diff --git a/img/favicons/usgs_favicon.ico b/img/favicons/usgs_favicon.ico new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b66151a Binary files /dev/null and b/img/favicons/usgs_favicon.ico differ diff --git a/scrapi/harvesters/usgs.py b/scrapi/harvesters/usgs.py new file mode 100644 index 00000000..27d749c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/scrapi/harvesters/usgs.py @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +from __future__ import unicode_literals + +import json +import logging +from datetime import date, timedelta + +import six +from nameparser import HumanName +from scrapi import requests, settings +from scrapi.base import JSONHarvester +from scrapi.linter.document import RawDocument +from scrapi.base.helpers import build_properties, datetime_formatter + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def process_contributors(authors): + all_processed_authors = [] + + for author in authors: + author_d = {} + author_d['name'] = author['text'] + name = HumanName( + author['text'] + ) + author_d['additionalName'] = name.middle + author_d['givenName'] = name.first + author_d['familyName'] = name.last + return all_processed_authors + + +class USGSHarvester(JSONHarvester): + short_name = 'usgs' + long_name = 'United States Geological Survey' + url = 'https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/' + DEFAULT_ENCODING = 'UTF-8' + + URL = 'https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?' + + schema = { + 'title': '/title', + 'description': '/docAbstract', + 'providerUpdatedDateTime': ('/lastModifiedDate', datetime_formatter), + 'uris': { + 'canonicalUri': ('/id', 'https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/{}'.format), + 'providerUris': [('/id', 'https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/{}'.format)], + 'descriptorUris': [('/doi', 'https://dx.doi.org/{}'.format)] + }, + + 'contributors': ('/contributors/authors', process_contributors), + 'otherProperties': build_properties( + ('serviceID', ('/id', str)), + ('definedType', '/defined_type'), + ('type', '/type'), + ('links', '/links'), + ('publisher', '/publisher'), + ('publishedDate', '/displayToPublicDate'), + ('publicationYear', '/publicationYear'), + ('issue', '/issue'), + ('volume', '/volume'), + ('language', '/language'), + ('indexId', '/indexId'), + ('publicationSubtype', '/publicationSubtype'), + ('startPage', '/startPage'), + ('endPage', '/endPage'), + ('onlineOnly', '/onlineOnly'), + ('additionalOnlineFiles', '/additionalOnlineFiles'), + ('country', '/country'), + ('state', '/state'), + ('ipdsId', '/ipdsId'), + ('links', '/links'), + ('doi', '/doi'), + ('contributors', '/contributors'), + ('otherGeospatial', '/otherGeospatial'), + ('geographicExtents', '/geographicExtents'), + + ) + } + + def harvest(self, start_date=None, end_date=None): + + # This API does not support date ranges + start_date = start_date or date.today() - timedelta(settings.DAYS_BACK) + + # days_back = the number of days between start_date and now, defaulting to settings.DAYS_BACK + days_back = settings.DAYS_BACK + search_url = '{0}mod_x_days={1}'.format( + self.URL, + days_back + ) + + record_list = [] + for record in self.get_records(search_url): + doc_id = record['id'] + + record_list.append( + RawDocument( + { + 'doc': json.dumps(record), + 'source': self.short_name, + 'docID': six.text_type(doc_id), + 'filetype': 'json' + } + ) + ) + + return record_list + + def get_records(self, search_url): + records = requests.get(search_url) + total_records = records.json()['recordCount'] + logger.info('Harvesting {} records'.format(total_records)) + page_number = 1 + count = 0 + + while records.json()['records']: + record_list = records.json()['records'] + for record in record_list: + count += 1 + yield record + + page_number += 1 + records = requests.get(search_url + '&page_number={}'.format(page_number), throttle=3) + logger.info('{} documents harvested'.format(count)) diff --git a/tests/vcr/usgs.yaml b/tests/vcr/usgs.yaml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5619894a --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/vcr/usgs.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,11740 @@ +interactions: +- request: + body: null + headers: + Accept: ['*/*'] + Accept-Encoding: ['gzip, deflate'] + Connection: [keep-alive] + User-Agent: [python-requests/2.4.1 CPython/2.7.10 Darwin/14.5.0] + method: GET + uri: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?mod_x_days=2 + response: + body: {string: "{\"pageSize\":\"15\",\"pageRowStart\":\"0\",\"pageNumber\":null,\"\ + recordCount\":196,\"records\":[{\"id\":70168342,\"text\":\"70168342 - 2016\ + \ - Wide-area estimates of evapotranspiration by red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)\ + \ and associated vegetation in the Murray-Darling River Basin, Australia\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T12:45:38\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70168342\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T13:45\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1924,\"\ + text\":\"Hydrological Processes\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"\ + id\":10}},\"title\":\"Wide-area estimates of evapotranspiration by red gum\ + \ (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and associated vegetation in the Murray-Darling\ + \ River Basin, Australia\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Floodplain red gum forests\ + \ (Eucalyptus camaldulensis plus associated grasses,\ + \ reeds and sedges) are sites of high biodiversity in otherwise arid regions\ + \ of southeastern Australia. They depend on periodic floods from rivers, but\ + \ dams and diversions have reduced flood frequencies and volumes, leading\ + \ to deterioration of trees and associated biota. There is a need to determine\ + \ their water requirements so environmental flows can be administered to maintain\ + \ or restore the forests. Their water requirements include the frequency and\ + \ extent of overbank flooding, which recharges the floodplain soils with water,\ + \ as well as the actual amount of water consumed in evapotranspiration (ET).\ + \ We estimated the flooding requirements and ET for a 38 134 ha\ + \ area of red gum forest fed by the Murrumbidgee River in Yanga National Park,\ + \ New South Wales. ET was estimated by three methods: sap flux sensors placed\ + \ in individual trees; a remote sensing method based on the Enhanced Vegetation\ + \ Index from MODIS satellite imagery and a water balance method based on differences\ + \ between river flows into and out of the forest. The methods gave comparable\ + \ estimates yet covered different spatial and temporal scales. We estimated\ + \ flood frequency and volume requirements by comparing Normalized Difference\ + \ Vegetation Index values from Landsat images with flood history from 1995\ + \ to 2014, which included both wet periods and dry periods. ET during wet\ + \ years is about 50% of potential ET but is much less in dry years because\ + \ of the trees' ability to control stomatal conductance. Based on our analyses\ + \ plus other studies, red gum trees at this location require environmental\ + \ flows of 2000 GL yr−1 every\ + \ other year, with peak flows of 20 000 ML d−1,\ + \ to produce flooding sufficient to keep them in good condition. However,\ + \ only about 120–200 GL yr−1 of\ + \ river water is consumed in ET, with the remainder flowing out of the forest\ + \ where it enters the Murray River system.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"Wiley\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/hyp.10734\",\"usgsCitation\":\"\ + Nagler, P. L., Doody, T. M., Glenn, E. P., Jarchow, C. J., Barreto-Mu\xF1\ + oz, A., and Didan, K. (2015) Wide-area estimates of evapotranspiration by\ + \ red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and associated vegetation in the Murray\u2013\ + Darling River Basin, Australia. Hydrol. Process., doi: 10.1002/hyp.10734.\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-064981\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":568,\"text\":\"Southwest Biological Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":317918,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\"\ + :\"Australia\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Murray-Darling River Basin\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ 143.4814453125,\\n -34.73032697882121\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n 143.4814453125,\\n -34.31394984163212\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n 144.35623168945312,\\n \ + \ -34.31394984163212\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ 144.35623168945312,\\n -34.73032697882121\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n 143.4814453125,\\n -34.73032697882121\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + edition\":\"Online First\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":14,\"text\"\ + :\"Menlo Park PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Nagler, Pamela\ + \ L. pnagler@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1398,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Nagler\",\"given\":\"Pamela L.\",\"email\":\"pnagler@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":568,\"text\":\"Southwest Biological Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":619773,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Doody, Tanya M.\",\"contributorId\":138691,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Doody\",\"given\":\"Tanya M.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":12494,\"text\":\"CSIRO Land and Water, Australia\"},\"id\":619774,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Glenn, Edward P.\",\"contributorId\":19289,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Glenn\",\"given\":\"Edward P.\",\"id\":619775,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Jarchow, Christopher\ + \ J cjarchow@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":5813,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Jarchow\",\"given\":\"Christopher J\",\"email\":\"cjarchow@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":568,\"text\":\"Southwest Biological Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":619776,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :4},{\"text\":\"Barreto-Munoz, Armando\",\"contributorId\":131000,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Barreto-Munoz\",\"given\":\"Armando\",\"\ + affiliation\":{\"id\":7204,\"text\":\"University of Arizona, Electrical and\ + \ Computer Engineering\"},\"id\":619777,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Didan, Kamel\",\"contributorId\":130999,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Didan\",\"given\":\"Kamel\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":7204,\"text\":\"University of Arizona, Electrical\ + \ and Computer Engineering\"},\"id\":619778,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6}]}},{\"id\":70168327,\"text\":\"70168327 -\ + \ 2016 - Effects of permafrost aggradation on peat properties as determined\ + \ from a pan-Arctic synthesis of plant macrofossils\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:50:48\",\"indexId\":\"70168327\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-10T12:45\",\"publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2320,\"text\":\"Journal of Geophysical\ + \ Research: Biogeosciences\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :10}},\"title\":\"Effects of permafrost aggradation on peat properties as\ + \ determined from a pan-Arctic synthesis of plant macrofossils\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Permafrost dynamics play an important role in high-latitude peatland\ + \ carbon balance and are key to understanding the future response of soil\ + \ carbon stocks. Permafrost aggradation can control the magnitude of the carbon\ + \ feedback in peatlands through effects on peat properties. We compiled peatland\ + \ plant macrofossil records for the northern permafrost zone (515 cores from\ + \ 280 sites) and classified samples by vegetation type and environmental class\ + \ (fen, bog, tundra and boreal permafrost, and thawed permafrost). We examined\ + \ differences in peat properties (bulk density, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and\ + \ organic matter content, and C/N ratio) and C accumulation rates among vegetation\ + \ types and environmental classes. Consequences of permafrost aggradation\ + \ differed between boreal and tundra biomes, including differences in vegetation\ + \ composition, C/N ratios, and N content. The vegetation composition of tundra\ + \ permafrost peatlands was similar to permafrost-free fens, while boreal permafrost\ + \ peatlands more closely resembled permafrost-free bogs. Nitrogen content\ + \ in boreal permafrost and thawed permafrost peatlands was significantly lower\ + \ than in permafrost-free bogs despite similar vegetation types (0.9% versus\ + \ 1.5% N). Median long-term C accumulation rates were higher in fens (23 g\ + \ C m−2 yr−1)\ + \ than in permafrost-free bogs (18 g C m−2 yr−1)\ + \ and were lowest in boreal permafrost peatlands (14 g C m−2 yr−1).\ + \ The plant macrofossil record demonstrated transitions from fens to bogs\ + \ to permafrost peatlands, bogs to fens, permafrost aggradation within fens,\ + \ and permafrost thaw and reaggradation. Using data synthesis, we have identified\ + \ predominant peatland successional pathways, changes in vegetation type,\ + \ peat properties, and C accumulation rates associated with permafrost aggradation.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"AGU Publications\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/2015JG003061\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Treat, C.C., Jones, M.C., Camill, P., Gallego-Sala, A.,\ + \ Gameau, M., Harden, J.W., Hugelius, G., Klein, E.S., Kokfelt, U., Kuhry,\ + \ P. Loisel, J., Mathijssen, P.J.H., O'Donnell, J.A., Oksanen, P.O., Ronkainen.\ + \ T.M., Sannell, A.B.K., Talbot, J., Valiranta, M., 2016, Effects of permafrost\ + \ aggradation on peat properties as determined from a pan-Arctic synthesis\ + \ of plant macrofossils: Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences,\ + \ 121, doi:10.1002/2015JG003061.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-068874\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":243,\"text\":\"Eastern\ + \ Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317912,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"edition\":\"Online First\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":9,\"text\"\ + :\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Treat, C.C.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":96606,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Treat\",\"given\":\"C.C.\",\"id\":619682,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Jones, Miriam C. miriamjones@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":4056,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Jones\",\"given\":\"Miriam C.\",\"email\":\"miriamjones@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":243,\"text\":\"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":619681,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :2},{\"text\":\"Camill, P.\",\"contributorId\":78185,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Camill\",\"given\":\"P.\",\"id\":619683,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Gallego-Sala, A.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166669,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Gallego-Sala\",\"given\":\"A.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":17840,\"text\"\ + :\"University of Exeter\"},\"id\":619685,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Garneau, M.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :166668,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Garneau\",\"given\"\ + :\"M.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":24488,\"text\":\"Universite du Quebec a Montreal\"\ + },\"id\":619684,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :5},{\"text\":\"Harden, Jennifer W. jharden@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1971,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Harden\",\"given\":\"Jennifer\ + \ W.\",\"email\":\"jharden@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":615,\"text\"\ + :\"Volcano Hazards Program\"},\"id\":619686,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Hugelius, G.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :27338,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hugelius\",\"given\"\ + :\"G.\",\"id\":619687,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":7},{\"text\":\"Klein, E.S.\",\"contributorId\":166670,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Klein\",\"given\":\"E.S.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":24489,\"text\":\"Biological Sciences and Environment and Natural\ + \ Resource Institute\"},\"id\":619688,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"Kokfelt, U.\",\"contributorId\":166671,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Kokfelt\",\"given\":\"U.\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":12672,\"text\":\"University of Copenhagen\"},\"id\"\ + :619689,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9},{\"\ + text\":\"Kuhry, P.\",\"contributorId\":57277,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Kuhry\",\"given\":\"P.\",\"id\":619690,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":10},{\"text\":\"Loisel, J.\",\"\ + contributorId\":166672,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Loisel\",\"given\":\"J.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":18162,\"text\":\"University\ + \ of Helsinki\"},\"id\":619691,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":11},{\"text\":\"Mathijssen, J.H.\",\"contributorId\":166673,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Mathijssen\",\"given\":\"\ + J.H.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":18162,\"text\":\"University of Helsinki\"},\"\ + id\":619692,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":12},{\"\ + text\":\"O'Donnell, J.A.\",\"contributorId\":166674,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"O'Donnell\",\"given\":\"J.A.\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":5106,\"text\":\"National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth,\ + \ Wyoming 82190\"},\"id\":619693,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":13},{\"text\":\"Oksanen, P.O.\",\"contributorId\":166675,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Oksanen\",\"given\":\"P.O.\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":24490,\"text\":\"Kaskinen, Finland\"},\"id\":619694,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":14},{\"text\":\"\ + Ronkainen, T.M.\",\"contributorId\":166676,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Ronkainen\",\"given\":\"T.M.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\"\ + :18162,\"text\":\"University of Helsinki\"},\"id\":619695,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":15},{\"text\":\"Sannel, A.B.K.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":38450,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Sannel\",\"given\":\"A.B.K.\",\"id\":619696,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":16},{\"text\":\"Talbot, J. J.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :21045,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Talbot\",\"given\"\ + :\"J. J.\",\"id\":619697,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":17},{\"text\":\"Tarnocal, C.M.\",\"contributorId\":166677,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Tarnocal\",\"given\":\"C.M.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":24491,\"text\":\"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada\"},\"id\":619698,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":18},{\"text\":\"\ + Valiranta, M.\",\"contributorId\":166678,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Valiranta\",\"given\":\"M.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":18162,\"text\"\ + :\"University of Helsinki\"},\"id\":619699,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":19}]}},{\"id\":70168332,\"text\":\"70168332 -\ + \ 2016 - Extensive dispersal of Roanoke logperch (Percina rex) inferred\ + \ from genetic marker data\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:06:44\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168332\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T12:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1471,\"text\":\"Ecology of Freshwater Fish\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Extensive dispersal of Roanoke logperch (Percina\ + \ rex) inferred from genetic marker data\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The\ + \ dispersal ecology of most stream fishes is poorly characterised, complicating\ + \ conservation efforts for these species. We used microsatellite DNA marker\ + \ data to characterise dispersal patterns and effective population size (Ne)\ + \ for a population of Roanoke logperchPercina rex, an\ + \ endangered darter (Percidae). Juveniles and candidate parents were sampled\ + \ for 2 years at sites throughout the Roanoke River watershed. Dispersal\ + \ was inferred via genetic assignment tests (ATs), pedigree reconstruction\ + \ (PR) and estimation of lifetime dispersal distance under a genetic isolation-by-distance\ + \ model. Estimates of Ne varied\ + \ from 105 to 1218 individuals, depending on the estimation method. Based\ + \ on PR, polygamy was frequent in parents of both sexes, with individuals\ + \ spawning with an average of 2.4 mates. The sample contained 61 half-sibling\ + \ pairs, but only one parent–offspring pair and no full-sib pairs, which\ + \ limited our ability to discriminate natal dispersal of juveniles from breeding\ + \ dispersal of their parents between spawning events. Nonetheless, all methods\ + \ indicated extensive dispersal. The AT indicated unrestricted dispersal among\ + \ sites ≤15 km apart, while siblings inferred by the PR were captured\ + \ an average of 14 km and up to 55 km apart. Model-based estimates\ + \ of median lifetime dispersal distance (6–24 km, depending on\ + \ assumptions) bracketed AT and PR estimates, indicating that widely dispersed\ + \ individuals do, on average, contribute to gene flow. Extensive dispersal\ + \ of P. rex suggests that darters and other\ + \ small benthic stream fishes may be unexpectedly mobile. Monitoring and management\ + \ activities for such populations should encompass entire watersheds to fully\ + \ capture population dynamics.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"John Wiley & Sons\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/eff.12177\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"16 p.\",\"startPage\":\"1\",\"endPage\":\"16\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-037298\",\"costCenters\":[{\"\ + id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317905,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"25\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":9,\"\ + text\":\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Roberts,\ + \ James H.\",\"contributorId\":83811,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Roberts\",\"given\":\"James H.\",\"id\":619737,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Angermeier, Paul\ + \ biota@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":166679,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Angermeier\",\"given\":\"Paul\",\"email\":\"biota@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"},\"id\":619704,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Hallerman, Eric M.\",\"contributorId\":40501,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Hallerman\",\"given\":\"Eric M.\",\"id\":619738,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70168334,\"text\"\ + :\"70168334 - 2016 - Monitoring for the management of disease risk in animal\ + \ translocation programmes\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:51:15\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168334\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:45\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1443,\"text\":\"EcoHealth\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Monitoring for the management of disease risk in\ + \ animal translocation programmes\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Monitoring\ + \ is best viewed as a component of some larger programme focused on science\ + \ or conservation. The value of monitoring is determined by the extent to\ + \ which it informs the parent process. Animal translocation programmes are\ + \ typically designed to augment or establish viable animal populations without\ + \ changing the local community in any detrimental way. Such programmes seek\ + \ to minimize disease risk to local wild animals, to translocated animals,\ + \ and in some cases to humans. Disease monitoring can inform translocation\ + \ decisions by (1) providing information for state-dependent decisions, (2)\ + \ assessing progress towards programme objectives, and (3) permitting learning\ + \ in order to make better decisions in the future. Here we discuss specific\ + \ decisions that can be informed by both pre-release and post-release disease\ + \ monitoring programmes. We specify state variables and vital rates needed\ + \ to inform these decisions. We then discuss monitoring data and analytic\ + \ methods that can be used to estimate these state variables and vital rates.\ + \ Our discussion is necessarily general, but hopefully provides a basis for\ + \ tailoring disease monitoring approaches to specific translocation programmes.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"EcoHealth\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10393-015-1094-4\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-069177\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":317902,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"edition\":\"Online First\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\"\ + :\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Nichols, James\ + \ D. jnichols@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":139087,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Nichols\",\"given\":\"James D.\",\"email\":\"jnichols@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":531,\"text\":\"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center\"\ + },\"id\":619729,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Hollmen, Tuula E.\",\"contributorId\":106077,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hollmen\",\"given\":\"Tuula E.\",\"id\"\ + :619730,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"\ + text\":\"Grand, James B. barry_grand@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":579,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Grand\",\"given\":\"James B.\",\"email\"\ + :\"barry_grand@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res\ + \ Unit Atlanta\"},\"id\":619706,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70168333,\"text\":\"70168333 - 2016 - American\ + \ woodcock migratory connectivity as indicated by hydrogen isotopes\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:50:10\",\"indexId\":\"70168333\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:45\",\"publicationYear\":\"2016\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2508,\"\ + text\":\"Journal of Wildlife Management\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"American woodcock migratory connectivity as indicated\ + \ by hydrogen isotopes\",\"docAbstract\":\"

To identify factors contributing\ + \ to the long-term decline of American woodcock, a holistic understanding\ + \ of range-wide population connectivity throughout the annual cycle is needed.\ + \ We used band recovery data and isotopic composition of primary (P1) and\ + \ secondary (S13) feathers to estimate population sources and connectivity\ + \ among natal, early fall, and winter ranges of hunter-harvested juvenile\ + \ American woodcock. We used P1 feathers from known-origin pre-fledged woodcock\ + \ (n = 43) to create a hydrogenδ2Hf isoscape\ + \ by regressing δ2Hf against\ + \ expected growing-season precipitation (δ2Hp).\ + \ Modeled δ2Hp values\ + \ explained 79% of the variance in P1 δ2Hf values,\ + \ indicating good model fit for estimating woodcock natal origins. However,\ + \ a poor relationship (r2 = 0.23)\ + \ between known-origin, S13 δ2Hf values,\ + \ and expected δ2Hp values\ + \ precluded assignment of early fall origins. We applied the δ2Hfisoscape\ + \ to assign natal origins using P1 feathers from 494 hunter-harvested juvenile\ + \ woodcock in the United States and Canada during 2010–2011 and 2011–2012\ + \ hunting seasons. Overall, 64% of all woodcock origins were assigned to the\ + \ northernmost (>44°N) portion of both the Central and Eastern Management\ + \ Regions. In the Eastern Region, assignments were more uniformly distributed\ + \ along the Atlantic coast, whereas in the Central Region, most woodcock were\ + \ assigned to origins within and north of the Great Lakes region. We compared\ + \ our origin assignments to spatial coverage of the annual American woodcock\ + \ Singing Ground Survey (SGS) and evaluated whether the survey effectively\ + \ encompasses the entire breeding range. When we removed the inadequately\ + \ surveyed Softwood shield Bird Conservation Region (BCR) from the northern\ + \ portion of the SGS area, only 48% of juvenile woodcock originated in areas\ + \ currently surveyed by the SGS. Of the individuals assigned to the northernmost\ + \ portions of the breeding range, several were harvested in the southern extent\ + \ of the wintering range. Based upon this latitudinal winter stratification,\ + \ we examined whether woodcock employed a leapfrog migration strategy. Using δ2Hf values\ + \ and band-recovery data, we found some support for this migration strategy\ + \ hypothesis but not as a singular explanation. The large harvest derivation\ + \ of individuals from the northernmost portions of the breeding range, and\ + \ the difference in breeding distributions within each Management Region should\ + \ be considered in future range-wide conservation and harvest management planning\ + \ for American woodcock. 

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"Wildlife Society\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jwmg.1035\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-064387\",\"costCenters\":[{\"\ + id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317903,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"edition\":\"Online First\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\"\ + :\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Sullins, Daniel\ + \ S.\",\"contributorId\":166689,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Sullins\",\"given\":\"Daniel S.\",\"id\":619731,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Conway, Warren C.\",\"\ + contributorId\":51550,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Conway\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Warren C.\",\"id\":619732,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Haukos, David A. dhaukos@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":3664,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Haukos\",\"given\":\"David A.\",\"email\":\"dhaukos@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"},\"id\":619705,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Hobson, Keith A.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":47306,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Hobson\",\"given\":\"Keith A.\",\"id\":619733,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Wassenaar, Leonard I\",\"\ + contributorId\":150277,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Wassenaar\",\"given\":\"Leonard I\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":17954,\"text\"\ + :\"International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria\"},\"id\":619734,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"\ + Comer, Christopher E.\",\"contributorId\":166690,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Comer\",\"given\":\"Christopher E.\",\"id\":619735,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"\ + Hung, I-Kuai\",\"contributorId\":166691,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Hung\",\"given\":\"I-Kuai\",\"id\":619736,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7}]}},{\"id\":70168326,\"text\":\"70168326\ + \ - 2016 - The global Landsat archive: Status, consolidation, and direction\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:55:04\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70168326\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:45\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3254,\"\ + text\":\"Remote Sensing of Environment\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"The global Landsat archive: Status, consolidation,\ + \ and direction\",\"docAbstract\":\"

