From c34694a00e1ea22e1439176591d0819e6c6380e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Your Name Date: Mon, 13 Jan 2025 15:22:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 1/5] initial commit for LP --- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md | 57 ++++++++++++++++++ .../c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md | 35 +++++++++++ .../c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md | 27 +++++++++ .../example-picture.png | Bin 0 -> 63167 bytes .../c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md | 54 +++++++++++++++++ 5 files changed, 173 insertions(+) create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/example-picture.png create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e91dbc4aa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: Basics of Compilers +weight: 2 + +### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +layout: learningpathall +--- + +## Introduction to C++ and Compilers + +The C++ language gives the programmer the freedom to be expressive in the way they write code - allowing low-level manipulation of memory and data structures. Compared to managed languages, such as Java, C++ source code is generally less portable, requiring recompilation to the target Arm architecture. In the context of performance optimisation of C++ workloads on Arm, the biggest wins will come from how you effectively use the compiler and potentially adjusting source code. + +Writing performant C++ code is a topic in itself and out of scope for this learning path. Instead we will focus on how to effectively use the compiler to target Arm on a cloud instance. + +### Compiler Versions + +The two main compiler options for compiling C++ source code are the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) or LLVM - both of which are open-source compilers and have contributions from Arm engineers to support the latest architectures. Proprietary or vendor specific compilers, such as `nvcc` for compiling for NVIDIA GPUs, are often based on these open-source compilers. Alternative proprietory compilers are often for specific use cases, for example safety critical applications may need to comply with various ISO standards, which also include the compiler. The [Arm Compiler for Embedded FuSa](https://developer.arm.com/Tools%20and%20Software/Arm%20Compiler%20for%20Embedded%20FuSa) is such an example of a C/C++ compiler. + +Most application developers are not in this safety qualification domain so we will be using the open-source GCC/G++ compiler for this learning path. + +There are multiple Linux distribtions available to choose from. Each Linux distribution and operating system is bundled with an included compiler. For example, for on a AWS Graviton instance running Ubuntu 22.04 LTS the C++ compiler bundled is below. + +``` output +g++ --version +g++ (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0 +Copyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO +warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +``` + +The table below shows the default (*) and available compilers for a variety of linux distributions. This is taken from the [AWS-graviton performance runbook](https://github.com/aws/aws-graviton-getting-started/blob/main/c-c%2B%2B.md). + +Distribution | GCC | Clang/LLVM +----------------|----------------------|------------- +Amazon Linux 2023 | 11* | 15* +Amazon Linux 2 | 7*, 10 | 7, 11* +Ubuntu 24.04 | 9, 10, 11, 12, 13*, 14 | 14, 15, 16, 17, 18* +Ubuntu 22.04 | 9, 10, 11*, 12 | 11, 12, 13, 14* +Ubuntu 20.04 | 7, 8, 9*, 10 | 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 +Ubuntu 18.04 | 4.8, 5, 6, 7*, 8 | 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 +Debian10 | 7, 8* | 6, 7, 8 +Red Hat EL8 | 8*, 9, 10 | 10 +SUSE Linux ES15 | 7*, 9, 10 | 7 + + +The biggest and most simple performance gain can be achieved by using the most recent compiler available. The most recent optimisations and support will be available through the latest compiler. Recompilation using a newer compiler may lead to optimisations without having to develop your source code. As an example, the most recent version of GCC available at the time of writing, version 14.2, has the following support and optimisations listed on their website [changes page](https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-14/changes.html). + +```output +A number of new CPUs are supported through the -mcpu and -mtune options (GCC identifiers in parentheses). + - Ampere-1B (ampere1b). + - Arm Cortex-A520 (cortex-a520). + - Arm Cortex-A720 (cortex-a720). + - Arm Cortex-X4 (cortex-x4). + - Microsoft Cobalt-100 (cobalt-100). +... +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ac238ac21 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: Learn how to compile and optimise C++ on Arm + +minutes_to_complete: 60 + +who_is_this_for: Beginner C++ Developers + +learning_objectives: + - Compile a C++ program for a specific Arm target + - Use compiler flags to control the optimisation + +prerequisites: + - Basic understanding of C++ + - Basic understanding of compiler + +author_primary: Kieran Hejmadi + +### Tags +skilllevels: Introductory +subjects: C++ +armips: + - Neoverse +tools_software_languages: + - G++ + - C++ +operatingsystems: + - Linux + + +### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +# ================================================================================ +weight: 1 # _index.md always has weight of 1 to order correctly +layout: "learningpathall" # All files under learning paths have this same wrapper +learning_path_main_page: "yes" # This should be surfaced when looking for related content. Only set for _index.md of learning path content. +--- diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c4ae77cc92 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +next_step_guidance: PLACEHOLDER TEXT 1 + +recommended_path: /learning-paths/PLACEHOLDER_CATEGORY/PLACEHOLDER_LEARNING_PATH/ + +further_reading: + - resource: + title: PLACEHOLDER MANUAL + link: PLACEHOLDER MANUAL LINK + type: documentation + - resource: + title: PLACEHOLDER BLOG + link: PLACEHOLDER BLOG LINK + type: blog + - resource: + title: PLACEHOLDER GENERAL WEBSITE + link: PLACEHOLDER GENERAL WEBSITE LINK + type: website + + +# ================================================================================ +# FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +# 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a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..87499fed10 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: Setup Your Environment +weight: 3 + +### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +layout: learningpathall +--- + +If you are new to cloud computing, please refer to our learning path on [Getting started with Servers and Cloud Computing](https://learn.arm.com/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/intro/). + +## Connect to an AWS Arm-based Instance + +In this example we will be building and running our C++ application on an AWS Graviton 2 instance running Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. Once connected run the following commands to confirm the operating system and archiecture version. + +```bash +cat /etc/*lsb* +``` + +You will see an output such as the following: + +```output +DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu +DISTRIB_RELEASE=24.04 +DISTRIB_CODENAME=noble +DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS" +``` + +Next, we will confirm we are using a 64-bit Arm-based system using the following command + +```bash +uname -m +``` + +You will see the following output. + +```output +aarch64 +``` + +## Enable Environment modules + + + +## Understand the Neoverse version and supported CPU extensions + +To