_s_ignore_deadlock_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
{
    GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_ignore_deadlock = RTEST(val);
    return val;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.report_on_exception   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns the status of the thread-local ``report on exception'' condition for
 *  this +thr+.
 *
 *  The default value when creating a Thread is the value of
 *  the global flag Thread.report_on_exception.
 *
 *  See also #report_on_exception=.
 *
 *  There is also a class level method to set this for all new threads, see
 *  ::report_on_exception=.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_report_exc(VALUE thread)
{
    return RBOOL(rb_thread_ptr(thread)->report_on_exception);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.report_on_exception= boolean   -> true or false
 *
 *  When set to +true+, a message is printed on $stderr if an exception
 *  kills this +thr+.  See ::report_on_exception for details.
 *
 *  See also #report_on_exception.
 *
 *  There is also a class level method to set this for all new threads, see
 *  ::report_on_exception=.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_report_exc_set(VALUE thread, VALUE val)
{
    rb_thread_ptr(thread)->report_on_exception = RTEST(val);
    return val;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.group   -> thgrp or nil
 *
 *  Returns the ThreadGroup which contains the given thread.
 *
 *     Thread.main.group   #=> #<ThreadGroup:0x4029d914>
 */

VALUE
rb_thread_group(VALUE thread)
{
    return rb_thread_ptr(thread)->thgroup;
}

static const char *
thread_status_name(rb_thread_t *th, int detail)
{
    switch (th->status) {
      case THREAD_RUNNABLE:
        return th->to_kill ? "aborting" : "run";
      case THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER:
        if (detail) return "sleep_forever";
      case THREAD_STOPPED:
        return "sleep";
      case THREAD_KILLED:
        return "dead";
      default:
        return "unknown";
    }
}

static int
rb_threadptr_dead(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    return th->status == THREAD_KILLED;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.status   -> string, false or nil
 *
 *  Returns the status of +thr+.
 *
 *  [<tt>"sleep"</tt>]
 *	Returned if this thread is sleeping or waiting on I/O
 *  [<tt>"run"</tt>]
 *	When this thread is executing
 *  [<tt>"aborting"</tt>]
 *	If this thread is aborting
 *  [+false+]
 *	When this thread is terminated normally
 *  [+nil+]
 *	If terminated with an exception.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { raise("die now") }
 *     b = Thread.new { Thread.stop }
 *     c = Thread.new { Thread.exit }
 *     d = Thread.new { sleep }
 *     d.kill                  #=> #<Thread:0x401b3678 aborting>
 *     a.status                #=> nil
 *     b.status                #=> "sleep"
 *     c.status                #=> false
 *     d.status                #=> "aborting"
 *     Thread.current.status   #=> "run"
 *
 *  See also the instance methods #alive? and #stop?
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_status(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);

    if (rb_threadptr_dead(target_th)) {
        if (!NIL_P(target_th->ec->errinfo) &&
            !FIXNUM_P(target_th->ec->errinfo)) {
            return Qnil;
        }
        else {
            return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else {
        return rb_str_new2(thread_status_name(target_th, FALSE));
    }
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.alive?   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +thr+ is running or sleeping.
 *
 *     thr = Thread.new { }
 *     thr.join                #=> #<Thread:0x401b3fb0 dead>
 *     Thread.current.alive?   #=> true
 *     thr.alive?              #=> false
 *
 *  See also #stop? and #status.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_alive_p(VALUE thread)
{
    return RBOOL(!thread_finished(rb_thread_ptr(thread)));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.stop?   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +thr+ is dead or sleeping.
 *
 *     a = Thread.new { Thread.stop }
 *     b = Thread.current
 *     a.stop?   #=> true
 *     b.stop?   #=> false
 *
 *  See also #alive? and #status.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_stop_p(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);

    if (rb_threadptr_dead(th)) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return RBOOL(th->status == THREAD_STOPPED || th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   thr.name   -> string
 *
 * show the name of the thread.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_getname(VALUE thread)
{
    return rb_thread_ptr(thread)->name;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   thr.name=(name)   -> string
 *
 * set given name to the ruby thread.
 * On some platform, it may set the name to pthread and/or kernel.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_setname(VALUE thread, VALUE name)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);

    if (!NIL_P(name)) {
        rb_encoding *enc;
        StringValueCStr(name);
        enc = rb_enc_get(name);
        if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ASCII incompatible encoding (%s)",
                     rb_enc_name(enc));
        }
        name = rb_str_new_frozen(name);
    }
    target_th->name = name;
    if (threadptr_initialized(target_th) && target_th->has_dedicated_nt) {
        native_set_another_thread_name(target_th->nt->thread_id, name);
    }
    return name;
}

#if USE_NATIVE_THREAD_NATIVE_THREAD_ID
/*
 * call-seq:
 *   thr.native_thread_id   -> integer
 *
 * Return the native thread ID which is used by the Ruby thread.
 *
 * The ID depends on the OS. (not POSIX thread ID returned by pthread_self(3))
 * * On Linux it is TID returned by gettid(2).
 * * On macOS it is the system-wide unique integral ID of thread returned
 *   by pthread_threadid_np(3).
 * * On FreeBSD it is the unique integral ID of the thread returned by
 *   pthread_getthreadid_np(3).
 * * On Windows it is the thread identifier returned by GetThreadId().
 * * On other platforms, it raises NotImplementedError.
 *
 * NOTE:
 * If the thread is not associated yet or already deassociated with a native
 * thread, it returns _nil_.
 * If the Ruby implementation uses M:N thread model, the ID may change
 * depending on the timing.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_native_thread_id(VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);
    if (rb_threadptr_dead(target_th)) return Qnil;
    return native_thread_native_thread_id(target_th);
}
#else
# define rb_thread_native_thread_id rb_f_notimplement
#endif

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   thr.to_s -> string
 *
 * Dump the name, id, and status of _thr_ to a string.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_to_s(VALUE thread)
{
    VALUE cname = rb_class_path(rb_obj_class(thread));
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);
    const char *status;
    VALUE str, loc;

    status = thread_status_name(target_th, TRUE);
    str = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p", cname, (void *)thread);
    if (!NIL_P(target_th->name)) {
        rb_str_catf(str, "@%"PRIsVALUE, target_th->name);
    }
    if ((loc = threadptr_invoke_proc_location(target_th)) != Qnil) {
        rb_str_catf(str, " %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
                    RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1));
    }
    rb_str_catf(str, " %s>", status);

    return str;
}

/* variables for recursive traversals */
#define recursive_key id__recursive_key__

static VALUE
threadptr_local_aref(rb_thread_t *th, ID id)
{
    if (id == recursive_key) {
        return th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash;
    }
    else {
        VALUE val;
        struct rb_id_table *local_storage = th->ec->local_storage;

        if (local_storage != NULL && rb_id_table_lookup(local_storage, id, &val)) {
            return val;
        }
        else {
            return Qnil;
        }
    }
}

VALUE
rb_thread_local_aref(VALUE thread, ID id)
{
    return threadptr_local_aref(rb_thread_ptr(thread), id);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr[sym]   -> obj or nil
 *
 *  Attribute Reference---Returns the value of a fiber-local variable (current thread's root fiber
 *  if not explicitly inside a Fiber), using either a symbol or a string name.
 *  If the specified variable does not exist, returns +nil+.
 *
 *     [
 *       Thread.new { Thread.current["name"] = "A" },
 *       Thread.new { Thread.current[:name]  = "B" },
 *       Thread.new { Thread.current["name"] = "C" }
 *     ].each do |th|
 *       th.join
 *       puts "#{th.inspect}: #{th[:name]}"
 *     end
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     #<Thread:0x00000002a54220 dead>: A
 *     #<Thread:0x00000002a541a8 dead>: B
 *     #<Thread:0x00000002a54130 dead>: C
 *
 *  Thread#[] and Thread#[]= are not thread-local but fiber-local.
 *  This confusion did not exist in Ruby 1.8 because
 *  fibers are only available since Ruby 1.9.
 *  Ruby 1.9 chooses that the methods behaves fiber-local to save
 *  following idiom for dynamic scope.
 *
 *    def meth(newvalue)
 *      begin
 *        oldvalue = Thread.current[:name]
 *        Thread.current[:name] = newvalue
 *        yield
 *      ensure
 *        Thread.current[:name] = oldvalue
 *      end
 *    end
 *
 *  The idiom may not work as dynamic scope if the methods are thread-local
 *  and a given block switches fiber.
 *
 *    f = Fiber.new {
 *      meth(1) {
 *        Fiber.yield
 *      }
 *    }
 *    meth(2) {
 *      f.resume
 *    }
 *    f.resume
 *    p Thread.current[:name]
 *    #=> nil if fiber-local
 *    #=> 2 if thread-local (The value 2 is leaked to outside of meth method.)
 *
 *  For thread-local variables, please see #thread_variable_get and
 *  #thread_variable_set.
 *
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_aref(VALUE thread, VALUE key)
{
    ID id = rb_check_id(&key);
    if (!id) return Qnil;
    return rb_thread_local_aref(thread, id);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr.fetch(sym)           -> obj
 *      thr.fetch(sym) { }       -> obj
 *      thr.fetch(sym, default)  -> obj
 *
 *  Returns a fiber-local for the given key. If the key can't be
 *  found, there are several options: With no other arguments, it will
 *  raise a KeyError exception; if <i>default</i> is given, then that
 *  will be returned; if the optional code block is specified, then
 *  that will be run and its result returned.  See Thread#[] and
 *  Hash#fetch.
 */
static VALUE
rb_thread_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE key, val;
    ID id;
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(self);
    int block_given;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    key = argv[0];

    block_given = rb_block_given_p();
    if (block_given && argc == 2) {
        rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
    }

    id = rb_check_id(&key);

    if (id == recursive_key) {
        return target_th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash;
    }
    else if (id && target_th->ec->local_storage &&
             rb_id_table_lookup(target_th->ec->local_storage, id, &val)) {
        return val;
    }
    else if (block_given) {
        return rb_yield(key);
    }
    else if (argc == 1) {
        rb_key_err_raise(rb_sprintf("key not found: %+"PRIsVALUE, key), self, key);
    }
    else {
        return argv[1];
    }
}

static VALUE
threadptr_local_aset(rb_thread_t *th, ID id, VALUE val)
{
    if (id == recursive_key) {
        th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash = val;
        return val;
    }
    else {
        struct rb_id_table *local_storage = th->ec->local_storage;

        if (NIL_P(val)) {
            if (!local_storage) return Qnil;
            rb_id_table_delete(local_storage, id);
            return Qnil;
        }
        else {
            if (local_storage == NULL) {
                th->ec->local_storage = local_storage = rb_id_table_create(0);
            }
            rb_id_table_insert(local_storage, id, val);
            return val;
        }
    }
}