New and previously unimaginable\ + \ Landsat applications have been fostered by a policy change in 2008 that\ + \ made analysis-ready Landsat data free and open access. Since 1972, Landsat\ + \ has been collecting images of the Earth, with the early years of the program\ + \ constrained by onboard satellite and ground systems, as well as limitations\ + \ across the range of required computing, networking, and storage capabilities.\ + \ Rather than robust on-satellite storage for transmission via high bandwidth\ + \ downlink to a centralized storage and distribution facility as with Landsat-8,\ + \ a network of receiving stations, one operated by the U.S. government, the\ + \ other operated by a community of International Cooperators (ICs), were utilized.\ + \ ICs paid a fee for the right to receive and distribute Landsat data and\ + \ over time, more Landsat data was held outside the archive of the United\ + \ State Geological Survey (USGS) than was held inside, much of it unique.\ + \ Recognizing the critical value of these data, the USGS began a Landsat Global\ + \ Archive Consolidation (LGAC) initiative in 2010 to bring these data into\ + \ a single, universally accessible, centralized global archive, housed at\ + \ the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center in Sioux Falls,\ + \ South Dakota. The primary LGAC goals are to inventory the data held by ICs,\ + \ acquire the data, and ingest and apply standard ground station processing\ + \ to generate an L1T analysis-ready product. As of January 1, 2015 there were\ + \ 5,532,454 images in the USGS archive. LGAC has contributed approximately\ + \ 3.2 million of those images, more than doubling the original USGS archive\ + \ holdings. Moreover, an additional 2.3 million images have been identified\ + \ to date through the LGAC initiative and are in the process of being added\ + \ to the archive. The impact of LGAC is significant and, in terms of images\ + \ in the collection, analogous to that of having had twoadditional\ + \ Landsat-5 missions. As a result of LGAC, there are regions of the globe\ + \ that now have markedly improved Landsat data coverage, resulting in an enhanced\ + \ capacity for mapping, monitoring change, and capturing historic conditions.\ + \ Although future missions can be planned and implemented, the past cannot\ + \ be revisited, underscoring the value and enhanced significance of historical\ + \ Landsat data and the LGAC initiative. The aim of this paper is to report\ + \ the current status of the global USGS Landsat archive, document the existing\ + \ and anticipated contributions of LGAC to the archive, and characterize the\ + \ current acquisitions of Landsat-7 and Landsat-8. Landsat-8 is adding data\ + \ to the archive at an unprecedented rate as nearly all terrestrial images\ + \ are now collected. We also offer key lessons learned so far from the LGAC\ + \ initiative, plus insights regarding other critical elements of the Landsat\ + \ program looking forward, such as acquisition, continuity, temporal revisit,\ + \ and the importance of continuing to operationalize the Landsat program.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.032\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-071343\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":223,\"text\":\"Earth Resources Observation and Science\ + \ (EROS) Center (Geography)\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317904,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"edition\":\"Online First\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":4,\"text\"\ + :\"Rolla PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Wulder, Michael\ + \ A.\",\"contributorId\":103584,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Wulder\",\"given\":\"Michael A.\",\"id\":619672,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"White, Joanne C.\",\"\ + contributorId\":63362,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"White\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Joanne C.\",\"id\":619673,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Loveland, Thomas loveland@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":140611,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Loveland\",\"given\":\"Thomas\",\"email\":\"loveland@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":223,\"text\":\"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center\ + \ (Geography)\"},\"id\":619671,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Woodcock, Curtis\",\"contributorId\":166666,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Woodcock\",\"given\":\"Curtis\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":13570,\"text\":\"Boston University\"},\"id\":619674,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Belward, Alan\",\"\ + contributorId\":166667,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Belward\",\"given\":\"Alan\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":18032,\"text\":\"European\ + \ Commission, Joint Research Centere, Institute for Environment and Sustainability,\ + \ Ispra Varese, Italy\"},\"id\":619675,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Cohen, Warren B.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :100093,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cohen\",\"given\"\ + :\"Warren B.\",\"id\":619676,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Fosnight, Eugene A. fosnight@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :2961,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Fosnight\",\"given\"\ + :\"Eugene A.\",\"email\":\"fosnight@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":223,\"\ + text\":\"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)\"\ + },\"id\":619677,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :7},{\"text\":\"Shaw, Jerad jshaw@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3564,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Shaw\",\"given\":\"Jerad\",\"email\":\"\ + jshaw@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":223,\"text\":\"Earth Resources Observation\ + \ and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)\"},\"id\":619678,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"Masek, Jeffery G.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":87438,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Masek\",\"given\":\"Jeffery G.\",\"id\":619679,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9},{\"text\":\"Roy, David P.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :71083,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Roy\",\"given\":\"\ + David P.\",\"id\":619680,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":10}]}},{\"id\":70168337,\"text\":\"70168337 - 2016 - An empirical\ + \ assessment of which inland floods can be managed\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:24:37\",\"indexId\":\"70168337\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-10T11:15\",\"publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2258,\"text\":\"Journal of Environmental\ + \ Management\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\"\ + :\"An empirical assessment of which inland floods can be managed\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Riverine flooding is a significant global issue. Although it is\ + \ well documented that the influence of landscape structure on floods decreases\ + \ as flood size increases, studies that define a threshold flood-return period,\ + \ above which landscape features such as topography, land cover and impoundments\ + \ can curtail floods, are lacking. Further, the relative influences of natural\ + \ versus built features on floods is poorly understood. Assumptions about\ + \ the types of floods that can be managed have considerable implications for\ + \ the cost-effectiveness of decisions to invest in transforming land cover\ + \ (e.g., reforestation) and in constructing structures (e.g., storm-water\ + \ ponds) to control floods. This study defines parameters of floods for which\ + \ changes in landscape structure can have an impact. We compare nine flood-return\ + \ periods across 31 watersheds with widely varying topography and land cover\ + \ in the southeastern United States, using long-term hydrologic records (≥20\ + \ years). We also assess the effects of built flow-regulating features (best\ + \ management practices and artificial water bodies) on selected flood metrics\ + \ across urban watersheds. We show that landscape features affect magnitude\ + \ and duration of only those floods with return periods ≤10 years, which\ + \ suggests that larger floods cannot be managed effectively by manipulating\ + \ landscape structure. Overall, urban watersheds exhibited larger (270 m3/s)\ + \ but quicker (0.41 days) floods than non-urban watersheds (50 m3/s\ + \ and 1.5 days). However, urban watersheds with more flow-regulating features\ + \ had lower flood magnitudes (154 m3/s), but\ + \ similar flood durations (0.55 days), compared to urban watersheds with fewer\ + \ flow-regulating features (360 m3/s and 0.23\ + \ days). Our analysis provides insight into the magnitude, duration and count\ + \ of floods that can be curtailed by landscape structure and its management.\ + \ Our findings are relevant to other areas with similar climate, topography,\ + \ and land use, and can help ensure that investments in flood management are\ + \ made wisely after considering the limitations of landscape features to regulate\ + \ floods.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\"\ + ,\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.044\",\"productDescription\":\"11 p.\"\ + ,\"startPage\":\"38\",\"endPage\":\"48\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-060039\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop\ + \ Res Unit Leetown\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317898,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"167\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":9,\"text\":\"Reston\ + \ PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Mogollon, Beatriz\",\"\ + contributorId\":166682,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Mogollon\",\"given\":\"Beatriz\",\"id\":619719,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Frimpong, Emmanuel A.\",\"\ + contributorId\":79372,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Frimpong\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Emmanuel A.\",\"id\":619720,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Hoegh, Andrew B.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :166684,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Hoegh\",\"given\"\ + :\"Andrew B.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":12694,\"text\":\"Virginia Tech\"},\"\ + id\":619721,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"\ + text\":\"Angermeier, Paul biota@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":166679,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Angermeier\",\"given\":\"Paul\",\"email\"\ + :\"biota@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"\ + },\"id\":619709,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :4}]}},{\"id\":70168339,\"text\":\"70168339 - 2016 - The first description\ + \ of oarfish Regalecus glesne (Regalecus russellii Cuvier 1816) ageing\ + \ structures\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:00:22\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168339\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":2166,\"text\":\"Journal of Applied Ichthyology\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"The first description of oarfish\ + \ Regalecus glesne (Regalecus russellii Cuvier 1816) ageing structures\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"
Despite being a large, conspicuous teleost with a worldwide tropical and\ + \ temperate distribution, the giant oar\uFB01sh Regalecus spp. remain\ + \ very rare \uFB01sh species in terms of scienti\uFB01c sampling. Subsequently,\ + \ very little biological information is known about Regalecus spp.\ + \ and almost nothing has been concluded in the \uFB01eld of age and growth\ + \ (Roberts, 2012). No studies of otoliths or temporal (annual) markings on\ + \ any hard structures have been reported, and to our knowledge otoliths have\ + \ never been recovered from any specimens (Tyson Roberts, personal communication),although\ + \ a few texts do provide illustrations of Regalecus sp. otoliths (Lin\ + \ and Chang, 2012; Nolf, 2013). Further inferential di\uFB03culty comes from\ + \ the fact that age and growth studies of any Lampridiforme species are rare.\ + \ Lampris guttatus is perhaps the only Lampridiforme species for which\ + \ any biological information has been reported(Francis et al., 2004), which\ + \ stems from the species commercial value. In order to begin understanding\ + \ any species (for later purposes of management, conservation, etc.), basic\ + \ biological information is needed. In the present study, we examine not only\ + \ the \uFB01rst Regalecus russellii otolith, but provide suggestions\ + \ toward future work that should direct data collection that can be used to\ + \ generate basic biological information for this species.
\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Wiley\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jai.12967\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"4 p.\",\"startPage\":\"113\",\"endPage\":\"116\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-061279\",\"costCenters\":[{\"\ + id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317896,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"32\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":9,\"\ + text\":\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Midway,\ + \ S.R.\",\"contributorId\":55666,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Midway\",\"given\":\"S.R.\",\"id\":619715,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Wagner, Tyler twagner@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":1050,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Wagner\",\"given\":\"Tyler\",\"email\":\"twagner@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"},\"id\":619711,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70168338,\"text\"\ + :\"70168338 - 2016 - Mapping technological and biophysical capacities of watersheds\ + \ to regulate floods\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:05:12\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168338\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1456,\"text\":\"Ecological Indicators\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Mapping technological and biophysical capacities\ + \ of watersheds to regulate floods\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Flood regulation\ + \ is a widely valued and studied service provided by watersheds. Flood regulation\ + \ benefits people directly by decreasing the socio-economic costs of flooding\ + \ and indirectly by its positive impacts on cultural (e.g., fishing) and provisioning\ + \ (e.g., water supply) ecosystem services. Like other regulating ecosystem\ + \ services (e.g., pollination, water purification), flood regulation is often\ + \ enhanced or replaced by technology, but the relative efficacy of natural\ + \ versus technological features in controlling floods has scarcely been examined.\ + \ In an effort to assess flood regulation capacity for selected urban watersheds\ + \ in the southeastern United States, we: (1) used long-term flood records\ + \ to assess relative influence of technological and biophysical indicators\ + \ on flood magnitude and duration, (2) compared the widely used runoff curve\ + \ number (RCN) approach for assessing the biophysical capacity to regulate\ + \ floods to an alternative approach that acknowledges land cover and soil\ + \ properties separately, and (3) mapped technological and biophysical flood\ + \ regulation capacities based on indicator importance-values derived for flood\ + \ magnitude and duration. We found that watersheds with high biophysical (via\ + \ the alternative approach) and technological capacities lengthened the duration\ + \ and lowered the peak of floods. We found the RCN approach yielded results\ + \ opposite that expected, possibly because it confounds soil and land cover\ + \ processes, particularly in urban landscapes, while our alternative approach\ + \ coherently separates these processes. Mapping biophysical (via the alternative\ + \ approach) and technological capacities revealed great differences among\ + \ watersheds. Our study improves on previous mapping of flood regulation by\ + \ (1) incorporating technological capacity, (2) providing high spatial resolution\ + \ (i.e., 10-m pixel) maps of watershed capacities, and (3) deriving importance-values\ + \ for selected landscape indicators. By accounting for technology that enhances\ + \ or replaces natural flood regulation, our approach enables watershed managers\ + \ to make more informed choices in their flood-control investments.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.049\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"17 p.\",\"startPage\":\"483\",\"endPage\":\"499\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-060338\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":317897,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"61\",\"issue\":\"2\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":9,\"\ + text\":\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Mogollon,\ + \ Beatriz\",\"contributorId\":166682,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Mogollon\",\"given\":\"Beatriz\",\"id\":619716,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Villamagna, Amy M.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166683,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Villamagna\",\"given\":\"Amy M.\",\"id\":619717,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Frimpong, Emmanuel A.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":79372,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Frimpong\",\"given\":\"Emmanuel A.\",\"id\":619718,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Angermeier, Paul biota@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166679,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Angermeier\",\"given\":\"Paul\",\"email\":\"biota@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"},\"id\":619710,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70168340,\"text\"\ + :\"70168340 - 2016 - An index of floodplain surface complexity\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T09:52:47\",\"indexId\":\"70168340\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:45\",\"publicationYear\":\"2016\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1928,\"\ + text\":\"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"An index of floodplain surface complexity\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Floodplain surface topography is an important component of floodplain\ + \ ecosystems. It is the primary physical template upon which ecosystem processes\ + \ are acted out, and complexity in this template can contribute to the high\ + \ biodiversity and productivity of floodplain ecosystems. There has been a\ + \ limited appreciation of floodplain surface complexity because of the traditional\ + \ focus on temporal variability in floodplains as well as limitations to quantifying\ + \ spatial complexity. An index of floodplain surface complexity (FSC) is developed\ + \ in this paper and applied to eight floodplains from different geographic\ + \ settings. The index is based on two key indicators of complexity, variability\ + \ in surface geometry (VSG) and the spatial organisation of surface conditions\ + \ (SPO), and was determined at three sampling scales. FSC, VSG, and SPO varied\ + \ between the eight floodplains and these differences depended upon sampling\ + \ scale. Relationships between these measures of spatial complexity and seven\ + \ geomorphological and hydrological drivers were investigated. There was a\ + \ significant decline in all complexity measures with increasing floodplain\ + \ width, which was explained by either a power, logarithmic, or exponential\ + \ function. There was an initial rapid decline in surface complexity as floodplain\ + \ width increased from 1.5 to 5 km, followed by little change in floodplains\ + \ wider than 10 km. VSG also increased significantly with increasing sediment\ + \ yield. No significant relationships were determined between any of the four\ + \ hydrological variables and floodplain surface complexity.

\",\"\ + language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Copernicus Publications\",\"doi\":\"\ + 10.5194/hess-20-431-2016\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Scown, M.W., Thoms, M.C., De\ + \ Jager, N.R. 2016. An index of floodplain surface complexity. Hydrology and\ + \ Earth System Sciences. Vol. 20:431-441. DOI: 10.5194/hess-20-431-2016.\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"11 p.\",\"startPage\":\"431\",\"endPage\":\"441\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-064127\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":606,\"text\":\"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences\ + \ Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317895,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"20\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":6,\"text\":\"Columbus PSC\"},\"\ + contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Scown, Murray W.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :145709,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Scown\",\"given\"\ + :\"Murray W.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":16204,\"text\":\"University of New\ + \ England, Armidale, Australia\"},\"id\":619713,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Thoms, Martin C.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :145710,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Thoms\",\"given\"\ + :\"Martin C.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":16204,\"text\":\"University of New\ + \ England, Armidale, Australia\"},\"id\":619714,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"DeJager, Nathan R. ndejager@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":3717,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + DeJager\",\"given\":\"Nathan R.\",\"email\":\"ndejager@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":606,\"text\":\"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center\"},\"\ + id\":619712,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"\ + id\":70164478,\"text\":\"70164478 - 2016 - Aerobic biodegradation potential\ + \ of endocrine disrupting chemicals in surface-water sediment at Rocky Mountains\ + \ National Park, USA\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T08:55:25\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164478\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-08T09:45\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1529,\"text\":\"Environmental Chemistry\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Aerobic biodegradation potential of endocrine disrupting\ + \ chemicals in surface-water sediment at Rocky Mountains National Park, USA\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) in surface\ + \ water and bed sediment threaten the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems.\ + \ In natural, remote, and protected surface-water environments where contaminant\ + \ releases are sporadic, contaminant biodegradation is a fundamental driver\ + \ of exposure concentration, timing, duration, and, thus, EDC ecological risk.\ + \ Anthropogenic contaminants, including known and suspected EDC, were detected\ + \ in surface water and sediment collected from 2 streams and 2 lakes in Rocky\ + \ Mountains National Park (ROMO). The potential for aerobic EDC biodegradation\ + \ was assessed in collected sediments using 6 14C-radiolabeled\ + \ model compounds. Aerobic microbial mineralization of natural (estrone and\ + \ 17β-estradiol) and synthetic (17α-ethinylestradiol) estrogen\ + \ was significant at all sites. ROMO bed sediment microbial communities also\ + \ effectively degraded the xenoestrogens, bisphenol-A and 4-nonylphenol. The\ + \ same sediment samples exhibited little potential for aerobic biodegradation\ + \ of triclocarban, however, illustrating the need to assess a wider range\ + \ of contaminant compounds. The current results support recent concerns over\ + \ the widespread environmental occurrence of carbanalide antibacterials, like\ + \ triclocarban and triclosan, and suggest that backcountry use of products\ + \ containing these compounds should be discouraged.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Wiley, Inc.\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.3266\",\"\ + usgsCitation\":\"Bradley, P.M., W.A. Battaglin, L.R. Iwanowicz, J.M. Clark,\ + \ and C.A. Journey. Aerobic biodegradation potential of endocrine disrupting\ + \ chemicals in surface-water sediments of Rocky Mountains National Park, USA.\ + \ Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3266\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-067297\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":13634,\"text\":\"South Atlantic Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":316641,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Rocky Mountain National Park\",\"\ + edition\":\"Online First\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\"\ + :\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Bradley, Paul\ + \ M. pbradley@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":361,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Bradley\",\"given\":\"Paul M.\",\"email\":\"pbradley@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":559,\"text\":\"South Carolina Water Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":597544,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Battaglin, William A. wbattagl@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :1527,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Battaglin\",\"given\"\ + :\"William A.\",\"email\":\"wbattagl@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":191,\"\ + text\":\"Colorado Water Science Center\"},\"id\":597545,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Iwanowicz, Luke liwanowicz@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":150383,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Iwanowicz\",\"given\":\"Luke\",\"email\":\"liwanowicz@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":365,\"text\":\"Leetown Science Center\"},\"id\":597546,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Clark, Jimmy M. jmclark@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":4773,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Clark\",\"given\":\"Jimmy M.\",\"email\":\"jmclark@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":559,\"text\":\"South Carolina Water Science Center\"},\"id\":597547,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"\ + Journey, Celeste A. cjourney@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2617,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Journey\",\"given\":\"Celeste A.\",\"email\"\ + :\"cjourney@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":559,\"text\":\"South Carolina\ + \ Water Science Center\"},\"id\":597548,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5}]}},{\"id\":70164477,\"text\":\"70164477 - 2016 -\ + \ Spatial and temporal variation in microcystins occurrence in wadeable streams\ + \ in the southeastern USA\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:07:04\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164477\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-08T09:45\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1571,\"text\":\"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry\",\"active\"\ + :true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Spatial and temporal\ + \ variation in microcystins occurrence in wadeable streams in the southeastern\ + \ USA\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Despite historical observations of potential\ + \ microcystin-producing cyanobacteria (including Leptolyngbya, Phormidium,\ + \ Pseudoanabaena, and Anabaena species) in 74% of headwater streams in Alabama,\ + \ Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina during 1993-2011, fluvial cyanotoxin\ + \ occurrence has not been systematically assessed in the southeastern United\ + \ States (USA). To begin to address this data gap, a spatial reconnaissance\ + \ of fluvial microcystins (MC) concentrations was conducted in 75 wadeable\ + \ streams in the Piedmont region during June 2014. Microcystins were detected\ + \ using ELISA (limit = 0.10 µg/L) in 39% of the\ + \ streams with mean, median, and maximum detected concentrations of 0.29,\ + \ 0.11, and 3.2 µg/L, respectively. Significant (α = 0.05)\ + \ correlations were observed between June 2014 MC concentrations and stream\ + \ flow, total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratio (TN:TP), and water temperature,\ + \ but each explained 38% or less of the variability in fluvial MC across the\ + \ region. Temporal MC variability was assessed monthly through October 2014\ + \ in five of the streams where MC was observed in June and in one reference\ + \ location; MC was repeatedly detected in all but the reference stream. While\ + \ MC concentrations in this study did not exceed World Health Organization\ + \ recreational guidance thresholds, their widespread occurrence demonstrates\ + \ the need for further investigation of possible in-stream environmental health\ + \ effects as well as potential impacts on downstream lakes and reservoirs.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Wiley, Inc.\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.3391\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Loftin, K.A., J.M. Clark, C.A. Journey, D.W. Kolpin, P.C.\ + \ Van Metre, and P.M. Bradley. Spatial and temporal variation in microcystins\ + \ occurrence in wadeable streams in the southeastern United States. Environmental\ + \ Toxicology & Chemistry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3391\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-069266\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":13634,\"text\":\"South Atlantic Water Science Center\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":316642,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"edition\":\"Online First\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\"\ + :\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Loftin, Keith\ + \ A. kloftin@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":868,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Loftin\",\"given\":\"Keith A.\",\"email\":\"kloftin@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":353,\"text\":\"Kansas Water Science Center\"},\"\ + id\":597539,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"\ + text\":\"Clark, Jimmy M. jmclark@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":4773,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Clark\",\"given\":\"Jimmy M.\",\"email\"\ + :\"jmclark@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":559,\"text\":\"South Carolina\ + \ Water Science Center\"},\"id\":597540,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Journey, Celeste A. cjourney@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2617,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Journey\",\"given\":\"Celeste A.\",\"email\":\"cjourney@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":559,\"text\":\"South Carolina Water Science Center\"},\"id\":597541,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Kolpin, Dana W. dwkolpin@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1239,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kolpin\",\"given\":\"Dana W.\",\"email\"\ + :\"dwkolpin@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":597542,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"VanMetre, Peter C. pcvanmet@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :486,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"VanMetre\",\"given\"\ + :\"Peter C.\",\"email\":\"pcvanmet@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":583,\"\ + text\":\"Texas Water Science Center\"},\"id\":597543,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Bradley, Paul M. pbradley@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":361,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Bradley\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Paul M.\",\"email\":\"pbradley@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":559,\"text\":\"South Carolina Water Science Center\"},\"id\":597538,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6}]}},{\"id\":70161832,\"\ + text\":\"sir20155188 - 2016 - Water balance monitoring for two bioretention\ + \ gardens in Omaha, Nebraska, 2011\u201314\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T08:27:29\",\"indexId\":\"sir20155188\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-05T13:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":334,\"text\":\"Scientific\ + \ Investigations Report\",\"code\":\"SIR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2328-0328\",\"\ + printIssn\":\"2328-031X\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"\ + seriesNumber\":\"2015-5188\",\"title\":\"Water balance monitoring for two\ + \ bioretention gardens in Omaha, Nebraska, 2011\u201314\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Bioretention gardens are used to help mitigate stormwater runoff in\ + \ urban settings in an attempt to restore the hydrologic response of the developed\ + \ land to a natural predevelopment response in which more water is infiltrated\ + \ rather than routed directly to urban drainage networks. To better understand\ + \ the performance of bioretention gardens in facilitating infiltration of\ + \ stormwater in eastern Nebraska, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation\ + \ with the Douglas County Environmental Services and the Nebraska Environmental\ + \ Trust, assessed the water balance of two bioretention gardens located in\ + \ Omaha, Nebraska by monitoring the amount of stormwater entering and leaving\ + \ the gardens. One garden is on the Douglas County Health Center campus, and\ + \ the other garden is on the property of the Eastern Nebraska Office on Aging.

For\ + \ the Douglas County Health Center, bioretention garden performance was evaluated\ + \ on the basis of volume reduction by comparing total inflow volume to total\ + \ outflow volume. The bioretention garden reduced inflow volumes from a minimum\ + \ of 33 percent to 100 percent (a complete reduction in inflow volume) depending\ + \ on the size of the event. Although variable, the percent reduction of the\ + \ inflow volume tended to decrease with increasing total event rainfall. To\ + \ assess how well the garden reduces stormwater peak inflow rates, peak inflows\ + \ were plotted against peak outflows measured at the bioretention garden.\ + \ Only 39 of the 255 events had any overflow, indicating 100 percent peak\ + \ reduction in the other events. Of those 39 events having overflow, the mean\ + \ peak reduction was 63 percent.

No overflow events were recorded at\ + \ the bioretention garden at the Eastern Nebraska Office on Aging; therefore,\ + \ data were not available for an event-based overflow analysis.Monitoring\ + \ period summary of the water balance at both bio-retention gardens indicates\ + \ that most of the stormwater in the bioretention gardens is stored in the\ + \ subsurface.

Evapotranspiration was attributed to a small percentage\ + \ of the outputs on an annual basis (3 percent at Douglas County Health Center\ + \ site and 5 percent at Eastern Nebraska Office onAging site), which indicates\ + \ that vegetative water uptake is not a primary factor in the water budget.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/sir20155188\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared\ + \ in cooperation with Douglas County Environmental Services and the Nebraska\ + \ Environmental Trust\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Strauch, K.R., Rus, D.L., Holm,\ + \ K.E., 2016, Water balance monitoring for two bioretention gardens in Omaha,\ + \ Nebraska, 2011\u201314, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation\ + \ Report 2015\u20135188, 19 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155188.\",\"\ + productDescription\":\"vi, 19 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-066874\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":464,\"text\":\"Nebraska\ + \ Water Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":315021,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5188/coverthb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":315022,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5188/sir20155188.pdf\",\"text\":\"Report\"\ + ,\"size\":\"3.62 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"},\"description\"\ + :\"SIR 2015-5188\"}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Nebraska\"\ + ,\"county\":\"Douglas County\",\"city\":\"Omaha\",\"geographicExtents\":\"\ + {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n\ + \ {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -96,\\n 41.2\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96,\\n 41.3\\n ],\\n [\\n\ + \ -95.9,\\n 41.3\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -95.9,\\n 41.2\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -96,\\n 41.2\\n ]\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contact\":\"

Director,\ + \ USGS Nebraska Water Science Center
5231 South 19th Street
Lincoln,\ + \ Nebraska 68512

http://ne.water.usgs.gov/

\",\"tableOfContents\"\ + :\"\"\ + ,\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":4,\"text\":\"Rolla PSC\"},\"publishedDate\"\ + :\"2016-01-29\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Strauch, Kellan\ + \ R. kstrauch@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1006,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Strauch\",\"given\":\"Kellan R.\",\"email\":\"kstrauch@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":346,\"text\":\"Indiana Water Science Center\"},\"\ + id\":587879,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"\ + text\":\"Rus, David L. dlrus@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":881,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Rus\",\"given\":\"David L.\",\"email\":\"\ + dlrus@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":464,\"text\":\"Nebraska Water Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":590152,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Holm, Kent E.\",\"contributorId\":156289,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Holm\",\"given\":\"Kent E.\",\"id\":597395,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70159631,\"\ + text\":\"ofr20151219 - 2016 - A Seasonal Comparison of Surface Sediment Characteristics\ + \ in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland and Virginia, USA\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T08:32:31\",\"indexId\":\"ofr20151219\",\"\ + displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-03T14:45\",\"publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"\ + publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"\ + id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\"\ + :\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"2015-1219\",\"title\":\"A Seasonal Comparison of Surface Sediment Characteristics\ + \ in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland and Virginia, USA\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Scientists\ + \ from the U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science\ + \ Center conducted a seasonal collection of surficial sediments from Chincoteague\ + \ Bay and Tom's Cove, between Assateague Island and the Delmarva Peninsula\ + \ in late March/early April 2014 and October 2014. The sampling efforts were\ + \ part of a larger U.S. Geological Survey study to assess the effects of storm\ + \ events on sediment distribution in back-barrier environments of the United\ + \ States. By sampling during the spring and fall, a more complete understanding\ + \ of seasonal variability in the area can help determine baseline conditions.\ + \ The objective of this study was to characterize the sediments of Chincoteague\ + \ Bay in order to create baseline conditions to incorporate with the hydrodynamic\ + \ and sediment transport models used to evaluate pre- and post-storm change\ + \ and compare with future field measurements.

\\n

This report is an archive\ + \ for sedimentological data derived from the surface sediment of Chincoteague\ + \ Bay. Data are available for the spring (March/April 2014) and fall (October\ + \ 2014) samples collected. Downloadable data are provided as Excel spreadsheets\ + \ and as JPEG files. Additional files include ArcGIS shapefiles of the sampling\ + \ sites, detailed results of sediment grain-size analyses, and formal Federal\ + \ Geographic Data Committee metadata (data downloads).