understand which version of the Arm Neoverse architecture the instance of your choice uses you can use various resource, such as the [Arm partner webpage](https://www.arm.com/partners/aws). + +To find this, when connected to a specific AWS instance, such as `t4g.2xlarge`, run the `lscpu command and we can observe the underlying Neoverse Architecture as per the information below. + +```output +lscpu | grep -i model +Model name: Neoverse-N1 +Model: 1 +``` \ No newline at end of file From 75bbaee72e3e6e26f9f3dfe11b384c0952e5ef45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Your Name Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 16:48:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 2/5] minor adjustment --- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md | 14 +- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md | 2 +- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md | 54 -------- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md | 8 ++ .../c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md | 126 ++++++++++++++++++ .../set_up_environment.md | 83 ++++++++++++ 6 files changed, 231 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/set_up_environment.md diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md index e91dbc4aa4..f63bed62ad 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md @@ -54,4 +54,16 @@ A number of new CPUs are supported through the -mcpu and -mtune options (GCC ide - Arm Cortex-X4 (cortex-x4). - Microsoft Cobalt-100 (cobalt-100). ... -``` \ No newline at end of file +``` + +However, upgrading to a newer compiler may reveal bugs in your source code if the behaviour caused by not adhering to the C++ standard is exposed. It is rare that the compiler itself has introduced a bug with known bugs being publically available. + +## Compiler Flags for Optimising on Arm + +Using the g++ compiler as an example, the most course-grained dial you can adjust is the optimisation level, denoted with `-O`. This adjusts a variety of lower-level optimsation flags at the expense of increased computation time, memory use and debuggability. However, the output binary may not show expected behaviour when debugging using a program such as GNU debugger (`gdb`) since the generated code may not match the source code or program order, for example with loop unrolling and vectorisation. + +If running your C++ application in a memory constrained environment, for example in a containerised environment, you may wish to consider optimising for size. + +Support for the latest Arm CPU extensions are supported by the GCC compiler in advance of general availability of Silicon. + +Compiler flags, `-O<1,2,3>`, `-Ofast`. Please refer to your compiler documentation for full details on the optimisation level, for example [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-14.2.0/gcc/Optimize-Options.html). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md index 3ac238ac21..b7d318acde 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -title: Learn how to compile and optimise C++ on Arm +title: Learn the Basic C++ Compiler Optimisation Techniques minutes_to_complete: 60 diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md deleted file mode 100644 index 87499fed10..0000000000 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/how-to-2.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Setup Your Environment -weight: 3 - -### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY -layout: learningpathall ---- - -If you are new to cloud computing, please refer to our learning path on [Getting started with Servers and Cloud Computing](https://learn.arm.com/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/intro/). - -## Connect to an AWS Arm-based Instance - -In this example we will be building and running our C++ application on an AWS Graviton 2 instance running Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. Once connected run the following commands to confirm the operating system and archiecture version. - -```bash -cat /etc/*lsb* -``` - -You will see an output such as the following: - -```output -DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu -DISTRIB_RELEASE=24.04 -DISTRIB_CODENAME=noble -DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS" -``` - -Next, we will confirm we are using a 64-bit Arm-based system using the following command - -```bash -uname -m -``` - -You will see the following output. - -```output -aarch64 -``` - -## Enable Environment modules - - - -## Understand the Neoverse version and supported CPU extensions - -To understand which version of the Arm Neoverse architecture the instance of your choice uses you can use various resource, such as the [Arm partner webpage](https://www.arm.com/partners/aws). - -To find this, when connected to a specific AWS instance, such as `t4g.2xlarge`, run the `lscpu command and we can observe the underlying Neoverse Architecture as per the information below. - -```output -lscpu | grep -i model -Model name: Neoverse-N1 -Model: 1 -``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..713ea93091 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +title: Example +weight: 5 + +### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +layout: learningpathall +--- + diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d754a5d65f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +--- +title: Understanding your Instances and Compilers Capabilities +weight: 3 + +### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +layout: learningpathall +--- + +## Identify the Neoverse version and supported CPU extensions + +To understand which version of the Arm Neoverse architecture the instance of your choice provides you can use various resource, such as the [Arm partner webpage](https://www.arm.com/partners/aws). + +To find this through an AWS instance, run the `lscpu` command and observe the underlying Neoverse Architecture as per the information below. + +```output +lscpu | grep -i model +Model name: Neoverse-N1 +Model: 1 +``` +Here you can confirm `t4g.2xlarge`, is based on the Neoverse-N1 Arm IP. + +Next, to identify the CPU extensions supported by this architecture at runtime we can observe the hardware capabilities (HWCAP) vector with the C++ source code below that reads a specific vector that contains the information. + +Copy and paste the c program into a file named, `hw_cap.c`. + +```c + +#include +#include +#include + +int main() +{ + long hwcaps = getauxval(AT_HWCAP); + + if (hwcaps & HWCAP_AES) { + printf("AES instructions are available\n"); + } else { + printf("AES instructions are not available\n"); + } + if (hwcaps & HWCAP_CRC32) { + printf("CRC32 instructions are available\n"); + } else { + printf("CRC32 instructions are not available\n"); + } + if (hwcaps & HWCAP_PMULL) { + printf("PMULL/PMULL2 instructions that operate on 64-bit data are available\n"); + } else { + printf("PMULL/PMULL2 instructions are not available\n"); + } + if (hwcaps & HWCAP_SHA1) { + printf("SHA1 instructions are available\n"); + } else { + printf("SHA1 instructions are not available\n"); + } + if (hwcaps & HWCAP_SHA2) { + printf("SHA2 instructions are available\n"); + } else { + printf("SHA2 instructions are not available\n"); + } + if (hwcaps & HWCAP_SVE) { + printf("Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) instructions are available\n"); + } else { + printf("Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) instructions are not available\n"); + } + + return 0; +} + +``` + +Compile and run with the command below. + +```bash +gcc hw_cap.c -o hw_cap +./hw_cap +``` + +On Graviton 2, I observe the following indicating the the scalable vector extensions (SVE ar not available) + +```output +AES instructions are available +CRC32 instructions