Privacy first_PV to review

content/learning-paths/embedded-and-microcontrollers/raspberry-pi-smart-home/1-overview.md

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
-title: Overview
+title: Run LLMs locally on Raspberry Pi 5 for Edge AI
+
 weight: 2
 
 ### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY
@@ -8,66 +9,65 @@ layout: learningpathall
 
 ## Overview
 
-This Learning Path walks you through deploying an efficient large language model (LLM) locally on the Raspberry Pi 5, powered by an Arm Cortex-A76 CPU. This will allow you to control your smart home using natural language, without relying on cloud services. With rapid advances in Generative AI and the power of Arm Cortex-A processors, you can now run advanced language models directly in your home on the Raspberry Pi 5.
+This Learning Path walks you through deploying an efficient large language model (LLM) locally on the Raspberry Pi 5, powered by an Arm Cortex-A76 CPU. This setup enables you to control your smart home using natural language without relying on cloud services. With rapid advances in generative AI and the power of Arm Cortex-A processors, you can now run advanced language models directly in your home on the Raspberry Pi 5.
 
-You will create a fully local, privacy-first smart home system that leverages the strengths of Arm Cortex-A architecture. The system can achieve 15+ tokens per second inference speeds using optimized models like TinyLlama and Qwen, while maintaining the energy efficiency that makes Arm processors a good fit for always-on applications.
+You will create a fully local, privacy-first smart home system that leverages the strengths of Arm Cortex-A architecture. The system can achieve 15+ tokens per second inference speeds using optimized models like TinyLlama and Qwen, while maintaining the energy efficiency that makes Arm processors well suited for always-on applications.
 
-## Why Arm Cortex-A for Edge AI?
+## Why Arm Cortex-A76 makes Raspberry Pi 5 ideal for Edge AI
 
 The Raspberry Pi 5's Arm Cortex-A76 processor can manage high-performance computing tasks like AI inference. Key architectural features include:
 
-- The **superscalar architecture** allows the processor to execute multiple instructions in parallel, improving throughput for compute-heavy tasks.
-- **128-bit NEON SIMD support** accelerates matrix and vector operations, which are common in the inner loops of language model inference.
-- The **multi-level cache hierarchy** helps reduce memory latency and improves data access efficiency during runtime.
-- The **thermal efficiency** enables sustained performance without active cooling, making it ideal for compact or always-on smart home setups.
+- **Superscalar architecture**: Executes multiple instructions in parallel, improving throughput for compute-heavy tasks
+- **128-bit NEON SIMD support**: Accelerates matrix and vector operations, common in the inner loops of language model inference
+- **Multi-level cache hierarchy**: Reduces memory latency and improves data access efficiency during runtime
+- **Thermal efficiency**: Enables sustained performance without active cooling, making it ideal for compact or always-on smart home setups
 
-These characteristics make the Raspberry Pi 5 well-suited for workloads like smart home assistants, where responsiveness, efficiency, and local processing are important. Running LLMs locally on Arm-based devices brings several practical benefits. Privacy is preserved, since conversations and routines never leave the device. With optimized inference, the system can offer responsiveness under 100 ms, even on resource-constrained hardware. It remains fully functional in offline scenarios, continuing to operate when internet access is unavailable. Developers also gain flexibility to customize models and automations. Additionally, software updates and an active ecosystem continue to improve performance over time.
+These characteristics make the Raspberry Pi 5 well suited for workloads like smart home assistants, where responsiveness, efficiency, and local processing are important. Running LLMs locally on Arm-based devices brings several practical benefits. Privacy is preserved, since conversations and routines never leave the device. With optimized inference, the system can offer responsiveness under 100 ms, even on resource-constrained hardware. It remains fully functional in offline scenarios, continuing to operate when internet access is unavailable. Developers also gain flexibility to customize models and automations. Additionally, software updates and an active ecosystem continue to improve performance over time.
 
-## Arm Ecosystem Advantages
+## Leverage the Arm ecosystem for Raspberry Pi Edge AI
 
 For the stack in this setup, Raspberry Pi 5 benefits from the extensive developer ecosystem:
 
 - Optimized compilers including GCC and Clang with Arm-specific enhancements
 - Native libraries such as gpiozero and lgpio are optimized for Raspberry Pi
-- Community support from open-source projects where developers are contributing Arm-optimized code
-- Arm maintains a strong focus on backward compatibility, which reduces friction when updating kernels or deploying across multiple Arm platforms
+- Community support from open-source projects where developers contribute Arm-optimized code
+- Backward compatibility in Arm architecture reduces friction when updating kernels or deploying across platforms
 - The same architecture powers smartphones, embedded controllers, edge devices, and cloud infrastructure—enabling consistent development practices across domains
 
-## Performance Benchmarks on Raspberry Pi 5
+## Performance benchmarks on Raspberry Pi 5
 
 The table below shows inference performance for several quantized models running on a Raspberry Pi 5. Measurements reflect single-threaded CPU inference with typical prompt lengths and temperature settings suitable for command-based interaction.
 
