diff --git a/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/K8sFailedNode.java b/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/DefaultFailedNode.java
similarity index 55%
rename from core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/K8sFailedNode.java
rename to core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/DefaultFailedNode.java
index 9d02a2d0c3..9a1e06ec27 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/K8sFailedNode.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/DefaultFailedNode.java
@@ -19,37 +19,5 @@
 
 package kafka.automq.failover;
 
-import java.util.Objects;
-
-public final class K8sFailedNode implements FailedNode {
-    private final int id;
-
-    public K8sFailedNode(int id) {
-        this.id = id;
-    }
-
-    public int id() {
-        return id;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
-        if (obj == this)
-            return true;
-        if (obj == null || obj.getClass() != this.getClass())
-            return false;
-        var that = (K8sFailedNode) obj;
-        return this.id == that.id;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int hashCode() {
-        return Objects.hash(id);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return "K8sFailedNode[" +
-            "id=" + id + ']';
-    }
+public record DefaultFailedNode(int id, long epoch) implements FailedNode {
 }
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailedNode.java b/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailedNode.java
index 8cba001851..a6d83aef95 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailedNode.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailedNode.java
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ public interface FailedNode {
     int id();
 
     static FailedNode from(NodeRuntimeMetadata node) {
-        return new K8sFailedNode(node.id());
+        return new DefaultFailedNode(node.id(), node.epoch());
     }
 
     static FailedNode from(FailoverContext context) {
-        return new K8sFailedNode(context.getNodeId());
+        return new DefaultFailedNode(context.getNodeId(), context.getNodeEpoch());
     }
 }
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailoverControlManager.java b/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailoverControlManager.java
index 62375ed461..13b1ee4056 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailoverControlManager.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/kafka/automq/failover/FailoverControlManager.java
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ private List<NodeRuntimeMetadata> allNodes() {
                 node.getNodeId(),
                 // There are node epochs in both streamControlManager and nodeControlManager, and they are the same in most cases.
                 // However, in some rare cases, the node epoch in streamControlManager may be updated earlier than the node epoch in nodeControlManager.
-                // So we use the node epoch in nodeControlManager as the source of truth.
+                // So we use the node epoch in streamControlManager as the source of truth.
                 nodeEpochMap.get(node.getNodeId()),
                 node.getWalConfig(),
                 node.getTags(),
diff --git a/core/src/main/scala/kafka/log/stream/s3/wal/BootstrapWalV1.java b/core/src/main/scala/kafka/log/stream/s3/wal/BootstrapWalV1.java
index 646ac0ca64..6999d00aab 100644
--- a/core/src/main/scala/kafka/log/stream/s3/wal/BootstrapWalV1.java
+++ b/core/src/main/scala/kafka/log/stream/s3/wal/BootstrapWalV1.java
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ public CompletableFuture<Void> trim(RecordOffset offset) {
     private CompletableFuture<? extends WriteAheadLog> buildRecoverWal(String kraftWalConfigs, long oldNodeEpoch) {
         IdURI uri = IdURI.parse(kraftWalConfigs);
         CompletableFuture<Void> cf = walHandle
-            .acquirePermission(nodeId, oldNodeEpoch, uri, new WalHandle.AcquirePermissionOptions().failoverMode(failoverMode));
-        return cf.thenApplyAsync(nil -> factory.build(uri, BuildOptions.builder().nodeEpoch(oldNodeEpoch).openMode(failoverMode ? OpenMode.FAILOVER : OpenMode.READ_WRITE).build()), executor);
+            .acquirePermission(nodeId, oldNodeEpoch, uri, new WalHandle.AcquirePermissionOptions().failoverMode(true));
+        return cf.thenApplyAsync(nil -> factory.build(uri, BuildOptions.builder().nodeEpoch(oldNodeEpoch).openMode(OpenMode.FAILOVER).build()), executor);
     }
 
     private CompletableFuture<? extends WriteAheadLog> buildWal(String kraftWalConfigs) {