diff --git a/.bbp-project.yaml b/.bbp-project.yaml
index 638867d28..49d547a65 100644
--- a/.bbp-project.yaml
+++ b/.bbp-project.yaml
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ tools:
       match:
       - ext/.*
       - src/language/templates/*
+      - test/usecases/*/*
   ClangTidy:
     enable: true
     option: ''
diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8eb1d2d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+include:
+  - project: hpc/gitlab-pipelines
+    file:
+      - spack-build-components.gitlab-ci.yml
+      - github-project-pipelines.gitlab-ci.yml
+  - project: hpc/gitlab-upload-logs
+    file: enable-upload.yml
+
+variables:
+  CVF_BRANCH:
+    description: Branch of the channel validation framework (CVF) to trigger the CI of
+    value: main
+  SPACK_BRANCH:
+    description: Branch of BlueBrain Spack to use for the CI pipeline
+    value: develop
+  BLUECONFIGS_BRANCH:
+    description: Branch of blueconfigs to trigger the simulation stack pipeline from
+    value: main
+  NEURON_BRANCH:
+    description: Branch of neuron to build BlueBrain models against in the simulation stack pipeline (NEURON_COMMIT and NEURON_TAG also possible)
+    value: master
+  LIBSONATA_REPORT_BRANCH:
+    description: Branch of libsonata-report to build BlueBrain models against in the simulation stack pipeline (LIBSONATA_REPORT_COMMIT and LIBSONATA_REPORT_TAG also possible)
+    value: master
+  SPACK_DEPLOYMENT_SUFFIX:
+    description: Extra path component used when finding deployed software. Set to something like `pulls/1497` use software built for https://github.com/BlueBrain/spack/pull/1497. You probably want to set SPACK_BRANCH to the branch used in the relevant PR if you set this.
+    value: ''
+
+trigger cvf:
+  # Stop the globally-defined CVF_BRANCH above from being set in the child pipeline
+  inherit:
+    variables: false
+  needs: [spack_setup] # for SPACK_SETUP_COMMIT_MAPPING_URL
+  stage: .pre
+  rules:
+    # Don't run on PRs targeting the LLVM development branch
+    - if: '$CI_EXTERNAL_PULL_REQUEST_TARGET_BRANCH_NAME == "llvm"'
+      when: never
+    # Otherwise always run this
+    - when: always
+  trigger:
+    branch: ${CVF_BRANCH}
+    project: hpc/cvf
+    # Make the NMODL CI status depend on the CVF CI status
+    strategy: depend
+  variables:
+    # Tell CVF to use the same commits/branches as NMODL.
+    SPACK_ENV_FILE_URL: $SPACK_SETUP_COMMIT_MAPPING_URL
+
+simulation_stack:
+  stage: .pre
+  # Take advantage of GitHub PR description parsing in the spack_setup job.
+  needs: [spack_setup]
+  trigger:
+    branch: ${BLUECONFIGS_BRANCH}
+    project: hpc/sim/blueconfigs
+    # NMODL CI status depends on the BlueConfigs CI status.
+    strategy: depend
+  variables:
+    SPACK_ENV_FILE_URL: $SPACK_SETUP_COMMIT_MAPPING_URL
+    NMODL_RUN: "true"
+    # SPACK_SETUP_IGNORE_PACKAGE_VARIABLES needs to be set for
+    # the blueconfigs CI as well to let it know about both CVF
+    # and BLUECONFIGS
+    SPACK_SETUP_IGNORE_PACKAGE_VARIABLES: "CVF BLUECONFIGS"
+
+.spack_nmodl:
+  variables:
+    SPACK_PACKAGE: nmodl
+    SPACK_PACKAGE_SPEC: +python
+
+spack_setup:
+  extends: .spack_setup_ccache
+  script:
+    - !reference [.spack_setup_ccache, script]
+    # Setting {CVF, BLUECONFIGS}_BRANCH in the PR description will cause them to
+    # be set in the environment of this job, but because we put CVF and BLUECONFIGS
+    # in SPACK_SETUP_IGNORE_PACKAGE_VARIABLES then nothing will be done with it.
+    - echo "CVF_BRANCH=${CVF_BRANCH}" >> spack_clone_variables.env
+    - echo "BLUECONFIGS_BRANCH=${BLUECONFIGS_BRANCH}" >> spack_clone_variables.env
+  variables:
+    NMODL_COMMIT: ${CI_COMMIT_SHA}
+    # Enable fetching GitHub PR descriptions and parsing them to find out what
+    # branches to build of other projects.
+    PARSE_GITHUB_PR_DESCRIPTIONS: "true"
+    # Ignore CVF ang BLUECONFIGS branches since those don't have a spack package
+    SPACK_SETUP_IGNORE_PACKAGE_VARIABLES: "CVF BLUECONFIGS"
+
+build:intel:
+  extends:
+    - .spack_build
+    - .spack_nmodl
+  variables:
+    SPACK_PACKAGE_COMPILER: oneapi
+
+build:nvhpc:
+  extends:
+    - .spack_build
+    - .spack_nmodl
+  variables:
+    SPACK_PACKAGE_COMPILER: nvhpc
+    SPACK_PACKAGE_DEPENDENCIES: ^bison%gcc^flex%gcc^py-jinja2%gcc^py-sympy%gcc^py-pyyaml%gcc
+
+.nmodl_tests:
+  variables:
+    # https://github.com/BlueBrain/nmodl/issues/737
+    bb5_ntasks: 1
+
+test:intel:
+  extends:
+    - .ctest
+    - .nmodl_tests
+  needs: ["build:intel"]
+
+test:nvhpc:
+  extends:
+    - .ctest
+    - .nmodl_tests
+  needs: ["build:nvhpc"]
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index f9af32cc5..9f50db609 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -25,3 +25,6 @@
 [submodule "ext/backward"]
 	path = ext/backward
 	url = https://github.com/bombela/backward-cpp.git
+[submodule "test/usecases/references"]
+	path = test/usecases/references
+	url = https://github.com/BlueBrain/nmodl-references.git
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.rst b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
index abb1c7584..c7ad6e594 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.rst
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
@@ -165,6 +165,33 @@ The HPC coding conventions formatter installs any dependencies into a Python
 virtual environment.
 
