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kacinash committed Jul 6, 2018
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<p>In all, the Bells brought seven different court cases in Washington, D.C., over the span of fifteen years, each one designed, like a ladder, to support a foothold for another step toward their family's total freedom. Some of the Bells secured their liberty. Eventually, however, the courts failed them, so Daniel and Mary turned to other means. Because of their involvement in one of the largest known bids for freedom in American history, the story of the Bells has previously only been told as it relates to the <em>Pearl</em> affair.<span class="foot"><a href="#footn2" id="bodyn2">2</a></span></p>

<p class="pullquote">The Bells' story uncovers a central truth of freedom-making: families bargained in private and used the public forum of the law interchangeably and in relation to one another in their pursuit of liberty There was no one path to freedom.</p>
<p class="pullquote">The Bells' story uncovers a central truth of freedom-making: families bargained in private and used the public forum of the law interchangeably and in relation to one another in their pursuit of liberty. There was no one path to freedom.</p>

<p>The <em>Pearl</em> escape, though dramatic and highly consequential, was only one part of a much larger narrative of freedom-making, contained in a fragmentary historical record including court documents, wills and inventories, census pages, and Freedman's Bank accounts. Following this trail of evidence, the Bell family comes into sharper focus, and a detailed portrait of freedom-making comes into view. Even as some parts remain unknown, some identities unclear, and some connections and relationships undetermined, the Bells' story uncovers a central truth of freedom-making more broadly: families bargained in private and used the public forum of the law interchangeably and in relation to one another in their pursuit of liberty. There was no one path to freedom. This is one family's story of emancipation in the heart of the nation's capital.<span class="foot"><a href="#footn3" id="bodyn3">3</a></span></p>

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<figcaption>Estate of Robert Armstead, RG 21, Entry 115, O.S. Case File 1832, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>In March 1840, Ann Bell's <%= link_to "petition for freedom", case_path("oscys.caseid.0104") %> finally went to trial. Susan's daughter, <%= link_to "Sarah Jane", person_path("per.001851") %>, appeared as a witness for the defendant, <%= link_to "Gerard T. Greenfield", person_path("per.000775") %>. It is unknown what her testimony entailed, nor the exact nature of the Armistead family's connection to the Greenfields. The question put the to jury seems to have been whether or not Ann was freed by the 1815 will of Gabriel P. T. Greenfield, the defendant's uncle. Probate was refused by the Maryland Court of Appeals, and yet the jury apparently found enough <%= link_to "evidence", doc_path("oscys.case.0104.007") %> in Ann's having gone about as free, purchased real property, built a house, hired a servant from Greenfield, and committed other acts "inconsistent with the condition of slavery" to render a <%= link_to "verdict", doc_path("oscys.mb.0028.001") %> in favor of her freedom on April 15.<span class="foot"><a href="#footn20" id="bodyn20">20</a></span> Even though she had been living as free for nearly two decades, Ann Bell and her two sons, Daniel and David, now had their liberty sanctioned by the courts.</p>
<p>In March 1840, Ann Bell's <%= link_to "petition for freedom", case_path("oscys.caseid.0104") %> finally went to trial. Susan's daughter, <%= link_to "Sarah Jane", person_path("per.001851") %>, appeared as a witness for the defendant, <%= link_to "Gerard T. Greenfield", person_path("per.000775") %>. It is unknown what her testimony entailed, nor the exact nature of the Armistead family's connection to the Greenfields. The question put to the jury seems to have been whether or not Ann was freed by the 1815 will of Gabriel P. T. Greenfield, the defendant's uncle. Probate was refused by the Maryland Court of Appeals, and yet the jury apparently found enough <%= link_to "evidence", doc_path("oscys.case.0104.007") %> in Ann's having gone about as free, purchased real property, built a house, hired a servant from Greenfield, and committed other acts "inconsistent with the condition of slavery" to render a <%= link_to "verdict", doc_path("oscys.mb.0028.001") %> in favor of her freedom on April 15.<span class="foot"><a href="#footn20" id="bodyn20">20</a></span> Even though she had been living as free for nearly two decades, Ann Bell and her two sons, Daniel and David, now had their liberty sanctioned by the courts.</p>

<p>Her brother was close to his own freedom as well. Daniel Bell had almost paid off his $1,000 purchasing price, when the colonel he had made arrangements with died.<span class="foot"><a href="#footn21" id="bodyn21">21</a></span> Daniel learned then that the colonel had mortgaged him to his sister-in-law for $1,000, and she demanded the full sum now from Daniel. A lumber merchant named Thomas Blagden intervened and was able to get the sum reduced to five or six hundred dollars. Blagden lived in the neighborhood near the Navy Yard and perhaps had contracts there. Somehow, he became acquainted with Daniel and had been endorsing his notes for him as he made payments to the colonel. Navy payroll records for January 1848 showed that Daniel worked 22.5 days and earned $31.20 in wages for the month. At that rate, the price for his freedom was nearly two years' wages. In all, it took Daniel another five years to buy back his liberty. When all was paid and accounted for, his receipts showed that he paid a total of $1,630 for his freedom.<span class="foot"><a href="#footn22" id="bodyn22">22</a></span></p>

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