are available +PMULL/PMULL2 instructions that operate on 64-bit data are available +SHA1 instructions are available +SHA2 instructions are available +Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) instructions are not available + +``` + +For the latest list of all hardware capabilities available for a specific linux kernel version, refer to the `arch/arm/include/uapi/asm/hwcap.h` header file. + +## Compiler flags and options + +The g++ compiler will automatically identify the host systems capability. You + +Using the g++ compiler as an example, the most course-grained dial you can adjust is the optimisation level, denoted with `-O`. This adjusts a variety of lower-level optimsation flags at the expense of increased computation time, memory use and debuggability. However, the output binary may not show expected behaviour when debugging using a program such as GNU debugger (`gdb`) since the generated code may not match the source code or program order, for example with loop unrolling and vectorisation. + +If running your C++ application in a memory constrained environment, for example in a containerised environment, you may wish to consider optimising for size. + +Support for the latest Arm CPU extensions are supported by the GCC compiler in advance of general availability of Silicon. + +Compiler flags, `-O<1,2,3>`, `-Ofast`. Please refer to your compiler documentation for full details on the optimisation level, for example [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-14.2.0/gcc/Optimize-Options.html). + + +If the host is the same platform you are compiling for, you can observe which CPUs are potential targets for your command with the following g++ command. + +```output +g++ -E -mcpu=help -xc /dev/null +cc1: note: valid arguments are: cortex-a34 cortex-a35 cortex-a53 cortex-a57 cortex-a72 cortex-a73 thunderx thunderxt88p1 thunderxt88 octeontx octeontx81 octeontx83 thunderxt81 thunderxt83 ampere1 ampere1a emag xgene1 falkor qdf24xx exynos-m1 phecda thunderx2t99p1 vulcan thunderx2t99 cortex-a55 cortex-a75 cortex-a76 cortex-a76ae cortex-a77 cortex-a78 cortex-a78ae cortex-a78c cortex-a65 cortex-a65ae cortex-x1 cortex-x1c **neoverse-n1** ares neoverse-e1 octeontx2 octeontx2t98 octeontx2t96 octeontx2t93 octeontx2f95 octeontx2f95n octeontx2f95mm a64fx tsv110 thunderx3t110 neoverse-v1 zeus neoverse-512tvb saphira cortex-a57.cortex-a53 cortex-a72.cortex-a53 cortex-a73.cortex-a35 cortex-a73.cortex-a53 cortex-a75.cortex-a55 cortex-a76.cortex-a55 cortex-r82 cortex-a510 cortex-a710 cortex-a715 cortex-x2 cortex-x3 neoverse-n2 cobalt-100 neoverse-v2 grace demeter generic +``` + +Comparing to when using `g++9` we can see there are fewer CPU targets to optimise for as recently released CPUs are omitted, for example the Neoverse V2. + +``` +g++-9 -E -mcpu=help -xc /dev/null +cc1: note: valid arguments are: cortex-a35 cortex-a53 cortex-a57 cortex-a72 cortex-a73 thunderx thunderxt88p1 thunderxt88 octeontx octeontx81 octeontx83 thunderxt81 thunderxt83 emag xgene1 falkor qdf24xx exynos-m1 phecda thunderx2t99p1 vulcan thunderx2t99 cortex-a55 cortex-a75 cortex-a76 ares neoverse-n1 neoverse-e1 a64fx tsv110 zeus neoverse-v1 neoverse-512tvb saphira neoverse-n2 cortex-a57.cortex-a53 cortex-a72.cortex-a53 cortex-a73.cortex-a35 cortex-a73.cortex-a53 cortex-a75.cortex-a55 cortex-a76.cortex-a55 generic +``` + +## Defining the Compilation goal + +If you're natively compiling, the compiler will automatically detect the system and choose the best parameters for you. + +If you intend your application to be portable across a variety of Arm architecture versions, selecting a target architecture with, `-march=` with a the value mapped to the lowest Arm architecture in your deployment fleet. This is because the Arm architecture's backwards compatible nature. + +If you're building for a specific CPU, as in our case we are building to run natively on an AWS Graviton 2 instance (Arm Neoverse N1), we recommend specifying using the `-mcpu` . \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/set_up_environment.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/set_up_environment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..52e63d6a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/set_up_environment.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +--- +title: Setup Your Environment +weight: 3 + +### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +layout: learningpathall +--- + +If you are new to cloud computing, please refer to our learning path on [Getting started with Servers and Cloud Computing](https://learn.arm.com/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/intro/). + +## Connect to an AWS Arm-based Instance + +In this example we will be building and running our C++ application on an AWS Graviton 2 instance running Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. Once connected run the following commands to confirm the operating system and archiecture version. + +```bash +cat /etc/*lsb* +``` + +You will see an output such as the following: + +```output +DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu +DISTRIB_RELEASE=24.04 +DISTRIB_CODENAME=noble +DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS" +``` + +Next, we will confirm we are using a 64-bit Arm-based system using the following command + +```bash +uname -m +``` + +You will see the following output. + +```output +aarch64 +``` + +## Enable Environment modules + +Environment modules are a tool to quickly modify your shell configuration and environment variables. For this learning path, it allows us to quickly switch between different compiler versions. + +Install Environment Modules + + First, you need to install the environment modules package. Open your terminal and run the following command: + ```bash + sudo apt update + sudo apt install environment-modules + ``` + +Load environment modules after the package is installed. + +```bash +/usr/share/modules/init/bash +``` +Reload your shell configuration. + +```bash +source ~/.bashrc +``` + +Install various compiler version on your Ubuntu system. For this example we will install version 10 of the gcc/g++ compiler. + +```bash +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test +sudo apt update +sudo apt install gcc-10 g++-10 +``` + +Create a module file for each compiler installed. + +```bash +mkdir -p ~/modules/gcc +nano ~/modules/gcc/14 +``` +Copy and paste the text below into the nano text editor and save the file +```ouput +#%Module1.0 +prepend-path PATH /usr/bin/gcc-10 +prepend-path PATH /usr/bin/g++-10 +``` + From 9cad2819105bb4937a28c0e703896563cd826dca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Your Name Date: Fri, 24 Jan 2025 12:51:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 3/5] renamed files --- .../{Introduction.md => 1.md} | 33 +++--- .../{set_up_environment.md => 2.md} | 9 +- .../{name_tbc.md => 3.md} | 6 +- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md | 94 ++++++++++++++++++ .../example-picture.png | Bin 63167 -> 0 bytes .../c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md | 8 -- 6 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) rename content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/{Introduction.md => 1.md} (60%) rename content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/{set_up_environment.md => 2.md} (88%) rename content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/{name_tbc.md => 3.md} (94%) create mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md delete mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/example-picture.png delete mode 100644 content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md similarity index 60% rename from content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md rename to content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md index f63bed62ad..297d74cbe1 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/Introduction.