-| Model               | Tokens/Sec | Avg Latency (ms) |
+| Model               | Tokens/sec | Avg latency (ms) |
 | ------------------- | ---------- | ---------------- |
 | qwen:0.5b           | 17.0       | 8,217            |
 | tinyllama:1.1b      | 12.3       | 9,429            |
 | deepseek-coder:1.3b | 7.3        | 22,503           |
 | gemma2:2b           | 4.1        | 23,758           |
 | deepseek-r1:7b      | 1.6        | 64,797           |
 
+## LLM benchmark insights on Raspberry Pi 5
 
-What does this table tell us? Here are some performance insights:
-
-- Qwen 0.5B and TinyLlama 1.1B deliver fast token generation and low average latency, making them suitable for real-time interactions like voice-controlled smart home commands.
-- DeepSeek-Coder 1.3B and Gemma 2B trade off some speed for improved language understanding, which can be useful for more complex task execution or context-aware prompts.
-- DeepSeek-R1 7B offers advanced reasoning capabilities with acceptable latency, which may be viable for offline summarization, planning, or low-frequency tasks.
+- Qwen 0.5B and TinyLlama 1.1B deliver fast token generation and low average latency, making them suitable for real-time interactions such as voice-controlled smart home commands
+- DeepSeek-Coder 1.3B and Gemma 2B trade some speed for improved language understanding, which can be useful for complex tasks or context-aware prompts
+- DeepSeek-R1 7B offers advanced reasoning capabilities with acceptable latency, which may be viable for offline summarization, planning, or low-frequency tasks
 
-## Supported Arm-Powered Devices
+## Supported Arm-powered devices
 
-This Learning Path focuses on the Raspberry Pi 5, but you can adapt the concepts and code to other Arm-powered devices:
+This Learning Path focuses on the Raspberry Pi 5, but you can adapt the concepts and code to other Arm-powered devices.
 
-### Recommended Platforms
+## Recommended platforms
 
-| Platform         | CPU                              | RAM            | GPIO Support                  | Model Size Suitability      |
-|------------------|----------------------------------|----------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|
-| **Raspberry Pi 5** | Arm Cortex-A76 quad-core @ 2.4GHz | Up to 16GB     | Native `lgpio` (high-performance) | Large models (8–16GB)        |
-| **Raspberry Pi 4** | Arm Cortex-A72 quad-core @ 1.8GHz | Up to 8GB      | Compatible with `gpiozero`        | Small to mid-size models     |
-| **Other Arm Devices** | Arm Cortex-A             | 4GB min (8GB+ recommended) | Requires physical GPIO pins       | Varies by RAM                |
+| Platform            | CPU                              | RAM            | GPIO support                   | Model size suitability      |
+| ------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------- | ------------------------------ | --------------------------- |
+| **Raspberry Pi 5**  | Arm Cortex-A76 quad-core @ 2.4GHz | Up to 16GB     | Native `lgpio` (high-performance) | Large models (8–16GB)       |
+| **Raspberry Pi 4**  | Arm Cortex-A72 quad-core @ 1.8GHz | Up to 8GB      | Compatible with `gpiozero`        | Small to mid-size models    |
+| **Other Arm devices** | Arm Cortex-A                    | 4GB min (8GB+ recommended) | Requires physical GPIO pins       | Varies by RAM               |
 
-Additionally, the platform must:
+Additionally, the platform must meet the following requirements:
 
 - GPIO pins available for hardware control
-- Use Python 3.8 or newer
+- Python 3.8 or newer
 - Ability to run [Ollama](https://ollama.com/)
 
-Continue to the next section to start building a smart home system that highlights how Arm-based processors can enable efficient, responsive, and private AI applications at the edge.
+In the next section, you’ll set up the software dependencies needed to start building your privacy-first smart home system on Raspberry Pi 5.

content/learning-paths/embedded-and-microcontrollers/raspberry-pi-smart-home/2-software-dependencies.md