VALUE
rb_thread_local_aset(VALUE thread, ID id, VALUE val)
{
    if (OBJ_FROZEN(thread)) {
        rb_frozen_error_raise(thread, "can't modify frozen thread locals");
    }

    return threadptr_local_aset(rb_thread_ptr(thread), id, val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr[sym] = obj   -> obj
 *
 *  Attribute Assignment---Sets or creates the value of a fiber-local variable,
 *  using either a symbol or a string.
 *
 *  See also Thread#[].
 *
 *  For thread-local variables, please see #thread_variable_set and
 *  #thread_variable_get.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_aset(VALUE self, VALUE id, VALUE val)
{
    return rb_thread_local_aset(self, rb_to_id(id), val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr.thread_variable_get(key)  -> obj or nil
 *
 *  Returns the value of a thread local variable that has been set.  Note that
 *  these are different than fiber local values.  For fiber local values,
 *  please see Thread#[] and Thread#[]=.
 *
 *  Thread local values are carried along with threads, and do not respect
 *  fibers.  For example:
 *
 *    Thread.new {
 *      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar") # set a thread local
 *      Thread.current["foo"] = "bar"                    # set a fiber local
 *
 *      Fiber.new {
 *        Fiber.yield [
 *          Thread.current.thread_variable_get("foo"), # get the thread local
 *          Thread.current["foo"],                     # get the fiber local
 *        ]
 *      }.resume
 *    }.join.value # => ['bar', nil]
 *
 *  The value "bar" is returned for the thread local, where nil is returned
 *  for the fiber local.  The fiber is executed in the same thread, so the
 *  thread local values are available.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variable_get(VALUE thread, VALUE key)
{
    VALUE locals;
    VALUE symbol = rb_to_symbol(key);

    if (LIKELY(!THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(thread))) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread);
    return rb_hash_aref(locals, symbol);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *      thr.thread_variable_set(key, value)
 *
 *  Sets a thread local with +key+ to +value+.  Note that these are local to
 *  threads, and not to fibers.  Please see Thread#thread_variable_get and
 *  Thread#[] for more information.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variable_set(VALUE thread, VALUE key, VALUE val)
{
    VALUE locals;

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(thread)) {
        rb_frozen_error_raise(thread, "can't modify frozen thread locals");
    }

    locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread);
    return rb_hash_aset(locals, rb_to_symbol(key), val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.key?(sym)   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if the given string (or symbol) exists as a fiber-local
 *  variable.
 *
 *     me = Thread.current
 *     me[:oliver] = "a"
 *     me.key?(:oliver)    #=> true
 *     me.key?(:stanley)   #=> false
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_key_p(VALUE self, VALUE key)
{
    VALUE val;
    ID id = rb_check_id(&key);
    struct rb_id_table *local_storage = rb_thread_ptr(self)->ec->local_storage;

    if (!id || local_storage == NULL) {
        return Qfalse;
    }
    return RBOOL(rb_id_table_lookup(local_storage, id, &val));
}

static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
thread_keys_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *ary)
{
    rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, ID2SYM(key));
    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
}

int
rb_thread_alone(void)
{
    // TODO
    return rb_ractor_living_thread_num(GET_RACTOR()) == 1;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.keys   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an array of the names of the fiber-local variables (as Symbols).
 *
 *     thr = Thread.new do
 *       Thread.current[:cat] = 'meow'
 *       Thread.current["dog"] = 'woof'
 *     end
 *     thr.join   #=> #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
 *     thr.keys   #=> [:dog, :cat]
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_keys(VALUE self)
{
    struct rb_id_table *local_storage = rb_thread_ptr(self)->ec->local_storage;
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();

    if (local_storage) {
        rb_id_table_foreach(local_storage, thread_keys_i, (void *)ary);
    }
    return ary;
}

static int
keys_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_push(ary, key);
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.thread_variables   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
 *
 *     thr = Thread.new do
 *       Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:cat, 'meow')
 *       Thread.current.thread_variable_set("dog", 'woof')
 *     end
 *     thr.join               #=> #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
 *     thr.thread_variables   #=> [:dog, :cat]
 *
 *  Note that these are not fiber local variables.  Please see Thread#[] and
 *  Thread#thread_variable_get for more details.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variables(VALUE thread)
{
    VALUE locals;
    VALUE ary;

    ary = rb_ary_new();
    if (LIKELY(!THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(thread))) {
        return ary;
    }
    locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread);
    rb_hash_foreach(locals, keys_i, ary);

    return ary;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.thread_variable?(key)   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if the given string (or symbol) exists as a thread-local
 *  variable.
 *
 *     me = Thread.current
 *     me.thread_variable_set(:oliver, "a")
 *     me.thread_variable?(:oliver)    #=> true
 *     me.thread_variable?(:stanley)   #=> false
 *
 *  Note that these are not fiber local variables.  Please see Thread#[] and
 *  Thread#thread_variable_get for more details.
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_variable_p(VALUE thread, VALUE key)
{
    VALUE locals;
    VALUE symbol = rb_to_symbol(key);

    if (LIKELY(!THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(thread))) {
        return Qfalse;
    }
    locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread);

    return RBOOL(rb_hash_lookup(locals, symbol) != Qnil);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.priority   -> integer
 *
 *  Returns the priority of <i>thr</i>. Default is inherited from the
 *  current thread which creating the new thread, or zero for the
 *  initial main thread; higher-priority thread will run more frequently
 *  than lower-priority threads (but lower-priority threads can also run).
 *
 *  This is just hint for Ruby thread scheduler.  It may be ignored on some
 *  platform.
 *
 *     Thread.current.priority   #=> 0
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_priority(VALUE thread)
{
    return INT2NUM(rb_thread_ptr(thread)->priority);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thr.priority= integer   -> thr
 *
 *  Sets the priority of <i>thr</i> to <i>integer</i>. Higher-priority threads
 *  will run more frequently than lower-priority threads (but lower-priority
 *  threads can also run).
 *
 *  This is just hint for Ruby thread scheduler.  It may be ignored on some
 *  platform.
 *
 *     count1 = count2 = 0
 *     a = Thread.new do
 *           loop { count1 += 1 }
 *         end
 *     a.priority = -1
 *
 *     b = Thread.new do
 *           loop { count2 += 1 }
 *         end
 *     b.priority = -2
 *     sleep 1   #=> 1
 *     count1    #=> 622504
 *     count2    #=> 5832
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_priority_set(VALUE thread, VALUE prio)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);
    int priority;

#if USE_NATIVE_THREAD_PRIORITY
    target_th->priority = NUM2INT(prio);
    native_thread_apply_priority(th);
#else
    priority = NUM2INT(prio);
    if (priority > RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX) {
        priority = RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX;
    }
    else if (priority < RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN) {
        priority = RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN;
    }
    target_th->priority = (int8_t)priority;
#endif
    return INT2NUM(target_th->priority);
}

/* for IO */

#if defined(NFDBITS) && defined(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT)