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md @@ -10,15 +10,30 @@ layout: learningpathall The C++ language gives the programmer the freedom to be expressive in the way they write code - allowing low-level manipulation of memory and data structures. Compared to managed languages, such as Java, C++ source code is generally less portable, requiring recompilation to the target Arm architecture. In the context of performance optimisation of C++ workloads on Arm, the biggest wins will come from how you effectively use the compiler and potentially adjusting source code. -Writing performant C++ code is a topic in itself and out of scope for this learning path. Instead we will focus on how to effectively use the compiler to target Arm on a cloud instance. +Writing performant C++ code is a topic in itself and out of scope for this learning path. Instead we will focus on how to effectively use the compiler to target Arm instances in a cloud environment. -### Compiler Versions +## Purpose of a Compiler + +The g++ compiler is part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), which is a set of compilers for various programming languages, including C++1. The primary objective of the g++ compiler is to translate C++ source code into machine code that can be executed by a computer1. This process involves several stages: + +- Preprocessing: In this initial stage, the preprocessor handles directives that start with a # symbol, such as #include, #define, and #if. It expands included header files, replaces macros, and processes conditional compilation statements. + +- Compilation: The compiler translates the preprocessed source code into an intermediate representation specific to the target processor architecture. This step includes syntax checking, semantic analysis, and generating error messages for any issues encountered in the source code2. + +- Assembly: The intermediate representation is converted into assembly language, which uses mnemonics and syntax specific to the target processor architecture. Assemblers then convert this assembly code into object code (machine code). + +- Linking: The final stage involves linking the object code with necessary libraries and other object files. The linker merges multiple object files and libraries, resolves external references, allocates memory addresses for functions and variables, and generates an executable file that can be run on the target platform. + +An interesting fact about the g++ compiler is that it is designed to optimize both the performance and the size of the generated code. The compiler performs various optimizations based on the knowledge it has of the program, and it can be configured to prioritize reducing the size of the generated executable. In this learning path we will focus on the compilation step. + + +### Compiler Versioning The two main compiler options for compiling C++ source code are the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) or LLVM - both of which are open-source compilers and have contributions from Arm engineers to support the latest architectures. Proprietary or vendor specific compilers, such as `nvcc` for compiling for NVIDIA GPUs, are often based on these open-source compilers. Alternative proprietory compilers are often for specific use cases, for example safety critical applications may need to comply with various ISO standards, which also include the compiler. The [Arm Compiler for Embedded FuSa](https://developer.arm.com/Tools%20and%20Software/Arm%20Compiler%20for%20Embedded%20FuSa) is such an example of a C/C++ compiler. Most application developers are not in this safety qualification domain so we will be using the open-source GCC/G++ compiler for this learning path. -There are multiple Linux distribtions available to choose from. Each Linux distribution and operating system is bundled with an included compiler. For example, for on a AWS Graviton instance running Ubuntu 22.04 LTS the C++ compiler bundled is below. +There are multiple Linux distribtions available to choose from. Each Linux distribution and operating system has a default compiler. For example after installing the default g++ on an `r8g` AWS instance, the C++ compiler bundled is below. ``` output g++ --version @@ -56,14 +71,4 @@ A number of new CPUs are supported through the -mcpu and -mtune options (GCC ide ... ``` -However, upgrading to a newer compiler may reveal bugs in your source code if the behaviour caused by not adhering to the C++ standard is exposed. It is rare that the compiler itself has introduced a bug with known bugs being publically available. - -## Compiler Flags for Optimising on Arm - -Using the g++ compiler as an example, the most course-grained dial you can adjust is the optimisation level, denoted with `-O`. This adjusts a variety of lower-level optimsation flags at the expense of increased computation time, memory use and debuggability. However, the output binary may not show expected behaviour when debugging using a program such as GNU debugger (`gdb`) since the generated code may not match the source code or program order, for example with loop unrolling and vectorisation. - -If running your C++ application in a memory constrained environment, for example in a containerised environment, you may wish to consider optimising for size. - -Support for the latest Arm CPU extensions are supported by the GCC compiler in advance of general availability of Silicon. - -Compiler flags, `-O<1,2,3>`, `-Ofast`. Please refer to your compiler documentation for full details on the optimisation level, for example [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-14.2.0/gcc/Optimize-Options.html). \ No newline at end of file +Sufficient due diligence should be taken when updating your C++ compiler because the process may reveal bugs in your source code. These bugs are often undefined behaviour caused by not adhering to the C++ standard. It is rare that the compiler itself will introduced a bug. All known bugs are made publicly available in the documentation. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/set_up_environment.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md similarity index 88% rename from content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/set_up_environment.md rename to content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md index 52e63d6a04..6f85df1efb 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/set_up_environment.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md @@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ Install Environment Modules Load environment modules after the package is installed. ```bash -/usr/share/modules/init/bash +sudo chmod 755 /usr/share/modules/init/bash +source /usr/share/modules/init/bash ``` Reload your shell configuration. @@ -60,19 +61,19 @@ Reload your shell configuration. source ~/.bashrc ``` -Install various compiler version on your Ubuntu system. For this example we will install version 10 of the gcc/g++ compiler. +Install various compiler version on your Ubuntu system. For this example we will install version 9 of the gcc/g++ compiler to demonstrate potential improvements your application could achieve. ```bash sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test sudo apt update -sudo apt install gcc-10 g++-10 +sudo apt install gcc-9 g++-9 ``` Create a module file for each compiler installed. ```bash mkdir -p ~/modules/gcc -nano ~/modules/gcc/14 +nano ~/modules/gcc/9 ``` Copy and paste the text below into the nano text editor and save the file ```ouput diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md