@@ -1,63 +1,67 @@
 ---
-title: Set up software dependencies
+title: Set up software dependencies on Raspberry Pi 5 for Ollama and LLMs
 weight: 3
 
 ### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY
 layout: learningpathall
 ---
 
+## Overview
+
+In this section, you’ll prepare your Raspberry Pi 5 by installing Python, required libraries, and Ollama, so you can run large language models (LLMs) locally.
+
 {{% notice Note %}}
-This guide assumes you have set up your Raspberry Pi with Raspberry Pi OS and network connectivity. For Raspberry Pi 5 setup help, see: [Raspberry Pi Getting Started](https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/)
+This Learning Path assumes you have set up your Raspberry Pi with Raspberry Pi OS and network connectivity. For Raspberry Pi 5 setup support, see [Raspberry Pi Getting Started](https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/).
 {{% /notice %}}
 
-## Connect to Your Raspberry Pi 5
+## Connect to your Raspberry Pi 5
 
-### Option 1: Using a display
+### Option 1: Use a display
 
-The easiest way to work on your Raspberry Pi is connecting it to an external display through one of the micro HDMI ports. This setup also requires a keyboard and mouse to navigate.
+The easiest way to work on your Raspberry Pi is by connecting it to an external display through one of the micro‑HDMI ports. This setup also requires a keyboard and mouse.
 
-### Option 2: Using SSH
+### Option 2: Use SSH
 
-You can also use SSH to access the terminal. To use this approach you need to know the IP address of your device. Ensure your Raspberry Pi 5 connects to the same network as your host computer. Access your device remotely via SSH using the terminal or any SSH client.
+You can also use SSH to access the terminal. To use this approach, you need to know the IP address of your device. Ensure your Raspberry Pi 5 is on the same network as your host computer. Access your device remotely via SSH using the terminal or any SSH client.
 
 Replace `<user>` with your Pi's username (typically `pi`), and `<pi-ip>` with your Raspberry Pi 5's IP address.
 
 ```bash
 ssh <user>@<pi-ip>
 ```
 
-## Set up the dependencies
+## Install Python and system dependencies
 
 Create a directory called `smart-home` in your home directory and navigate into it:
 
 ```bash
-mkdir $HOME/smart-home
-cd $HOME/smart-home
+mkdir -p "$HOME/smart-home"
+cd "$HOME/smart-home"
 ```
 
-The Raspberry Pi 5 includes Python 3 pre-installed, but you need additional packages:
+The Raspberry Pi 5 includes Python 3 preinstalled, but you need additional packages:
 
 ```bash
-sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
-sudo apt install python3 python3-pip python3-venv git curl build-essential gcc python3-lgpio
+sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
+sudo apt install -y python3 python3-pip python3-venv git curl build-essential gcc python3-lgpio
 ```
 
-### Configure the virtual environment
+## Configure a virtual environment
 
-The next step is to create and activate a Python virtual environment. This approach keeps project dependencies isolated and prevents conflicts with system-wide packages:
+Create and activate a Python virtual environment to isolate project dependencies:
 
 ```bash
 python3 -m venv venv
 source venv/bin/activate
 ```
 
-Install all required libraries and dependencies:
+Install the required libraries:
 
 ```bash
-pip install ollama gpiozero lgpio psutil httpx orjson numpy fastapi uvicorn uvloop numpy
+pip install ollama gpiozero lgpio psutil httpx orjson numpy fastapi uvicorn uvloop
 ```
 
-### Install Ollama
+## Install Ollama
 
 Install Ollama using the official installation script for Linux:
 
@@ -70,27 +74,29 @@ Verify the installation:
 ```bash
 ollama --version
 ```
-If installation was successful, the output from the command should match that below.
+
+If installation was successful, the output should be similar to:
+
 ```output
 ollama version is 0.11.4
 ```
 
-## Download and Test a Language Model
+## Run a test LLM with Ollama on Raspberry Pi 5
 
-Ollama supports various models. This guide uses deepseek-r1:7b as an example, but you can also use `tinyllama:1.1b`, `qwen:0.5b`, `gemma2:2b`, or `deepseek-coder:1.3b`.
+Ollama supports various models. This guide uses `deepseek-r1:7b` as an example, but you can also use `tinyllama:1.1b`, `qwen:0.5b`, `gemma2:2b`, or `deepseek-coder:1.3b`.
 