/*
 * several Unix platforms support file descriptors bigger than FD_SETSIZE
 * in select(2) system call.
 *
 * - Linux 2.2.12 (?)
 * - NetBSD 1.2 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.25)
 *   select(2) documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
 *   http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?select++NetBSD-4.0
 * - FreeBSD 2.2 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.19)
 * - OpenBSD 2.0 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.4)
 *   select(2) documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
 *   http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=select&manpath=OpenBSD+4.4
 * - Solaris 8 has select_large_fdset
 * - Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion)
 *   select(2) returns EINVAL if nfds is greater than FD_SET_SIZE and
 *   _DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT (or _DARWIN_C_SOURCE) isn't defined.
 *   https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/releasenotes/Darwin/SymbolVariantsRelNotes/index.html
 *
 * When fd_set is not big enough to hold big file descriptors,
 * it should be allocated dynamically.
 * Note that this assumes fd_set is structured as bitmap.
 *
 * rb_fd_init allocates the memory.
 * rb_fd_term free the memory.
 * rb_fd_set may re-allocates bitmap.
 *
 * So rb_fd_set doesn't reject file descriptors bigger than FD_SETSIZE.
 */

void
rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    fds->maxfd = 0;
    fds->fdset = ALLOC(fd_set);
    FD_ZERO(fds->fdset);
}

void
rb_fd_init_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    size_t size = howmany(rb_fd_max(src), NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (size < sizeof(fd_set))
        size = sizeof(fd_set);
    dst->maxfd = src->maxfd;
    dst->fdset = xmalloc(size);
    memcpy(dst->fdset, src->fdset, size);
}

void
rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    xfree(fds->fdset);
    fds->maxfd = 0;
    fds->fdset = 0;
}

void
rb_fd_zero(rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (fds->fdset)
        MEMZERO(fds->fdset, fd_mask, howmany(fds->maxfd, NFDBITS));
}

static void
rb_fd_resize(int n, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    size_t m = howmany(n + 1, NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);
    size_t o = howmany(fds->maxfd, NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (m < sizeof(fd_set)) m = sizeof(fd_set);
    if (o < sizeof(fd_set)) o = sizeof(fd_set);

    if (m > o) {
        fds->fdset = xrealloc(fds->fdset, m);
        memset((char *)fds->fdset + o, 0, m - o);
    }
    if (n >= fds->maxfd) fds->maxfd = n + 1;
}

void
rb_fd_set(int n, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    rb_fd_resize(n, fds);
    FD_SET(n, fds->fdset);
}

void
rb_fd_clr(int n, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (n >= fds->maxfd) return;
    FD_CLR(n, fds->fdset);
}

int
rb_fd_isset(int n, const rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (n >= fds->maxfd) return 0;
    return FD_ISSET(n, fds->fdset) != 0; /* "!= 0" avoids FreeBSD PR 91421 */
}

void
rb_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, const fd_set *src, int max)
{
    size_t size = howmany(max, NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (size < sizeof(fd_set)) size = sizeof(fd_set);
    dst->maxfd = max;
    dst->fdset = xrealloc(dst->fdset, size);
    memcpy(dst->fdset, src, size);
}

void
rb_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    size_t size = howmany(rb_fd_max(src), NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask);

    if (size < sizeof(fd_set))
        size = sizeof(fd_set);
    dst->maxfd = src->maxfd;
    dst->fdset = xrealloc(dst->fdset, size);
    memcpy(dst->fdset, src->fdset, size);
}

int
rb_fd_select(int n, rb_fdset_t *readfds, rb_fdset_t *writefds, rb_fdset_t *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout)
{
    fd_set *r = NULL, *w = NULL, *e = NULL;
    if (readfds) {
        rb_fd_resize(n - 1, readfds);
        r = rb_fd_ptr(readfds);
    }
    if (writefds) {
        rb_fd_resize(n - 1, writefds);
        w = rb_fd_ptr(writefds);
    }
    if (exceptfds) {
        rb_fd_resize(n - 1, exceptfds);
        e = rb_fd_ptr(exceptfds);
    }
    return select(n, r, w, e, timeout);
}

#define rb_fd_no_init(fds) ((void)((fds)->fdset = 0), (void)((fds)->maxfd = 0))

#undef FD_ZERO
#undef FD_SET
#undef FD_CLR
#undef FD_ISSET

#define FD_ZERO(f)	rb_fd_zero(f)
#define FD_SET(i, f)	rb_fd_set((i), (f))
#define FD_CLR(i, f)	rb_fd_clr((i), (f))
#define FD_ISSET(i, f)	rb_fd_isset((i), (f))

#elif defined(_WIN32)

void
rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *set)
{
    set->capa = FD_SETSIZE;
    set->fdset = ALLOC(fd_set);
    FD_ZERO(set->fdset);
}

void
rb_fd_init_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, rb_fdset_t *src)
{
    rb_fd_init(dst);
    rb_fd_dup(dst, src);
}

void
rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *set)
{
    xfree(set->fdset);
    set->fdset = NULL;
    set->capa = 0;
}

void
rb_fd_set(int fd, rb_fdset_t *set)
{
    unsigned int i;
    SOCKET s = rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fd);

    for (i = 0; i < set->fdset->fd_count; i++) {
        if (set->fdset->fd_array[i] == s) {
            return;
        }
    }
    if (set->fdset->fd_count >= (unsigned)set->capa) {
        set->capa = (set->fdset->fd_count / FD_SETSIZE + 1) * FD_SETSIZE;
        set->fdset =
            rb_xrealloc_mul_add(
                set->fdset, set->capa, sizeof(SOCKET), sizeof(unsigned int));
    }
    set->fdset->fd_array[set->fdset->fd_count++] = s;
}

#undef FD_ZERO
#undef FD_SET
#undef FD_CLR
#undef FD_ISSET

#define FD_ZERO(f)	rb_fd_zero(f)
#define FD_SET(i, f)	rb_fd_set((i), (f))
#define FD_CLR(i, f)	rb_fd_clr((i), (f))
#define FD_ISSET(i, f)	rb_fd_isset((i), (f))

#define rb_fd_no_init(fds) (void)((fds)->fdset = 0)

#endif

#ifndef rb_fd_no_init
#define rb_fd_no_init(fds) (void)(fds)
#endif

static int
wait_retryable(volatile int *result, int errnum, rb_hrtime_t *rel, rb_hrtime_t end)
{
    int r = *result;
    if (r < 0) {
        switch (errnum) {
          case EINTR:
#ifdef ERESTART
          case ERESTART:
#endif
            *result = 0;
            if (rel && hrtime_update_expire(rel, end)) {
                *rel = 0;
            }
            return TRUE;
        }
        return FALSE;
    }
    else if (r == 0) {
        /* check for spurious wakeup */
        if (rel) {
            return !hrtime_update_expire(rel, end);
        }
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

struct select_set {
    int max;
    rb_thread_t *th;
    rb_fdset_t *rset;
    rb_fdset_t *wset;
    rb_fdset_t *eset;
    rb_fdset_t orig_rset;
    rb_fdset_t orig_wset;
    rb_fdset_t orig_eset;
    struct timeval *timeout;
};

static VALUE
select_set_free(VALUE p)
{
    struct select_set *set = (struct select_set *)p;

    rb_fd_term(&set->orig_rset);
    rb_fd_term(&set->orig_wset);
    rb_fd_term(&set->orig_eset);

    return Qfalse;
}

static VALUE
do_select(VALUE p)
{
    struct select_set *set = (struct select_set *)p;
    volatile int result = 0;
    int lerrno;
    rb_hrtime_t *to, rel, end = 0;

    timeout_prepare(&to, &rel, &end, set->timeout);
    volatile rb_hrtime_t endtime = end;
#define restore_fdset(dst, src) \
    ((dst) ? rb_fd_dup(dst, src) : (void)0)
#define do_select_update() \
    (restore_fdset(set->rset, &set->orig_rset), \
     restore_fdset(set->wset, &set->orig_wset), \
     restore_fdset(set->eset, &set->orig_eset), \
     TRUE)

    do {
        lerrno = 0;

        BLOCKING_REGION(set->th, {
            struct timeval tv;

            if (!RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(set->th->ec)) {
                result = native_fd_select(set->max,
                                          set->rset, set->wset, set->eset,
                                          rb_hrtime2timeval(&tv, to), set->th);
                if (result < 0) lerrno = errno;
            }
        }, ubf_select, set->th, TRUE);

        RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(set->th->ec); /* may raise */
    } while (wait_retryable(&result, lerrno, to, endtime) && do_select_update());

    if (result < 0) {
        errno = lerrno;
    }

    return (VALUE)result;
}

int
rb_thread_fd_select(int max, rb_fdset_t * read, rb_fdset_t * write, rb_fdset_t * except,
                    struct timeval *timeout)
{
    struct select_set set;

    set.th = GET_THREAD();
    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(set.th->ec);
    set.max = max;
    set.rset = read;
    set.wset = write;
    set.eset = except;
    set.timeout = timeout;

    if (!set.rset && !set.wset && !set.eset) {
        if (!timeout) {
            rb_thread_sleep_forever();
            return 0;
        }
        rb_thread_wait_for(*timeout);
        return 0;
    }

#define fd_init_copy(f) do { \
        if (set.f) { \
            rb_fd_resize(set.max - 1, set.f); \
            if (&set.orig_##f != set.f) { /* sigwait_fd */ \
                rb_fd_init_copy(&set.orig_##f, set.f); \
            } \
        } \
        else { \
            rb_fd_no_init(&set.orig_##f); \
        } \
    } while (0)
    fd_init_copy(rset);
    fd_init_copy(wset);
    fd_init_copy(eset);
#undef fd_init_copy

    return (int)rb_ensure(do_select, (VALUE)&set, select_set_free, (VALUE)&set);
}

#ifdef USE_POLL

/* The same with linux kernel. TODO: make platform independent definition. */
#define POLLIN_SET (POLLRDNORM | POLLRDBAND | POLLIN | POLLHUP | POLLERR)
#define POLLOUT_SET (POLLWRBAND | POLLWRNORM | POLLOUT | POLLERR)
#define POLLEX_SET (POLLPRI)

#ifndef POLLERR_SET /* defined for FreeBSD for now */
#  define POLLERR_SET (0)
#endif

static int
wait_for_single_fd_blocking_region(rb_thread_t *th, struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds,
                                   rb_hrtime_t *const to, volatile int *lerrno)
{
    struct timespec ts;
    volatile int result = 0;

    *lerrno = 0;
    BLOCKING_REGION(th, {
        if (!RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(th->ec)) {
            result = ppoll(fds, nfds, rb_hrtime2timespec(&ts, to), 0);
            if (result < 0) *lerrno = errno;
        }
    }, ubf_select, th, TRUE);
    return result;
}