similarity index 94% rename from content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md rename to content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md index d754a5d65f..c08c36bf98 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ gcc hw_cap.c -o hw_cap ./hw_cap ``` -On Graviton 2, I observe the following indicating the the scalable vector extensions (SVE ar not available) +On Graviton 2, I observe the following indicating the the scalable vector extensions (SVE) are not available. ```output AES instructions are available @@ -121,6 +121,6 @@ cc1: note: valid arguments are: cortex-a35 cortex-a53 cortex-a57 cortex-a72 cort If you're natively compiling, the compiler will automatically detect the system and choose the best parameters for you. -If you intend your application to be portable across a variety of Arm architecture versions, selecting a target architecture with, `-march=` with a the value mapped to the lowest Arm architecture in your deployment fleet. This is because the Arm architecture's backwards compatible nature. +If you intend your application to be portable across a variety of Arm architecture versions, selecting a target architecture with, `-march=` with a the value mapped to the lowest Arm architecture in your deployment fleet. The is enabled by the backwards compatibility of the Arm architecture. -If you're building for a specific CPU, as in our case we are building to run natively on an AWS Graviton 2 instance (Arm Neoverse N1), we recommend specifying using the `-mcpu` . \ No newline at end of file +If you're building to be performant on a specific CPU, as in our case we are building to run natively on an AWS Graviton 4 instance (Arm Neoverse V2), we recommend specifying using the `-mcpu`. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4ae8ee7f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: Source Code Example +weight: 5 + +### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY +layout: learningpathall +--- + +## Vectorizable Loop + +Copy and paste the following C++ snippet into a file called `vectorizable_loop.cpp`. The naive snippet below initialiases a vector of 1 million elements and doubles each element, storing the result in the same vector. This is repeated 5 times to caculate the average runtime. This naive loop with be autovectorized by the compiler. + +```c++ +#include +#include +#include // for getpid() + +void vectorizable_loop(std::vector& data) { + double total_elapsed_time = 0.0; + const int iterations = 5; + + for (int iter = 0; iter < iterations; ++iter) { + auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); + + for (size_t i = 0; i < data.size(); ++i) { + data[i] *= 2; + } + + auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); + std::chrono::duration elapsed = end - start; + total_elapsed_time += elapsed.count(); + std::cout << "Elapsed time for iteration " << iter + 1 << ": " << elapsed.count() << " seconds" << std::endl; + } + + double average_elapsed_time = total_elapsed_time / iterations; + std::cout << "Average elapsed time: " << average_elapsed_time << " seconds" << std::endl; +} + +int main() { + const size_t size = 100000000; // 100 million elements + std::vector data(size, 1); + + std::cout << "Process ID (PID): " << getpid() << std::endl; + + vectorizable_loop(data); + + return 0; +} + +``` + +## Using different versions of the g++ compiler + +As a trivial example we will compile `vectorizable_loop.cpp` with the same arguments. + +```bash +g++ vectorizable_loop.cpp -o vectorizable_loop_gcc_13 +g++-9 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o vectorizable_loop_gcc_9 +./vectorizable_loop_gcc_13 +./vectorizable_loop_gcc_9 +``` +In this naive and trivial example we observe ~19% speed improvement moving from version 9 to version 13. In reality, large code bases with multiple files are more likely to observe runtime and memory improvements. + +```output +// gcc v.13 +Process ID (PID): 5130 +Elapsed time for iteration 1: 0.291529 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 2: 0.291689 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 3: 0.291874 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 4: 0.292063 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 5: 0.29209 seconds +Average elapsed time: 0.291849 seconds +// gcc v.9 + +Process ID (PID): 5131 +Elapsed time for iteration 1: 0.363335 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 2: 0.362316 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 3: 0.361944 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 4: 0.36257 seconds +Elapsed time for iteration 5: 0.362911 seconds +Average elapsed time: 0.362615 seconds +``` + +## Using the optimisation flags for performance + +```bash +g++ -O1 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_1 +g++ -O2 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_2 +g++ -O3 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_3 +``` + +Considerations - time to compile and code 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a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/name_tbc copy.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Example -weight: 5 - -### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY -layout: learningpathall ---- - From 936fbf9193a89715bafff1d79589fdc49904898b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Your Name Date: Fri, 24 Jan 2025 14:50:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 4/5] final review --- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md | 39 +++++++++---- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md | 8 +-- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md | 55 ++++++++++++------- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md | 44 ++++++++++++++- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md | 4 +- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md | 16 ++---- 6 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md index 297d74cbe1..3c3d1a3a45 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/1.md @@ -8,32 +8,32 @@ layout: learningpathall ## Introduction to C++ and Compilers -The C++ language gives the programmer the freedom to be expressive in the way they write code - allowing low-level manipulation of memory and data structures. Compared to managed languages, such as Java, C++ source code is generally less portable, requiring recompilation to the target Arm architecture. In the context of performance optimisation of C++ workloads on Arm, the biggest wins will come from how you effectively use the compiler and potentially adjusting source code. +The C++ language gives the programmer the freedom to be expressive in the way they write code - allowing low-level manipulation of memory and data structures. Compared to managed languages, such as Java, C++ source code is generally less portable, requiring recompilation to the target Arm architecture. In the context of optimizing C++ workloads on Arm, significant performance improvements can be achieved without modifying the source code, simply by using the compiler correctly. Writing performant C++ code is a topic in itself and out of scope for this learning path. Instead we will focus on how to effectively use the compiler to target Arm instances in a cloud environment. ## Purpose of a Compiler -The g++ compiler is part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), which is a set of compilers for various programming languages, including C++1. The primary objective of the g++ compiler is to translate C++ source code into machine code that can be executed by a computer1. This process involves several stages: +The g++ compiler is part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), which is a set of compilers for various programming