-The `run` command will set up the model automatically. You will see download progress in the terminal, followed by the interactive prompt when ready.
+The `run` command sets up the model automatically. You will see download progress in the terminal, followed by an interactive prompt when ready.
 
 ```bash
 ollama run deepseek-r1:7b
 ```
 
 {{% notice Troubleshooting %}}
-If you run into issues with the model download, here are some things to check:
+If you run into issues with the model download, try the following:
 
-- Confirm internet access and sufficient storage space on your microSD card
-- Try downloading smaller models like `qwen:0.5b` or `tinyllama:1.1b` if you encounter memory issues. 16 GB of RAM is sufficient for running smaller to medium-sized language models. Very large models may require more memory or run slower.
-- Clear storage or connect to a more stable network if errors occur
+- Confirm internet access and sufficient storage space on your microSD card.
+- Try smaller models like `qwen:0.5b` or `tinyllama:1.1b` if you encounter memory issues. 16 GB of RAM is sufficient for small to medium models; very large models may require more memory or run slower.
+- Clear storage or connect to a more stable network if errors occur.
 {{% /notice %}}
 
-With the model set up through `ollama`, move on to the next section to start configuring the hardware.
+With the model set up through Ollama, move on to the next section to start configuring the hardware.

content/learning-paths/embedded-and-microcontrollers/raspberry-pi-smart-home/3-test-gpio.md

@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 ---
-title: Test GPIO pins
+title: Test Raspberry Pi 5 GPIO pins for smart home devices
 weight: 4
 
 ### FIXED, DO NOT MODIFY
 layout: learningpathall
 ---
 
-The next step is to test the GPIO functionality. In this section, you will configure a LED light to simulate a smart-home device.
+## Overview
 
-## Verify GPIO Functionality
+The next step is to test the GPIO functionality. In this section, you configure an LED light to simulate a smart home device.
 
-Bring out your electronics components. Connect the anode (long leg) of an LED in series with a 220Ω resistor to GPIO 17 (physical pin 11). Connect the cathode (short leg) to a ground (GND) pin. See image below for the full setup:
+## Verify GPIO setup on Raspberry Pi 5
 
-![Raspberry Pi connected to a breadboard with a green LED and jumper wires](pin_layout.jpg "Raspberry Pi connected to a breadboard with a green LED and jumper wires")
+Gather your electronic components. Connect the anode (long leg) of an LED in series with a 220Ω resistor to GPIO 17 (physical pin 11). Connect the cathode (short leg) to a ground (GND) pin. 
+
+See the image below for the full setup:
+
+![Raspberry Pi connected to a breadboard with a green LED and jumper wires alt-text#center](pin_layout.jpg "Raspberry Pi connected to a breadboard with a green LED and jumper wires")
 
 Create a Python script named `testgpio.py`:
 
@@ -21,7 +25,7 @@ cd $HOME/smart-home
 vim testgpio.py
 ```
 
-Copy this code into the file:
+Add the following code to the file:
 
 ```python
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ from gpiozero.pins.lgpio import LGPIOFactory
 # Set lgpio backend for Raspberry Pi 5
 Device.pin_factory = LGPIOFactory()
 
-# Setup GPIO pin 17
+# Set up GPIO pin 17
 pin1 = LED(17)
 
 try:
@@ -52,19 +56,20 @@ python testgpio.py
 The LED should blink every two seconds. If you observe this behavior, your GPIO setup works correctly.
 
 {{% notice Troubleshooting %}}
-If you run into issues with the hardware setup, here are some things to check:
-- Try fixing missing dependencies by running the following command:
-```bash
-sudo apt-get install -f
-```
-- If you're running into GPIO permission issues, run Python scripts with `sudo` or add your user to the `gpio` group. Don't forget to log out for the changes to take effect.
-```bash
-sudo usermod -a -G gpio $USER
-```
+If you run into issues with the hardware setup, check the following:
+
+- Fix missing dependencies with:  
+  ```bash
+  sudo apt-get install -f
+  ```
+- If you encounter GPIO permission issues, run Python scripts with `sudo` or add your user to the `gpio` group. Don’t forget to log out for the changes to take effect:  
+  ```bash
+  sudo usermod -a -G gpio $USER
+  ```
 - Double-check wiring and pin numbers using the Raspberry Pi 5 pinout diagram
 - Ensure proper LED and resistor connections
 - Verify GPIO enablement in `raspi-config` if needed
 - Use a high-quality power supply
 {{% /notice %}}
 
-With a way to control devices using GPIO pins, you can move on to the next section to interact with them using language models and the user interface.
+With GPIO pins working, you can now move on to the next section to interact with devices using language models and the user interface.