/*
 * returns a mask of events
 */
int
rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *timeout)
{
    struct pollfd fds[1] = {{
        .fd = fd,
        .events = (short)events,
        .revents = 0,
    }};
    volatile int result = 0;
    nfds_t nfds;
    struct waiting_fd wfd;
    enum ruby_tag_type state;
    volatile int lerrno;

    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);

    thread_io_setup_wfd(th, fd, &wfd);

    if (timeout == NULL && thread_io_wait_events(th, fd, events, NULL)) {
        // fd is readable
        state = 0;
        fds[0].revents = events;
        errno = 0;
    }
    else {
        EC_PUSH_TAG(wfd.th->ec);
        if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
            rb_hrtime_t *to, rel, end = 0;
            RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(wfd.th->ec);
            timeout_prepare(&to, &rel, &end, timeout);
            do {
                nfds = numberof(fds);
                result = wait_for_single_fd_blocking_region(wfd.th, fds, nfds, to, &lerrno);

                RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING(wfd.th->ec);
            } while (wait_retryable(&result, lerrno, to, end));
        }
        EC_POP_TAG();
    }

    thread_io_wake_pending_closer(&wfd);

    if (state) {
        EC_JUMP_TAG(wfd.th->ec, state);
    }

    if (result < 0) {
        errno = lerrno;
        return -1;
    }

    if (fds[0].revents & POLLNVAL) {
        errno = EBADF;
        return -1;
    }

    /*
     * POLLIN, POLLOUT have a different meanings from select(2)'s read/write bit.
     * Therefore we need to fix it up.
     */
    result = 0;
    if (fds[0].revents & POLLIN_SET)
        result |= RB_WAITFD_IN;
    if (fds[0].revents & POLLOUT_SET)
        result |= RB_WAITFD_OUT;
    if (fds[0].revents & POLLEX_SET)
        result |= RB_WAITFD_PRI;

    /* all requested events are ready if there is an error */
    if (fds[0].revents & POLLERR_SET)
        result |= events;

    return result;
}
#else /* ! USE_POLL - implement rb_io_poll_fd() using select() */
struct select_args {
    union {
        int fd;
        int error;
    } as;
    rb_fdset_t *read;
    rb_fdset_t *write;
    rb_fdset_t *except;
    struct waiting_fd wfd;
    struct timeval *tv;
};

static VALUE
select_single(VALUE ptr)
{
    struct select_args *args = (struct select_args *)ptr;
    int r;

    r = rb_thread_fd_select(args->as.fd + 1,
                            args->read, args->write, args->except, args->tv);
    if (r == -1)
        args->as.error = errno;
    if (r > 0) {
        r = 0;
        if (args->read && rb_fd_isset(args->as.fd, args->read))
            r |= RB_WAITFD_IN;
        if (args->write && rb_fd_isset(args->as.fd, args->write))
            r |= RB_WAITFD_OUT;
        if (args->except && rb_fd_isset(args->as.fd, args->except))
            r |= RB_WAITFD_PRI;
    }
    return (VALUE)r;
}

static VALUE
select_single_cleanup(VALUE ptr)
{
    struct select_args *args = (struct select_args *)ptr;

    thread_io_wake_pending_closer(&args->wfd);
    if (args->read) rb_fd_term(args->read);
    if (args->write) rb_fd_term(args->write);
    if (args->except) rb_fd_term(args->except);

    return (VALUE)-1;
}

static rb_fdset_t *
init_set_fd(int fd, rb_fdset_t *fds)
{
    if (fd < 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    rb_fd_init(fds);
    rb_fd_set(fd, fds);

    return fds;
}

int
rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *timeout)
{
    rb_fdset_t rfds, wfds, efds;
    struct select_args args;
    int r;
    VALUE ptr = (VALUE)&args;
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);

    args.as.fd = fd;
    args.read = (events & RB_WAITFD_IN) ? init_set_fd(fd, &rfds) : NULL;
    args.write = (events & RB_WAITFD_OUT) ? init_set_fd(fd, &wfds) : NULL;
    args.except = (events & RB_WAITFD_PRI) ? init_set_fd(fd, &efds) : NULL;
    args.tv = timeout;
    thread_io_setup_wfd(th, fd, &args.wfd);

    r = (int)rb_ensure(select_single, ptr, select_single_cleanup, ptr);
    if (r == -1)
        errno = args.as.error;

    return r;
}
#endif /* ! USE_POLL */

/*
 * for GC
 */

#ifdef USE_CONSERVATIVE_STACK_END
void
rb_gc_set_stack_end(VALUE **stack_end_p)
{
    VALUE stack_end;
COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
#if __has_warning("-Wdangling-pointer")
COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wdangling-pointer);
#endif
    *stack_end_p = &stack_end;
COMPILER_WARNING_POP
}
#endif

/*
 *
 */

void
rb_threadptr_check_signal(rb_thread_t *mth)
{
    /* mth must be main_thread */
    if (rb_signal_buff_size() > 0) {
        /* wakeup main thread */
        threadptr_trap_interrupt(mth);
    }
}

static void
async_bug_fd(const char *mesg, int errno_arg, int fd)
{
    char buff[64];
    size_t n = strlcpy(buff, mesg, sizeof(buff));
    if (n < sizeof(buff)-3) {
        ruby_snprintf(buff+n, sizeof(buff)-n, "(%d)", fd);
    }
    rb_async_bug_errno(buff, errno_arg);
}

/* VM-dependent API is not available for this function */
static int
consume_communication_pipe(int fd)
{
#if USE_EVENTFD
    uint64_t buff[1];
#else
    /* buffer can be shared because no one refers to them. */
    static char buff[1024];
#endif
    ssize_t result;
    int ret = FALSE; /* for rb_sigwait_sleep */

    while (1) {
        result = read(fd, buff, sizeof(buff));
#if USE_EVENTFD
        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("resultf:%d buff:%lu", (int)result, (unsigned long)buff[0]);
#else
        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("result:%d", (int)result);
#endif
        if (result > 0) {
            ret = TRUE;
            if (USE_EVENTFD || result < (ssize_t)sizeof(buff)) {
                return ret;
            }
        }
        else if (result == 0) {
            return ret;
        }
        else if (result < 0) {
            int e = errno;
            switch (e) {
              case EINTR:
                continue; /* retry */
              case EAGAIN:
#if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
              case EWOULDBLOCK:
#endif
                return ret;
              default:
                async_bug_fd("consume_communication_pipe: read", e, fd);
            }
        }
    }
}

void
rb_thread_stop_timer_thread(void)
{
    if (TIMER_THREAD_CREATED_P() && native_stop_timer_thread()) {
        native_reset_timer_thread();
    }
}

void
rb_thread_reset_timer_thread(void)
{
    native_reset_timer_thread();
}

void
rb_thread_start_timer_thread(void)
{
    system_working = 1;
    rb_thread_create_timer_thread();
}

static int
clear_coverage_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t dummy)
{
    int i;
    VALUE coverage = (VALUE)val;
    VALUE lines = RARRAY_AREF(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_LINES);
    VALUE branches = RARRAY_AREF(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_BRANCHES);

    if (lines) {
        if (GET_VM()->coverage_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES) {
            rb_ary_clear(lines);
        }
        else {
            int i;
            for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(lines); i++) {
                if (RARRAY_AREF(lines, i) != Qnil)
                    RARRAY_ASET(lines, i, INT2FIX(0));
            }
        }
    }
    if (branches) {
        VALUE counters = RARRAY_AREF(branches, 1);
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(counters); i++) {
            RARRAY_ASET(counters, i, INT2FIX(0));
        }
    }

    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

void
rb_clear_coverages(void)
{
    VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
    if (RTEST(coverages)) {
        rb_hash_foreach(coverages, clear_coverage_i, 0);
    }
}

#if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)

static void
rb_thread_atfork_internal(rb_thread_t *th, void (*atfork)(rb_thread_t *, const rb_thread_t *))
{
    rb_thread_t *i = 0;
    rb_vm_t *vm = th->vm;
    rb_ractor_t *r = th->ractor;
    vm->ractor.main_ractor = r;
    vm->ractor.main_thread = th;
    r->threads.main = th;
    r->status_ = ractor_created;

    thread_sched_atfork(TH_SCHED(th));
    ubf_list_atfork();

    // OK. Only this thread accesses:
    ccan_list_for_each(&vm->ractor.set, r, vmlr_node) {
        ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, i, lt_node) {
            atfork(i, th);
        }
    }
    rb_vm_living_threads_init(vm);

    rb_ractor_atfork(vm, th);
    rb_vm_postponed_job_atfork();

    /* may be held by RJIT threads in parent */
    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&vm->workqueue_lock);

    /* may be held by any thread in parent */
    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&th->interrupt_lock);
    ccan_list_head_init(&th->interrupt_exec_tasks);

    vm->fork_gen++;
    rb_ractor_sleeper_threads_clear(th->ractor);
    rb_clear_coverages();

    // restart timer thread (timer threads access to `vm->waitpid_lock` and so on.
    rb_thread_reset_timer_thread();
    rb_thread_start_timer_thread();

    VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.blocking_cnt == 0);
    VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.cnt == 1);
}

static void
terminate_atfork_i(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_thread_t *current_th)
{
    if (th != current_th) {
        rb_mutex_abandon_keeping_mutexes(th);
        rb_mutex_abandon_locking_mutex(th);
        thread_cleanup_func(th, TRUE);
    }
}

void rb_fiber_atfork(rb_thread_t *);
void
rb_thread_atfork(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_clear(th);
    rb_thread_atfork_internal(th, terminate_atfork_i);
    th->join_list = NULL;
    rb_fiber_atfork(th);