 
+Updating Golden References
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Run
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   cmake --build <build-dir> --target generate_references
+
+to regenerate the golden references. They are saved in a submodule
+``tests/usecases/references``, which points to ``BlueBrain/nmodl-references``.
+
+Create a PR for the changes to the references and update the SHA in the NMODL
+repo. It might be useful to change to SSH authentication:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   git remote set-url origin ssh://git@github.com/BlueBrain/nmodl-references
+
+(from inside ``tests/usecases/references``).
+
+Remember the rules of submodules: They're checked out on a specific commit,
+i.e. detached HEAD. If you want to modify the submodule, it's usual best to
+checkout ``main`` from then on the submodule will behave much like a Git repo
+that happens to be located inside a Git repo.
+
+
 Validate the Python package
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
diff --git a/test/usecases/CMakeLists.txt b/test/usecases/CMakeLists.txt
index d18ef2a76..3f555d9db 100644
--- a/test/usecases/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/usecases/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,8 +7,37 @@ set(NMODL_USECASE_DIRS
     func_proc
     func_proc_pnt)
 
+file(GLOB NMODL_GOLDEN_REFERENCES "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/references/*")
+if(NMODL_GOLDEN_REFERENCES STREQUAL "")
+  cpp_cc_init_git_submodule(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/references)
+endif()
+unset(NMODL_GOLDEN_REFERNCES)
+
+add_custom_target(generate_references)
 foreach(usecase ${NMODL_USECASE_DIRS})
+  # Non-existant dependencies are a way of unconditionally running commands in CMake.
+  if(EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/references/${usecase}/_does_not_exist_weiohbge)
+    message(
+      FATAL_ERROR
+        "The file: '${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/references/${usecase}/_does_not_exist_weiohbge' must not exist."
+    )
+  endif()
+
   add_test(NAME usecase_${usecase}
            COMMAND ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/run_test.sh ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin/nmodl
                    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${usecase})
+
+  add_test(NAME golden_${usecase}
+           COMMAND ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/check_references.sh ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin/nmodl
+                   ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${usecase})
+
+  add_custom_command(
+    OUTPUT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/references/${usecase}/_does_not_exist_weiohbge
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/generate_references.sh ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin/nmodl
+            ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${usecase})
+
+  add_custom_target(
+    generate_${usecase}
+    DEPENDS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/references/${usecase}/_does_not_exist_weiohbge)
+  add_dependencies(generate_references generate_${usecase})
 endforeach()
diff --git a/test/usecases/check_references.sh b/test/usecases/check_references.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0789afff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/usecases/check_references.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env bash
+set -u
+
+script_dir="$(dirname "$(realpath "$0")")"
+nmodl="$1"
+usecase_dir="$2"
+references_dir="${script_dir}/references/$(basename "$2")"
+output_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
+
+"${script_dir}"/generate_references.sh ${nmodl} "${usecase_dir}" "${output_dir}"
+
+diff -U 8 -r "${references_dir}" "${output_dir}"
+
+exit_code=$?
+
+rm -r "${output_dir}"
+
+exit $exit_code
diff --git a/test/usecases/generate_references.sh b/test/usecases/generate_references.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ef21a838e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/usecases/generate_references.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env bash
+set -eu
+
+nmodl="$1"
+usecase_dir="$2"
+
+if [[ $# -eq 3 ]]
+then
+  output_dir="$3"
+else
+  script_dir="$(dirname "$(realpath "$0")")"
+  output_dir="${script_dir}/references/$(basename "$2")"
+fi
+
+function sanitize() {
+  for f in "${1}"/*.cpp
+  do
+    if [[ "$(uname)" == 'Darwin' ]]
+    then
+        sed_cmd="sed -i''"
+    else
+        sed_cmd="sed -i"
+    fi
+    ${sed_cmd} "s/Created         : .*$/Created         : DATE/" "$f"
+    ${sed_cmd} "s/NMODL Compiler  : .*$/NMODL Compiler  : VERSION/" "$f"
+  done
+}
+
+"${nmodl}" "${usecase_dir}"/*.mod --neuron -o "${output_dir}/neuron"
+sanitize "${output_dir}/neuron"
+
+"${nmodl}" "${usecase_dir}"/*.mod -o "${output_dir}"/coreneuron
+sanitize "${output_dir}/coreneuron"
diff --git a/test/usecases/references b/test/usecases/references
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..86ea3be28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/usecases/references
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 86ea3be28505f69fe6073498fc995c61f493326d
diff --git a/test/usecases/run_test.sh b/test/usecases/run_test.sh
index 858751c89..ff18c6a34 100755
--- a/test/usecases/run_test.sh
+++ b/test/usecases/run_test.sh
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 #! /usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
+set -eu
+
+if [[ $# -ne 2 ]]
+then
+  echo "Usage: $0 NMODL USECASE_DIR"
+fi
 
 nmodl="$1"
 output_dir="$(uname -m)"