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ofr20151219\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Ellis,\ + \ A.M., Marot, M.E., Wheaton, C.J., Bernier, J.C., and Smith, C.G., 2015,\ + \ A seasonal comparison of surface sediment characteristics in Chincoteague\ + \ Bay, Maryland and Virginia, USA: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report\ + \ 2015-1219, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151219.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"HTML Document\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"Y\",\"\ + ipdsId\":\"IP-065701\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg\ + \ Coastal and Marine Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":315341,\"rank\"\ + :1,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1219\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"},\"description\"\ + :\"OFR 2015-1219\"},{\"id\":316535,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"state\":\"Maryland, Virginia\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"\ + Chincoteague Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -75.19317626953125,\\n 38.28778081436419\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -75.50628662109375,\\n \ + \ 37.88677656291023\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -75.3717041015625,\\n 37.83364941345968\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -75.17532348632812,\\n 38.09241741843045\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -75.09292602539062,\\n \ + \ 38.272688535980976\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -75.19317626953125,\\n 38.28778081436419\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contact\"\ + :\"

St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727)\ + \ 502-8000
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/

\"\ + ,\"tableOfContents\":\"\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\":\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"\ + publishedDate\":\"2016-02-03\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"\ + Ellis, Alisha M. aellis@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":149846,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Ellis\",\"given\":\"Alisha M.\",\"email\"\ + :\"aellis@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg\ + \ Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":579792,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Marot, Marci E. mmarot@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2078,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Marot\",\"given\":\"Marci E.\",\"email\":\"mmarot@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":579793,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :2},{\"text\":\"Wheaton, Cathryn J. cwheaton@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :149847,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Wheaton\",\"given\"\ + :\"Cathryn J.\",\"email\":\"cwheaton@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"\ + text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":579794,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Bernier, Julie C. jbernier@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3549,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Bernier\",\"given\":\"Julie C.\",\"email\"\ + :\"jbernier@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg\ + \ Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":579795,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Smith, Christopher G.\ + \ cgsmith@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3410,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Smith\",\"given\":\"Christopher G.\",\"email\":\"cgsmith@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":579796,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":5}]}},{\"id\":70161858,\"text\":\"ofr20161002 - 2016 -\ + \ Quality of surface-water supplies in the Triangle area of North Carolina,\ + \ water years 2010-11\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T14:14:03\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"ofr20161002\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-02T12:00\"\ + ,\"publicationYear\":\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\"\ + :\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2016-1002\",\"title\":\"Quality of surface-water\ + \ supplies in the Triangle area of North Carolina, water years 2010-11\",\"\ + docAbstract\":\"

Surface-water supplies are important sources of drinking\ + \ water for residents in the Triangle area of North Carolina, which is located\ + \ within the upper Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins. Since 1988, the U.S.\ + \ Geological Survey and a consortium of local governments have tracked water-quality\ + \ conditions and trends in several of the area’s water-supply lakes\ + \ and streams. This report summarizes data collected through this cooperative\ + \ effort, known as the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, during\ + \ October 2009 through September 2010 (water year 2010) and October 2010 through\ + \ September 2011 (water year 2011). Major findings for this data-collection\ + \ effort include

\\n\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ofr20161002\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared\ + \ in cooperation with the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project Steering\ + \ Committee\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Pfeifle, C.A., Cain, J.L., and Rasmussen,\ + \ R.B., 2016, Quality of surface-water supplies in the Triangle area of North\ + \ Carolina, water years 2010\u201311: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report\ + \ 2016\u20131002, 20 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161002.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"Report: v, 20 p.; Appendixes 1-4; Table\",\"startPage\":\"1\",\"endPage\"\ + :\"20\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"Y\",\"ipdsId\":\"\ + IP-039970\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":476,\"text\":\"North Carolina Water Science\ + \ Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":314964,\"rank\":4,\"type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\"\ + :\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1002/appendix/ofr20161002_appendix2.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix 2\",\"size\":\"31.9 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"OFR 2016-1002\",\"linkHelpText\":\"Analytical\ + \ results for the environmental and replicate sample sets collected at the
\ + \ Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project study sites, North Carolina,\ + \ October 2009 through September 2011\"},{\"id\":314967,\"rank\":7,\"type\"\ + :{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1002/appendix/ofr20161002_tri1011-table3-wqranges-2010-11.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Table 3\",\"size\":\"72.1 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"text\"\ + :\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"OFR 2016-1002\",\"linkHelpText\":\"Summary of\ + \ water-quality results for sampling sites in the Triangle Area Water Supply\ + \ Monitoring Project,
October 2009 through September 2011\"},{\"id\":314965,\"\ + rank\":5,\"type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1002/appendix/ofr20161002_appendix3.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix 3\",\"size\":\"111 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"OFR 2016-1002\",\"linkHelpText\":\"Water-quality\ + \ data for surface-water samples collected from October 2009 through September\ + \ 2011
at the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project study sites,\ + \ North Carolina\"},{\"id\":314961,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1002/coverthb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":314962,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1002/ofr20161002.pdf\",\"text\":\"Report\"\ + ,\"size\":\"2.65 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"},\"description\"\ + :\"OFR 2016-1002\"},{\"id\":314966,\"rank\":6,\"type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\"\ + :\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1002/appendix/ofr20161002_appendix4.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix 4\",\"size\":\"24.5 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"OFR 2016-1002\",\"linkHelpText\":\"Chemical\ + \ constituents and physical properties analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey\ + \ National Water Quality Laboratory
for the Triangle Area Water Supply\ + \ Monitoring Project, and the methods used for sample analyses, October 2009\ + \ through September 2011\"},{\"id\":314963,\"rank\":3,\"type\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1002/appendix/ofr20161002_appendix1.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix 1\",\"size\":\"26.9KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"OFR 2016-1002\",\"linkHelpText\":\"Analytical\ + \ results for blanks collected during surface-water sampling at the Triangle\ + \ Area Water Supply Monitoring Project
study sites, North Carolina, October\ + \ 2009 through September 2011\"}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\"\ + :\"North Carolina\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -79.52728271484375,\\n 36.398072913107896\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -78.0303955078125,\\n \ + \ 36.37706783983682\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -77.98233032226561,\\n 35.475209977972064\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -79.41741943359374,\\n \ + \ 35.47968330337166\\n ],\\n [\\n -79.5355224609375,\\\ + n 35.47968330337166\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -79.52728271484375,\\n 36.398072913107896\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contact\"\ + :\"

Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/

\"\ + ,\"tableOfContents\":\"\"\ + ,\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\":\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"publishedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-02\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Pfeifle, C.A. cmendoza@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":516,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Pfeifle\"\ + ,\"given\":\"C.A.\",\"email\":\"cmendoza@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\"\ + :476,\"text\":\"North Carolina Water Science Center\"},\"id\":587956,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Cain, J.L. jcain@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":152105,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Cain\",\"given\":\"J.L.\",\"email\":\"jcain@usgs.gov\",\"id\":587957,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Rasmussen, R.B. rbrasmus@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":4733,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Rasmussen\",\"given\":\"R.B.\",\"email\":\"rbrasmus@usgs.gov\",\"id\":587958,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}}]}"} + headers: + access-control-allow-headers: ['Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, + Authorization'] + access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT'] + access-control-allow-origin: ['*'] + access-control-max-age: ['3600'] + cache-control: ['no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate'] + connection: [Keep-Alive] + content-type: [application/json;charset=UTF-8] + date: ['Wed, 10 Feb 2016 21:37:53 GMT'] + expires: ['0'] + keep-alive: ['timeout=5, max=100'] + pragma: [no-cache] + strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains] + x-content-type-options: [nosniff] + x-frame-options: [DENY] + x-xss-protection: [1; mode=block] + status: {code: 200, message: OK} +- request: + body: null + headers: + Accept: ['*/*'] + Accept-Encoding: ['gzip, deflate'] + Connection: [keep-alive] + User-Agent: [python-requests/2.4.1 CPython/2.7.10 Darwin/14.5.0] + method: GET + uri: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?mod_x_days=2&page_number=2 + response: + body: {string: "{\"pageSize\":\"25\",\"pageRowStart\":\"25\",\"pageNumber\":\"\ + 2\",\"recordCount\":196,\"records\":[{\"id\":70164524,\"text\":\"70164524\ + \ - 2016 - Radiometric dating of marine-influenced coal using Re\u2013Os geochronology\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T13:23:41\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70164524\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-12-15T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2016\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1427,\"\ + text\":\"Earth and Planetary Science Letters\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Radiometric dating of marine-influenced coal using\ + \ Re\u2013Os geochronology\",\"docAbstract\":\"
\\n

Coal deposits are integral\ + \ to understanding the structural evolution and thermal history of sedimentary\ + \ basins and correlating contemporeous estuarine and fluvial delatic strata\ + \ with marine sections. While marine shales may readily lend themselves to\ + \ Re–Os dating due to the dominance of hydrogenous Re and Os, the lack\ + \ of a chronometer for near-shore sedimentary environments hampers basinwide\ + \ correlations in absolute time. Here, we employ the Re–Os geochronometer,\ + \ along with total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock–Eval data, to determine\ + \ the timing and conditions of a marine incursion at the top of the Matewan\ + \ coal bed, Kanawha Formation, Pottsville Group, West Virginia, USA. The observed\ + \ range for hydrogen index (HI: 267–290 mg hydrocarbon/gram total organic\ + \ carbon) for these coal samples suggests dominance of aliphatic hydrocarbons\ + \ with low carbon (<C19) chain length. Average Re (107.6±16.4 ng/g) and Os (0.52±0.09 ng/g) concentrations of the marine-influenced\ + \ Matewan coal are higher by few orders of magnitude than published data for\ + \ terrestrial coal. A Re–Os isochron for the Matewan coal provides an\ + \ age of 325±14 Ma (Model 3; MSWD = 12; n=19; 2σ ). This is the first Re–Os age\ + \ derived from coal samples; the age overlaps a new composite Re–Os\ + \ age of 317±2 Ma for the immediately overlying Betsie\ + \ Shale Member.

\\n

External precision for replicate\ + \ Os analyses carried out for several Matewan coal samples shows a positive\ + \ correlation with their HI. The HI, which is low in terrestrial organic matter,\ + \ reflects the degree of marine influence. Thus, samples with the most profound\ + \ marine influence also have the best analytical reproducibility. Equilibration\ + \ of Os isotopes with seawater under marine conditions overwhelms variability\ + \ inherited from terrestrial plant debris, decreasing scatter on the isochron.\ + \ The 187Re/188Os ratios of the Matewan coal (∼3300–5135)\ + \ are higher than most of those previously published for Phanerozoic black\ + \ shale (mostly <2000). Mass balance calculations based on Re/TOC and Os/TOC\ + \ ratios for the Matewan coal indicate that both Re and Os are primarily marine\ + \ in origin, and their high 187Re/188Os ratios\ + \ confirm efficient removal of both elements from a sulfidic water column\ + \ into the coal. We show that Re–Os geochronology of marine-influenced\ + \ coal can be a viable tool for constraining depositional ages.

\\n

 

\\\ + n
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Institute of Science Education and Research\"\ + },\"id\":597744,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Hannah, Judith L.\",\"contributorId\":156397,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Hannah\",\"given\":\"Judith L.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":20340,\"text\":\"Colorado State University and CEED Centre of Excellence,\ + \ University of Oslo\"},\"id\":597745,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Stein, Holly J.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :46959,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Stein\",\"given\"\ + :\"Holly J.\",\"id\":597746,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Geboy, Nicholas J. ngeboy@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :3860,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Geboy\",\"given\":\"\ + Nicholas J.\",\"email\":\"ngeboy@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":241,\"\ + text\":\"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center\"},\"id\":597743,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Ruppert, Leslie F.\ + \ lruppert@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":660,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Ruppert\",\"given\":\"Leslie F.\",\"email\":\"lruppert@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":241,\"text\":\"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":597747,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :5}]}},{\"id\":70168370,\"text\":\"70168370 - 2015 - Influence of habitat\ + \ and intrinsic characteristics on survival of neonatal pronghorn\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T15:02:10\",\"indexId\":\"70168370\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T16:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2980,\"\ + text\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"\ + title\":\"Influence of habitat and intrinsic characteristics on survival of\ + \ neonatal pronghorn\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Increased understanding\ + \ of the influence of habitat (e.g., composition, patch size) and intrinsic\ + \ (e.g., age, birth mass) factors on survival of neonatal pronghorn (Antilocapra\ + \ americana) is a prerequisite to successful management programs,\ + \ particularly as they relate to population dynamics and the role of population\ + \ models in adaptive species management. Nevertheless, few studies have presented\ + \ empirical data quantifying the influence of habitat variables on survival\ + \ of neonatal pronghorn. During 2002–2005, we captured and radiocollared\ + \ 116 neonates across two sites in western South Dakota. We documented 31\ + \ deaths during our study, of which coyote (Canis latrans)\ + \ predation (n = 15) was the leading cause of mortality.\ + \ We used known fate analysis in Program MARK to investigate the influence\ + \ of intrinsic and habitat variables on neonatal survival. We generated a\ + \ priori models that we grouped into habitat and intrinsic effects. The highest-ranking\ + \ model indicated that neonate mortality was best explained by site, percent\ + \ grassland, and open water habitat; 90-day survival (0.80; 90% CI = 0.71–0.88)\ + \ declined 23% when grassland and water increased from 80.1 to 92.3% and 0.36\ + \ to 0.40%, respectively, across 50% natal home ranges. Further, our results\ + \ indicated that grassland patch size and shrub density were important predictors\ + \ of neonate survival; neonate survival declined 17% when shrub density declined\ + \ from 5.0 to 2.5 patches per 100 ha. Excluding the site covariates, intrinsic\ + \ factors (i.e., sex, age, birth mass, year, parturition date) were not important\ + \ predictors of survival of neonatal pronghorns. Further, neonatal survival\ + \ may depend on available land cover and interspersion of habitats. We have\ + \ demonstrated that maintaining minimum and maximum thresholds for habitat\ + \ factors (e.g., percentages of grassland and open water patches, density\ + \ of shrub patches) throughout natal home ranges will in turn, ensure relatively\ + \ high (>0.50) neonatal survival rates, especially as they relate to coyote\ + \ predation. Thus, landscape level variables (particularly percentages of\ + \ open water, grassland habitats, and shrub density) should be incorporated\ + \ into the development or implementation of pronghorn management plans across\ + \ sagebrush steppe communities of the western Dakotas, and potentially elsewhere\ + \ within the geographic range of pronghorn.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"PLOS\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0144026\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"e0144026; 17 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\"\ + ,\"ipdsId\":\"IP-067993\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res\ + \ Unit Leetown\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317924,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"10\",\"issue\":\"12\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\"\ + :9,\"text\":\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Jacques,\ + \ Christopher N.\",\"contributorId\":15521,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Jacques\",\"given\":\"Christopher N.\",\"id\":619813,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + Jenks, Jonathan A.\",\"contributorId\":51591,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Jenks\",\"given\":\"Jonathan A.\",\"id\":619814,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Grovenburg, Troy\ + \ W.\",\"contributorId\":57712,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Grovenburg\",\"given\":\"Troy W.\",\"id\":619815,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Klaver, Robert W. bklaver@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":3285,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Klaver\",\"given\":\"Robert W.\",\"email\":\"bklaver@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"},\"id\":619812,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70168329,\"text\"\ + :\"70168329 - 2015 - How big of an effect do small dams have? Using geomorphological\ + \ footprints to quantify spatial impact of low-head dams and identify patterns\ + \ of across-dam variation\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:38:09\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168329\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T12:30\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":2980,\"text\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"How big of an effect do small dams have? Using geomorphological\ + \ footprints to quantify spatial impact of low-head dams and identify patterns\ + \ of across-dam variation\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Longitudinal connectivity\ + \ is a fundamental characteristic of rivers that can be disrupted by natural\ + \ and anthropogenic processes. Dams are significant disruptions to streams.\ + \ Over 2,000,000 low-head dams (<7.6 m high) fragment United States rivers.\ + \ Despite potential adverse impacts of these ubiquitous disturbances, the\ + \ spatial impacts of low-head dams on geomorphology and ecology are largely\ + \ untested. Progress for research and conservation is impaired by not knowing\ + \ the magnitude of low-head dam impacts. Based on the geomorphic literature,\ + \ we refined a methodology that allowed us to quantify the spatial extent\ + \ of low-head dam impacts (herein dam footprint), assessed variation in dam\ + \ footprints across low-head dams within a river network, and identified select\ + \ aspects of the context of this variation. Wetted width, depth, and substrate\ + \ size distributions upstream and downstream of six low-head dams within the\ + \ Upper Neosho River, Kansas, United States of America were measured. Total\ + \ dam footprints averaged 7.9 km (3.0–15.3 km) or 287 wetted widths\ + \ (136–437 wetted widths). Estimates included both upstream (mean: 6.7\ + \ km or 243 wetted widths) and downstream footprints (mean: 1.2 km or 44 wetted\ + \ widths). Altogether the six low-head dams impacted 47.3 km (about 17%) of\ + \ the mainstem in the river network. Despite differences in age, size, location,\ + \ and primary function, the sizes of geomorphic footprints of individual low-head\ + \ dams in the Upper Neosho river network were relatively similar. The number\ + \ of upstream dams and distance to upstream dams, but not dam height, affected\ + \ the spatial extent of dam footprints. In summary, ubiquitous low-head dams\ + \ individually and cumulatively altered lotic ecosystems. Both characteristics\ + \ of individual dams and the context of neighboring dams affected low-head\ + \ dam impacts within the river network. For these reasons, low-head dams require\ + \ a different, more integrative, approach for research and management than\ + \ the individualistic approach that has been applied to larger dams.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"PLOS\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0141210\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"e0141210; 22 p.\",\"startPage\":\"1\",\"endPage\"\ + :\"22\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"\ + IP-063471\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":317908,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"10\",\"issue\":\"11\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\":\"\ + Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Fencl, Jane S.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166699,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Fencl\",\"given\":\"Jane S.\",\"id\":619754,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Mather, Martha E. mather@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2580,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Mather\",\"given\":\"Martha E.\",\"email\":\"mather@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"},\"id\":619701,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Costigan, Katie H.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166700,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Costigan\",\"given\":\"Katie H.\",\"id\":619755,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Daniels, Melinda D.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166701,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Daniels\",\"given\":\"Melinda D.\",\"id\":619756,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70168330,\"text\":\"70168330\ + \ - 2015 - Evaluation of capture techniques on lesser prairie-chicken trap\ + \ injury and survival\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:18:21\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168330\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T12:15\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":2287,\"text\":\"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management\",\"active\"\ + :true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Evaluation of capture\ + \ techniques on lesser prairie-chicken trap injury and survival\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Ethical treatment of research animals is required under the Animal\ + \ Welfare Act. This includes trapping methodologies that reduce unnecessary\ + \ pain and duress. Traps used in research should optimize animal welfare conditions\ + \ within the context of the proposed research study. Several trapping techniques\ + \ are used in the study of lesser prairie-chickens, despite lack of knowledge\ + \ of trap injury caused by the various methods. From 2006 to 2012, we captured\ + \ 217, 40, and 144 lesser prairie-chickens Tympanuchus pallidicinctus using\ + \ walk-in funnel traps, rocket nets, and drop nets, respectively, in New Mexico\ + \ and Texas, to assess the effects of capture technique on injury and survival\ + \ of the species. We monitored radiotagged, injured lesser prairie-chickens\ + \ 7–65 d postcapture to assess survival rates of injured individuals.\ + \ Injuries occurred disproportionately among trap type, injury type, and sex.\ + \ The predominant injuries were superficial cuts to the extremities of males\ + \ captured in walk-in funnel traps. However, we observed no mortalities due\ + \ to trapping, postcapture survival rates of injured birds did not vary across\ + \ trap types, and the daily survival probability of an injured and uninjured\ + \ bird was ≥99%. Frequency and intensity of injuries in walk-in funnel\ + \ traps are due to the passive nature of these traps (researcher cannot select\ + \ specific individuals for capture) and incidental capture of individuals\ + \ not needed for research. Comparatively, rocket nets and drop nets allow\ + \ observers to target birds for capture and require immediate removal of captured\ + \ individuals from the trap. Based on our results, trap injuries would be\ + \ reduced if researchers monitor and immediately remove birds from walk-in\ + \ funnels before they injure themselves; move traps to target specific birds\ + \ and reduce recaptures; limit the number of consecutive trapping days on\ + \ a lek; and use proper netting techniques that incorporate quick, efficient,\ + \ trained handling procedures.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"doi\"\ + :\"10.3996/032015-JFWM-022\",\"productDescription\":\"9 p.\",\"startPage\"\ + :\"318\",\"endPage\":\"326\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-063997\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop\ + \ Res Unit Atlanta\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317907,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"6\",\"issue\":\"2\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"\ + text\":\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Grisham,\ + \ Blake A.\",\"contributorId\":75419,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Grisham\",\"given\":\"Blake A.\",\"id\":619743,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Boal, Clint W. cboal@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":1909,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Boal\",\"given\":\"Clint W.\",\"email\":\"cboal@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"},\"id\":619702,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Mitchell, Natasia\ + \ R.\",\"contributorId\":166697,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Mitchell\",\"given\":\"Natasia R.\",\"id\":619744,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Gicklhorn, Trevor S.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166698,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Gicklhorn\",\"given\":\"Trevor S.\",\"id\":619745,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Borsdorf, Philip K.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":93386,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Borsdorf\",\"given\":\"Philip K.\",\"id\":619746,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Haukos, David A. dhaukos@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":3664,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Haukos\",\"given\":\"David A.\",\"email\":\"dhaukos@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"},\"id\":619747,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Dixon, Charles\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":68203,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Dixon\",\"given\":\"Charles\",\"id\":619748,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7}]}},{\"id\":70168336,\"text\":\"70168336 -\ + \ 2015 - Bioelectrical impedance analysis: A new tool for assessing fish condition\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:32:13\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70168336\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:30\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3901,\"\ + text\":\"Fisheries\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"\ + title\":\"Bioelectrical impedance analysis: A new tool for assessing fish\ + \ condition\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Bioelectrical impedance analysis\ + \ (BIA) is commonly used in human health and nutrition fields but has only\ + \ recently been considered as a potential tool for assessing fish condition.\ + \ Once BIA is calibrated, it estimates fat/moisture levels and energy content\ + \ without the need to kill fish. Despite the promise held by BIA, published\ + \ studies have been divided on whether BIA can provide accurate estimates\ + \ of body composition in fish. In cases where BIA was not successful, the\ + \ models lacked the range of fat levels or sample sizes we determined were\ + \ needed for model success (range of dry fat levels of 29%, n =\ + \ 60, yielding an R2 of 0.8). Reduced\ + \ range of fat levels requires an increased sample size to achieve that benchmark;\ + \ therefore, standardization of methods is needed. Here we discuss standardized\ + \ methods based on a decade of research, identify sources of error, discuss\ + \ where BIA is headed, and suggest areas for future research.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Taylor & Francis\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/03632415.2015.1106943\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"11 p.\",\"startPage\":\"590\",\"endPage\":\"600\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-056040\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":317899,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"40\",\"issue\":\"12\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\"\ + :9,\"text\":\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hartman,\ + \ Kyle J.\",\"contributorId\":6414,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Hartman\",\"given\":\"Kyle J.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":16210,\"\ + text\":\"Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University\"\ + },\"id\":619722,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Margraf, F. Joseph jmargraf@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":257,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Margraf\",\"given\":\"F. Joseph\"\ + ,\"email\":\"jmargraf@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop\ + \ Res Unit Leetown\"},\"id\":619708,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Hafs, Andrew W.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :57308,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hafs\",\"given\":\"\ + Andrew W.\",\"id\":619723,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Cox, M. Keith\",\"contributorId\":166685,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Cox\",\"given\":\"M. Keith\",\"id\":619724,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70160003,\"\ + text\":\"sir20155177 - 2015 - Transport and deposition of asbestos-rich sediment\ + \ in the Sumas River, Whatcom County, Washington\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T15:20:10\",\"indexId\":\"sir20155177\",\"\ + displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-08T01:15\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"\ + publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"\ + id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":334,\"text\"\ + :\"Scientific Investigations Report\",\"code\":\"SIR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2328-0328\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"2328-031X\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2015-5177\",\"title\":\"Transport and deposition of\ + \ asbestos-rich sediment in the Sumas River, Whatcom County, Washington\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

Heavy sediment loads in the Sumas River of Whatcom\ + \ County, Washington, increase seasonal turbidity and cause locally acute\ + \ sedimentation. Most sediment in the Sumas River is derived from a deep-seated\ + \ landslide of serpentinite that is located on Sumas Mountain and drained\ + \ by Swift Creek, a tributary to the Sumas River. This mafic sediment contains\ + \ high amounts of naturally occurring asbestiform chrysotile. A known human-health\ + \ hazard, asbestiform chrysotile comprises 0.25\u201337 percent, by mass,\ + \ of the total suspended sediment sampled from the Sumas River as part of\ + \ this study, which included part of water year 2011 and all of water years\ + \ 2012 and 2013. The suspended-sediment load in the Sumas River at South Pass\ + \ Road, 0.6 kilometers (km) downstream of the confluence with Swift Creek,\ + \ was 22,000 tonnes (t) in water year 2012 and 49,000 t in water year 2013.\ + \ The suspended\u2011sediment load at Telegraph Road, 18.8 km downstream of\ + \ the Swift Creek confluence, was 22,000 t in water year 2012 and 27,000 t\ + \ in water year 2013. Although hydrologic conditions during the study were\ + \ wetter than normal overall, the 2-year flood peak was only modestly exceeded\ + \ in water years 2011 and 2013; runoff\u2011driven geomorphic disturbance\ + \ to the watershed, which might have involved mass wasting from the landslide,\ + \ seemed unexceptional. In water year 2012, flood peaks were modest, and the\ + \ annual streamflow was normal. The fact that suspended-sediment loads in\ + \ water year 2012 were equivalent at sites 0.6 and 18.8 km downstream of the\ + \ sediment source indicates that the conservation of suspended\u2011sediment\ + \ load can occur under normal hydrologic conditions. The substantial decrease\ + \ in suspended-sediment load in the downstream direction in water year 2013\ + \ was attributed to either sedimentation in the intervening river reach, transfer\ + \ to bedload as an alternate mode of sediment transport, or both.

The\ + \ sediment in the Sumas River is distinct from sediment in most other river\ + \ systems because of the large percentage of asbestiform chrysotile in suspension.\ + \ The suspended sediment carried by the Sumas River consists of three major\ + \ components: (1) a relatively dense, largely non-flocculated material that\ + \ settles rapidly out of suspension; (2) a lighter component containing relatively\ + \ high proportions of flocculated material, much of it composed of asbestiform\ + \ chrysotile; and (3) individual chrysotile fibers that are too small to flocculate\ + \ or settle out, and remain in suspension as wash load (these fibers are on\ + \ the order of microns in length and tenths of microns in diameter). Whereas\ + \ the bulk density of the first (heaviest) component of suspended sediment\ + \ was between 1.5 and 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), the bulk density\ + \ of the flocculated material was an order of magnitude lower (0.16 g/cm3),\ + \ even after 24 hours of settling. Soon after immersion in water, the fresh\ + \ chrysotile fibers derived from the Swift Creek landslide seem to flocculate\ + \ readily into large bundles, or floccules, that exhibit settling velocities\ + \ characteristic of coarse silts and fine sands (30 and 250 micrometers).\ + \ In quiescent water within this river system, the floccules settle out quickly,\ + \ but still leave between 2.4 and 19.5 million chrysotile fibers per liter\ + \ in the clear overlying water. Consistent with the results from previous\ + \ laboratory research, the amounts of asbestiform chrysotile in the water\ + \ column in Swift Creek, as well as in the Sumas River close to and downstream\ + \ of its confluence with Swift Creek, were determined to be directly correlated\ + \ with pH. This observation offers a possible alternative to either turbidity\ + \ or suspended\u2011sediment concentration as a surrogate for the concentration\ + \ of fresh asbestiform chrysotile in suspension.