    /* We don't want reproduce CVE-2003-0900. */
    rb_reset_random_seed();
}

static void
terminate_atfork_before_exec_i(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_thread_t *current_th)
{
    if (th != current_th) {
        thread_cleanup_func_before_exec(th);
    }
}

void
rb_thread_atfork_before_exec(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    rb_thread_atfork_internal(th, terminate_atfork_before_exec_i);
}
#else
void
rb_thread_atfork(void)
{
}

void
rb_thread_atfork_before_exec(void)
{
}
#endif

struct thgroup {
    int enclosed;
};

static const rb_data_type_t thgroup_data_type = {
    "thgroup",
    {
        0,
        RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
        NULL, // No external memory to report
    },
    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE
};

/*
 * Document-class: ThreadGroup
 *
 *  ThreadGroup provides a means of keeping track of a number of threads as a
 *  group.
 *
 *  A given Thread object can only belong to one ThreadGroup at a time; adding
 *  a thread to a new group will remove it from any previous group.
 *
 *  Newly created threads belong to the same group as the thread from which they
 *  were created.
 */

/*
 * Document-const: Default
 *
 *  The default ThreadGroup created when Ruby starts; all Threads belong to it
 *  by default.
 */
static VALUE
thgroup_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE group;
    struct thgroup *data;

    group = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    data->enclosed = 0;

    return group;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.list   -> array
 *
 *  Returns an array of all existing Thread objects that belong to this group.
 *
 *     ThreadGroup::Default.list   #=> [#<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>]
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_list(VALUE group)
{
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
    rb_thread_t *th = 0;
    rb_ractor_t *r = GET_RACTOR();

    ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
        if (th->thgroup == group) {
            rb_ary_push(ary, th->self);
        }
    }
    return ary;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.enclose   -> thgrp
 *
 *  Prevents threads from being added to or removed from the receiving
 *  ThreadGroup.
 *
 *  New threads can still be started in an enclosed ThreadGroup.
 *
 *     ThreadGroup::Default.enclose        #=> #<ThreadGroup:0x4029d914>
 *     thr = Thread.new { Thread.stop }    #=> #<Thread:0x402a7210 sleep>
 *     tg = ThreadGroup.new                #=> #<ThreadGroup:0x402752d4>
 *     tg.add thr
 *     #=> ThreadError: can't move from the enclosed thread group
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_enclose(VALUE group)
{
    struct thgroup *data;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(group, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    data->enclosed = 1;

    return group;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.enclosed?   -> true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if the +thgrp+ is enclosed. See also ThreadGroup#enclose.
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_enclosed_p(VALUE group)
{
    struct thgroup *data;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(group, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    return RBOOL(data->enclosed);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thgrp.add(thread)   -> thgrp
 *
 *  Adds the given +thread+ to this group, removing it from any other
 *  group to which it may have previously been a member.
 *
 *     puts "Initial group is #{ThreadGroup::Default.list}"
 *     tg = ThreadGroup.new
 *     t1 = Thread.new { sleep }
 *     t2 = Thread.new { sleep }
 *     puts "t1 is #{t1}"
 *     puts "t2 is #{t2}"
 *     tg.add(t1)
 *     puts "Initial group now #{ThreadGroup::Default.list}"
 *     puts "tg group now #{tg.list}"
 *
 *  This will produce:
 *
 *     Initial group is #<Thread:0x401bdf4c>
 *     t1 is #<Thread:0x401b3c90>
 *     t2 is #<Thread:0x401b3c18>
 *     Initial group now #<Thread:0x401b3c18>#<Thread:0x401bdf4c>
 *     tg group now #<Thread:0x401b3c90>
 */

static VALUE
thgroup_add(VALUE group, VALUE thread)
{
    rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread);
    struct thgroup *data;

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(group)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't move to the frozen thread group");
    }
    TypedData_Get_Struct(group, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    if (data->enclosed) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't move to the enclosed thread group");
    }

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(target_th->thgroup)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't move from the frozen thread group");
    }
    TypedData_Get_Struct(target_th->thgroup, struct thgroup, &thgroup_data_type, data);
    if (data->enclosed) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError,
                 "can't move from the enclosed thread group");
    }

    target_th->thgroup = group;
    return group;
}

/*
 * Document-class: ThreadShield
 */
static void
thread_shield_mark(void *ptr)
{
    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)ptr);
}

static const rb_data_type_t thread_shield_data_type = {
    "thread_shield",
    {thread_shield_mark, 0, 0,},
    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
};

static VALUE
thread_shield_alloc(VALUE klass)
{
    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &thread_shield_data_type, (void *)mutex_alloc(0));
}

#define GetThreadShieldPtr(obj) ((VALUE)rb_check_typeddata((obj), &thread_shield_data_type))
#define THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK (((FL_USER19-1)&~(FL_USER0-1))|FL_USER19)
#define THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT (FL_USHIFT)
#define THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MAX (THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK>>THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT)
STATIC_ASSERT(THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MAX, THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MAX <= UINT_MAX);
static inline unsigned int
rb_thread_shield_waiting(VALUE b)
{
    return ((RBASIC(b)->flags&THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK)>>THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT);
}

static inline void
rb_thread_shield_waiting_inc(VALUE b)
{
    unsigned int w = rb_thread_shield_waiting(b);
    w++;
    if (w > THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MAX)
        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "waiting count overflow");
    RBASIC(b)->flags &= ~THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK;
    RBASIC(b)->flags |= ((VALUE)w << THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT);
}

static inline void
rb_thread_shield_waiting_dec(VALUE b)
{
    unsigned int w = rb_thread_shield_waiting(b);
    if (!w) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "waiting count underflow");
    w--;
    RBASIC(b)->flags &= ~THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_MASK;
    RBASIC(b)->flags |= ((VALUE)w << THREAD_SHIELD_WAITING_SHIFT);
}

VALUE
rb_thread_shield_new(void)
{
    VALUE thread_shield = thread_shield_alloc(rb_cThreadShield);
    rb_mutex_lock((VALUE)DATA_PTR(thread_shield));
    return thread_shield;
}

bool
rb_thread_shield_owned(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = GetThreadShieldPtr(self);
    if (!mutex) return false;

    rb_mutex_t *m = mutex_ptr(mutex);

    return m->fiber == GET_EC()->fiber_ptr;
}

/*
 * Wait a thread shield.
 *
 * Returns
 *  true:  acquired the thread shield
 *  false: the thread shield was destroyed and no other threads waiting
 *  nil:   the thread shield was destroyed but still in use
 */
VALUE
rb_thread_shield_wait(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = GetThreadShieldPtr(self);
    rb_mutex_t *m;

    if (!mutex) return Qfalse;
    m = mutex_ptr(mutex);
    if (m->fiber == GET_EC()->fiber_ptr) return Qnil;
    rb_thread_shield_waiting_inc(self);
    rb_mutex_lock(mutex);
    rb_thread_shield_waiting_dec(self);
    if (DATA_PTR(self)) return Qtrue;
    rb_mutex_unlock(mutex);
    return rb_thread_shield_waiting(self) > 0 ? Qnil : Qfalse;
}

static VALUE
thread_shield_get_mutex(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = GetThreadShieldPtr(self);
    if (!mutex)
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "destroyed thread shield - %p", (void *)self);
    return mutex;
}

/*
 * Release a thread shield, and return true if it has waiting threads.
 */
VALUE
rb_thread_shield_release(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = thread_shield_get_mutex(self);
    rb_mutex_unlock(mutex);
    return RBOOL(rb_thread_shield_waiting(self) > 0);
}

/*
 * Release and destroy a thread shield, and return true if it has waiting threads.
 */
VALUE
rb_thread_shield_destroy(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE mutex = thread_shield_get_mutex(self);
    DATA_PTR(self) = 0;
    rb_mutex_unlock(mutex);
    return RBOOL(rb_thread_shield_waiting(self) > 0);
}

static VALUE
threadptr_recursive_hash(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    return th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash;
}

static void
threadptr_recursive_hash_set(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE hash)
{
    th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash = hash;
}

ID rb_frame_last_func(void);

/*
 * Returns the current "recursive list" used to detect recursion.
 * This list is a hash table, unique for the current thread and for
 * the current __callee__.
 */

static VALUE
recursive_list_access(VALUE sym)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
    VALUE hash = threadptr_recursive_hash(th);
    VALUE list;
    if (NIL_P(hash) || !RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH)) {
        hash = rb_ident_hash_new();
        threadptr_recursive_hash_set(th, hash);
        list = Qnil;
    }
    else {
        list = rb_hash_aref(hash, sym);
    }
    if (NIL_P(list) || !RB_TYPE_P(list, T_HASH)) {
        list = rb_ident_hash_new();
        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym, list);
    }
    return list;
}

/*
 * Returns true if and only if obj (or the pair <obj, paired_obj>) is already
 * in the recursion list.
 * Assumes the recursion list is valid.
 */

static bool
recursive_check(VALUE list, VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj_id)
{
#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
  #define OBJ_ID_EQL(obj_id, other) ((obj_id) == (other))
#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
  #define OBJ_ID_EQL(obj_id, other) (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P((obj_id)) ? \
    rb_big_eql((obj_id), (other)) : ((obj_id) == (other)))
#endif