languages, including C++. The primary objective of the g++ compiler is to translate C++ source code into machine code that can be executed by a computer. This process involves several high-level stages: -- Preprocessing: In this initial stage, the preprocessor handles directives that start with a # symbol, such as #include, #define, and #if. It expands included header files, replaces macros, and processes conditional compilation statements. +- Preprocessing: In this initial stage, the preprocessor handles directives that start with a # symbol, such as `#include`, `#define`, and `#if`. It expands included header files, replaces macros, and processes conditional compilation statements. -- Compilation: The compiler translates the preprocessed source code into an intermediate representation specific to the target processor architecture. This step includes syntax checking, semantic analysis, and generating error messages for any issues encountered in the source code2. +- Compilation: The compiler translates the preprocessed source code into an intermediate representation specific to the target processor architecture. This step includes syntax checking, semantic analysis, and generating error messages for any issues encountered in the source code. - Assembly: The intermediate representation is converted into assembly language, which uses mnemonics and syntax specific to the target processor architecture. Assemblers then convert this assembly code into object code (machine code). - Linking: The final stage involves linking the object code with necessary libraries and other object files. The linker merges multiple object files and libraries, resolves external references, allocates memory addresses for functions and variables, and generates an executable file that can be run on the target platform. -An interesting fact about the g++ compiler is that it is designed to optimize both the performance and the size of the generated code. The compiler performs various optimizations based on the knowledge it has of the program, and it can be configured to prioritize reducing the size of the generated executable. In this learning path we will focus on the compilation step. +An interesting fact about the g++ compiler is that it is designed to optimize both the performance and the size of the generated code. The compiler performs various optimizations based on the knowledge it has of the program, and it can be configured to prioritize reducing the size of the generated executable. ### Compiler Versioning -The two main compiler options for compiling C++ source code are the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) or LLVM - both of which are open-source compilers and have contributions from Arm engineers to support the latest architectures. Proprietary or vendor specific compilers, such as `nvcc` for compiling for NVIDIA GPUs, are often based on these open-source compilers. Alternative proprietory compilers are often for specific use cases, for example safety critical applications may need to comply with various ISO standards, which also include the compiler. The [Arm Compiler for Embedded FuSa](https://developer.arm.com/Tools%20and%20Software/Arm%20Compiler%20for%20Embedded%20FuSa) is such an example of a C/C++ compiler. +Two popular compilers of C++ are the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and LLVM - both of which are open-source compilers and have contributions from Arm engineers to support the latest architectures. Proprietary or vendor-specific compilers, such as `nvcc` for compiling for NVIDIA GPUs, are often based on these open-source compilers. Alternative proprietary compilers are often designed for specific use cases. For example, safety-critical applications may need to comply with various ISO standards, which also include the compiler. The functional safety [Arm Compiler for Embedded](https://developer.arm.com/Tools%20and%20Software/Arm%20Compiler%20for%20Embedded%20FuSa) is such an example of a C/C++ compiler. Most application developers are not in this safety qualification domain so we will be using the open-source GCC/G++ compiler for this learning path. -There are multiple Linux distribtions available to choose from. Each Linux distribution and operating system has a default compiler. For example after installing the default g++ on an `r8g` AWS instance, the C++ compiler bundled is below. +There are multiple Linux distribtions available to choose from. Each Linux distribution and operating system has a default compiler. For example after installing the default g++ on an `r8g` AWS instance, the default g++ compiler as of January 2025 is below. ``` output g++ --version @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ g++ (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0 Copyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. - ``` The table below shows the default (*) and available compilers for a variety of linux distributions. This is taken from the [AWS-graviton performance runbook](https://github.com/aws/aws-graviton-getting-started/blob/main/c-c%2B%2B.md). + Distribution | GCC | Clang/LLVM ----------------|----------------------|------------- Amazon Linux 2023 | 11* | 15* @@ -59,7 +59,9 @@ Red Hat EL8 | 8*, 9, 10 | 10 SUSE Linux ES15 | 7*, 9, 10 | 7 -The biggest and most simple performance gain can be achieved by using the most recent compiler available. The most recent optimisations and support will be available through the latest compiler. Recompilation using a newer compiler may lead to optimisations without having to develop your source code. As an example, the most recent version of GCC available at the time of writing, version 14.2, has the following support and optimisations listed on their website [changes page](https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-14/changes.html). +The biggest and most simple performance gain can be achieved by using the most recent compiler available. The most recent optimisations and support will be available through the latest compiler. + +Looking at the g++ documentation as an example, the most recent version of GCC available at the time of writing, version 14.2, has the following support and optimisations listed on their website [change note](https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-14/changes.html). ```output A number of new CPUs are supported through the -mcpu and -mtune options (GCC identifiers in parentheses). @@ -71,4 +73,21 @@ A number of new CPUs are supported through the -mcpu and -mtune options (GCC ide ... ``` -Sufficient due diligence should be taken when updating your C++ compiler because the process may reveal bugs in your source code. These bugs are often undefined behaviour caused by not adhering to the C++ standard. It is rare that the compiler itself will introduced a bug. All known bugs are made publicly available in the documentation. +Sufficient due diligence should be taken when updating your C++ compiler because the process may reveal bugs in your source code. These bugs are often undefined behaviour caused by not adhering to the C++ standard. It is rare that the compiler itself will introduced a bug. However, in such events known bugs are made publicly available in the compiler documentation. + +## Basic g++ Optimisation Levels + +Using the g++ compiler as an example, the most course-grained dial you can adjust is the optimisation level, denoted with `-O`. This adjusts a variety of lower-level optimsation flags at the expense of increased computation time, memory use and debuggability. When aggresive optimisation is used, the optimised binary may not show expected behaviour when hooked up to a debugger such as `gdb`. This is because the generated code may not match the original source code or program order, for example from loop unrolling and vectorisation. + +A few of the most common optimization levels are in the table below. + +| Optimization Level | Description | +|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| `-O0` | No optimization; useful for debugging. | +| `-O1` | Basic optimizations that improve performance without significantly increasing compilation time. | +| `-O2` | More aggressive optimizations that further enhance performance. | +| `-O3` | Enables aggressive optimizations that can significantly improve execution speed. | +| `-Os` | Optimizes code size, reducing the overall binary size. | +| `-Ofast` | Enables optimizations that may not strictly adhere to standard compliance. | + + Please refer to your compiler documentation for full details on the optimisation level, for example [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-14.2.0/gcc/Optimize-Options.html). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md index 6f85df1efb..8705b65f79 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/2.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ If you are new to cloud computing, please refer to our learning path on [Getting ## Connect to an AWS Arm-based Instance -In this example we will be building and running our C++ application on an AWS Graviton 2 instance running Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. Once connected run the following commands to confirm the operating system and archiecture version. +In this example we will be building and running our C++ application on an AWS Graviton 4 (`r8g.xlarge`) instance running Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. Once connected run the following commands to confirm the operating system and archiecture version. ```bash cat /etc/*lsb* @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ aarch64 ## Enable Environment modules -Environment modules are a tool to quickly modify your shell configuration and environment variables. For this learning path, it allows us to quickly switch between different compiler versions. +Environment modules are a tool to quickly modify your shell configuration and environment variables. For this learning path, it allows us to quickly switch between different compiler versions to demonstrate potential improvements. Install Environment Modules @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ nano ~/modules/gcc/9 Copy and paste the text below into the nano text editor and save the file ```ouput #%Module1.0 -prepend-path PATH /usr/bin/gcc-10 -prepend-path PATH /usr/bin/g++-10 +prepend-path PATH /usr/bin/gcc-9 +prepend-path PATH /usr/bin/g++-9 ``` diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md index c08c36bf98..5920fc7d50 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/3.md @@ -1,25 +1,27 @@ --- -title: Understanding your Instances and Compilers Capabilities +title: Finding Supported Neoverse Features weight: 3 ### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY layout: learningpathall --- -## Identify the Neoverse version and supported CPU extensions +## Identify the Neoverse Version -To understand which version of the Arm Neoverse architecture the instance of your choice provides you can use various resource, such as the [Arm partner webpage](https://www.arm.com/partners/aws). +To understand which Neoverse version a cloud instance uses check the [Arm partner webpage](https://www.arm.com/partners/aws). -To find this through an AWS instance, run the `lscpu` command and observe the underlying Neoverse Architecture as per the information below. +Alternatively, if you already have access to the instance, run the `lscpu` command and observe the underlying Neoverse Architecture under the `Model Name` row. ```output lscpu | grep -i model -Model name: Neoverse-N1 +Model name: Neoverse-V2 Model: 1 ``` -Here you can confirm `t4g.2xlarge`, is based on the Neoverse-N1 Arm IP. +Here you can confirm the AWS`r8g.xlarge` instance, is based on the Neoverse-V2 Arm IP. We will use this instance for the remainder of this learning path. -Next, to identify the CPU extensions supported by this architecture at runtime we can observe the hardware capabilities (HWCAP) vector with the C++ source code below that reads a specific vector that contains the information. +## Understand Supported CPU Features + +Next, to identify the CPU extensions supported by this architecture at runtime we can observe the Linux hardware capabilities (HWCAP) vector. The C++ source code below that reads a specific vector that contains the information. Copy and paste the c program into a file named, `hw_cap.c`. @@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ gcc hw_cap.c -o hw_cap ./hw_cap ``` -On Graviton 2, I observe the following indicating the the scalable vector extensions (SVE) are not available. +On Graviton 4, I the output below confirms the scalable vector extensions (SVE) are available. ```output AES instructions are available @@ -84,24 +86,39 @@ CRC32 instructions are available PMULL/PMULL2 instructions that operate on 64-bit data are available SHA1 instructions are available SHA2 instructions are available -Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) instructions are not available - +Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) instructions are available ``` -For the latest list of all hardware capabilities available for a specific linux kernel version, refer to the `arch/arm/include/uapi/asm/hwcap.h` header file. +For the latest list of all hardware capabilities available for a specific linux kernel version, refer to the `arch/arm/include/uapi/asm/hwcap.h` header file in the Linux Kernel source code. -## Compiler flags and options +Further, knowing the width of SVE (Scalable Vector Extension) can be useful for optimizing software performance, as it allows developers to tailor their code to fully utilize the available vector processing capabilities of the hardware. Copy the following C code into a file named `sve_width.c`. -The g++ compiler will automatically identify the host systems capability. You +```c +#include +#include -Using the g++ compiler as an example, the most course-grained dial you can adjust is the optimisation level, denoted with `-O`. This adjusts a variety of lower-level optimsation flags at the expense of increased computation time, memory use and debuggability. However, the output binary may not show expected behaviour when debugging using a program such as GNU debugger (`gdb`) since the generated code may not match the source code or program order, for example with loop unrolling and vectorisation. +int main() { + int sve_width = svcntb(); + printf("SVE vector length: %d bytes\n", sve_width); + return 0; +} +``` -If running your C++ application in a memory constrained environment, for example in a containerised environment, you may wish to consider optimising for size. +Compile with the following command. -Support for the latest Arm CPU extensions are supported by the GCC compiler in advance of general availability of Silicon. +```bash +g++ sve_width.c -o sve_width -mcpu=neoverse-v2 +``` + +This shows that the Neoverse-V2 based Graviton 4 instance has a SVE width of 8 bytes (128 bits). + +```output +SVE vector length: 16 bytes +``` -Compiler flags, `-O<1,2,3>`, `-Ofast`. Please refer to your compiler documentation for full details on the optimisation level, for example [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-14.2.0/gcc/Optimize-Options.html). +## Supported Compiler Features +Fortunately, the g++ compiler will automatically identify the host systems capability. The `-###` argument can be used to show the full options used when compiling. If the host is the same platform you are compiling for, you can observe which CPUs are potential targets for your command with the following g++ command. @@ -117,10 +134,6 @@ g++-9 -E -mcpu=help -xc /dev/null cc1: note: valid arguments are: cortex-a35 cortex-a53 cortex-a57 cortex-a72 cortex-a73 thunderx thunderxt88p1 thunderxt88 octeontx octeontx81 octeontx83 thunderxt81 thunderxt83 emag xgene1 falkor qdf24xx exynos-m1 phecda thunderx2t99p1 vulcan thunderx2t99 cortex-a55 cortex-a75 cortex-a76 ares neoverse-n1 neoverse-e1 a64fx tsv110 zeus neoverse-v1 neoverse-512tvb saphira neoverse-n2 cortex-a57.cortex-a53 cortex-a72.cortex-a53 cortex-a73.cortex-a35 cortex-a73.cortex-a53 cortex-a75.cortex-a55 cortex-a76.cortex-a55 generic ``` -## Defining the Compilation goal -If you're natively compiling, the compiler will automatically detect the system and choose the best parameters for you. -If you intend your application to be portable across a variety of Arm architecture versions, selecting a target architecture with, `-march=` with a the value mapped to the lowest Arm architecture in your deployment fleet. The is enabled by the backwards compatibility of the Arm architecture. -If you're building to be performant on a specific CPU, as in our case we are building to run natively on an AWS Graviton 4 instance (Arm Neoverse V2), we recommend specifying using the `-mcpu`. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md index 4ae8ee7f47..5054dbdc52 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/4.md @@ -6,6 +6,12 @@ weight: 5 layout: learningpathall --- +## Defining the goal + +If you intend your application to be portable across a variety of Arm architecture versions, selecting a target architecture with, `-march=` with a the value mapped to the lowest Arm architecture in your deployment fleet. The is enabled by the backwards compatibility of the Arm architecture. If running your C++ application in a memory constrained environment, for example in a containerised environment, you may wish to consider optimising for size. + +If you're building to be performant on a specific CPU, as in our case we are building to run natively on an AWS Graviton 4 instance (Arm Neoverse V2), we recommend specifying the system using the `-mcpu` flag. + ## Vectorizable Loop Copy and paste the following C++ snippet into a file called `vectorizable_loop.cpp`. The naive snippet below initialiases a vector of 1 million elements and doubles each element, storing the result in the same vector. This is repeated 5 times to caculate the average runtime. This naive loop with be autovectorized by the compiler. @@ -81,7 +87,7 @@ Elapsed time for iteration 5: 0.362911 seconds Average elapsed time: 0.362615 seconds ``` -## Using the optimisation flags for performance +## Targeting Performance ```bash g++ -O1 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_1 @@ -89,6 +95,38 @@ g++ -O2 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_2 g++ -O3 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_3 ``` -Considerations - time to compile and code size. +Running the 3 output binaries we observe a significant elapsed time improvement with minimal change in file size and compile time. Please note that larger code bases may see larger output binary sizes and compilation time. + +```output +./level_1 +Average elapsed time: 0.0526484 seconds +./level_2 +Average elapsed time: 0.0420332 seconds +./level_3 +Average elapsed time: 0.0155661 seconds +``` + +## Understanding what optimisations were used + +Naturally, the next question is to understand which part of your source code was optimised. Full optimization reports generated by compilers like GCC provide a detailed tree of reports through various stages of the optimization process. These reports can be overwhelming due to the sheer volume of information they contain, covering every aspect of the code's transformation and optimization. + +For a more manageable overview, you can enable basic optimization reports using specific arguments such as -fopt-info-vec, which focuses on vectorization optimizations. The -fopt-info flag can be customized by changing the info bit to target different types of optimizations, making it easier to pinpoint specific areas of interest without being inundated with data. + +Applying this to the following command we can see that there is no vector optimisation with the `-O1` optimisation level. + +``` +g++ -O1 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_1 -fopt-info-vec +``` + +``` +g++ -O2 vectorizable_loop.cpp -o level_1 -fopt-info-vec +vectorizable_loop.cpp:13:30: optimized: loop vectorized using 16 byte vectors +/usr/include/c++/13/bits/stl_algobase.h:930:22: optimized: loop vectorized using 16 byte vectors +``` +However the same command with the `-O2` optimistaion level we observe line 13, column 30 of our source code was optimised. + +## Targeting Balanced Performance + +On AWS, for balanced performance they recommend using the `-mcpu=neoverse-512tvb` option. The value ‘neoverse-512tvb’ instructs GCC to optimize for Neoverse cores that support SVE and have a vector bandwidth of 512 bits per cycle. Essentially, this option directs GCC to target Neoverse cores capable of executing four 128-bit Advanced SIMD arithmetic instructions per cycle, as well as an equivalent number of SVE arithmetic instructions per cycle (two for 256-bit SVE, four for 128-bit SVE). This tuning is more general than optimizing for a specific core like Neoverse V1, but more specific than the default tuning options. + -## Using Arm specific flags for balanced performance \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md index b7d318acde..c94cdcf085 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ title: Learn the Basic C++ Compiler Optimisation Techniques minutes_to_complete: 60 -who_is_this_for: Beginner C++ Developers +who_is_this_for: Beginner C++ developers who are looking to optimise their workload on Arm-based cloud instances with no source code modifications. learning_objectives: - Compile a C++ program for a specific Arm target @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ learning_objectives: prerequisites: - Basic understanding of C++ - - Basic understanding of compiler + - Basic understanding of compilers author_primary: Kieran Hejmadi diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md index c4ae77cc92..5225fb5038 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_next-steps.md @@ -1,21 +1,13 @@ --- -next_step_guidance: PLACEHOLDER TEXT 1 +next_step_guidance: Learn more advanced C++ optimisation techniques -recommended_path: /learning-paths/PLACEHOLDER_CATEGORY/PLACEHOLDER_LEARNING_PATH/ +recommended_path: /learning-paths/cross-platform/loop-reflowing/ further_reading: - resource: - title: PLACEHOLDER MANUAL - link: PLACEHOLDER MANUAL LINK - type: documentation - - resource: - title: PLACEHOLDER BLOG - link: PLACEHOLDER BLOG LINK + title: Runtime Detection of CPU features + link: https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/operating-systems-blog/posts/runtime-detection-of-cpu-features-on-an-armv8-a-cpu type: blog - - resource: - title: PLACEHOLDER GENERAL WEBSITE - link: PLACEHOLDER GENERAL WEBSITE LINK - type: website # ================================================================================ From 16e7885ed2241eca3a0f2e7100d42afd7236fda9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Your Name Date: Fri, 24 Jan 2025 15:01:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 5/5] renamed LP --- .../c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md index c94cdcf085..c77039ddeb 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/servers-and-cloud-computing/c++_compilers_and_flags/_index.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -title: Learn the Basic C++ Compiler Optimisation Techniques +title: Learn Basic C++ Optimisation Techniques using the G++ Compiler minutes_to_complete: 60