Continued\ + \ movement and associated erosion of the landslide through mass wasting and\ + \ runoff will maintain large sediment loads in Swift Creek and in the Sumas\ + \ River for the foreseeable future. Given the present channel morphology of\ + \ the river system, aggradation (that is, sediment accumulation) in Swift\ + \ Creek and the Sumas River are also likely to continue.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/sir20155177\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared\ + \ in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Curran, C.A., Anderson, S.W., Barbash, J.E., Magirl, C.S., Cox, S.E., Norton,\ + \ K.K., Gendaszek, A.S., Spanjer, A.R., and Foreman, J.R., 2016, Transport\ + \ and deposition of asbestos-rich sediment in the Sumas River, Whatcom County,\ + \ Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015\u2013\ + 5177, 51 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155177.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"Report: viii, 51 p.; Appendixes A-H\",\"startPage\":\"1\",\"endPage\":\"\ + 51\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"Y\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-066836\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":622,\"text\":\"Washington Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":316682,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177.pdf\",\"text\"\ + :\"Report\",\"size\":\"3.1 MB\",\"description\":\"SIR 2015-5177 PDF\"},{\"\ + id\":316683,\"rank\":3,\"type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixa.xlsx\",\"text\":\"\ + Appendix A\",\"size\":\"25 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"xlsx\"\ + },\"description\":\"Appendix A\"},{\"id\":316684,\"rank\":4,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixb.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix B\",\"size\":\"51 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"Appendix B\"},{\"id\":316685,\"rank\":5,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixc.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix C\",\"size\":\"6.5 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"Appendix C\"},{\"id\":316686,\"rank\":6,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixd.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix D\",\"size\":\"15 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"Appendix D\"},{\"id\":316687,\"rank\":7,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixe.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix E\",\"size\":\"13 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"Appendix E\"},{\"id\":316688,\"rank\":8,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixf.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix F\",\"size\":\"234 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"Appendix F\"},{\"id\":316689,\"rank\":9,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixg.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix G\",\"size\":\"29 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"Appendix G\"},{\"id\":316690,\"rank\":10,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":3,\"text\":\"Appendix\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/sir20155177_appendixh.xlsx\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Appendix H\",\"size\":\"20 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":3,\"\ + text\":\"xlsx\"},\"description\":\"Appendix H\"},{\"id\":316511,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5177/coverthb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Washington\",\"county\":\"Whatcom\ + \ County\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Sumas River\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\\ + n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n \ + \ {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\\ + n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.35267639160156,\\n 49.00139345263396\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -122.36160278320311,\\n 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Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov

\",\"tableOfContents\"\ + :\"\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":12,\"text\":\"Tacoma PSC\"},\"\ + publishedDate\":\"2016-02-08\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"\ + Curran, Christopher A. ccurran@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1650,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Curran\",\"given\":\"Christopher A.\",\"\ + email\":\"ccurran@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"text\":\"Washington\ + \ Water Science Center\"},\"id\":581513,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Anderson, Scott W.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :107001,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Anderson\",\"given\"\ + :\"Scott W.\",\"id\":581514,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Barbash, Jack E. jbarbash@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :1003,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Barbash\",\"given\"\ + :\"Jack E.\",\"email\":\"jbarbash@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"\ + text\":\"Washington Water Science Center\"},\"id\":581515,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Magirl, Christopher\ + \ S. magirl@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1822,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Magirl\",\"given\":\"Christopher S.\",\"email\":\"magirl@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"text\":\"Washington Water Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":581516,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :4},{\"text\":\"Cox, Stephen E. secox@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1642,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cox\",\"given\":\"Stephen E.\"\ + ,\"email\":\"secox@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"text\":\"Washington\ + \ Water Science Center\"},\"id\":581517,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Norton, Katherine K. knorton@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156270,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Norton\",\"given\":\"Katherine K.\",\"email\":\"knorton@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":617,\"text\":\"Volcano Science Center\"},\"id\":581521,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Gendaszek, Andrew\ + \ S. agendasz@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3509,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Gendaszek\",\"given\":\"Andrew S.\",\"email\":\"agendasz@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"text\":\"Washington Water Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":581518,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :7},{\"text\":\"Spanjer, Andrew R. aspanjer@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":156271,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Spanjer\",\"given\":\"Andrew\ + \ R.\",\"email\":\"aspanjer@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"text\"\ + :\"Washington Water Science Center\"},\"id\":581519,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"Foreman, James R. jforeman@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":139316,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Foreman\",\"given\":\"James R.\",\"email\":\"jforeman@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":622,\"text\":\"Washington Water Science Center\"},\"id\":581520,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9}]}},{\"id\":70168335,\"\ + text\":\"70168335 - 2015 - Assessing gull abundance and food availability\ + \ in urban parking lots\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T10:39:02\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168335\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1914,\"text\":\"Human-Wildlife Interactions\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Assessing gull abundance and\ + \ food availability in urban parking lots\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Feeding birds\ + \ is a common activity throughout the world; yet, little is known about the\ + \ extent of feeding gulls in urban areas. We monitored 8 parking lots in central\ + \ Massachusetts, USA, during the fall and winter of 2011 to 2013 in 4 monitoring\ + \ sessions to document the number of gulls present, the frequency of human–gull\ + \ feeding interactions, and the effectiveness of signage and direct interaction\ + \ in reducing human-provisioned food. Parking lots were divided between “education”\ + \ and “no-education” lots. In education lots, we erected signs\ + \ about problems caused when people feed birds and also asked people to stop\ + \ feeding birds. We did not erect signs or ask people to stop feeding birds\ + \ at no-education lots. We spent >1,200 hours in parking lots (range =\ + \ 136 to 200 hours per parking lot), and gulls were counted every 20 minutes.\ + \ We conducted >4,000 counts, and ring-billed gulls (Lorus delawarensis)\ + \ accounted for 98% of all gulls. Our educational efforts were minimally effective.\ + \ There were fewer feedings (P = 0.01) in education lots during one of the\ + \ monitoring sessions but significantly more gulls (P = 0.008) in education\ + \ lots during 2 monitoring sessions. While there was a marginal decrease (P\ + \ = 0.055) in the number of feedings after no-education lots were transformed\ + \ into education lots, there was no difference in gull numbers in these lots\ + \ (P = 0.16). Education appears to have some influence in reducing the number\ + \ of people feeding gulls, but our efforts were not able to reduce the number\ + \ of human feeders or the amount of food enough to influence the number of\ + \ gulls using parking lots.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"\ + Berryman Institute\",\"productDescription\":\"11 p.\",\"startPage\":\"180\"\ + ,\"endPage\":\"190\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\"\ + ,\"ipdsId\":\"IP-054418\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res\ + \ Unit Leetown\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317900,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"\ + text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://www.berrymaninstitute.org/htm/human-wildlife-interactions-journal/fall-2015\"\ + },{\"id\":317901,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"9\",\"issue\":\"2\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":9,\"\ + text\":\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Clark, Daniel\ + \ E.\",\"contributorId\":166686,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Clark\",\"given\":\"Daniel E.\",\"id\":619725,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Whitney, Jillian J.\",\"\ + contributorId\":166687,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Whitney\",\"given\":\"Jillian J.\",\"id\":619726,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"MacKenzie, Kenneth G.\",\"\ + contributorId\":166688,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + MacKenzie\",\"given\":\"Kenneth G.\",\"id\":619727,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Koenen, Kiana K. G.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":34313,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Koenen\",\"given\":\"Kiana K. G.\",\"id\":619728,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"DeStefano, Stephen destef@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2874,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + DeStefano\",\"given\":\"Stephen\",\"email\":\"destef@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":199,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Leetown\"},\"id\":619707,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5}]}},{\"id\":70168331,\"text\"\ + :\"70168331 - 2015 - First satellite tracks of the Endangered black-capped\ + \ petrel\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T11:05:23\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168331\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2016-02-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1497,\"text\":\"Endangered Species Research\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"First satellite tracks of the\ + \ Endangered black-capped petrel\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The black-capped\ + \ petrel Pterodroma hasitata is an endangered\ + \ seabird with fewer than 2000 breeding pairs restricted to a few breeding\ + \ sites in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. To date, use areas at sea have\ + \ been determined entirely from vessel-based surveys and opportunistic sightings\ + \ and, as such, spatial and temporal gaps in our understanding of the species’\ + \ marine range are likely. To enhance our understanding of marine use areas,\ + \ we deployed satellite tags on 3 black-capped petrels breeding on Hispaniola,\ + \ representing the first tracking study for this species and one of the first\ + \ published tracking studies for any breeding seabird in the Caribbean. During\ + \ chick rearing, petrels primarily used marine habitats in the southern Caribbean\ + \ Sea (ca. 18.0° to 11.5°N, 70.0° to 75.5°W) between the breeding\ + \ site and the coasts of Venezuela and Colombia. Maximum distance from the\ + \ breeding sites ranged from ca. 500 to 1500 km during the chick-rearing period.\ + \ During the post-breeding period, each bird dispersed north and used waters\ + \ west of the Gulf Stream offshore of the mid- and southern Atlantic coasts\ + \ of the USA as well as Gulf Stream waters and deeper pelagic waters east\ + \ of the Gulf Stream. Maximum distance from the breeding sites ranged from\ + \ ca. 2000 to 2200 km among birds during the nonbreeding period. Petrels used\ + \ waters located within 14 different exclusive economic zones, suggesting\ + \ that international collaboration will benefit the development of management\ + \ strategies for this species.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"Inter-Res\",\"doi\":\"10.3354/esr00697\",\"productDescription\":\"11 p.\"\ + ,\"startPage\":\"23\",\"endPage\":\"33\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-064990\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop\ + \ Res Unit Atlanta\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317906,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"otherGeospatial\":\"Caribbean Sea\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \ + \ \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \ + \ \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n -76.5087890625,\\\ + n 37.77071473849609\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -75.56396484375,\\n 35.28150065789119\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -80.947265625,\\n 32.13840869677251\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -81.49658203125,\\n \ + \ 30.524413269923986\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -80.31005859375,\\n 25.284437746983055\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -80.771484375,\\n 17.035777250427195\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -71.4990234375,\\n \ + \ 12.404388944669792\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -63.94042968749999,\\n 10.768555807732437\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -60.8203125,\\n 38.75408327579141\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -76.5087890625,\\n \ + \ 37.77071473849609\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"publishingServiceCenter\"\ + :{\"id\":8,\"text\":\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Jodice, Patrick G. pjodice@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1119,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Jodice\",\"given\":\"Patrick G.\",\"email\"\ + :\"pjodice@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit\ + \ Atlanta\"},\"id\":619703,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Ronconi, Robert A.\",\"contributorId\":166692,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Ronconi\",\"given\":\"Robert\ + \ A.\",\"id\":619739,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Rupp, Ernst\",\"contributorId\":166693,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Rupp\",\"given\":\"Ernst\",\"id\":619740,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Wallace, George E.\",\"contributorId\":166695,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Wallace\",\"given\":\"George E.\",\"id\":619741,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Satg\xE9, Yvan\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":166696,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Satg\xE9\",\"given\":\"Yvan\",\"id\":619742,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5}]}},{\"id\":70168328,\"text\":\"70168328\ + \ - 2015 - Population ecology of the gulf ribbed mussel across a salinity\ + \ gradient: recruitment, growth and density\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-10T11:43:16\",\"indexId\":\"70168328\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1475,\"text\":\"Ecosphere\",\"\ + active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Population ecology\ + \ of the gulf ribbed mussel across a salinity gradient: recruitment, growth\ + \ and density\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Benthic intertidal bivalves play\ + \ an essential role in estuarine ecosystems by contributing to habitat provision,\ + \ water filtration, and promoting productivity. As such, changes that impact\ + \ population distributions and persistence of local bivalve populations may\ + \ have large ecosystem level consequences. Recruitment, growth, mortality,\ + \ population size structure and density of the gulf coast ribbed mussel, Geukensia\ + \ granosissima, were examined across a salinity gradient in southeastern\ + \ Louisiana. Data were collected along 100-m transects at interior and edge\ + \ marsh plots located at duplicate sites in upper (salinity ~4 psu), central\ + \ (salinity ~8 psu) and lower (salinity ~15 psu) Barataria Bay, Louisiana,\ + \ U.S.A. Growth, mortality and recruitment were measured in established plots\ + \ from April through November 2012. Mussel densities were greatest within\ + \ the middle bay (salinity ~8) regardless of flooding regime, but strongly\ + \ associated with highest stem densities of Juncus roemerianus vegetation.\ + \ Mussel recruitment, growth, size and survival were significantly higher\ + \ at mid and high salinity marsh edge sites as compared to all interior marsh\ + \ and low salinity sites. The observed patterns of density, growth and mortality\ + \ in Barataria Bay may reflect detrital food resource availability, host vegetation\ + \ community distribution along the salinity gradient, salinity tolerance of\ + \ the mussel, and reduced predation at higher salinity edge sites.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Ecological Society of America\"\ + ,\"doi\":\"10.1890/ES14-00499.1\",\"productDescription\":\"13 p.\",\"startPage\"\ + :\"1\",\"endPage\":\"13\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"\ + N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-060979\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop\ + \ Res Unit Atlanta\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317911,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Louisiana\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Barataria Bay\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issue\":\"11\",\"publishingServiceCenter\"\ + :{\"id\":8,\"text\":\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Honig, Aaron\",\"contributorId\":146622,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Honig\",\"given\":\"Aaron\",\"id\":619757,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Supan, John\",\"\ + contributorId\":146623,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Supan\",\"given\":\"John\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":5115,\"text\":\"Louisiana\ + \ State University\"},\"id\":619758,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"LaPeyre, Megan K. mlapeyre@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":585,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"LaPeyre\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Megan K.\",\"email\":\"mlapeyre@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"},\"id\":619700,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70164512,\"text\"\ + :\"70164512 - 2015 - Do geographically isolated wetlands influence landscape\ + \ functions?\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T14:03:07\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164512\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-12-28T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":3165,\"text\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of\ + \ the United States of America\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"\ + id\":10}},\"title\":\"Do geographically isolated wetlands influence landscape\ + \ functions?\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Geographically isolated wetlands\ + \ (GIWs), those surrounded by uplands, exchange materials, energy, and organisms\ + \ with other elements in hydrological and habitat networks, contributing to\ + \ landscape functions, such as flow generation, nutrient and sediment retention,\ + \ and biodiversity support. GIWs constitute most of the wetlands in many North\ + \ American landscapes, provide a disproportionately large fraction of wetland\ + \ edges where many functions are enhanced, and form complexes with other water\ + \ bodies to create spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the timing, flow\ + \ paths, and magnitude of network connectivity. These attributes signal a\ + \ critical role for GIWs in sustaining a portfolio of landscape functions,\ + \ but legal protections remain weak despite preferential loss from many landscapes.\ + \ GIWs lack persistent surface water connections, but this condition does\ + \ not imply the absence of hydrological, biogeochemical, and biological exchanges\ + \ with nearby and downstream waters. Although hydrological and biogeochemical\ + \ connectivity is often episodic or slow (e.g., via groundwater), hydrologic\ + \ continuity and limited evaporative solute enrichment suggest both flow generation\ + \ and solute and sediment retention. Similarly, whereas biological connectivity\ + \ usually requires overland dispersal, numerous organisms, including many\ + \ rare or threatened species, use both GIWs and downstream waters at different\ + \ times or life stages, suggesting that GIWs are critical elements of landscape\ + \ habitat mosaics. Indeed, weaker hydrologic connectivity with downstream\ + \ waters and constrained biological connectivity with other landscape elements\ + \ are precisely what enhances some GIW functions and enables others. Based\ + \ on analysis of wetland geography and synthesis of wetland functions, we\ + \ argue that sustaining landscape functions requires conserving the entire\ + \ continuum of wetland connectivity, including GIWs.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\"\ + ,\"doi\":\"10.1073/pnas.1512650113\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Cohen M. J., I. F.\ + \ Creed, L. Alexander, N. Basu, A. Calhoun, C. Craft, E. D\u2019Amico, E.\ + \ S. DeKeyser, L. Fowler, H. E. Golden, J. W. Jawitz, P. Kalla, L. K. Kirkman,\ + \ C. R. Lane, M. Lang, S. G. Leibowitz, D. B. Lewis, J. Marton, D. L. McLaughlin,\ + \ D. M. Mushet, H. Raanan-Kiperwas, M. C. Rains, L. Smith, and S. Walls. 2016.\ + \ Do geographically isolated wetlands impact landscape functions? Proceedings\ + \ of the National Academy of Sciences [Early edition]\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"9 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\"\ + :\"IP-063811\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie Wildlife\ + \ Research Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316753,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\"\ + : \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\ + \": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\ + \": [\\n [\\n [\\n -123.31054687499999,\\\ + n 49.03786794532644\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -95.1416015625,\\n 49.06666839558117\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -95.1416015625,\\n 49.439556958940855\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.833984375,\\n \ + \ 49.439556958940855\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.4384765625,\\n 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K.\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":7063,\"text\":\"University of Maine\"},\"id\":597855,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Craft, Christopher\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156398,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Craft\",\"given\":\"Christopher\",\"id\":597856,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"D\u2019Amico, Ellen\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156399,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"D\u2019Amico\",\"given\":\"Ellen\",\"id\":597857,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"DeKeyser, Edward S.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":138601,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"DeKeyser\",\"given\":\"Edward S.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":12459,\"text\"\ + :\"NDSU\"},\"id\":597858,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"Fowler, Laurie\",\"contributorId\":156400,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Fowler\",\"given\":\"Laurie\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":17882,\"text\":\"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia\"\ + },\"id\":597859,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :9},{\"text\":\"Golden, Heather E.\",\"contributorId\":94914,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Golden\",\"given\":\"Heather E.\",\"id\"\ + :597860,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":10},{\"\ + text\":\"Jawitz, James W.\",\"contributorId\":66725,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Jawitz\",\"given\":\"James W.\",\"id\":597861,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":11},{\"text\":\"\ + Kalla, Peter\",\"contributorId\":156429,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Kalla\",\"given\":\"Peter\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":6914,\"text\"\ + :\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\"},\"id\":597862,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":12},{\"text\":\"Kirkman, L. Katherine\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156430,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Kirkman\",\"given\":\"L. Katherine\",\"id\":597863,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":13},{\"text\":\"Lane, Charles R.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":138991,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Lane\",\"given\":\"Charles R.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":6914,\"text\":\"\ + U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\"},\"id\":597864,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":14},{\"text\":\"Lang, Megan\",\"\ + contributorId\":156431,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Lang\",\"given\":\"Megan\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":7261,\"text\":\"Department\ + \ of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742\"\ + },\"id\":597865,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :15},{\"text\":\"Leibowitz, Scott G.\",\"contributorId\":156432,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Leibowitz\",\"given\":\"Scott G.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":6914,\"text\":\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\"},\"id\":597866,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":16},{\"text\":\"\ + Lewis, David Bruce\",\"contributorId\":156433,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Lewis\",\"given\":\"David Bruce\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":7163,\"text\":\"University of South Florida\"},\"id\":597867,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":17},{\"text\":\"Marton, John\",\"\ + contributorId\":156434,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Marton\",\"given\":\"John\",\"id\":597868,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":18},{\"text\":\"McLaughlin, Daniel L.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :156435,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"McLaughlin\",\"\ + given\":\"Daniel L.\",\"id\":597869,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":19},{\"text\":\"Mushet, David M. dmushet@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":1299,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Mushet\",\"given\":\"David M.\",\"email\":\"dmushet@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center\"},\"id\"\ + :597870,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":20},{\"\ + text\":\"Raanan-Kiperwas, Hadas\",\"contributorId\":156436,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Raanan-Kiperwas\",\"given\":\"Hadas\",\"\ + affiliation\":{\"id\":6914,\"text\":\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\"\ + },\"id\":597871,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :21},{\"text\":\"Rains, Mark C.\",\"contributorId\":138983,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Rains\",\"given\":\"Mark C.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":12607,\"text\":\"Univ of South florida, School of Geosciences, Tampa\ + \ FL\"},\"id\":597872,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":22},{\"text\":\"Smith, Lora\",\"contributorId\":156438,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Smith\",\"given\":\"Lora\",\"id\":597873,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":23},{\"text\":\"\ + Walls, Susan C. swalls@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2310,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Walls\",\"given\":\"Susan C.\",\"email\":\"swalls@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":455,\"text\":\"National Wetlands Research Center\"\ + },\"id\":597874,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :24}]}},{\"id\":70157310,\"text\":\"ds960 - 2015 - Back-Island and Open-Ocean\ + \ Shorelines, and Sand Areas of the Undeveloped Areas of New Jersey Barrier\ + \ Islands, March 9, 1991, to July 30, 2013\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-10T14:21:21\",\"indexId\":\"ds960\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"\ + 2015-12-23T13:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\"\ + :18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS\ + \ Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":310,\"text\":\"Data Series\"\ + ,\"code\":\"DS\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2327-638X\",\"printIssn\":\"2327-0271\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"960\"\ + ,\"title\":\"Back-Island and Open-Ocean Shorelines, and Sand Areas of the\ + \ Undeveloped Areas of New Jersey Barrier Islands, March 9, 1991, to July\ + \ 30, 2013\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Assessing the physical change to shorelines\ + \ and wetlands is critical for determining the resiliency of wetland systems\ + \ that protect adjacent habitat and communities. The wetland and back-barrier\ + \ shorelines of the New Jersey barrier islands were changed by wave action\ + \ and storm surge from Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The U.S. Geological Survey\ + \ Coastal and Marine Geology Program is assessing the impact of Hurricane\ + \ Sandy to understand its historical context and the vulnerability of wetland\ + \ systems. These assessments require data that document physical changes over\ + \ time, such as maps, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and lidar elevation\ + \ data.

\\n

This Data Series Report includes open-ocean shorelines, back-island\ + \ shorelines, back-island shoreline points, sand polygons, and sand lines\ + \ for the undeveloped areas of New Jersey barrier islands. These data were\ + \ extracted from orthoimagery (aerial photography) taken between March 9,\ + \ 1991, and July 30, 2013. The images used were 0.3–1-meter (m)-resolution\ + \ U.S.\ + \ Geological Survey Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads (DOQQ), U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)\ + \ images, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration images,\ + \ and New Jersey Geographic Information Network images.\ + \ The back-island shorelines were hand-digitized at the intersects of the\ + \ apparent back-island shoreline and transects spaced at 20-m intervals. The\ + \ open-ocean shorelines were hand-digitized at the approximate still-water\ + \ level, such as tide level, which was fit through the average position of\ + \ waves and swash apparent on the beach. Hand-digitizing was done at a scale\ + \ of approximately 1:2,000. The sand polygons were derived by an image-processing\ + \ unsupervised classification technique that separates images into classes.\ + \ The classes were then visually categorized as either sand or not sand. Sand\ + \ lines were taken from the sand polygons. Also included in this report are\ + \ 20-m-spaced transect lines and the transect base lines.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ds960\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Guy, K.K., 2015,\ + \ Back-Island and Open-Ocean Shorelines, and Sand Areas of the Undeveloped\ + \ Areas of New Jersey Barrier Islands, March 9, 1991, to July 30, 2013. U.S.\ + \ Geological Survey Data Series\",\"productDescription\":\"HTML Document\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"Y\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-065228\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine\ + \ Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":311110,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/coverthb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":311111,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960\",\"text\":\"Report (HTML)\",\"description\"\ + :\"Data Series 960\"}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"New Jersey\"\ + ,\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\\ + n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -74.04510498046875,\\n 40.48455955508278\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -73.99566650390625,\\n \ + \ 40.49709237269567\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -73.95172119140624,\\n 40.40931350359072\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -74.00115966796875,\\n \ + \ 40.40303919701655\\n ],\\n [\\n -74.04510498046875,\\\ + n 40.48455955508278\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\ + \"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\":\ + \ \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -74.11651611328125,\\n 39.926588421909436\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.03961181640625,\\n \ + \ 39.920269337634004\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -74.0753173828125,\\n 39.75154536393759\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -74.1632080078125,\\n 39.76632525654491\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.11651611328125,\\n \ + \ 39.926588421909436\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\ + \"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\":\ + \ \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -74.22637939453125,\\n 39.5146359327835\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.29229736328125,\\n \ + \ 39.552765371831015\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -74.41864013671875,\\n 39.444677580473424\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -74.31976318359375,\\n \ + \ 39.39375459224348\\n ],\\n [\\n -74.22637939453125,\\\ + n 39.5146359327835\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\ + \"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\":\ + \ \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -74.69879150390625,\\n 39.172658670429946\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.66033935546875,\\n \ + \ 39.15136267949032\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -74.59716796875,\\n 39.24288969082635\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -74.62738037109375,\\n 39.264157950942185\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.69879150390625,\\n \ + \ 39.172658670429946\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\ + \"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\":\ + \ \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -74.8114013671875,\\n 39.031986028740086\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.783935546875,\\n \ + \ 39.01064750994083\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -74.7564697265625,\\n 39.036252959636606\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -74.77844238281249,\\n 39.0533181067413\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.8114013671875,\\n \ + \ 39.031986028740086\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\ + \"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\":\ + \ \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -74.915771484375,\\n 38.94659331893374\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.90478515625,\\n \ + \ 38.91881851059804\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -74.81689453125,\\n 38.950865400919994\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -74.83612060546875,\\n 38.97862765746913\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -74.915771484375,\\n \ + \ 38.94659331893374\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contact\":\"

St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine\ + \ Science Center
600 4th Street South
St Petersburg, FL 33701 http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/