    VALUE pair_list = rb_hash_lookup2(list, obj, Qundef);
    if (UNDEF_P(pair_list))
        return false;
    if (paired_obj_id) {
        if (!RB_TYPE_P(pair_list, T_HASH)) {
            if (!OBJ_ID_EQL(paired_obj_id, pair_list))
                return false;
        }
        else {
            if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(pair_list, paired_obj_id)))
                return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/*
 * Pushes obj (or the pair <obj, paired_obj>) in the recursion list.
 * For a single obj, it sets list[obj] to Qtrue.
 * For a pair, it sets list[obj] to paired_obj_id if possible,
 * otherwise list[obj] becomes a hash like:
 *   {paired_obj_id_1 => true, paired_obj_id_2 => true, ... }
 * Assumes the recursion list is valid.
 */

static void
recursive_push(VALUE list, VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj)
{
    VALUE pair_list;

    if (!paired_obj) {
        rb_hash_aset(list, obj, Qtrue);
    }
    else if (UNDEF_P(pair_list = rb_hash_lookup2(list, obj, Qundef))) {
        rb_hash_aset(list, obj, paired_obj);
    }
    else {
        if (!RB_TYPE_P(pair_list, T_HASH)){
            VALUE other_paired_obj = pair_list;
            pair_list = rb_hash_new();
            rb_hash_aset(pair_list, other_paired_obj, Qtrue);
            rb_hash_aset(list, obj, pair_list);
        }
        rb_hash_aset(pair_list, paired_obj, Qtrue);
    }
}

/*
 * Pops obj (or the pair <obj, paired_obj>) from the recursion list.
 * For a pair, if list[obj] is a hash, then paired_obj_id is
 * removed from the hash and no attempt is made to simplify
 * list[obj] from {only_one_paired_id => true} to only_one_paired_id
 * Assumes the recursion list is valid.
 */

static int
recursive_pop(VALUE list, VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj)
{
    if (paired_obj) {
        VALUE pair_list = rb_hash_lookup2(list, obj, Qundef);
        if (UNDEF_P(pair_list)) {
            return 0;
        }
        if (RB_TYPE_P(pair_list, T_HASH)) {
            rb_hash_delete_entry(pair_list, paired_obj);
            if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(pair_list)) {
                return 1; /* keep hash until is empty */
            }
        }
    }
    rb_hash_delete_entry(list, obj);
    return 1;
}

struct exec_recursive_params {
    VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int);
    VALUE list;
    VALUE obj;
    VALUE pairid;
    VALUE arg;
};

static VALUE
exec_recursive_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(tag, data))
{
    struct exec_recursive_params *p = (void *)data;
    return (*p->func)(p->obj, p->arg, FALSE);
}

/*
 * Calls func(obj, arg, recursive), where recursive is non-zero if the
 * current method is called recursively on obj, or on the pair <obj, pairid>
 * If outer is 0, then the innermost func will be called with recursive set
 * to true, otherwise the outermost func will be called. In the latter case,
 * all inner func are short-circuited by throw.
 * Implementation details: the value thrown is the recursive list which is
 * proper to the current method and unlikely to be caught anywhere else.
 * list[recursive_key] is used as a flag for the outermost call.
 */

static VALUE
exec_recursive(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE pairid, VALUE arg, int outer, ID mid)
{
    VALUE result = Qundef;
    const VALUE sym = mid ? ID2SYM(mid) : ID2SYM(idNULL);
    struct exec_recursive_params p;
    int outermost;
    p.list = recursive_list_access(sym);
    p.obj = obj;
    p.pairid = pairid;
    p.arg = arg;
    outermost = outer && !recursive_check(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0);

    if (recursive_check(p.list, p.obj, pairid)) {
        if (outer && !outermost) {
            rb_throw_obj(p.list, p.list);
        }
        return (*func)(obj, arg, TRUE);
    }
    else {
        enum ruby_tag_type state;

        p.func = func;

        if (outermost) {
            recursive_push(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0);
            recursive_push(p.list, p.obj, p.pairid);
            result = rb_catch_protect(p.list, exec_recursive_i, (VALUE)&p, &state);
            if (!recursive_pop(p.list, p.obj, p.pairid)) goto invalid;
            if (!recursive_pop(p.list, ID2SYM(recursive_key), 0)) goto invalid;
            if (state != TAG_NONE) EC_JUMP_TAG(GET_EC(), state);
            if (result == p.list) {
                result = (*func)(obj, arg, TRUE);
            }
        }
        else {
            volatile VALUE ret = Qundef;
            recursive_push(p.list, p.obj, p.pairid);
            EC_PUSH_TAG(GET_EC());
            if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
                ret = (*func)(obj, arg, FALSE);
            }
            EC_POP_TAG();
            if (!recursive_pop(p.list, p.obj, p.pairid)) {
                goto invalid;
            }
            if (state != TAG_NONE) EC_JUMP_TAG(GET_EC(), state);
            result = ret;
        }
    }
    *(volatile struct exec_recursive_params *)&p;
    return result;

  invalid:
    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid inspect_tbl pair_list "
             "for %+"PRIsVALUE" in %+"PRIsVALUE,
             sym, rb_thread_current());
    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
}

/*
 * Calls func(obj, arg, recursive), where recursive is non-zero if the
 * current method is called recursively on obj
 */

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, 0, arg, 0, rb_frame_last_func());
}

/*
 * Calls func(obj, arg, recursive), where recursive is non-zero if the
 * current method is called recursively on the ordered pair <obj, paired_obj>
 */

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive_paired(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj, VALUE arg)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, rb_memory_id(paired_obj), arg, 0, rb_frame_last_func());
}

/*
 * If recursion is detected on the current method and obj, the outermost
 * func will be called with (obj, arg, true). All inner func will be
 * short-circuited using throw.
 */

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive_outer(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, 0, arg, 1, rb_frame_last_func());
}

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive_outer_mid(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE arg, ID mid)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, 0, arg, 1, mid);
}

/*
 * If recursion is detected on the current method, obj and paired_obj,
 * the outermost func will be called with (obj, arg, true). All inner
 * func will be short-circuited using throw.
 */

VALUE
rb_exec_recursive_paired_outer(VALUE (*func) (VALUE, VALUE, int), VALUE obj, VALUE paired_obj, VALUE arg)
{
    return exec_recursive(func, obj, rb_memory_id(paired_obj), arg, 1, rb_frame_last_func());
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     thread.backtrace    -> array or nil
 *
 *  Returns the current backtrace of the target thread.
 *
 */

static VALUE
rb_thread_backtrace_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE thval)
{
    return rb_vm_thread_backtrace(argc, argv, thval);
}

/* call-seq:
 *  thread.backtrace_locations(*args)	-> array or nil
 *
 * Returns the execution stack for the target thread---an array containing
 * backtrace location objects.
 *
 * See Thread::Backtrace::Location for more information.
 *
 * This method behaves similarly to Kernel#caller_locations except it applies
 * to a specific thread.
 */
static VALUE
rb_thread_backtrace_locations_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE thval)
{
    return rb_vm_thread_backtrace_locations(argc, argv, thval);
}

void
Init_Thread_Mutex(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();

    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&th->vm->workqueue_lock);
    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

/*
 *  Document-class: ThreadError
 *
 *  Raised when an invalid operation is attempted on a thread.
 *
 *  For example, when no other thread has been started:
 *
 *     Thread.stop
 *
 *  This will raises the following exception:
 *
 *     ThreadError: stopping only thread
 *     note: use sleep to stop forever
 */

void
Init_Thread(void)
{
    VALUE cThGroup;
    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();

    sym_never = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("never"));
    sym_immediate = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("immediate"));
    sym_on_blocking = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("on_blocking"));

    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "new", thread_s_new, -1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "start", thread_start, -2);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "fork", thread_start, -2);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "main", rb_thread_s_main, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "current", thread_s_current, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "stop", thread_stop, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "kill", rb_thread_s_kill, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "exit", rb_thread_exit, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "pass", thread_s_pass, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "list", thread_list, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception", rb_thread_s_abort_exc, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception=", rb_thread_s_abort_exc_set, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "report_on_exception", rb_thread_s_report_exc, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "report_on_exception=", rb_thread_s_report_exc_set, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "ignore_deadlock", rb_thread_s_ignore_deadlock, 0);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "ignore_deadlock=", rb_thread_s_ignore_deadlock_set, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "handle_interrupt", rb_thread_s_handle_interrupt, 1);
    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cThread, "pending_interrupt?", rb_thread_s_pending_interrupt_p, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "pending_interrupt?", rb_thread_pending_interrupt_p, -1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "initialize", thread_initialize, -2);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "raise", thread_raise_m, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "join", thread_join_m, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "value", thread_value, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "kill", rb_thread_kill, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "terminate", rb_thread_kill, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "exit", rb_thread_kill, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "run", rb_thread_run, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "wakeup", rb_thread_wakeup, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "[]", rb_thread_aref, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "[]=", rb_thread_aset, 2);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "fetch", rb_thread_fetch, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "key?", rb_thread_key_p, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "keys", rb_thread_keys, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "priority", rb_thread_priority, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "priority=", rb_thread_priority_set, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "status", rb_thread_status, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variable_get", rb_thread_variable_get, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variable_set", rb_thread_variable_set, 2);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variables", rb_thread_variables, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "thread_variable?", rb_thread_variable_p, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "alive?", rb_thread_alive_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "stop?", rb_thread_stop_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception", rb_thread_abort_exc, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "abort_on_exception=", rb_thread_abort_exc_set, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "report_on_exception", rb_thread_report_exc, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "report_on_exception=", rb_thread_report_exc_set, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "group", rb_thread_group, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "backtrace", rb_thread_backtrace_m, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "backtrace_locations", rb_thread_backtrace_locations_m, -1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "name", rb_thread_getname, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "name=", rb_thread_setname, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "native_thread_id", rb_thread_native_thread_id, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "to_s", rb_thread_to_s, 0);
    rb_define_alias(rb_cThread, "inspect", "to_s");

    rb_vm_register_special_exception(ruby_error_stream_closed, rb_eIOError,
                                     "stream closed in another thread");

    cThGroup = rb_define_class("ThreadGroup", rb_cObject);
    rb_define_alloc_func(cThGroup, thgroup_s_alloc);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "list", thgroup_list, 0);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "enclose", thgroup_enclose, 0);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "enclosed?", thgroup_enclosed_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(cThGroup, "add", thgroup_add, 1);

    {
        th->thgroup = th->ractor->thgroup_default = rb_obj_alloc(cThGroup);
        rb_define_const(cThGroup, "Default", th->thgroup);
    }

    rb_eThreadError = rb_define_class("ThreadError", rb_eStandardError);

    /* init thread core */
    {
        /* main thread setting */
        {
            /* acquire global vm lock */
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_NP_H
            VM_ASSERT(TH_SCHED(th)->running == th);
#endif
            // thread_sched_to_running() should not be called because
            // it assumes blocked by thread_sched_to_waiting().
            // thread_sched_to_running(sched, th);

            th->pending_interrupt_queue = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
            th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0;
            th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack = rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
        }
    }

    rb_thread_create_timer_thread();

    Init_thread_sync();

    // TODO: Suppress unused function warning for now
    // if (0) rb_thread_sched_destroy(NULL);
}

int
ruby_native_thread_p(void)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_thread_from_native();

    return th != 0;
}

#ifdef NON_SCALAR_THREAD_ID
  #define thread_id_str(th) (NULL)
#else
  #define thread_id_str(th) ((void *)(uintptr_t)(th)->nt->thread_id)
#endif

static void
debug_deadlock_check(rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE msg)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = 0;
    VALUE sep = rb_str_new_cstr("\n   ");

    rb_str_catf(msg, "\n%d threads, %d sleeps current:%p main thread:%p\n",
                rb_ractor_living_thread_num(r), rb_ractor_sleeper_thread_num(r),
                (void *)GET_THREAD(), (void *)r->threads.main);

    ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
        rb_str_catf(msg, "* %+"PRIsVALUE"\n   rb_thread_t:%p "
                    "native:%p int:%u",
                    th->self, (void *)th, th->nt ? thread_id_str(th) : "N/A", th->ec->interrupt_flag);

        if (th->locking_mutex) {
            rb_mutex_t *mutex = mutex_ptr(th->locking_mutex);
            rb_str_catf(msg, " mutex:%p cond:%"PRIuSIZE,
                        (void *)mutex->fiber, rb_mutex_num_waiting(mutex));
        }

        {
            struct rb_waiting_list *list = th->join_list;
            while (list) {
                rb_str_catf(msg, "\n    depended by: tb_thread_id:%p", (void *)list->thread);
                list = list->next;
            }
        }
        rb_str_catf(msg, "\n   ");
        rb_str_concat(msg, rb_ary_join(rb_ec_backtrace_str_ary(th->ec, 0, 0), sep));
        rb_str_catf(msg, "\n");
    }
}

static void
rb_check_deadlock(rb_ractor_t *r)
{
    if (GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_ignore_deadlock) return;

#ifdef RUBY_THREAD_PTHREAD_H
    if (r->threads.sched.readyq_cnt > 0) return;
#endif

    int sleeper_num = rb_ractor_sleeper_thread_num(r);
    int ltnum = rb_ractor_living_thread_num(r);

    if (ltnum > sleeper_num) return;
    if (ltnum < sleeper_num) rb_bug("sleeper must not be more than vm_living_thread_num(vm)");

    int found = 0;
    rb_thread_t *th = NULL;

    ccan_list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
        if (th->status != THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER || RUBY_VM_INTERRUPTED(th->ec)) {
            found = 1;
        }
        else if (th->locking_mutex) {
            rb_mutex_t *mutex = mutex_ptr(th->locking_mutex);
            if (mutex->fiber == th->ec->fiber_ptr || (!mutex->fiber && !ccan_list_empty(&mutex->waitq))) {
                found = 1;
            }
        }
        if (found)
          break;
    }

    if (!found) {
        VALUE argv[2];
        argv[0] = rb_eFatal;
        argv[1] = rb_str_new2("No live threads left. Deadlock?");
        debug_deadlock_check(r, argv[1]);
        rb_ractor_sleeper_threads_dec(GET_RACTOR());
        rb_threadptr_raise(r->threads.main, 2, argv);
    }
}

// Used for VM memsize reporting. Returns the size of a list of waiting_fd
// structs. Defined here because the struct definition lives here as well.
size_t
rb_vm_memsize_waiting_fds(struct ccan_list_head *waiting_fds)
{
    struct waiting_fd *waitfd = 0;
    size_t size = 0;

    ccan_list_for_each(waiting_fds, waitfd, wfd_node) {
        size += sizeof(struct waiting_fd);
    }

    return size;
}

static void
update_line_coverage(VALUE data, const rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg)
{
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = GET_EC()->cfp;
    VALUE coverage = rb_iseq_coverage(cfp->iseq);
    if (RB_TYPE_P(coverage, T_ARRAY) && !RBASIC_CLASS(coverage)) {
        VALUE lines = RARRAY_AREF(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_LINES);
        if (lines) {
            long line = rb_sourceline() - 1;
            long count;
            VALUE num;
            void rb_iseq_clear_event_flags(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos, rb_event_flag_t reset);
            if (GET_VM()->coverage_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES) {
                rb_iseq_clear_event_flags(cfp->iseq, cfp->pc - ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded - 1, RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE);
                rb_ary_push(lines, LONG2FIX(line + 1));
                return;
            }
            if (line >= RARRAY_LEN(lines)) { /* no longer tracked */
                return;
            }
            num = RARRAY_AREF(lines, line);
            if (!FIXNUM_P(num)) return;
            count = FIX2LONG(num) + 1;
            if (POSFIXABLE(count)) {
                RARRAY_ASET(lines, line, LONG2FIX(count));
            }
        }
    }
}

static void
update_branch_coverage(VALUE data, const rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg)
{
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = GET_EC()->cfp;
    VALUE coverage = rb_iseq_coverage(cfp->iseq);
    if (RB_TYPE_P(coverage, T_ARRAY) && !RBASIC_CLASS(coverage)) {
        VALUE branches = RARRAY_AREF(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_BRANCHES);
        if (branches) {
            long pc = cfp->pc - ISEQ_BODY(cfp->iseq)->iseq_encoded - 1;
            long idx = FIX2INT(RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(cfp->iseq), pc)), count;
            VALUE counters = RARRAY_AREF(branches, 1);
            VALUE num = RARRAY_AREF(counters, idx);
            count = FIX2LONG(num) + 1;
            if (POSFIXABLE(count)) {
                RARRAY_ASET(counters, idx, LONG2FIX(count));
            }
        }
    }
}

const rb_method_entry_t *
rb_resolve_me_location(const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE resolved_location[5])
{
    VALUE path, beg_pos_lineno, beg_pos_column, end_pos_lineno, end_pos_column;

    if (!me->def) return NULL; // negative cme

  retry:
    switch (me->def->type) {
      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ: {
        const rb_iseq_t *iseq = me->def->body.iseq.iseqptr;
        rb_iseq_location_t *loc = &ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location;
        path = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
        beg_pos_lineno = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.beg_pos.lineno);
        beg_pos_column = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.beg_pos.column);
        end_pos_lineno = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.end_pos.lineno);
        end_pos_column = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.end_pos.column);
        break;
      }
      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD: {
        const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_proc_get_iseq(me->def->body.bmethod.proc, 0);
        if (iseq) {
            rb_iseq_location_t *loc;
            rb_iseq_check(iseq);
            path = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
            loc = &ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location;
            beg_pos_lineno = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.beg_pos.lineno);
            beg_pos_column = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.beg_pos.column);
            end_pos_lineno = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.end_pos.lineno);
            end_pos_column = INT2FIX(loc->code_location.end_pos.column);
            break;
        }
        return NULL;
      }
      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS:
        me = me->def->body.alias.original_me;
        goto retry;
      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED:
        me = me->def->body.refined.orig_me;
        if (!me) return NULL;
        goto retry;
      default:
        return NULL;
    }

    /* found */
    if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
        path = rb_ary_entry(path, 1);
        if (!RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) return NULL; /* just for the case... */
    }
    if (resolved_location) {
        resolved_location[0] = path;
        resolved_location[1] = beg_pos_lineno;
        resolved_location[2] = beg_pos_column;
        resolved_location[3] = end_pos_lineno;
        resolved_location[4] = end_pos_column;
    }
    return me;
}

static void
update_method_coverage(VALUE me2counter, rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg)
{
    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = GET_EC()->cfp;
    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
    const rb_method_entry_t *me = (const rb_method_entry_t *)cme;
    VALUE rcount;
    long count;

    me = rb_resolve_me_location(me, 0);
    if (!me) return;

    rcount = rb_hash_aref(me2counter, (VALUE) me);
    count = FIXNUM_P(rcount) ? FIX2LONG(rcount) + 1 : 1;
    if (POSFIXABLE(count)) {
        rb_hash_aset(me2counter, (VALUE) me, LONG2FIX(count));
    }
}