\"\ + ,\"tableOfContents\":\"\",\"publishingServiceCenter\"\ + :{\"id\":8,\"text\":\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"publishedDate\":\"2015-11-09\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Guy, Kristy K. kguy@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :139713,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Guy\",\"given\":\"\ + Kristy K.\",\"email\":\"kguy@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\"\ + :\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":572661,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70164511,\"text\"\ + :\"70164511 - 2015 - Avian influenza ecology in North Atlantic sea ducks:\ + \ Not all ducks are created equal\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T09:48:12\",\"indexId\":\"70164511\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2015-12-17T10:45\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2980,\"text\":\"PLoS ONE\",\"active\"\ + :true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Avian influenza ecology\ + \ in North Atlantic sea ducks: Not all ducks are created equal\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Wild waterfowl are primary reservoirs of avian influenza viruses\ + \ (AIV). However the role of sea ducks in the ecology of avian influenza,\ + \ and how that role differs from freshwater ducks, has not been examined.\ + \ We obtained and analyzed sera from North Atlantic sea ducks and determined\ + \ the seroprevalence in those populations. We also tested swab samples from\ + \ North Atlantic sea ducks for the presence of AIV. We found relatively high\ + \ serological prevalence (61%) in these sea duck populations but low virus\ + \ prevalence (0.3%). Using these data we estimated that an antibody half-life\ + \ of 141 weeks (3.2 years) would be required to attain these prevalences.\ + \ These findings are much different than what is known in freshwater waterfowl\ + \ and have implications for surveillance efforts, AIV in marine environments,\ + \ and the roles of sea ducks and other long-lived waterfowl in avian influenza\ + \ ecology.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Public Library\ + \ of Science\",\"publisherLocation\":\"San Francisco, CA\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0144524\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Hall JS, Russell RE, Franson JC, Soos C, Dusek RJ, Allen\ + \ RB, et al. (2015) Avian Influenza Ecology in North Atlantic Sea Ducks: Not\ + \ All Ducks Are Created Equal. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0144524. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144524\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"16 p.\",\"startPage\":\"1\",\"endPage\":\"16\",\"\ + numberOfPages\":\"16\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\"\ + ,\"ipdsId\":\"IP-069941\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National\ + \ Wildlife Health Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316723,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"10\",\"issue\":\"12\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\"\ + :6,\"text\":\"Columbus PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"\ + Hall, Jeffrey S. jshall@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2254,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hall\",\"given\":\"Jeffrey S.\",\"email\"\ + :\"jshall@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife\ + \ Health Center\"},\"id\":597668,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Russell, Robin E. rerussell@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":3998,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Russell\",\"given\":\"Robin E.\",\"email\":\"rerussell@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":597669,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Franson, J Christian jfranson@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":149318,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Franson\",\"given\":\"J Christian\",\"email\"\ + :\"jfranson@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife\ + \ Health Center\"},\"id\":597670,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Soos, Catherine\",\"contributorId\":99042,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Soos\",\"given\":\"Catherine\"\ + ,\"id\":597674,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :4},{\"text\":\"Dusek, Robert rdusek@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":152316,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Dusek\",\"given\":\"Robert\"\ + ,\"email\":\"rdusek@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National\ + \ Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":597671,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Allen, R. Bradford\",\"contributorId\"\ + :156366,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Allen\",\"given\"\ + :\"R. Bradford\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":20327,\"text\":\"Maine Department\ + \ of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Bangor, ME 04401\"},\"id\":597675,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Nashold, Sean W.\ + \ snashold@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3611,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Nashold\",\"given\":\"Sean W.\",\"email\":\"snashold@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife Health Center\"\ + },\"id\":597672,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :7},{\"text\":\"Teslaa, Joshua L. jteslaa@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":5794,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Teslaa\",\"given\":\"Joshua\ + \ L.\",\"email\":\"jteslaa@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":456,\"text\"\ + :\"National Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":597673,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"J\xF3nsson, J\xF3n Einar\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156367,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"J\xF3nsson\",\"given\":\"J\xF3n Einar\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":20328,\"\ + text\":\"University of Iceland, Sn\xE6fellsnes Research Centre, Stykkish\xF3\ + lmur, Iceland 245.\"},\"id\":597676,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9},{\"text\":\"Ballard, Jennifer R.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :127726,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Ballard\",\"given\"\ + :\"Jennifer R.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":7125,\"text\":\"Southeastern Cooperative\ + \ Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia,\ + \ Athens, GA 30602, USA.\"},\"id\":597677,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":10},{\"text\":\"Harms, Naomi Jnae\",\"contributorId\"\ + :156368,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Harms\",\"given\"\ + :\"Naomi Jnae\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":20329,\"text\":\"Department of Veterinary\ + \ Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine,University of\"},\"id\"\ + :597678,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":11},{\"\ + text\":\"Brown, Justin D.\",\"contributorId\":87838,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Brown\",\"given\":\"Justin D.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":7125,\"text\":\"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study,\ + \ College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,\ + \ USA.\"},\"id\":597679,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":12}]}},{\"id\":70164517,\"text\":\"70164517 - 2015 - Mapping geoelectric\ + \ fields during magnetic storms: Synthetic analysis of empirical United States\ + \ impedances\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T13:05:23\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164517\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-12-14T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1807,\"text\":\"Geophysical Research Letters\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Mapping geoelectric fields during\ + \ magnetic storms: Synthetic analysis of empirical United States impedances\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

Empirical impedance tensors obtained from EarthScope\ + \ magnetotelluric data at sites distributed across the midwestern United States\ + \ are used to examine the feasibility of mapping magnetic storm induction\ + \ of geoelectric fields. With these tensors, in order to isolate the effects\ + \ of Earth conductivity structure, we perform a synthetic analysis—calculating\ + \ geoelectric field variations induced by a geomagnetic field that is geographically\ + \ uniform but varying sinusoidally with a chosen set of oscillation frequencies\ + \ that are characteristic of magnetic storm variations. For north-south oriented\ + \ geomagnetic oscillations at a period of T0=100 s,\ + \ induced geoelectric field vectors show substantial geographically distributed\ + \ differences in amplitude (approximately a factor of 100), direction (up\ + \ to 130\u2218), and phase (over a quarter wavelength). These differences\ + \ are the result of three-dimensional Earth conductivity structure, and they\ + \ highlight a shortcoming of one-dimensional conductivity models (and other\ + \ synthetic models not derived from direct geophysical measurement) that are\ + \ used in the evaluation of storm time geoelectric hazards for the electric\ + \ power grid industry. A hypothetical extremely intense magnetic storm having\ + \ 500 nT amplitude at T0=100 s would induce\ + \ geoelectric fields with an average amplitude across the midwestern United\ + \ States of about 2.71 V/km, but with a representative site-to-site range\ + \ of 0.15 V/km to 16.77 V/km. Significant improvement in the evaluation\ + \ of such hazards will require detailed knowledge of the Earth's interior\ + \ three-dimensional conductivity structure.

\\n

 

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"American Geophysical Union\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/2015GL066636\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"11 p.\",\"startPage\":\"10160\",\"endPage\":\"10170\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-070730\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":300,\"text\":\"Geologic Hazards Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":316741,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"42\",\"issue\":\"23\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"\ + Denver PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Bedrosian, Paul A.\ + \ pbedrosian@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":839,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Bedrosian\",\"given\":\"Paul A.\",\"email\":\"pbedrosian@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":312,\"text\":\"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":597711,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Love, Jeffrey J. jlove@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :760,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Love\",\"given\":\"\ + Jeffrey J.\",\"email\":\"jlove@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":300,\"text\"\ + :\"Geologic Hazards Science Center\"},\"id\":597712,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70159032,\"text\":\"cir1418\ + \ - 2015 - Restoration handbook for sagebrush steppe ecosystems with emphasis\ + \ on greater sage-grouse habitat\u2014Part 2. Landscape level restoration\ + \ decisions\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T11:59:18\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"cir1418\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-12-07T09:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":307,\"\ + text\":\"Circular\",\"code\":\"CIR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2330-5703\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"1067-084X\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"1418\",\"title\":\"Restoration handbook for sagebrush steppe ecosystems\ + \ with emphasis on greater sage-grouse habitat\u2014Part 2. Landscape level\ + \ restoration decisions\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Sagebrush steppe ecosystems\ + \ in the United States currently (2015) occur on only about one-half of their\ + \ historical land area because of changes in land use, urban growth, and degradation\ + \ of land, including invasions of non-native plants. The existence of many\ + \ animal species depends on the existence of sagebrush steppe habitat. The\ + \ greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a landscape-dependent\ + \ bird that requires intact habitat and combinations of sagebrush and perennial\ + \ grasses to exist. In addition, other sagebrush-obligate animals also have\ + \ similar requirements and restoration of landscapes for greater sage-grouse\ + \ also will benefit these animals. Once sagebrush lands are degraded, they\ + \ may require restoration actions to make those lands viable habitat for supporting\ + \ sagebrush-obligate animals.

\\n

Land managers do not have resources\ + \ to restore all locations because of the extent of the restoration need and\ + \ because some land uses are not likely to change, therefore, restoration\ + \ decisions made at the landscape to regional scale may improve the effectiveness\ + \ of restoration to achieve landscape and local restoration objectives. We\ + \ present a landscape restoration decision tool intended to assist decision\ + \ makers in determining landscape objectives, to identify and prioritize landscape\ + \ areas where sites for priority restoration projects might be located, and\ + \ to aid in ultimately selecting restoration sites guided by criteria used\ + \ to define the landscape objectives. The landscape restoration decision tool\ + \ is structured in five sections that should be addressed sequentially. Each\ + \ section has a primary question or statement followed by related questions\ + \ and statements to assist the user in addressing the primary question or\ + \ statement. This handbook will guide decision makers through the important\ + \ process steps of identifying appropriate questions, gathering appropriate\ + \ data, developing landscape objectives, and prioritizing landscape patches\ + \ where potential sites for restoration projects may be located. Once potential\ + \ sites are selected, land managers can move to the site-specific decision\ + \ tool to guide restoration decisions at the site level.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/cir1418\",\"isbn\":\"9781411339972\",\"\ + collaboration\":\"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Joint Fire Science Program\ + \ and National Interagency Fire Center, Bureau of Land Management, Great Northern\ + \ Landscape Conservation, and Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Pyke, D.A., Knick, S.T., Chambers, J.C., Pellant, M.,\ + \ Miller, R.F., Beck, J.L., Doescher, P.S., Schupp, E.W., Roundy,\\nB.A.,\ + \ Brunson, M., and McIver, J.D., 2015, Restoration handbook for sagebrush\ + \ steppe ecosystems with emphasis\\non greater sage-grouse habitat\u2014Part\ + \ 2. Landscape level restoration decisions: U.S. Geological Survey Circular\ + \ 1418,\\n21 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1418.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"vi, 21 p.\",\"numberOfPages\":\"31\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-061720\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":289,\"text\":\"Forest\ + \ and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":311999,\"rank\"\ + :3,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=4405#.VmXH_n6rRhE\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Technical Announcement\"},{\"id\":311670,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1418/circ1418.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"5.4 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"},\"description\":\"Circular 1418 PDF\"},{\"id\":311669,\"rank\":1,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1418/coverthb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,\ + \ Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\ + \": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\ + \": [\\n [\\n [\\n -121.025390625,\\n \ + \ 37.75334401310656\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.025390625,\\n 48.980216985374994\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -104.1064453125,\\n 48.980216985374994\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -104.1064453125,\\n \ + \ 37.75334401310656\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.025390625,\\n 37.75334401310656\\n ]\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contact\":\"

Director,\ + \ Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey777 NW 9th St., Suite 400
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
http://fresc.usgs.gov

\",\"tableOfContents\"\ + :\"\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":12,\"\ + text\":\"Tacoma PSC\"},\"publishedDate\":\"2015-12-07\",\"contributors\":{\"\ + authors\":[{\"text\":\"Pyke, David A. david_a_pyke@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :3118,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Pyke\",\"given\":\"\ + David A.\",\"email\":\"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":289,\"\ + text\":\"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center\"},\"id\":577547,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Knick, Steven T.\ + \ steve_knick@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":159,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Knick\",\"given\":\"Steven T.\",\"email\":\"steve_knick@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":289,\"text\":\"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":577548,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Chambers, Jeanne C.\",\"contributorId\":75889,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Chambers\",\"given\":\"Jeanne\ + \ C.\",\"id\":577549,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Pellant, Mike\",\"contributorId\":83856,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Pellant\",\"given\":\"Mike\",\"id\":577550,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"\ + Miller, Richard F.\",\"contributorId\":12964,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Miller\",\"given\":\"Richard F.\",\"id\":577551,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Beck, Jeffrey L.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":93316,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Beck\",\"given\":\"Jeffrey L.\",\"id\":577552,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Doescher, Paul S.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :100306,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Doescher\",\"given\"\ + :\"Paul S.\",\"id\":577553,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"Schupp, Eugene W.\",\"contributorId\":83455,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Schupp\",\"given\":\"Eugene W.\",\"id\"\ + :577554,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"\ + text\":\"Roundy, Bruce A.\",\"contributorId\":95824,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Roundy\",\"given\":\"Bruce A.\",\"id\":577555,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9},{\"text\":\"\ + Brunson, Mark\",\"contributorId\":65781,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Brunson\",\"given\":\"Mark\",\"id\":577556,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":10},{\"text\":\"McIver, James D.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":147424,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"McIver\",\"given\":\"James D.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":6680,\"text\":\"\ + Oregon State University\"},\"id\":577557,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":11}]}},{\"id\":70159861,\"text\":\"70159861 -\ + \ 2015 - Mortality patterns in endangered Hawaiian geese (Nene; Branta\ + \ sandvicensis)\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T10:32:37\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70159861\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-12-01T12:15\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":2507,\"text\":\"Journal of Wildlife Diseases\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Mortality patterns in endangered\ + \ Hawaiian geese (Nene; Branta sandvicensis)\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Understanding\ + \ causes of death can aid management and recovery of endangered bird populations.\ + \ Toward those ends, we systematically examined 300 carcasses of endangered\ + \ Hawaiian Geese (Nene; Branta sandvicensis) from\ + \ Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai between 1992 and 2013. The most common\ + \ cause of death was emaciation, followed by trauma (vehicular strikes and\ + \ predation), and infectious/inflammatory diseases of which toxoplasmosis\ + \ (infection with Toxoplasma gondii) predominated.\ + \ Toxicoses were less common and were dominated by lead poisoning or botulism.\ + \ For captive birds, inflammatory conditions predominated, whereas emaciation,\ + \ trauma, and inflammation were common in free-ranging birds. Mortality patterns\ + \ were similar for males and females. Trauma predominated for adults, whereas\ + \ emaciation was more common for goslings. Causes of death varied among islands,\ + \ with trauma dominating on Molokai, emaciation and inflammation on Kauai,\ + \ emaciation on Hawaii, and inflammation and trauma on Maui. Understanding\ + \ habitat or genetic-related factors that predispose Nene (particularly goslings)\ + \ to emaciation might reduce the impact of this finding. In addition, trauma\ + \ and infection with T. gondii are human-related\ + \ problems that may be attenuated if effectively managed (e.g., road signs,\ + \ enforcement of speed limits, feral cat [Felis catus]\ + \ control). Such management actions might serve to enhance recovery of this\ + \ endangered species.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"BioOne\",\"doi\":\"10.7589/2014-11-256\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Work, T.M.,\ + \ J. Dagenais, R. Rameyer, R. Breeden. 2015. Mortality patterns in endangered\ + \ Hawaiian geese (nene; branta sandvicensis). The Journal of Wildlife Diseases\ + \ 51(3):688-95. DOI: 10.7589/2014-11-256\",\"productDescription\":\"8 p.\"\ + ,\"startPage\":\"688\",\"endPage\":\"695\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"temporalStart\":\"1992-01-01\",\"temporalEnd\":\"2013-12-31\",\"\ + ipdsId\":\"IP-062090\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife\ + \ Health Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":311762,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Hawaii\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\\"features\\\":[{\\\"type\\\"\ + :\\\"Feature\\\",\\\"geometry\\\":{\\\"type\\\":\\\"MultiPolygon\\\",\\\"\ + 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+ \"properties\\\":{\\\"name\\\":\\\"Hawaii\\\",\\\"nation\\\":\\\"USA \\\"\ + }}]}\",\"volume\":\"51\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\"\ + :6,\"text\":\"Columbus PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"\ + Work, Thierry M. thierry_work@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1187,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Work\",\"given\":\"Thierry M.\",\"email\"\ + :\"thierry_work@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National\ + \ Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":580742,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Dagenais, Julie jdagenais@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":5955,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Dagenais\",\"given\":\"Julie\",\"email\":\"jdagenais@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":580743,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Rameyer, Robert bob_rameyer@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":150128,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Rameyer\",\"given\":\"Robert\",\"email\"\ + :\"bob_rameyer@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National\ + \ Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":580744,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Breeden, Renee rbreeden@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":149679,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Breeden\",\"given\":\"Renee\",\"email\":\"rbreeden@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":580745,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70164520,\"\ + text\":\"70164520 - 2015 - Interpretation of S waves generated by near-surface\ + \ chemical explosions at SAFOD\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T12:57:30\",\"indexId\":\"70164520\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2015-12-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1135,\"text\":\"Bulletin of the\ + \ Seismological Society of America\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Interpretation of S waves generated by near-surface\ + \ chemical explosions at SAFOD\",\"docAbstract\":\"

A series of near-surface\ + \ chemical explosions conducted at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth\ + \ (SAFOD) were recorded by high-frequency downhole receiver arrays in separate\ + \ experiments in November 2003 and May 2005. The 2003 experiment involved\ + \ ∼100  kg shots detonated along a 46-km-long line (Hole–Ryberg\ + \ line) centered on SAFOD and recorded by 32 three-component geophones in\ + \ the pilot hole between 0.8 and 2.0 km depth. The 2005 experiment involved\ + \ ∼36  kg shots detonated at Parkfield Area Seismic Observatory\ + \ (PASO) stations (at ∼1–8  km offset) recorded by\ + \ 80 three-component geophones in the main hole between the surface and 2.4 km\ + \ depth. These data sample the downgoing seismic wavefield and constrain the\ + \ shallow velocity and attenuation structure, as well as the first-order characteristics\ + \ of the source. Using forward modeling on a velocity structure designed for\ + \ the near field, both observed P- and S-wave\ + \ energy for the PASO shots are identified with the travel times expected\ + \ for direct and/or reflected phases. Larger-offset recordings from shots\ + \ along the Hole–Ryberg line reveal substantial SV and SH energy,\ + \ especially southwest of SAFOD from the source as indicated by P-to-S amplitude\ + \ ratios. The generated SV energy is interpreted\ + \ to arise chiefly from P-to-S conversions\ + \ at subhorizontal discontinuities. This provides a simple mechanism for often-observed\ + \ low P-to-S amplitude ratios\ + \ from nuclear explosions in the far field, as originating from strong near-field\ + \ wave conversions.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"\ + Seismological Society of Amercia\",\"doi\":\"10.1785/0120140242\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Pollitz, F. F., Ellsworth, W., and Rubinstein, J., Interpretation of S\ + \ waves generated by near-surface chemical explosions at SAFOD, Bull. Seismol.\ + \ Soc. Am., 105, 2835-2851 (2015).\",\"productDescription\":\"17 p.\",\"startPage\"\ + :\"2835\",\"endPage\":\"2851\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-057606\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":237,\"text\":\"Earthquake\ + \ Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316740,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"105\",\"issue\":\"6\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\"\ + :14,\"text\":\"Menlo Park PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Pollitz, Fred F. fpollitz@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2408,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Pollitz\",\"given\":\"Fred F.\",\"email\"\ + :\"fpollitz@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":237,\"text\":\"Earthquake Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":597718,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :787,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Ellsworth\",\"given\"\ + :\"William L.\",\"email\":\"ellsworth@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":237,\"\ + text\":\"Earthquake Science Center\"},\"id\":597719,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Rubinstein, Justin L.\ + \ jrubinstein@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2404,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Rubinstein\",\"given\":\"Justin L.\",\"email\":\"jrubinstein@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":237,\"text\":\"Earthquake Science Center\"},\"id\"\ + :597720,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"\ + id\":70164522,\"text\":\"70164522 - 2015 - Observed decrease in atmospheric\ + \ mercury explained by global decline in anthropogenic emissions\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T12:05:23\",\"indexId\":\"70164522\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-11-30T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3164,\"\ + text\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Observed decrease in atmospheric\ + \ mercury explained by global decline in anthropogenic emissions\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Observations of elemental mercury (Hg0) at sites in North\ + \ America and Europe show large decreases (∼1–2% y−1)\ + \ from 1990 to present. Observations in background northern hemisphere air,\ + \ including Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii) and CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for\ + \ the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container)\ + \ aircraft flights, show weaker decreases (<1% y−1). These\ + \ decreases are inconsistent with current global emission inventories indicating\ + \ flat or increasing emissions over that period. However, the inventories\ + \ have three major flaws: (i) they do not account for the decline in\ + \ atmospheric release of Hg from commercial products; (ii) they are\ + \ biased in their estimate of artisanal and small-scale gold mining emissions;\ + \ and (iii) they do not properly account for the change in Hg0/HgII speciation\ + \ of emissions from coal-fired utilities after implementation of emission\ + \ controls targeted at SO2 and NOx. We construct\ + \ an improved global emission inventory for the period 1990 to 2010 accounting\ + \ for the above factors and find a 20% decrease in total Hg emissions and\ + \ a 30% decrease in anthropogenic Hg0 emissions, with much\ + \ larger decreases in North America and Europe offsetting the effect of increasing\ + \ emissions in Asia. Implementation of our inventory in a global 3D atmospheric\ + \ Hg simulation [GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry)] coupled\ + \ to land and ocean reservoirs reproduces the observed large-scale trends\ + \ in atmospheric Hg0 concentrations and in HgII wet\ + \ deposition. The large trends observed in North America and Europe reflect\ + \ the phase-out of Hg from commercial products as well as the cobenefit from\ + \ SO2 and NOx emission controls on coal-fired\ + \ utilities.

\\n

 

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"The Academy\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Washington, D.C.\",\"doi\":\"10.1073/pnas.1516312113\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"6 p.\",\"startPage\":\"526\",\"endPage\":\"531\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-070993\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":677,\"text\":\"Wisconsin Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":316735,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"133\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":6,\"text\":\"\ + Columbus PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Yanxu Zhang\",\"\ + contributorId\":156387,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Yanxu Zhang\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":16811,\"text\":\"Harvard University\"\ + },\"id\":597723,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Daniel J. Jacob\",\"contributorId\":156388,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Daniel J. Jacob\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\"\ + :16811,\"text\":\"Harvard University\"},\"id\":597724,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Hannah M. Horowitz\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156389,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Hannah M. Horowitz\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":16811,\"text\":\"Harvard University\"\ + },\"id\":597725,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :3},{\"text\":\"Long Chen\",\"contributorId\":156390,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Long Chen\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":16811,\"text\"\ + :\"Harvard University\"},\"id\":597726,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Helen M. Amos\",\"contributorId\":156391,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Helen M. Amos\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":16811,\"text\":\"Harvard University\"},\"id\":597727,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Krabbenhoft, David\ + \ P. dpkrabbe@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1658,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Krabbenhoft\",\"given\":\"David P.\",\"email\":\"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":677,\"text\":\"Wisconsin Water Science Center\"},\"\ + id\":597722,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"\ + text\":\"Franz Slemr\",\"contributorId\":156392,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Franz Slemr\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":12534,\"text\":\"\ + Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany\"},\"id\":597728,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"Vincent L. St. Louis\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156393,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Vincent L. St. Louis\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":12980,\"text\":\"Department\ + \ of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada\"\ + },\"id\":597729,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :8},{\"text\":\"Elsie M. Sunderland\",\"contributorId\":156394,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Elsie M. Sunderland\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":16811,\"text\":\"Harvard University\"},\"id\":597730,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9}]}},{\"id\":70164514,\"text\"\ + :\"70164514 - 2015 - What is the Anthropocene?\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T12:09:27\",\"indexId\":\"70164514\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2015-11-30T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3879,\"text\":\"EOS - Earth & Space\ + \ Science News\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\"\ + :\"What is the Anthropocene?\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Since Paul Crutzen and\ + \ Eugene Stoermer introduced the word “Anthropocene” in 2000,\ + \ scientists and nonscientists alike have used the word to highlight the concept\ + \ that we are now living in a time when the global environment, at some level,\ + \ is shaped by humankind rather than vice versa. Humans have significantly\ + \ altered Earth’s land surface, oceans, rivers, atmosphere, flora, and\ + \ fauna.  By its emphasis on the here and now and on what humans have\ + \ done and can do in the future, the word “Anthropocene” has served\ + \ as a call to action for environmental sustainability and responsibility\ + \ [Crutzen and Stoermer, 2000; Waters et al., 2014; Ruddiman\ + \ et al., 2015].

\\n

So far, however, the term “Anthropocene”\ + \ has not been integrated into the official Geologic Time Scale, which geologists\ + \ use to divide the past into named blocks based on the rock record. In 2016\ + \ or thereabouts, the International Commission on Stratigraphy—the scientific\ + \ body that maintains the official Geologic Time Scale—will consider\ + \ a proposal to formalize a definition of this term. It’s a decision\ + \ that has both semantic and scientific implications and may have legal implications\ + \ as well.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"American Geophysical\ + \ Union\",\"doi\":\"10.1029/2015EO040297\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Edwards, L.\ + \ E. (2015), What is the Anthropocene?, Eos, 96, doi:10.1029/2015EO040297.\ + \ Published on 30 November 2015.Eos, 96, doi:10.1029/2015EO040297\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"2 p.\",\"startPage\":\"6\",\"endPage\":\"7\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-065862\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":243,\"text\":\"Eastern\ + \ Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316736,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"97\",\"issue\":\"2\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":9,\"\ + text\":\"Reston PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Edwards,\ + \ Lucy E. leedward@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2647,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Edwards\",\"given\":\"Lucy E.\",\"email\":\"leedward@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":243,\"text\":\"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":597698,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70159937,\"text\":\"70159937 - 2015 - Yellowstone\ + \ wolf (Canis lupus) denisty predicted by elk (Cervus elaphus)\ + \ biomass\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:26:32\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70159937\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-11-24T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1176,\"text\":\"Canadian Journal of Zoology\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Yellowstone wolf (Canis lupus)\ + \ denisty predicted by elk (Cervus elaphus) biomass\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