VALUE
rb_get_coverages(void)
{
    return GET_VM()->coverages;
}

int
rb_get_coverage_mode(void)
{
    return GET_VM()->coverage_mode;
}

void
rb_set_coverages(VALUE coverages, int mode, VALUE me2counter)
{
    GET_VM()->coverages = coverages;
    GET_VM()->me2counter = me2counter;
    GET_VM()->coverage_mode = mode;
}

void
rb_resume_coverages(void)
{
    int mode = GET_VM()->coverage_mode;
    VALUE me2counter = GET_VM()->me2counter;
    rb_add_event_hook2((rb_event_hook_func_t) update_line_coverage, RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE, Qnil, RUBY_EVENT_HOOK_FLAG_SAFE | RUBY_EVENT_HOOK_FLAG_RAW_ARG);
    if (mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES) {
        rb_add_event_hook2((rb_event_hook_func_t) update_branch_coverage, RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH, Qnil, RUBY_EVENT_HOOK_FLAG_SAFE | RUBY_EVENT_HOOK_FLAG_RAW_ARG);
    }
    if (mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS) {
        rb_add_event_hook2((rb_event_hook_func_t) update_method_coverage, RUBY_EVENT_CALL, me2counter, RUBY_EVENT_HOOK_FLAG_SAFE | RUBY_EVENT_HOOK_FLAG_RAW_ARG);
    }
}

void
rb_suspend_coverages(void)
{
    rb_remove_event_hook((rb_event_hook_func_t) update_line_coverage);
    if (GET_VM()->coverage_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES) {
        rb_remove_event_hook((rb_event_hook_func_t) update_branch_coverage);
    }
    if (GET_VM()->coverage_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS) {
        rb_remove_event_hook((rb_event_hook_func_t) update_method_coverage);
    }
}

/* Make coverage arrays empty so old covered files are no longer tracked. */
void
rb_reset_coverages(void)
{
    rb_clear_coverages();
    rb_iseq_remove_coverage_all();
    GET_VM()->coverages = Qfalse;
}

VALUE
rb_default_coverage(int n)
{
    VALUE coverage = rb_ary_hidden_new_fill(3);
    VALUE lines = Qfalse, branches = Qfalse;
    int mode = GET_VM()->coverage_mode;

    if (mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES) {
        lines = n > 0 ? rb_ary_hidden_new_fill(n) : rb_ary_hidden_new(0);
    }
    RARRAY_ASET(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_LINES, lines);

    if (mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES) {
        branches = rb_ary_hidden_new_fill(2);
        /* internal data structures for branch coverage:
         *
         * { branch base node =>
         *     [base_type, base_first_lineno, base_first_column, base_last_lineno, base_last_column, {
         *       branch target id =>
         *         [target_type, target_first_lineno, target_first_column, target_last_lineno, target_last_column, target_counter_index],
         *       ...
         *     }],
         *   ...
         * }
         *
         * Example:
         * { NODE_CASE =>
         *     [1, 0, 4, 3, {
         *       NODE_WHEN => [2, 8, 2, 9, 0],
         *       NODE_WHEN => [3, 8, 3, 9, 1],
         *       ...
         *     }],
         *   ...
         * }
         */
        VALUE structure = rb_hash_new();
        rb_obj_hide(structure);
        RARRAY_ASET(branches, 0, structure);
        /* branch execution counters */
        RARRAY_ASET(branches, 1, rb_ary_hidden_new(0));
    }
    RARRAY_ASET(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_BRANCHES, branches);

    return coverage;
}

static VALUE
uninterruptible_exit(VALUE v)
{
    rb_thread_t *cur_th = GET_THREAD();
    rb_ary_pop(cur_th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack);

    cur_th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0;
    if (!rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(cur_th)) {
        RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(cur_th->ec);
    }
    return Qnil;
}

VALUE
rb_uninterruptible(VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data)
{
    VALUE interrupt_mask = rb_ident_hash_new();
    rb_thread_t *cur_th = GET_THREAD();

    rb_hash_aset(interrupt_mask, rb_cObject, sym_never);
    OBJ_FREEZE(interrupt_mask);
    rb_ary_push(cur_th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack, interrupt_mask);

    VALUE ret = rb_ensure(b_proc, data, uninterruptible_exit, Qnil);

    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(cur_th->ec);
    return ret;
}

static void
thread_specific_storage_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    VM_ASSERT(th->specific_storage == NULL);

    if (UNLIKELY(specific_key_count > 0)) {
        th->specific_storage = ZALLOC_N(void *, RB_INTERNAL_THREAD_SPECIFIC_KEY_MAX);
    }
}

rb_internal_thread_specific_key_t
rb_internal_thread_specific_key_create(void)
{
    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();

    if (specific_key_count == 0 && vm->ractor.cnt > 1) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "The first rb_internal_thread_specific_key_create() is called with multiple ractors");
    }
    else if (specific_key_count > RB_INTERNAL_THREAD_SPECIFIC_KEY_MAX) {
        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "rb_internal_thread_specific_key_create() is called more than %d times", RB_INTERNAL_THREAD_SPECIFIC_KEY_MAX);
    }
    else {
        rb_internal_thread_specific_key_t key = specific_key_count++;

        if (key == 0) {
            // allocate
            rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
            rb_thread_t *th;

            ccan_list_for_each(&cr->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
                thread_specific_storage_alloc(th);
            }
        }
        return key;
    }
}

// async and native thread safe.
void *
rb_internal_thread_specific_get(VALUE thread_val, rb_internal_thread_specific_key_t key)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = DATA_PTR(thread_val);

    VM_ASSERT(rb_thread_ptr(thread_val) == th);
    VM_ASSERT(key < RB_INTERNAL_THREAD_SPECIFIC_KEY_MAX);
    VM_ASSERT(th->specific_storage);

    return th->specific_storage[key];
}

// async and native thread safe.
void
rb_internal_thread_specific_set(VALUE thread_val, rb_internal_thread_specific_key_t key, void *data)
{
    rb_thread_t *th = DATA_PTR(thread_val);

    VM_ASSERT(rb_thread_ptr(thread_val) == th);
    VM_ASSERT(key < RB_INTERNAL_THREAD_SPECIFIC_KEY_MAX);
    VM_ASSERT(th->specific_storage);

    th->specific_storage[key] = data;
}

// interrupt_exec

struct rb_interrupt_exec_task {
    struct ccan_list_node node;

    rb_interrupt_exec_func_t *func;
    void *data;
    enum rb_interrupt_exec_flag flags;
};

void
rb_threadptr_interrupt_exec_task_mark(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    struct rb_interrupt_exec_task *task;

    ccan_list_for_each(&th->interrupt_exec_tasks, task, node) {
        if (task->flags & rb_interrupt_exec_flag_value_data) {
            rb_gc_mark((VALUE)task->data);
        }
    }
}

// native thread safe
// th should be available
void
rb_threadptr_interrupt_exec(rb_thread_t *th, rb_interrupt_exec_func_t *func, void *data, enum rb_interrupt_exec_flag flags)
{
    // should not use ALLOC
    struct rb_interrupt_exec_task *task = ALLOC(struct rb_interrupt_exec_task);
    *task = (struct rb_interrupt_exec_task) {
        .flags = flags,
        .func = func,
        .data = data,
    };

    rb_native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    {
        ccan_list_add_tail(&th->interrupt_exec_tasks, &task->node);
        threadptr_interrupt_locked(th, true);
    }
    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

static void
threadptr_interrupt_exec_exec(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    while (1) {
        struct rb_interrupt_exec_task *task;

        rb_native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
        {
            task = ccan_list_pop(&th->interrupt_exec_tasks, struct rb_interrupt_exec_task, node);
        }
        rb_native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);

        if (task) {
            (*task->func)(task->data);
            ruby_xfree(task);
        }
        else {
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void
threadptr_interrupt_exec_cleanup(rb_thread_t *th)
{
    rb_native_mutex_lock(&th->interrupt_lock);
    {
        struct rb_interrupt_exec_task *task;

        while ((task = ccan_list_pop(&th->interrupt_exec_tasks, struct rb_interrupt_exec_task, node)) != NULL) {
            ruby_xfree(task);
        }
    }
    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&th->interrupt_lock);
}

struct interrupt_ractor_new_thread_data {
    rb_interrupt_exec_func_t *func;
    void *data;
};

static VALUE
interrupt_ractor_new_thread_func(void *data)
{
    struct interrupt_ractor_new_thread_data d = *(struct interrupt_ractor_new_thread_data *)data;
    ruby_xfree(data);

    d.func(d.data);
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
interrupt_ractor_func(void *data)
{
    rb_thread_create(interrupt_ractor_new_thread_func, data);
    return Qnil;
}

// native thread safe
// func/data should be native thread safe
void
rb_ractor_interrupt_exec(struct rb_ractor_struct *target_r,
                         rb_interrupt_exec_func_t *func, void *data, enum rb_interrupt_exec_flag flags)
{
    struct interrupt_ractor_new_thread_data *d = ALLOC(struct interrupt_ractor_new_thread_data);

    d->func = func;
    d->data = data;
    rb_thread_t *main_th = target_r->threads.main;
    rb_threadptr_interrupt_exec(main_th, interrupt_ractor_func, d, flags);

    // TODO MEMO: we can create a new thread in a ractor, but not sure how to do that now.
}