The Northern Range (NR) of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) hosts\ + \ a higher prey biomass density in the form of elk (Cervus elaphus L.,\ + \ 1758) than any other system of gray wolves (Canis lupus L.,\ + \ 1758) and prey reported. Therefore, it is important to determine whether\ + \ that wolf–prey system fits a long-standing model relating wolf density\ + \ to prey biomass. Using data from 2005 to 2012 after elk population fluctuations\ + \ dampened 10 years subsequent to wolf reintroduction, we found that NR prey\ + \ biomass predicted wolf density. This finding and the trajectory of the regression\ + \ extend the validity of the model to prey densities 19% higher than previous\ + \ data and suggest that the model would apply to wolf–prey systems of\ + \ even higher prey biomass.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"Canadian Journal of Zoology\",\"doi\":\"10.1139/cjz-2015-0002\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Mech, L. D., and S. M. Barber-Meyer. 2015. Yellowstone wolf (Canis lupus)\ + \ denisty predicted by elk (Cervus elaphus) biomass. Canadian Journal of Zoology,\ + \ 93:499-502.. doi: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0002\",\"productDescription\":\"4 p.\"\ + ,\"startPage\":\"499\",\"endPage\":\"502\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-062098\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern\ + \ Prairie Wildlife Research Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":311956,\"rank\"\ + :1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming\",\"\ + otherGeospatial\":\"Yellowstone National Park\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\\ + n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n \ + \ {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\\ + n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -111.0443115234375,\\n 45.0502402697946\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -110.0006103515625,\\n 45.061881623213026\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -109.92370605468749,\\n \ + \ 44.836395454104796\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -109.852294921875,\\n 44.695992981720714\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -110.1104736328125,\\n \ + \ 44.56699093657141\\n ],\\n [\\n -110.0775146484375,\\\ + n 44.382765762252404\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -109.9951171875,\\n 44.25306865928177\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -109.984130859375,\\n \ + \ 44.1151978766043\\n ],\\n [\\n -111.0882568359375,\\\ + n 44.146739625584985\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -111.104736328125,\\n 45.058001435398296\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -111.0443115234375,\\n \ + \ 45.0502402697946\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\\ + n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"93\",\"issue\":\"6\",\"publishingServiceCenter\"\ + :{\"id\":4,\"text\":\"Rolla PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Mech, L. David david_mech@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2518,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Mech\",\"given\":\"L. David\",\"email\"\ + :\"david_mech@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie\ + \ Wildlife Research Center\"},\"id\":581136,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Barber-meyer, Shannon sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":150236,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Barber-meyer\",\"given\":\"Shannon\",\"email\":\"sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":581137,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70159858,\"text\":\"70159858 - 2015 - Laboratory\ + \ investigations of African Pouched Rats (Cricetomys gambianus) as\ + \ a potential reservoir host species for Monkeypox Virus\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T10:34:36\",\"indexId\":\"70159858\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-10-30T02:30\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2978,\"\ + text\":\"PLoS\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\"\ + :\"Laboratory investigations of African Pouched Rats (Cricetomys gambianus)\ + \ as a potential reservoir host species for Monkeypox Virus\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease endemic to central and western\ + \ Africa, where it is a major public health concern. Although Monkeypox\ + \ virus (MPXV) and monkeypox disease in humans have been well\ + \ characterized, little is known about its natural history, or its maintenance\ + \ in animal populations of sylvatic reservoir(s). In 2003, several species\ + \ of rodents imported from Ghana were involved in a monkeypox outbreak in\ + \ the United States with individuals of three African rodent genera (Cricetomys, Graphiurus, Funisciurus)\ + \ shown to be infected with MPXV. Here, we examine the course of MPXV infection\ + \ in Cricetomys gambianus (pouched Gambian rats)\ + \ and this rodent species’ competence as a host for the virus. We obtained\ + \ ten Gambian rats from an introduced colony in Grassy Key, Florida and infected\ + \ eight of these via scarification with a challenge dose of 4X104 plaque\ + \ forming units (pfu) from either of the two primary clades of MPXV: Congo\ + \ Basin (C-MPXV: n = 4) or West African (W-MPXV: n = 4); an additional 2 animals\ + \ served as PBS controls. Viral shedding and the effect of infection on activity\ + \ and physiological aspects of the animals were measured. MPXV challenged\ + \ animals had significantly higher core body temperatures, reduced activity\ + \ and increased weight loss than PBS controls. Viable virus was found in samples\ + \ taken from animals in both experimental groups (C-MPXV and W-MPXV) between\ + \ 3 and 27 days post infection (p.i.) (up to 1X108pfu/ml),\ + \ with viral DNA found until day 56 p.i. The results from this work show that Cricetomys\ + \ gambianus (and by inference, probably the closely related\ + \ species, Cricetomys emini) can be infected with\ + \ MPXV and shed viable virus particles; thus suggesting that these animals\ + \ may be involved in the maintenance of MPXV in wildlife mammalian populations.\ + \ More research is needed to elucidate the epidemiology of MPXV and the role\ + \ of Gambian rats and other species.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"Public Library of Science\",\"publisherLocation\":\"San Francisco,\ + \ CA\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pntd.0004013\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Hutson,\ + \ C.L., Y.J. Nakazawa, J. Self, V.A. Olson, R.L. Regnery, Z. Braden, S. Weiss,\ + \ J. Malekani, E. Jackson, M. Tate, K.L. Karem, T.E. Rocke, J.E. Osorio, I.K.\ + \ Damon, D.S. Carroll. 2015. Laboratory investigations of African Pouched\ + \ Rates (Cricetomys gambianus) as a potential reservoir host species for Monkeypox\ + \ Virus. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9(10):1-20.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004013\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"20 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-066058\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National\ + \ Wildlife Health Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":312019,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":6,\"text\":\"Columbus PSC\"},\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hutson, Christina L.\",\"contributorId\":150102,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Hutson\",\"given\":\"Christina\ + \ L.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":17914,\"text\":\"CDC\"},\"id\":580809,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Nakazawa, Yoshinori\ + \ J.\",\"contributorId\":150106,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Nakazawa\",\"given\":\"Yoshinori J.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":17914,\"\ + text\":\"CDC\"},\"id\":580810,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Self, Joshua\",\"contributorId\":150117,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Self\",\"given\":\"Joshua\",\"id\":580811,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Olson, Victoria A.\",\"contributorId\":150107,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Olson\",\"given\":\"Victoria A.\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":17914,\"text\":\"CDC\"},\"id\":580812,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Regnery, Russell L.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :150108,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Regnery\",\"given\"\ + :\"Russell L.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":17914,\"text\":\"CDC\"},\"id\":580813,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"\ + Braden, Zachary\",\"contributorId\":150109,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Braden\",\"given\":\"Zachary\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\"\ + :17914,\"text\":\"CDC\"},\"id\":580814,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Weiss, Sonja\",\"contributorId\":150118,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Weiss\",\"given\":\"Sonja\"\ + ,\"id\":580815,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :7},{\"text\":\"Malekani, Jean\",\"contributorId\":150110,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Malekani\",\"given\":\"Jean\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":17915,\"text\":\"Univ. of Kinshasa, DRC\"},\"id\":580816,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"Jackson, Eddie\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":150119,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Jackson\",\"given\":\"Eddie\",\"id\":581483,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9},{\"text\":\"Tate, Mallory\",\"contributorId\"\ + :150120,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Tate\",\"given\"\ + :\"Mallory\",\"id\":581484,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":10},{\"text\":\"Karem, Kevin L.\",\"contributorId\":150111,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Karem\",\"given\":\"Kevin L.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":17914,\"text\":\"CDC\"},\"id\":581485,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":11},{\"text\":\"Rocke, Tonie E. trocke@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2665,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Rocke\",\"given\":\"Tonie E.\",\"email\":\"trocke@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":456,\"text\":\"National Wildlife Health Center\"},\"id\":581486,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":12},{\"text\":\"\ + Osorio, Jorge E.\",\"contributorId\":50392,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Osorio\",\"given\":\"Jorge E.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\"\ + :13052,\"text\":\"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary\ + \ Medicine, University of Wisconsin\"},\"id\":581487,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":13},{\"text\":\"Damon, Inger K.\",\"\ + contributorId\":150112,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Damon\",\"given\":\"Inger K.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":17914,\"text\":\"CDC\"\ + },\"id\":581488,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :14},{\"text\":\"Carroll, Darin S.\",\"contributorId\":150113,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Carroll\",\"given\":\"Darin S.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":17914,\"text\":\"CDC\"},\"id\":581489,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":15}]}},{\"id\":70156459,\"text\":\"cir1416\ + \ - 2015 - Restoration handbook for sagebrush steppe ecosystems with emphasis\ + \ on greater sage-grouse habitat\u2014Part 1. Concepts for understanding and\ + \ applying restoration\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T11:47:22\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"cir1416\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-10-26T12:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":307,\"\ + text\":\"Circular\",\"code\":\"CIR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2330-5703\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"1067-084X\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"1416\",\"title\":\"Restoration handbook for sagebrush steppe ecosystems\ + \ with emphasis on greater sage-grouse habitat\u2014Part 1. Concepts for understanding\ + \ and applying restoration\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Sagebrush steppe ecosystems\ + \ in the United States currently occur on only about one-half of their historical\ + \ land area because of changes in land use, urban growth, and degradation\ + \ of land, including invasions of non-native plants. The existence of many\ + \ animal species depends on the existence of sagebrush steppe habitat. The\ + \ greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a landscape-dependent\ + \ bird that requires intact habitat and combinations of sagebrush and perennial\ + \ grasses to exist. In addition, other sagebrush-obligate animals also have\ + \ similar requirements and restoration of landscapes for greater sage-grouse\ + \ also will benefit these animals. Once sagebrush lands are degraded, they\ + \ may require restoration actions to make those lands viable habitat for supporting\ + \ sagebrushobligate animals. This restoration handbook is the first in a three-part\ + \ series on restoration of sagebrush ecosystems. In Part 1, we discuss concepts\ + \ surrounding landscape and restoration ecology of sagebrush ecosystems and\ + \ greater sage-grouse that habitat managers and restoration practitioners\ + \ need to know to make informed decisions regarding where and how to restore\ + \ specific areas. We will describe the plant dynamics of sagebrush steppe\ + \ ecosystems and their responses to major disturbances, fire, and defoliation.\ + \ We will introduce the concepts of ecosystem resilience to disturbances and\ + \ resistance to invasions of annual grasses within sagebrush steppe. An introduction\ + \ to soils and ecological site information will provide insights into the\ + \ specific plants that can be restored in a location. Soil temperature and\ + \ moisture regimes are described as a tool for determining resilience and\ + \ resistance and the potential for various restoration actions. Greater sage-grouse\ + \ are considered landscape birds that require large areas of intact sagebrush\ + \ steppe; therefore, we describe concepts of landscape ecology that aid our\ + \ decisions regarding habitat restoration. We provide a brief overview of\ + \ restoration techniques for sage-grouse habitat restoration. We conclude\ + \ with a description of the critical nature of monitoring for adaptive management\ + \ of sagebrush steppe restoration at landscape- and project-specific levels.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/cir1416\",\"isbn\":\"9781411339682\",\"\ + collaboration\":\"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Joint Fire Science Program\ + \ and National Interagency Fire Center, Bureau of Land Management, Great Northern\ + \ Landscape Conservation, and Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Pyke, D.A., Chambers, J.C., Pellant, M., Knick, S.T.,\ + \ Miller, R,F., Beck, J.L., Doescher, P.S., Schupp, E.W., Roundy,\\nB.A.,\ + \ Brunson, M., and McIver, J.D., 2015, Restoration handbook for sagebrush\ + \ steppe ecosystems with emphasis on\\ngreater sage-grouse habitat\u2014Part\ + \ 1. Concepts for understanding and applying restoration: U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\\nCircular 1416, 44 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1416.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"vii, 43 p.\",\"numberOfPages\":\"56\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-061315\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":289,\"text\":\"Forest\ + \ and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":310724,\"rank\"\ + :3,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=4367\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Technical Announcement\"},{\"id\":310607,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1416/cir1416.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"5.3 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"},\"description\":\"Circular 1416 PDF\"},{\"id\":310606,\"rank\":1,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1416/coverthb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Arizona, California, Colorado,\ + \ Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South\ + \ Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Colorado Plateau,\ + \ Columbia Basin, Great Basin, Silver Sagebrush, Snake River Plain, Wyoming\ + \ Basin\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -108.720703125,\\n 49.55372551347579\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -104.32617187499999,\\n \ + \ 47.98992166741417\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -104.19433593749999,\\n 47.57652571374621\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -103.798828125,\\n 46.98025235521883\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -103.71093749999999,\\n \ + \ 46.28622391806708\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -103.623046875,\\n 45.67548217560647\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -103.9306640625,\\n 43.992814500489914\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -104.4580078125,\\n \ + \ 43.26120612479979\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -106.083984375,\\n 40.54720023441049\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -106.61132812499999,\\n 39.842286020743394\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -106.61132812499999,\\n \ + \ 37.75334401310656\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -105.99609375,\\n 36.87962060502676\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -106.6552734375,\\n 36.31512514748051\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -108.67675781249999,\\n \ + \ 36.10237644873644\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -110.5224609375,\\n 36.24427318493909\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -111.181640625,\\n 35.460669951495305\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -113.203125,\\n \ + \ 35.28150065789119\\n ],\\n [\\n -115.26855468749999,\\\ + n 35.99578538642032\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -117.6416015625,\\n 36.421282443649496\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -119.61914062499999,\\n \ + \ 38.06539235133249\\n ],\\n [\\n -121.11328124999999,\\\ + n 39.774769485295465\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.904296875,\\n 41.27780646738183\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.29980468749999,\\n \ + \ 41.934976500546604\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.3876953125,\\\ + n 44.465151013519616\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.4208984375,\\n 47.39834920035926\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -120.234375,\\n 47.78363463526376\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -118.740234375,\\n \ + \ 47.60616304386874\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -117.94921874999999,\\n 46.58906908309182\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -118.6083984375,\\n 45.85941212790755\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -118.740234375,\\n \ + \ 44.77793589631623\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -115.04882812499999,\\n 44.37098696297173\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -113.99414062499999,\\n 45.55252525134013\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -112.236328125,\\n \ + \ 46.22545288226939\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -110.8740234375,\\n 47.487513008956554\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -112.5,\\n 48.69096039092549\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -112.587890625,\\n \ + \ 49.35375571830993\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -110.7861328125,\\n 49.724479188713005\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -109.51171875,\\n 49.75287993415023\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -108.720703125,\\n \ + \ 49.55372551347579\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contact\":\"

Director, Forest and Rangeland\ + \ Ecosystem Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
777 NW 9th St.,\ + \ Suite 400
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
http://fresc.usgs.gov

\",\"tableOfContents\":\"\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":12,\"\ + text\":\"Tacoma PSC\"},\"publishedDate\":\"2015-10-26\",\"contributors\":{\"\ + authors\":[{\"text\":\"Pyke, David A. david_a_pyke@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :3118,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Pyke\",\"given\":\"\ + David A.\",\"email\":\"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":289,\"\ + text\":\"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center\"},\"id\":569231,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Chambers, Jeanne\ + \ C.\",\"contributorId\":92186,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Chambers\",\"given\":\"Jeanne C.\",\"id\":578278,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Pellant, Mike\",\"contributorId\"\ + :97057,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Pellant\",\"given\"\ + :\"Mike\",\"id\":578279,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Knick, Steven T. steve_knick@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :159,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Knick\",\"given\":\"\ + Steven T.\",\"email\":\"steve_knick@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":289,\"\ + text\":\"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center\"},\"id\":578280,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Miller, Richard F.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":79045,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Miller\",\"given\":\"Richard F.\",\"id\":578281,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Beck, Jeffrey L.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :14753,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Beck\",\"given\":\"\ + Jeffrey L.\",\"id\":578282,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Doescher, Paul S.\",\"contributorId\":11867,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Doescher\",\"given\":\"Paul S.\",\"id\"\ + :578283,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7},{\"\ + text\":\"Schupp, Eugene W.\",\"contributorId\":83455,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Schupp\",\"given\":\"Eugene W.\",\"id\":578284,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"\ + Roundy, Bruce A.\",\"contributorId\":95824,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Roundy\",\"given\":\"Bruce A.\",\"id\":578285,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9},{\"text\":\"Brunson, Mark\",\"\ + contributorId\":65781,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Brunson\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Mark\",\"id\":578286,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":10},{\"text\":\"McIver, James D.\",\"contributorId\":147424,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"McIver\",\"given\":\"James\ + \ D.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":6680,\"text\":\"Oregon State University\"},\"\ + id\":578287,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":11}]}},{\"\ + id\":70164518,\"text\":\"70164518 - 2015 - Aurora painting pays tribute to\ + \ Civil War's end\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T14:11:09\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164518\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-09-24T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":3879,\"text\":\"EOS - Earth & Space Science News\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Aurora painting pays tribute\ + \ to Civil War's end\",\"docAbstract\":\"

This year marks the sesquicentennial\ + \ anniversary of the end of the American Civil War, a conflict that Abraham\ + \ Lincoln called a “mighty scourge.” It was one of the most poignant\ + \ periods in U.S. history, laying bare political, economic, social, and moral\ + \ divergence between Northern and Southern states. The cause of the divergence\ + \ that led to war was slavery [e.g., McPherson, 1988, chap. 3]—an\ + \ institution that, by the 19th century, had been effectively abolished in\ + \ the North but remained firmly entrenched in the South.

\\n

War erupted\ + \ in 1861 after a confederacy of Southern states declared secession from the\ + \ Union of the United States. When the war finally ended in 1865, the Union\ + \ had prevailed, and afterward, slavery was abolished throughout the United\ + \ States. This outcome was obtained at the cost of 750,000 American lives\ + \ and substantial destruction, especially in the South [e.g., Gugliotta,\ + \ 2012].

\\n

In 1865, the same year the war ended, the American landscape\ + \ artist Frederic Edwin Church unveiledAurora Borealis (pictured\ + \ above), a dramatic and mysterious painting that can be interpreted in terms\ + \ of 19th century romanticism, scientific philosophy, and Arctic missions\ + \ of exploration. Aurora Borealiscan also be viewed as a restrained\ + \ tribute to the end of the Civil War—a moving example of how science\ + \ and current events served as the muses of late romantic artists [e.g., Carr,\ + \ 1994, p. 277; Avery, 2011; Harvey, 2012].

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"American Geophysical Union\",\"\ + productDescription\":\"HTML document\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-065551\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":300,\"text\":\"Geologic\ + \ Hazards Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316756,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":316755,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"https://eos.org/features/aurora-painting-pays-tribute-to-civil-wars-end\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}}],\"publishingServiceCenter\"\ + :{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Denver PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Love, Jeffrey J. jlove@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":760,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Love\",\"given\":\"Jeffrey J.\",\"email\"\ + :\"jlove@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":300,\"text\":\"Geologic Hazards\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":597713,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70164515,\"text\":\"70164515 - 2015 - Sustainable\ + \ water management under future uncertainty with eco-engineering decision\ + \ scaling\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T12:17:51\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164515\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-09-14T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":2841,\"text\":\"Nature Climate Change\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Sustainable water management under future uncertainty\ + \ with eco-engineering decision scaling\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Managing\ + \ freshwater resources sustainably under future climatic and hydrological\ + \ uncertainty poses novel challenges. Rehabilitation of ageing infrastructure\ + \ and construction of new dams are widely viewed as solutions to diminish\ + \ climate risk, but attaining the broad goal of freshwater sustainability\ + \ will require expansion of the prevailing water resources management paradigm\ + \ beyond narrow economic criteria to include socially valued ecosystem functions\ + \ and services. We introduce a new decision framework, eco-engineering decision\ + \ scaling (EEDS), that explicitly and quantitatively explores trade-offs in\ + \ stakeholder-defined engineering and ecological performance metrics across\ + \ a range of possible management actions under unknown future hydrological\ + \ and climate states. We illustrate its potential application through a hypothetical\ + \ case study of the Iowa River, USA. EEDS holds promise as a powerful framework\ + \ for operationalizing freshwater sustainability under future hydrological\ + \ uncertainty by fostering collaboration across historically conflicting perspectives\ + \ of water resource engineering and river conservation ecology to design and\ + \ operate water infrastructure for social and environmental benefits.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Nature Pub. Group\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"New York, NY\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/nclimate2765\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"10\",\"startPage\":\"25\",\"endPage\":\"34\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-063765\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":291,\"text\":\"Fort\ + \ Collins Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316737,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"6\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Denver\ + \ PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Poff, N LeRoy\",\"contributorId\"\ + :156377,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Poff\",\"given\"\ + :\"N LeRoy\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":6621,\"text\":\"Colorado State University\"\ + },\"id\":597700,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Brown, Casey M\",\"contributorId\":156378,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Brown\",\"given\":\"Casey M\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":6932,\"text\":\"University of Massachusetts, Amherst\"},\"id\":597701,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Grantham, Theodore tgrantham@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":156376,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Grantham\",\"given\":\"Theodore\",\"email\"\ + :\"tgrantham@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":291,\"text\":\"Fort Collins\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":597699,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Matthews, John H\",\"contributorId\":156379,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Matthews\",\"given\":\"John\ + \ H\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":20334,\"text\":\"Alliance for Global Water Adaptation\"\ + },\"id\":597702,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :4},{\"text\":\"Palmer, Margaret A.\",\"contributorId\":149194,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Palmer\",\"given\":\"Margaret A.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":17669,\"text\":\"Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of\ + \ Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, US\"},\"\ + id\":597703,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"\ + text\":\"Spence, Caitlin M\",\"contributorId\":156380,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Spence\",\"given\":\"Caitlin M\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":6932,\"text\":\"University of Massachusetts, Amherst\"},\"id\":597704,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"\ + Wilby, Robert L.\",\"contributorId\":101561,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Wilby\",\"given\":\"Robert L.\",\"id\":597705,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"Haasnoot, Marjolijn\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156381,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Haasnoot\",\"given\":\"Marjolijn\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":17614,\"text\"\ + :\"Delft University of Technology\"},\"id\":597706,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"Mendoza, Guillermo F\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156382,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Mendoza\",\"given\":\"Guillermo F\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":13502,\"text\"\ + :\"US Army Corps of Engineers\"},\"id\":597707,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9},{\"text\":\"Dominique, Kathleen C\",\"\ + contributorId\":156383,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Dominique\",\"given\":\"Kathleen C\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":20335,\"text\"\ + :\"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\"},\"id\":597708,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":10},{\"text\":\"\ + Baeza, Andres\",\"contributorId\":156384,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Baeza\",\"given\":\"Andres\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":20336,\"text\"\ + :\"National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center\"},\"id\":597709,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":11}]}},{\"id\":70156562,\"text\"\ + :\"ofr20151160 - 2015 - Documentation of input datasets for the soil-water\ + \ balance groundwater recharge model of the Upper Colorado River Basin\",\"\ + interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T15:35:04\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"ofr20151160\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-09-03T19:15\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2015-1160\",\"title\":\"Documentation of input datasets\ + \ for the soil-water balance groundwater recharge model of the Upper Colorado\ + \ River Basin\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The Colorado River and its tributaries\ + \ supply water to more than 35 million people in the United States and 3 million\ + \ people in Mexico, irrigating more than 4.5 million acres of farmland, and\ + \ generating about 12 billion kilowatt hours of hydroelectric power annually.\ + \ The Upper Colorado River Basin, encompassing more than 110,000 square miles\ + \ (mi2), contains the headwaters of the Colorado River (also known\ + \ as the River) and is an important source of snowmelt runoff to the River.\ + \ Groundwater discharge also is an important source of water in the River\ + \ and its tributaries, with estimates ranging from 21 to 58 percent of streamflow\ + \ in the upper basin. Planning for the sustainable management of the Colorado\ + \ River in future climates requires an understanding of the Upper Colorado\ + \ River Basin groundwater system. This report documents input datasets for\ + \ a Soil-Water Balance groundwater recharge model that was developed for the\ + \ Upper Colorado River Basin.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"\ + 10.3133/ofr20151160\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared in cooperation with the\ + \ Bureau of Reclamation and the USGS Groundwater Resources Program\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Tillman, F.D, 2015, Documentation of input datasets for the soil-water\ + \ balance groundwater recharge model of the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S.\ + \ Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015\u20131160, 17 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151160.\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"v, 17 p.\",\"numberOfPages\":\"26\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-066684\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":128,\"text\":\"Arizona Water Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :307918,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1160/coverthb.jpg\"},{\"id\":307919,\"rank\"\ + :2,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1160/ofr20151160.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"3 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"},\"description\":\"OFR 2015-1160 PDF\"},{\"id\":316699,\"rank\":3,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":28,\"text\":\"Dataset\"},\"url\":\"http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr_2015_1160_soil-water_balance\"\ + }],\"country\":\"Mexico, United States\",\"state\":\"Arizona, California,\ + \ Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Colorado\ + \ River Basin\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -111.07177734375,\\n 42.73087427928485\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -106.23779296875,\\n \ + \ 42.85985981506279\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -105.40283203124999,\\n 42.76314586689494\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -105.29296874999999,\\n \ + \ 40.06125658140474\\n ],\\n [\\n -105.35888671875,\\\ + n 37.996162679728116\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -105.22705078125,\\n 36.721273880045004\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -106.36962890624999,\\n \ + \ 35.137879119634185\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -107.0068359375,\\n 34.361576287484176\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -107.05078125,\\n 32.491230287947594\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -107.138671875,\\n \ + \ 30.996445897426373\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -108.7646484375,\\n 30.29701788337205\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -109.44580078125,\\n 29.973970240516614\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -111.4453125,\\n \ + \ 30.183121842195515\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -112.9833984375,\\n 30.44867367928756\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -116.01562499999999,\\n 31.3348710339506\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -115.72998046875,\\n \ + \ 33.17434155100208\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -115.400390625,\\n 35.0120020431607\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -115.26855468749999,\\n 38.25543637637947\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -113.466796875,\\n \ + \ 38.788345355085625\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -112.2802734375,\\n 40.04443758460859\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -111.07177734375,\\n 42.73087427928485\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + contact\":\"

Director, Arizona\ + \ Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park AvenueTucson, AZ 85719
http://az.water.usgs.gov/ 

\"\ + ,\"tableOfContents\":\"\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":14,\"\ + text\":\"Menlo Park PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Tillman,\ + \ Fred D ftillman@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1629,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Tillman\",\"given\":\"Fred D\",\"email\":\"ftillman@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":128,\"text\":\"Arizona Water Science Center\"},\"\ + id\":569517,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"\ + id\":70154949,\"text\":\"70154949 - 2015 - Changes in distribution of Canada\ + \ geese nesting in Arkansas\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"\ + 2016-02-08T11:03:40\",\"indexId\":\"70154949\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"\ + 2015-04-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\"\ + :2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal\ + \ Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1914,\"text\":\"Human-Wildlife Interactions\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Changes in\ + \ distribution of Canada geese nesting in Arkansas\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The\ + \ reintroduced Canada goose (Branta canadensis) population in Arkansas\ + \ has grown in range and abundance in recent decades. We determined the geographic\ + \ range of Arkansas resident Canada geese from 2004 to 2012 using volume contour\ + \ maps from citizen science observations using eBird, a citizen science website,\ + \ and hunter recovery locations from the U.S. Geological Survey Bird Banding\ + \ Laboratory. Resulting maps indicate an increase in Canada goose encounters\ + \ toward northwestern and southwestern Arkansas from the original relocations\ + \ in the Arkansas River valley. We examined movement of Canada geese banded\ + \ and recovered in Arkansas by determining the distance and angle of movement\ + \ between initial and final encounter locations; 25% moved east, and 17% went\ + \ west. The average distance moved from banding to recovery was 50 km (SE\ + \ = 1 km). Recoveries of Canada geese banded in Arkansas were greatest in\ + \ the Mississippi Flyway (58% of all geese) followed by the Central Flyway\ + \ (37%) with some representation in both the Atlantic (4%) and Pacific flyways\ + \ (0.9%). Movement from Arkansas to other states and Canada was influenced\ + \ by goose age and sex. Older individuals traveled longer distances than younger\ + \ ones, and females traveled longer distances than males. Our findings suggest\ + \ that recently established Canada geese in Arkansas have slowly expanded\ + \ within the state to the northwest and southwest with the expansion to the\ + \ east being important now. Movement of Arkansas resident Canada geese on\ + \ molt-migration can contribute to management issues in other states and provinces.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"productDescription\":\"8 p.\",\"startPage\":\"\ + 101\",\"endPage\":\"109\",\"numberOfPages\":\"8\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-056675\",\"costCenters\":[{\"\ + id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":306670,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":306669,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://www.berrymaninstitute.org/htm/human-wildlife-interactions-journal/spring-2015\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Arkansas\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.658203125,\\n 36.527294814546245\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.17578124999999,\\n 36.54494944148322\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.04394531249999,\\n \ + \ 36.43896124085945\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.04394531249999,\\n 36.33282808737919\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -90.37353515625,\\n 36.049098959065645\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -89.67041015625,\\n \ + \ 36.01356058518153\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -89.71435546875,\\n 35.92464453144099\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -89.69238281249999,\\n 35.85343961959182\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -89.8681640625,\\n \ + \ 35.71083783530009\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -89.8681640625,\\n 35.60371874069731\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -89.9560546875,\\n 35.496456056584165\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.087890625,\\n \ + \ 35.371135022800985\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.06591796875,\\n 35.24561909420681\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -90.19775390625,\\n 35.06597313798418\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.263671875,\\n \ + \ 34.92197103616377\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.3955078125,\\n 34.813803317113155\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -90.46142578125,\\n 34.651285198954156\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.54931640625,\\n \ + \ 34.452218472826566\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.703125,\\n 34.32529192442733\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -90.90087890624999,\\n 34.17999758688084\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.9228515625,\\n \ + \ 34.052659421375964\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.03271484375,\\n 33.8339199536547\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -91.07666015625,\\n 33.63291573870476\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.07666015625,\\n \ + \ 33.486435450999885\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.07666015625,\\n 33.284619968887675\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.0986328125,\\n 33.08233672856376\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.04296874999999,\\n \ + \ 33.04550781490999\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.0869140625,\\n 33.578014746143985\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.21875,\\n 33.61461929233378\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.50439453125,\\n \ + \ 33.669496972795535\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.482421875,\\n 35.38904996691167\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -94.658203125,\\n 36.527294814546245\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + volume\":\"9\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\"\ + :\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Krementz, David\ + \ G. dkrementz@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2827,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Krementz\",\"given\":\"David G.\",\"email\":\"dkrementz@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":198,\"text\":\"Coop Res Unit Atlanta\"},\"id\":564395,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + Ronke, M. Eliese\",\"contributorId\":146486,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Ronke\",\"given\":\"M. Eliese\",\"id\":568024,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}}]}"} + headers: + access-control-allow-headers: ['Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, + Authorization'] + access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT'] + access-control-allow-origin: ['*'] + access-control-max-age: ['3600'] + cache-control: ['no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate'] + connection: [Keep-Alive] + content-type: [application/json;charset=UTF-8] + date: ['Wed, 10 Feb 2016 21:37:55 GMT'] + expires: ['0'] + keep-alive: ['timeout=5, max=95'] + pragma: [no-cache] + strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains] + x-content-type-options: [nosniff] + x-frame-options: [DENY] + x-xss-protection: [1; mode=block] + status: {code: 200, message: OK} +- request: + body: null + headers: + Accept: ['*/*'] + Accept-Encoding: ['gzip, deflate'] + Connection: [keep-alive] + User-Agent: [python-requests/2.4.1 CPython/2.7.10 Darwin/14.5.0] + method: GET + uri: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?mod_x_days=2&page_number=3 + response: + body: {string: "{\"pageSize\":\"25\",\"pageRowStart\":\"50\",\"pageNumber\":\"\ + 3\",\"recordCount\":196,\"records\":[{\"id\":70164523,\"text\":\"70164523\ + \ - 2015 - Re\u2013Os age for the Lower\u2013Middle Pennsylvanian Boundary\ + \ and comparison with associated palynoflora\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T13:36:42\",\"indexId\":\"70164523\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2015-02-15T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2033,\"text\":\"International Journal\ + \ of Coal Geology\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"\ + title\":\"Re\u2013Os age for the Lower\u2013Middle Pennsylvanian Boundary\ + \ and comparison with associated palynoflora\",\"docAbstract\":\"
\\n

The\ + \ Betsie Shale Member is a relatively thick and continuous unit that serves\ + \ as a marker bed across the central Appalachian basin, in part because it\ + \ includes an organic-rich shale unit at its base that is observable in drill\ + \ logs. Deposited during a marine transgression, the Betsie Shale Member has\ + \ been correlated to units in both Wales and Germany and has been proposed\ + \ to mark the boundary between the Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian Series within\ + \ North America. This investigation assigns a new Re–Os date to the\ + \ base of the Betsie and examines the palynoflora and maceral composition\ + \ of the underlying Matewan coal bed in the context of that date. The Matewan\ + \ coal bed contains abundant lycopsid tree spores along its base with assemblage\ + \ diversity and inertinite content increasing upsection, as sulfur content\ + \ and ash yield decrease. Taken together, these palynologic and organic petrographic\ + \ results suggest a submerged paleomire that transitioned to an exposed peat\ + \ surface. Notably, separating the lower and upper benches of the Matewan\ + \ is a parting with very high sulfur content (28 wt.%), perhaps representing\ + \ an early marine pulse prior to the full on transgression responsible for\ + \ depositing the Betsie. Results from Re–Os geochronology date the base\ + \ of the Betsie at 323 ± 7.8 Ma, consistent with previously\ + \ determined age constraints as well as the palynoflora assemblage presented\ + \ herein. The Betsie Shale Member is also highly enriched in Re (ranging from\ + \ 319.7 to 1213 ng/g), with high 187Re/188Os\ + \ values ranging from 3644 to 5737 likely resultant from varying redox conditions\ + \ between the pore water and overlying water column during deposition and\ + \ early condensing of the section.

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Collins, CO, USA\"},\"id\":597737,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Ruppert, Leslie F.\ + \ lruppert@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":660,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Ruppert\",\"given\":\"Leslie F.\",\"email\":\"lruppert@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":241,\"text\":\"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":597738,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :3},{\"text\":\"Eble, C.F.\",\"contributorId\":35346,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Eble\",\"given\":\"C.F.\",\"id\":597739,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Blake, B.M.\",\"\ + contributorId\":76481,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Blake\"\ + ,\"given\":\"B.M.\",\"id\":597740,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Hannah, J.L.\",\"contributorId\":91993,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hannah\",\"given\":\"J.L.\"\ + ,\"id\":597741,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :6},{\"text\":\"Stein, H.J.\",\"contributorId\":98748,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Stein\",\"given\":\"H.J.\",\"id\":597742,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7}]}},{\"id\":70137743,\"text\"\ + :\"sir20155004 - 2015 - Climate change and prairie pothole wetlands: mitigating\ + \ water-level and hydroperiod effects through upland management\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T14:32:07\",\"indexId\":\"sir20155004\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-02-06T11:15\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":334,\"\ + text\":\"Scientific Investigations Report\",\"code\":\"SIR\",\"onlineIssn\"\ + :\"2328-0328\",\"printIssn\":\"2328-031X\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2015-5004\",\"title\":\"Climate change and\ + \ prairie pothole wetlands: mitigating water-level and hydroperiod effects\ + \ through upland management\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Prairie pothole wetlands\ + \ offer crucial habitat for North America’s waterfowl populations. The\ + \ wetlands also support an abundance of other species and provide ecological\ + \ services valued by society. The hydrology of prairie pothole wetlands is\ + \ dependent on atmospheric interactions. Therefore, changes to the region’s\ + \ climate can have profound effects on wetland hydrology. The relevant literature\ + \ related to climate change and upland management effects on prairie pothole\ + \ wetland water levels and hydroperiods was reviewed. Climate change is widely\ + \ expected to affect water levels and hydroperiods of prairie pothole wetlands,\ + \ as well as the biota and ecological services that the wetlands support.\ + \ In general, hydrologic model projections that incorporate future climate\ + \ change scenarios forecast lower water levels in prairie pothole wetlands\ + \ and longer periods spent in a dry condition, despite potential increases\ + \ in precipitation. However, the extreme natural variability in climate and\ + \ hydrology of prairie pothole wetlands necessitates caution when interpreting\ + \ model results. Recent changes in weather patterns throughout much of the\ + \ Prairie Pothole Region have been in increased precipitation that results\ + \ in increased water inputs to wetlands above losses associated with warmer\ + \ temperatures. However, observed precipitation increases are within the range\ + \ of natural climate variability and therefore, may not persist. Identifying\ + \ management techniques with the potential to affect water inputs to prairie\ + \ pothole wetlands would provide increased options for managers when dealing\ + \ with the uncertainties associated with a changing climate. Several grassland\ + \ management techniques (for example, grazing and burning) have the potential\ + \ to affect water levels and hydroperiods of prairie pothole by affecting\ + \ infiltration, evapotranspiration, and snow deposition.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/sir20155004\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared\ + \ in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and North Dakota\ + \ State University\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Renton, D.A., Mushet, D.M., and DeKeyser,\ + \ E.S., 2015, Climate change and prairie pothole wetlands\u2014Mitigating\ + \ water-level and hydroperiod effects through upland management: U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015\u20135004, 21 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155004\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"v, 21 p.\",\"numberOfPages\":\"32\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-059680\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center\"}],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":297779,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5004/\"},{\"id\":297781,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155004.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":297780,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5004/pdf/sir2015-5004.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"3.6 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"},\"description\":\"Report\"}],\"country\":\"Canada, United States\"\ + ,\"otherGeospatial\":\"Prairie Pothole Region\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\\ + n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n \ + \ {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\\ + n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -114.9169921875,\\n 54.03358633521085\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -114.82910156249999,\\n 48.1367666796927\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -102.4365234375,\\n \ + \ 46.619261036171515\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -98.8330078125,\\n 43.32517767999296\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -95.00976562499999,\\n 41.541477666790286\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.8896484375,\\n \ + \ 41.50857729743935\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.021484375,\\n 45.644768217751924\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -96.3720703125,\\n 50.65294336725709\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -101.77734374999999,\\n \ + \ 52.802761415419674\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -114.9169921875,\\n 54.03358633521085\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"publishingServiceCenter\"\ + :{\"id\":4,\"text\":\"Rolla PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Renton, David A. drenton@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":138600,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Renton\",\"given\":\"David A.\",\"email\"\ + :\"drenton@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie\ + \ Wildlife Research Center\"},\"id\":539966,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Mushet, David M. dmushet@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":1299,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Mushet\",\"given\":\"David M.\",\"email\":\"dmushet@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center\"},\"id\"\ + :539965,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"\ + text\":\"DeKeyser, Edward S.\",\"contributorId\":138601,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"DeKeyser\",\"given\":\"Edward S.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":12459,\"text\":\"NDSU\"},\"id\":539967,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70133604,\"text\":\"ds901\ + \ - 2015 - Mount St. Helens: Controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric\ + \ (CSAMT) data and inversions\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"\ + 2016-02-08T14:09:10\",\"indexId\":\"ds901\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-02-02T12:30\"\ + ,\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":310,\"text\":\"Data Series\",\"code\":\"DS\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2327-638X\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"2327-0271\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"901\",\"title\":\"Mount St. Helens: Controlled-source\ + \ audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) data and inversions\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

This report describes a series of geoelectrical soundings carried out\ + \ on and near Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington, in 2010–2011. These\ + \ soundings used a controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT)\ + \ approach (Zonge and Hughes, 1991; Simpson and Bahr, 2005). We chose CSAMT\ + \ for logistical reasons: It can be deployed by helicopter, has an effective\ + \ depth of penetration of as much as 1 kilometer, and requires less wire than\ + \ a Schlumberger sounding.

\\n

This Data Series provides the edited data\ + \ for these CSAMT soundings as well as several different types of 1-D inversions\ + \ (where the signal data are converted to conductivity-versus-depth models).\ + \ In addition, we include a map showing station locations on and around the\ + \ volcano and the Pumice Plain to the north.

\\n

The apparent conductivity\ + \ (or its inverse, apparent resistivity) measured by a geoelectrical system\ + \ is caused by several factors. The most important of these are water-filled\ + \ rock porosity and the presence of water-filled fractures; however, rock\ + \ type and minerals (for instance, sulfides and clay content) also contribute\ + \ to apparent conductivity. In situations with little recharge (for instance,\ + \ in arid regions), variations in ionic content of water occupying pore space\ + \ and fractures sampled by the measurement system must also be factored in\ + \ (Wynn, 2006). Variations in ionic content may also be present in hydrothermal\ + \ fluids surrounding volcanoes in wet regions. In unusual cases, temperature\ + \ may also affect apparent conductivity (Keller, 1989; Palacky, 1989). There\ + \ is relatively little hydrothermal alteration (and thus fewer clay minerals\ + \ that might add to the apparent conductivity) in the eruptive products of\ + \ Mount St. Helens (Reid and others, 2010), so conductors observed in the\ + \ Fischer, Occam, and Marquardt inversion results later in this report are\ + \ thus believed to map zones with significant water content. Geoelectrical\ + \ surveys thus have the potential to reveal subsurface regions with significant\ + \ groundwater content, including perched and regional aquifers. Reid and others\ + \ (2001) and Reid (2004) have suggested that groundwater involvement may figure\ + \ in both the scale and the character of some if not all volcanic edifice\ + \ collapse events. Ongoing research by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and\ + \ others aims to better understand the contribution of groundwater to both\ + \ edifice pore pressure and rock alteration as well as its direct influence\ + \ on eruption processes by violent interaction with magma (Schmincke, 1998).

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ds901\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Wynn, Jeff, and\ + \ Pierce, H.A., 2015, Mount St. Helens\u2014controlled-source audio-frequency\ + \ magnetotelluric (CSAMT) data and inversions: U.S. Geological Survey Data\ + \ Series 901, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds901.\",\"productDescription\":\"\ + HTML Document\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\"\ + :\"IP-044700\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":617,\"text\":\"Volcano Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":316600,\"rank\":3,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0901/ds901.pdf\",\"text\":\"Report\",\"\ + size\":\"3.8 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":297676,\"\ + rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0901/cover.html\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\"\ + :297677,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds901.gif\"}],\"projection\":\"Universal\ + \ Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 10N\",\"datum\":\"World Geodetic System\ + \ 1984\",\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Washington\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Mount St. Helens\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.28675842285158,\\n 46.150107913663334\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.28675842285158,\\n \ + \ 46.27388525189855\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.09415435791016,\\n 46.27388525189855\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.09415435791016,\\n \ + \ 46.150107913663334\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.28675842285158,\\\ + n 46.150107913663334\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":14,\"\ + text\":\"Menlo Park PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Wynn,\ + \ Jeff jwynn@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2803,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Wynn\",\"given\":\"Jeff\",\"email\":\"jwynn@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":617,\"text\":\"Volcano Science Center\"},\"id\":539674,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + Pierce, Herbert A.\",\"contributorId\":83093,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Pierce\",\"given\":\"Herbert A.\",\"id\":539673,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70139713,\"text\"\ + :\"70139713 - 2015 - Geographically isolated wetlands: Rethinking a misnomer\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T14:05:34\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70139713\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-01-30T11:30\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3750,\"\ + text\":\"Wetlands\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"\ + title\":\"Geographically isolated wetlands: Rethinking a misnomer\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

We explore the category “geographically isolated wetlands”\ + \ (GIWs; i.e., wetlands completely surrounded by uplands at the local scale)\ + \ as used in the wetland sciences. As currently used, the GIW category (1)\ + \ hampers scientific efforts by obscuring important hydrological and ecological\ + \ differences among multiple wetland functional types, (2) aggregates wetlands\ + \ in a manner not reflective of regulatory and management information needs,\ + \ (3) implies wetlands so described are in some way “isolated,”\ + \ an often incorrect implication, (4) is inconsistent with more broadly used\ + \ and accepted concepts of “geographic isolation,” and (5) has\ + \ injected unnecessary confusion into scientific investigations and discussions.\ + \ Instead, we suggest other wetland classification systems offer more informative\ + \ alternatives. For example, hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classes based on well-established\ + \ scientific definitions account for wetland functional diversity thereby\ + \ facilitating explorations into questions of connectivity without an a priori\ + \ designation of “isolation.” Additionally, an HGM-type approach\ + \ could be used in combination with terms reflective of current regulatory\ + \ or policymaking needs. For those rare cases in which the condition of being\ + \ surrounded by uplands is the relevant distinguishing characteristic, use\ + \ of terminology that does not unnecessarily imply isolation (e.g., “upland\ + \ embedded wetlands”) would help alleviate much confusion caused by\ + \ the “geographically isolated wetlands” misnomer.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Springer\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s13157-015-0631-9\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Mushet, D. M., A. J. K. Calhoun, L. C. Alexander, M. J.\ + \ Cohen, E. S. DeKeyser, L. Fowler, C. R. Lane, et al. Geographically isolated\ + \ wetlands: Rethinking a misnomer. 2015. DOI 10.1007/s13157-015-0631-9. [Online\ + \ First] http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13157-015-0631-9\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"9 p.\",\"startPage\":\"423\",\"endPage\":\"431\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-056247\",\"costCenters\":[{\"\ + id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":297639,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"35\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":4,\"\ + text\":\"Rolla PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Mushet, David\ + \ M. dmushet@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1299,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Mushet\",\"given\":\"David M.\",\"email\":\"dmushet@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":480,\"text\":\"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":539573,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Calhoun, Aram J. K.\",\"contributorId\":93829,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Calhoun\",\"given\":\"Aram\ + \ J. K.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":7063,\"text\":\"University of Maine\"},\"\ + id\":539574,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"\ + text\":\"Alexander, Laurie C.\",\"contributorId\":138989,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Alexander\",\"given\":\"Laurie C.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":6914,\"text\":\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\"},\"id\":539608,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Cohen, Matthew J.\",\"contributorId\":138990,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Cohen\",\"given\":\"Matthew J.\",\"id\":539609,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"DeKeyser, Edward\ + \ S.\",\"contributorId\":138601,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"DeKeyser\",\"given\":\"Edward S.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":12459,\"text\"\ + :\"NDSU\"},\"id\":539575,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Fowler, Laurie G.\",\"contributorId\":21199,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Fowler\",\"given\":\"Laurie G.\",\"id\"\ + :539576,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"\ + text\":\"Lane, Charles R.\",\"contributorId\":138991,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Lane\",\"given\":\"Charles R.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":6914,\"text\":\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\"},\"id\":539610,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"\ + Lang, Megan W.\",\"contributorId\":131150,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Lang\",\"given\":\"Megan W.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":7264,\"text\"\ + :\"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Beltsville, MD 20705\"\ + },\"id\":539577,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :8},{\"text\":\"Rains, Mark C.\",\"contributorId\":138983,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Rains\",\"given\":\"Mark C.\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":12607,\"text\":\"Univ of South florida, School of Geosciences, Tampa\ + \ FL\"},\"id\":539578,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":9},{\"text\":\"Walls, Susan swalls@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":138952,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Walls\",\"given\":\"Susan\"\ + ,\"email\":\"swalls@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":566,\"text\":\"Southeast\ + \ Ecological Science Center\"},\"id\":539579,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":10}]}},{\"id\":70138808,\"text\":\"ds914 - 2015\ + \ - Bathymetry of the Wilderness breach at Fire Island, New York, June 2013\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T12:36:53\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"ds914\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-01-26T16:45\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":310,\"\ + text\":\"Data Series\",\"code\":\"DS\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2327-638X\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"2327-0271\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"914\",\"title\":\"Bathymetry of the Wilderness breach at Fire Island, New\ + \ York, June 2013\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The U.S. Geological Survey\ + \ (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg,\ + \ Florida, collaborated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research\ + \ Facility in Duck, North Carolina, to collect shallow water bathymetric data\ + \ of the Wilderness breach on Fire Island, New York, in June 2013. The breach\ + \ formed in October 2012 during Hurricane Sandy, and the USGS is involved\ + \ in a post-Sandy effort to map, monitor, and model the morphologic evolution\ + \ of the breach as part of Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Project GS2-2B: Linking\ + \ Coastal Vulnerability and Process, Fire Island. This publication includes\ + \ a bathymetric dataset of the breach and the adjacent nearshore on the ocean\ + \ side of the island. The objective of the data collection and analysis is\ + \ to map the bathymetry of the primary breach channel, ebb shoal, and nearshore\ + \ bar system.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ds914\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"HTML Document\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-059527\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St.\ + \ Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":297555,\"\ + rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds914.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":297554,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0914/ds914_abstract.html\",\"text\":\"Report\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"},\"description\":\"Report\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"New York\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Fire Island\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -73.3502197265625,\\n 40.588928169693745\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -73.3502197265625,\\n \ + \ 40.81796653313175\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -72.66357421875,\\n 40.81796653313175\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -72.66357421875,\\n 40.588928169693745\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -73.3502197265625,\\n \ + \ 40.588928169693745\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":8,\"text\"\ + :\"Raleigh PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Brownell, Andrew\ + \ T. abrownell@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":5801,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Brownell\",\"given\":\"Andrew T.\",\"email\":\"abrownell@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":538902,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Hapke, Cheryl J. chapke@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :2981,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hapke\",\"given\":\"\ + Cheryl J.\",\"email\":\"chapke@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\"\ + :\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":538904,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Spore, Nicholas J.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":138833,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Spore\",\"given\":\"Nicholas J.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":12537,\"text\"\ + :\"USACE\"},\"id\":538903,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"McNinch, Jesse E.\",\"contributorId\":93804,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"McNinch\",\"given\":\"Jesse E.\",\"id\"\ + :538905,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"\ + id\":70135195,\"text\":\"70135195 - 2015 - A robust calibration technique\ + \ for acoustic emission systems based on momentum transfer from a ball drop\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T15:18:35\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70135195\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-01-02T07:45\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1135,\"\ + text\":\"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"A robust calibration technique\ + \ for acoustic emission systems based on momentum transfer from a ball drop\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

We describe a technique to estimate the seismic moment\ + \ of acoustic emissions and other extremely small seismic events. Unlike previous\ + \ calibration techniques, it does not require modeling of the wave propagation,\ + \ sensor response, or signal conditioning. Rather, this technique calibrates\ + \ the recording system as a whole and uses a ball impact as a reference source\ + \ or empirical Green\u2019s function. To correctly apply this technique, we\ + \ develop mathematical expressions that link the seismic moment $M_{0}$ of\ + \ internal seismic sources (i.e., earthquakes and acoustic emissions) to the\ + \ impulse, or change in momentum $\\\\Delta p $, of externally applied seismic\ + \ sources (i.e., meteor impacts or, in this case, ball impact). We find that,\ + \ at low frequencies, moment and impulse are linked by a constant, which we\ + \ call the force\u2010moment\u2010rate scale factor $C_{F\\\\dot{M}} = M_{0}/\\\ + \\Delta p$. This constant is equal to twice the speed of sound in the material\ + \ from which the seismic sources were generated. Next, we demonstrate the\ + \ calibration technique on two different experimental rock mechanics facilities.\ + \ The first example is a saw\u2010cut cylindrical granite sample that is loaded\ + \ in a triaxial apparatus at 40 MPa confining pressure. The second example\ + \ is a 2 m long fault cut in a granite sample and deformed in a large\ + \ biaxial apparatus at lower stress levels. Using the empirical calibration\ + \ technique, we are able to determine absolute source parameters including\ + \ the seismic moment, corner frequency, stress drop, and radiated energy of\ + \ these magnitude \u22122.5 to \u22127 seismic events.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Seismological Society of America\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Stanford, CA\",\"doi\":\"10.1785/0120140170\",\"usgsCitation\":\"McLaskey,\ + \ G. C., D. A. Lockner, B. D. Kilgore, and N. M. Beeler (2015), A robust calibration\ + \ technique for acoustic emission systems based on momentum transfer from\ + \ a ball drop, Bul. Seism. Soc. Amer., 105(1), doi:10.1785/0120140170.\",\"\ + productDescription\":\"15 p.\",\"startPage\":\"257\",\"endPage\":\"271\",\"\ + onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-060189\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":237,\"text\":\"Earthquake Science Center\"}],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":311678,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\":\"\ + 105\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"McLaskey,\ + \ Gregory C. gmclaskey@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":4112,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"McLaskey\",\"given\":\"Gregory C.\",\"email\":\"\ + gmclaskey@usgs.gov\",\"id\":526932,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Lockner, David A. dlockner@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":567,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Lockner\"\ + ,\"given\":\"David A.\",\"email\":\"dlockner@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":234,\"text\":\"Earthquake Hazards Program\"},\"id\":526931,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Kilgore, Brian D.\ + \ bkilgore@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3887,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Kilgore\",\"given\":\"Brian D.\",\"email\":\"bkilgore@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":234,\"text\":\"Earthquake Hazards Program\"},\"id\"\ + :526933,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"\ + text\":\"Beeler, Nicholas M. nbeeler@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2682,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Beeler\",\"given\":\"Nicholas\ + \ M.\",\"email\":\"nbeeler@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":234,\"text\"\ + :\"Earthquake Hazards Program\"},\"id\":526934,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70128671,\"text\":\"70128671\ + \ - 2015 - Testing the use of bulk organic \u03B413C, \u03B415N,\ + \ and Corg:Ntot ratios to estimate subsidence during\ + \ the 1964 great Alaska earthquake\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T11:32:20\",\"indexId\":\"70128671\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2014-11-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2015\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3219,\"text\":\"Quaternary Science\ + \ Reviews\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\"\ + :\"Testing the use of bulk organic \u03B413C, \u03B415N,\ + \ and Corg:Ntot ratios to estimate subsidence during\ + \ the 1964 great Alaska earthquake\",\"docAbstract\":\"

During the\ + \ Mw 9.2 1964 great Alaska earthquake, Turnagain\ + \ Arm near Girdwood, Alaska subsided 1.7 ± 0.1 m based\ + \ on pre- and postearthquake leveling. The coseismic subsidence in 1964 caused\ + \ equivalent sudden relative sea-level (RSL) rise that is stratigraphically\ + \ preserved as mud-over-peat contacts where intertidal silt buried peaty marsh\ + \ surfaces. Changes in intertidal microfossil assemblages across these contacts\ + \ have been used to estimate subsidence in 1964 by applying quantitative microfossil\ + \ transfer functions to reconstruct corresponding RSL rise. Here, we review\ + \ the use of organic stable C and N isotope values and Corg:Ntot ratios\ + \ as alternative proxies for reconstructing coseismic RSL changes, and report\ + \ independent estimates of subsidence in 1964 by using δ13C\ + \ values from intertidal sediment to assess RSL change caused by the earthquake.\ + \ We observe that surface sediment δ13C values\ + \ systematically decrease by ∼4‰ over the ∼2.5 m increase\ + \ in elevation along three 60- to 100-m-long transects extending from intertidal\ + \ mud flat to upland environments. We use a straightforward linear regression\ + \ to quantify the relationship between modern sediment δ13C\ + \ values and elevation (n = 84, R2 = 0.56).\ + \ The linear regression provides a slope–intercept equation used to\ + \ reconstruct the paleoelevation of the site before and after the earthquake\ + \ based on δ13C values in sandy silt above and\ + \ herbaceous peat below the 1964 contact. The regression standard error (average = ±0.59‰)\ + \ reflects the modern isotopic variability at sites of similar surface elevation,\ + \ and is equivalent to an uncertainty of ±0.4 m elevation with\ + \ respect to Mean Higher High Water. To reduce potential errors in paleoelevation\ + \ and subsidence estimates, we analyzed multiple sediment δ13C\ + \ values in nine cores on a shore-perpendicular transect at Bird Point. Our\ + \ method estimates 1.3 ± 0.4 m of coseismic RSL rise\ + \ across the 1964 contact by taking the arithmetic mean of the differences\ + \ (n = 9) between reconstructed elevations for\ + \ sediment above and below the 1964 earthquake subsidence contact. This estimate\ + \ compares well with independent subsidence estimates derived from post-earthquake\ + \ leveling in Turnagain Arm, and from microfossil transfer functions at Girdwood\ + \ (1.50 ± 0.32 m). While our results support the use\ + \ of bulk organic δ13C for reconstructing RSL\ + \ change in southern Alaska, the variability of stable isotope values in modern\ + \ and buried intertidal sediment required the analysis of multiple samples\ + \ to reduce error.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"\ + Elsevier\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.031\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"13 p.\",\"startPage\":\"134\",\"endPage\":\"146\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\"\ + ,\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-060286\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":119,\"text\":\"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":297372,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Alaska\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -167.16796875,\\n 71.1877539181316\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -140.2734375,\\n 71.13098770917023\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -141.15234374999997,\\n \ + \ 59.62332522313024\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -167.51953124999997,\\n 51.944264879028765\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -167.16796875,\\n 71.1877539181316\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + volume\":\"113\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Bender, Adrian\ + \ M\",\"contributorId\":115575,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Bender\",\"given\":\"Adrian M\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":114,\"text\":\"\ + Alaska Science Center\"},\"id\":519748,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Witter, Robert C. rwitter@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":4528,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Witter\",\"given\":\"Robert C.\",\"email\":\"rwitter@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":119,\"text\":\"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals\"},\"id\":519747,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Rogers, Matthew\",\"contributorId\":120088,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :false,\"family\":\"Rogers\",\"given\":\"Matthew\",\"id\":519749,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70164519,\"text\"\ + :\"70164519 - 2014 - Magnetic storms and induction hazards\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T13:07:07\",\"indexId\":\"70164519\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2015-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2014\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3879,\"\ + text\":\"EOS - Earth & Space Science News\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Magnetic storms and induction hazards\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Magnetic storms are potentially hazardous to the activities and\ + \ technological infrastructure of modern civilization. This reality was dramatically\ + \ demonstrated during the great magnetic storm of March 1989, when surface\ + \ geoelectric fields, produced by the interaction of the time-varying geomagnetic\ + \ field with the Earth's electrically conducting interior, coupled onto the\ + \ overlying Hydro-Québec electric power grid in Canada. Protective\ + \ relays were tripped, the grid collapsed, and about 9 million people were\ + \ temporarily left without electricity [Bolduc, 2002].

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"AGU Publications\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/2014EO480001\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"2 p.\",\"startPage\":\"445\",\"endPage\":\"446\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-059807\"\ + ,\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":300,\"text\":\"Geologic Hazards Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":317920,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"95\",\"issue\":\"48\",\"publishingServiceCenter\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"\ + Denver PSC\"},\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Love, Jeffrey J.\ + \ jlove@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":760,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Love\",\"given\":\"Jeffrey J.\",\"email\":\"jlove@usgs.gov\",\"\ + affiliation\":{\"id\":300,\"text\":\"Geologic Hazards Science Center\"},\"\ + id\":597714,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"\ + text\":\"Rigler, E. Joshua erigler@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":4367,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Rigler\",\"given\":\"E. Joshua\",\"email\"\ + :\"erigler@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":300,\"text\":\"Geologic Hazards\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":597715,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Pulkkinen, Antti\",\"contributorId\":145703,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Pulkkinen\",\"given\":\"Antti\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":7049,\"text\":\"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center\"\ + },\"id\":597716,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :3},{\"text\":\"Balch, Christopher\",\"contributorId\":156386,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Balch\",\"given\":\"Christopher\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":20337,\"text\":\"NOAA Space Weather Prediciton Center\"},\"id\":597717,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70134740,\"\ + text\":\"fs20143120 - 2014 - The California Volcano Observatory: Monitoring\ + \ the state's restless volcanoes\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T14:26:12\",\"indexId\":\"fs20143120\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2014-12-10T10:45\",\"publicationYear\":\"2014\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":313,\"text\":\"Fact Sheet\"\ + ,\"code\":\"FS\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2327-6932\",\"printIssn\":\"2327-6916\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2014-3120\"\ + ,\"title\":\"The California Volcano Observatory: Monitoring the state's restless\ + \ volcanoes\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Volcanic eruptions happen in the\ + \ State of California about as frequently as the largest earthquakes on the\ + \ San Andreas Fault Zone. At least 10 eruptions have taken place in California\ + \ in the past 1,000 years—most recently at Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic\ + \ National Park (1914 to 1917) in the northern part of the State—and\ + \ future volcanic eruptions are inevitable. The U.S. Geological Survey California\ + \ Volcano Observatory monitors the State's potentially hazardous volcanoes.

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+ \"properties\\\":{\\\"name\\\":\\\"California\\\",\\\"nation\\\":\\\"USA \ + \ \\\"}}]}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Stovall, Wendy K.\ + \ wstovall@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":5733,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Stovall\",\"given\":\"Wendy K.\",\"email\":\"wstovall@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":617,\"text\":\"Volcano Science Center\"},\"id\":526871,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + Marcaida, Mae mmarcaida@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":5345,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Marcaida\",\"given\":\"Mae\",\"email\":\"\ + mmarcaida@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":617,\"text\":\"Volcano Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":526872,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Mangan, Margaret T. mmangan@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :3343,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Mangan\",\"given\"\ + :\"Margaret T.\",\"email\":\"mmangan@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":617,\"\ + text\":\"Volcano Science Center\"},\"id\":526873,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70129172,\"text\":\"ds894\ + \ - 2014 - Sediment data collected in 2013 from the northern Chandeleur Islands,\ + \ Louisiana\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T08:28:51\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"ds894\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2014-12-02T10:15\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2014\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":310,\"\ + text\":\"Data Series\",\"code\":\"DS\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2327-638X\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"2327-0271\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"894\",\"title\":\"Sediment data collected in 2013 from the northern Chandeleur\ + \ Islands, Louisiana\",\"docAbstract\":\"

As part of the Barrier Island\ + \ Evolution Research project, scientists from the U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center collected sediment\ + \ samples from the northern Chandeleur Islands in July 2013. The overall objective\ + \ of this project, which integrates geophysical (bathymetric, seismic, and\ + \ topographic) and sedimentologic data, is to better understand the depositional\ + \ and erosional processes that drive the morphologic evolution of barrier\ + \ islands over annual to interannual timescales (1 to 5 years). Between June\ + \ 2010 and April 2011, in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the\ + \ State of Louisiana constructed a sand berm extending more than 14 kilometers\ + \ along the northern Chandeleur Islands platform. The construction of the\ + \ berm provided a unique opportunity to investigate how this new sediment\ + \ source will interact with and affect the morphologic evolution of the barrier-island\ + \ system. Data collected from this study will be used to describe differences\ + \ in the physical characteristics and spatial distribution of sediments both\ + \ along the axis of the berm and also along transects across the berm and\ + \ onto the adjacent barrier island. Comparison of these data with data from\ + \ previous sampling efforts will provide information about sediment interactions\ + \ and movement between the berm and the natural island platform, improving\ + \ our understanding of short-term morphologic change and processes in this\ + \ barrier-island system.

\\n

This data series serves as an archive of\ + \ sediment data collected in July 2013 from the Chandeleur Islands sand berm\ + \ and adjacent barrier-island environments. Data products include descriptive\ + \ core logs, core photographs and x-radiographs, results of sediment grain-size\ + \ analyses, sample location maps, and Geographic Information System data files\ + \ with accompanying formal Federal Geographic Data Committee metadata.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ds894\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Buster, N.A.,\ + \ Kelso, K.W., Bernier, J.C., Flocks, J.G., Miselis, J.L., and DeWitt, N.T.,\ + \ 2016, Sediment data collected in 2013 from the northern Chandeleur Islands,\ + \ Louisiana (ver. 1.1, February 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series\ + \ 894, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds894.\",\"productDescription\":\"HTML Document\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"temporalStart\":\"\ + 2013-01-01\",\"temporalEnd\":\"2013-12-31\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-057602\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":296347,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds894.jpg\"},{\"id\":296343,\"\ + rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0894/ds894_abstract.html\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":296333,\"rank\":1,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0894/\"\ + },{\"id\":316586,\"rank\":3,\"type\":{\"id\":25,\"text\":\"Version History\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0894/versionHist.txt\",\"size\":\"1 KB\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"txt\"}}],\"scale\":\"100000\",\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"state\":\"Louisiana\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Chandeleur\ + \ Islands\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -88.9013671875,\\n 29.84481304803599\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -88.9013671875,\\n \ + \ 30.01440897324891\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -88.75373840332031,\\n 30.01440897324891\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -88.75373840332031,\\n 29.84481304803599\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -88.9013671875,\\n \ + \ 29.84481304803599\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"edition\":\"Originally posted December 1, 2014;\ + \ Version 1.1: February 2016\",\"contact\":\"

St. Petersburg Coastal and\ + \ Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 Fourth Street\ + \ South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/

\",\"revisedDate\":\"2016-02-04\",\"\ + contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Buster, Noreen A. nbuster@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":3750,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Buster\",\"given\":\"Noreen A.\",\"email\":\"nbuster@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"\ + },\"id\":526046,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Kelso, Kyle W. kkelso@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":4307,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kelso\",\"given\":\"Kyle W.\"\ + ,\"email\":\"kkelso@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St.\ + \ Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":526047,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Bernier, Julie C.\ + \ jbernier@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3549,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Bernier\",\"given\":\"Julie C.\",\"email\":\"jbernier@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":526048,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Flocks, James G. jflocks@usgs.gov\",\"\ + contributorId\":816,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Flocks\"\ + ,\"given\":\"James G.\",\"email\":\"jflocks@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"\ + id\":526049,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"\ + text\":\"Miselis, Jennifer L. jmiselis@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3914,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Miselis\",\"given\":\"Jennifer\ + \ L.\",\"email\":\"jmiselis@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\"\ + :\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":526050,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"DeWitt, Nancy T.\ + \ ndewitt@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":4095,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"DeWitt\",\"given\":\"Nancy T.\",\"email\":\"ndewitt@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":574,\"text\":\"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":526051,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":6}]}},{\"id\":70108343,\"text\":\"ofr20141091 - 2014 -\ + \ Documentation for the 2014 update of the United States national seismic\ + \ hazard maps\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T12:12:27\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"ofr20141091\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2014-07-17T08:46\"\ + ,\"publicationYear\":\"2014\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\"\ + :\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2014-1091\",\"title\":\"Documentation for\ + \ the 2014 update of the United States national seismic hazard maps\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

The national seismic hazard maps for the conterminous United States\ + \ have been updated to account for new methods, models, and data that have\ + \ been obtained since the 2008 maps were released (Petersen and others, 2008).\ + \ The input models are improved from those implemented in 2008 by using new\ + \ ground motion models that have incorporated about twice as many earthquake\ + \ strong ground shaking data and by incorporating many additional scientific\ + \ studies that indicate broader ranges of earthquake source and ground motion\ + \ models. These time-independent maps are shown for 2-percent and 10-percent\ + \ probability of exceedance in 50 years for peak horizontal ground acceleration\ + \ as well as 5-hertz and 1-hertz spectral accelerations with 5-percent damping\ + \ on a uniform firm rock site condition (760 meters per second shear wave\ + \ velocity in the upper 30 m, VS30). In this report, the 2014 updated\ + \ maps are compared with the 2008 version of the maps and indicate changes\ + \ of plus or minus 20 percent over wide areas, with larger changes locally,\ + \ caused by the modifications to the seismic source and ground motion inputs.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ofr20141091\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Documentation\ + \ for the 2014 update of the United States national seismic hazard maps; 2014;\ + \ OFR; 2014-1091; Petersen, Mark D.; Moschetti, Morgan P.; Powers, Peter M.;\ + \ Mueller, Charles S.; Haller, Kathleen M.; Frankel, Arthur D.; Zeng, Yuehua;\ + \ Rezaeian, Sanaz; Harmsen, Stephen C.; Boyd, Oliver S.; Field, Ned; Chen,\ + \ Rui; Rukstales, Kenneth S.; Luco, Nico; Wheeler, Russell L.; Williams, Robert\ + \ A.; Olsen, Anna H.\",\"productDescription\":\"xii, 243 p.\",\"numberOfPages\"\ + :\"255\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"\ + IP-052282\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":300,\"text\":\"Geologic Hazards Science\ + \ Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":290345,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141091.jpg\"\ + 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rank\":12},{\"text\":\"Rukstales, Kenneth S. rukstales@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :775,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Rukstales\",\"given\"\ + :\"Kenneth S.\",\"email\":\"rukstales@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":300,\"\ + text\":\"Geologic Hazards Science Center\"},\"id\":494001,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":13},{\"text\":\"Luco, Nico\",\"\ + contributorId\":8388,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Luco\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Nico\",\"id\":494016,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":14},{\"text\":\"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":858,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Wheeler\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Russell L.\",\"email\":\"wheeler@usgs.gov\",\"id\":494002,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":15},{\"text\":\"\ + Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1357,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Williams\",\"given\":\"Robert A.\",\"email\"\ + :\"rawilliams@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":301,\"text\":\"Geologic Hazards\ + \ Team\"},\"id\":494008,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":16},{\"text\":\"Olsen, Anna H. aolsen@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :4703,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Olsen\",\"given\":\"\ + Anna H.\",\"email\":\"aolsen@usgs.gov\",\"id\":494015,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":17}]}},{\"id\":70107115,\"text\"\ + :\"70107115 - 2014 - Alaska\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"\ + 2016-02-08T11:44:45\",\"indexId\":\"70107115\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"\ + 2014-05-01T10:00:38\",\"publicationYear\":\"2014\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":4,\"text\":\"\ + Other Government Series\"},\"chapter\":\"22\",\"title\":\"Alaska\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Key Messages

\\n
    \\n
  1. Arctic summer sea ice is receding faster\ + \ than previously projected and is expected to virtually disappear before\ + \ mid-century. This is altering marine ecosystems and leading to greater ship\ + \ access, offshore development opportunity, and increased community vulnerability\ + \ to coastal erosion.
    2. \\n
  2. Most glaciers in Alaska and British Columbia\ + \ are shrinking substantially. This trend is expected to continue and has\ + \ implications for hydropower production, ocean circulation patterns, fisheries,\ + \ and global sea level rise.
    3. \\n
  3. Permafrost temperatures in Alaska\ + \ are rising, a thawing trend that is expected to continue, causing multiple\ + \ vulnerabilities through drier landscapes, more wildfire, altered wildlife\ + \ habitat, increased cost of maintaining infrastructure, and the release of\ + \ heat-trapping gases that increase climate warming.
    4. \\n
  4. Current and\ + \ projected increases in Alaska’s ocean temperatures and changes in\ + \ ocean chemistry are expected to alter the distribution and productivity\ + \ of Alaska’s marine fisheries, which lead the U.S. in commercial value.
    5. \\\ + n
  5. The cumulative effects of climate change in Alaska strongly affect Native\ + \ communities, which are highly vulnerable to these rapid changes but have\ + \ a deep cultural history of adapting to change.
    6. \\n
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Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research\ + \ Program, 514-536. doi:10.7930/J00Z7150.\",\"productDescription\":\"23 p.\"\ + ,\"startPage\":\"514\",\"endPage\":\"536\",\"numberOfPages\":\"23\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-040636\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":113,\"text\":\"Alaska Regional Director's Office\"}],\"links\":[{\"\ + id\":289365,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\":\"\ + United States\",\"state\":\"Alaska\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\ + \": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\ + \": [\\n [\\n [\\n -131.044921875,\\n \ + \ 52.3755991766591\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -130.4296875,\\n 55.229023057406344\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -130.4296875,\\n 56.26776108757582\\\ + n ],\\n 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Stuart III\",\"contributorId\":65632,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Chapin\",\"given\":\"F. Stuart\",\"suffix\":\"III\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":13117,\"text\":\"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska\ + \ Fairbanks\"},\"id\":493882,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Trainor, Sarah F.\",\"contributorId\":21396,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Trainor\",\"given\":\"Sarah F.\",\"id\"\ + :493880,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"\ + text\":\"Cochran, Patricia\",\"contributorId\":52080,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cochran\",\"given\":\"Patricia\",\"id\":493881,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Huntington, Henry\",\"contributorId\":89062,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Huntington\",\"given\":\"Henry\",\"id\":493883,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2499,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Markon\",\"given\":\"Carl J.\",\"email\":\"markon@usgs.gov\",\"id\":493877,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"\ + McCammon, Molly\",\"contributorId\":97428,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"McCammon\",\"given\":\"Molly\",\"id\":493884,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"McGuire, A. David\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":18494,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + McGuire\",\"given\":\"A. David\",\"id\":493879,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"Serreze, Mark\",\"contributorId\"\ + :14733,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Serreze\",\"given\"\ + :\"Mark\",\"id\":493878,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":8}]}},{\"id\":70055531,\"text\":\"fs20133087 - 2013 - Species data:\ + \ National inventory of range maps and distribution models\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:16:46\",\"indexId\":\"fs20133087\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2013-11-12T15:36\",\"publicationYear\":\"2013\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":313,\"\ + text\":\"Fact Sheet\",\"code\":\"FS\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2327-6932\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"2327-6916\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"2013-3087\",\"title\":\"Species data: National inventory of range maps\ + \ and distribution models\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The Gap Analysis Program\ + \ (GAP) produces data and tools that help meet critical national challenges\ + \ such as biodiversity conservation, renewable energy development, climate\ + \ change adaptation, and infrastructure investment. The GAP species data includes\ + \ vertebrate range maps and distribution models for the continental United\ + \ States, as well as Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands.\ + \ The vertebrate species include amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles.\ + \ Furthermore, data used to create the distribution models (for example, percent\ + \ canopy cover, elevation, and so forth) also are available.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/fs20133087\",\"collaboration\":\"Gap Analysis\ + \ Program\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Species data: national inventory of range maps\ + \ and distribution models; 2013; FS; 2013-3087; Gergely, Kevin J.; McKerrow,\ + \ Alexa\",\"productDescription\":\"1 p.\",\"numberOfPages\":\"1\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"ipdsId\":\"IP-035322\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":208,\"text\":\"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":279034,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3087/pdf/fs2013-3087.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"125.46 KB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"pdf\"},\"description\":\"fs2013-3087\"},{\"id\":279035,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133087.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":279026,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3087/\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"\ + FeatureCollection\\\",\\\"features\\\":[{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Feature\\\",\\\"\ + 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+ \"properties\\\":{\\\"name\\\":\\\"United States\\\"}}]}\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Gergely, Kevin J. gergely@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :2706,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Gergely\",\"given\"\ + :\"Kevin J.\",\"email\":\"gergely@usgs.gov\",\"id\":486136,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"McKerrow, Alexa amckerrow@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":4542,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + McKerrow\",\"given\":\"Alexa\",\"email\":\"amckerrow@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":7091,\"text\":\"North Carolina State University\"},\"id\":486137,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70007191,\"\ + text\":\"ofr20111315 - 2011 - Bathymetry and digital elevation models of Coyote\ + \ Creek and Alviso Slough, South San Francisco Bay, California\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T10:47:15\",\"indexId\":\"ofr20111315\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2012-01-23T13:04\",\"publicationYear\":\"2011\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2011-1315\",\"title\":\"Bathymetry and digital elevation\ + \ models of Coyote Creek and Alviso Slough, South San Francisco Bay, California\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

In 2010 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Coastal and\ + \ Marine Geology Program completed three cruises to map the bathymetry of\ + \ the main channel and shallow intertidal mudflats in the southernmost part\ + \ of south San Francisco Bay. The three surveys were merged to generate comprehensive\ + \ maps of Coyote Creek (from Calaveras Point east to the railroad bridge)\ + \ and Alviso Slough (from the bay to the town of Alviso) to establish baseline\ + \ bathymetry prior to the breaching of levees adjacent to Alviso and Guadalupe\ + \ Sloughs as part of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project http://www.southbayrestoration.org.\ + \ Since 2010 we have conducted four additional surveys to monitor bathymetric\ + \ change in this region as restoration progresses.

\\n

 

\\n

The\ + \ bathymetry surveys were conducted using the state-of-the-art research vessel\ + \ R/V Parke Snavely outfitted with an interferometric sidescan sonar for swath\ + \ mapping in extremely shallow water. We provide high-resolution bathymetric\ + \ data collected by the USGS. For the 2010 baseline survey we have merged\ + \ the bathymetry with aerial lidar data that were collected for the USGS during\ + \ the same time period to create a seamless, high-resolution digital elevation\ + \ model (DEM) of the study area. The series of bathymetry datasets are provided\ + \ at 1 m resolution and the 2010 bathymetric/topographic DEM at 2 m resolution.\ + \ The data are formatted as both X, Y, Z text files and ESRI Arc ASCII files\ + \ that are accompanied by FGDC compliant metadata.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston,\ + \ VA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/ofr20111315\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Bathymetry and digital\ + \ elevation models of Coyote Creek and Alviso Slough, South San Francisco\ + \ Bay, California; 2011; OFR; 2011-1315; Foxgrover, Amy C.; Finlayson, David\ + \ P.; Jaffe, Bruce E.; Fregoso, Theresa A.\",\"productDescription\":\"Report:\ + \ iii, 20 p.; Metadata folder; Data folder\",\"numberOfPages\":\"24\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"Y\",\"temporalStart\":\"2010-01-01\",\"\ + temporalEnd\":\"2010-12-31\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":520,\"text\":\"Pacific\ + \ Coastal and Marine Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316658,\"rank\"\ + :3,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1315/of2011-1315_text.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"3.2 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":116371,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20111315.jpg\"},{\"id\"\ + :284381,\"rank\":4,\"type\":{\"id\":7,\"text\":\"Companion Files\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1315/of2011-1315_data\",\"text\":\"Data folder\"\ + },{\"id\":284380,\"rank\":5,\"type\":{\"id\":16,\"text\":\"Metadata\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1315/of2011-1315_metadata\"},{\"id\"\ + :115682,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1315/\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + html\"}}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Coyote Creek;Alviso Slough;San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"\ + { \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\", \\\"features\\\": [ { \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"Feature\\\", \\\"properties\\\": {}, \\\"geometry\\\": { \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"Polygon\\\", \\\"coordinates\\\": [ [ [ -122.51,37.44 ], [ -122.51,38.14\ + \ ], [ -122.03,38.14 ], [ -122.03,37.44 ], [ -122.51,37.44 ] ] ] } } ] }\"\ + ,\"edition\":\"Version 1.0: Originally posted January 5, 2012; Version 2.0:\ + \ March 24, 2014; Version 3.0: September 24, 2015\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\"\ + :[{\"text\":\"Foxgrover, Amy C.\",\"contributorId\":45775,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Foxgrover\",\"given\":\"Amy C.\",\"id\"\ + :356038,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"\ + text\":\"Finlayson, David P. dfinlayson@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1381,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Finlayson\",\"given\":\"David\ + \ P.\",\"email\":\"dfinlayson@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":520,\"text\"\ + :\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":356036,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Jaffe, Bruce E. bjaffe@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2049,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Jaffe\",\"given\":\"Bruce E.\",\"email\":\"bjaffe@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":520,\"text\":\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\"\ + :356037,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"\ + text\":\"Fregoso, Theresa A.\",\"contributorId\":67181,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Fregoso\",\"given\":\"Theresa A.\",\"id\":356039,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":97144,\"\ + text\":\"ofr20081312 - 2008 - Sediment Deposition, Erosion, and Bathymetric\ + \ Change in Central San Francisco Bay: 1855-1979\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T10:55:08\",\"indexId\":\"ofr20081312\",\"\ + displayToPublicDate\":\"2008-12-23T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2008\",\"\ + publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"\ + id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\"\ + :\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"2008-1312\",\"title\":\"Sediment Deposition, Erosion, and Bathymetric Change\ + \ in Central San Francisco Bay: 1855-1979\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Central San\ + \ Francisco Bay is the hub of a dynamic estuarine system connecting the San\ + \ Joaquin and Sacramento River Deltas, Suisun Bay, and San Pablo Bay to the\ + \ Pacific Ocean and South San Francisco Bay. To understand the role that Central\ + \ San Francisco Bay plays in sediment transport throughout the system, it\ + \ is necessary to first determine historical changes in patterns of sediment\ + \ deposition and erosion from both natural and anthropogenic forces. The first\ + \ extensive hydrographic survey of Central San Francisco Bay was conducted\ + \ in 1853 by the National Ocean Service (NOS) (formerly the United States\ + \ Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS)). From 1894 to 1979, four additional surveys,\ + \ composed of a total of approximately 700,000 bathymetric soundings, were\ + \ collected within Central San Francisco Bay. Converting these soundings into\ + \ accurate bathymetric models involved many steps. The soundings were either\ + \ hand digitized directly from the original USCGS and NOS hydrographic sheets\ + \ (H-sheets) or obtained digitally from the National Geophysical Data Center's\ + \ (NGDC) Geophysical Data System (GEODAS) (National Geophysical Data Center,\ + \ 1996). Soundings were supplemented with contours that were either taken\ + \ directly from the H-sheets or added in by hand. Shorelines and marsh areas\ + \ were obtained from topographic sheets. The digitized soundings, depth contours,\ + \ shorelines, and marsh areas were entered into a geographic information system\ + \ (GIS) and georeferenced to a common horizontal datum. Using surface modeling\ + \ software, bathymetric grids with a horizontal resolution of 25 m were developed\ + \ for each of the five hydrographic surveys. Before analyses of sediment deposition\ + \ and erosion were conducted, interpolation bias was removed and all of the\ + \ grids were converted to a common vertical datum. These bathymetric grids\ + \ were then used to develop bathymetric change maps for subsequent survey\ + \ periods and to determine long-term changes in deposition and erosion by\ + \ calculating volumes and rates of net sediment change. Central San Francisco\ + \ Bay experienced periods of both deposition and erosion, but overall experienced\ + \ a net gain in sediment from 1855 to 1979 of approximately 42x106 m3 (0.33x106\ + \ m3 / yr). Over this same time period, 92 percent of the tidal marsh and\ + \ 69 percent of the intertidal mudflats were lost as human activity increased\ + \ and the shorefront was developed. During the first time period, from 1855\ + \ to 1895, Central San Francisco Bay was erosional, losing roughly 2x106 m3\ + \ / yr of sediment. The next time period was depositional, with a net gain\ + \ of approximately 3x106 m3 / yr of sediment from 1895 to 1947. The last time\ + \ period, from 1947 to 1979, was erosional again, losing roughly 2x106 m3\ + \ / yr of sediment. Sedimentation patterns also varied spatially. The northern\ + \ part of Central San Francisco Bay was depositional during all change periods\ + \ while the eastern region alternated between erosional and depositional.\ + \ Central San Francisco Bay sedimentation patterns have also been strongly\ + \ impacted by anthropogenic activities, such as dredging and dredge disposal,\ + \ borrow pits, and sand mining. For example, bathymetric change at a borrow\ + \ pit created near Bay Farm Island sometime between the 1947 and 1979 surveys\ + \ indicates roughly 25x106 m3 of sediment was removed from the system.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Sediment Deposition, Erosion, and Bathymetric\ + \ Change in Central San Francisco Bay: 1855-1979; 2008; OFR; 2008-1312; Fregoso,\ + \ Theresa A.; Foxgrover, Amy C.; Jaffe, Bruce E.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"v, 41 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"Y\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":12129,\"rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"\ + Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1312/\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":316660,\"rank\":101,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1312/of2008-1312.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"3.1 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":195699,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20081312.PNG\"}],\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{ \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\", \\\"features\\\": [ { \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"Feature\\\", \\\"properties\\\": {}, \\\"geometry\\\": { \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"Polygon\\\", \\\"coordinates\\\": [ [ [ -122.5,37.5 ], [ -122.5,38\ + \ ], [ -122,38 ], [ -122,37.5 ], [ -122.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }\",\"edition\"\ + :\"Version 1.0\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Fregoso, Theresa\ + \ A.\",\"contributorId\":67181,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Fregoso\",\"given\":\"Theresa A.\",\"id\":301151,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Foxgrover, Amy C.\",\"\ + contributorId\":45775,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Foxgrover\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Amy C.\",\"id\":301150,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Jaffe, Bruce E. bjaffe@usgs.gov\",\"\ + contributorId\":2049,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Jaffe\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Bruce E.\",\"email\":\"bjaffe@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"\ + id\":520,\"text\":\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":301149,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70160407,\"\ + text\":\"70160407 - 2006 - Response of western mountain ecosystems to climatic\ + \ variability and change: The Western Mountain Initiative\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T19:13:04\",\"indexId\":\"70160407\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2006-11-16T17:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2006\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3014,\"\ + text\":\"Park Science\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"\ + title\":\"Response of western mountain ecosystems to climatic variability\ + \ and change: The Western Mountain Initiative\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Mountain\ + \ ecosystems within our national parks and other protected areas provide valuable\ + \ goods and services such as clean water, biodiversity conservation, and recreational\ + \ opportunities, but their potential responses to expected climatic changes\ + \ are inadequately understood. The Western Mountain Initiative (WMI) is a\ + \ collaboration of scientists whose research focuses on understanding and\ + \ predicting responses of western mountain ecosystems to climatic variability\ + \ and change. It is a legacy of the Global Change Research Program initiated\ + \ by the National Park Service (NPS) in 1991 and continued by the U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey (USGS) to this day as part of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program\ + \ (http://www.climatescience.gov/). All WMI scientists are active participants\ + \ in CIRMOUNT, and seek to further its goals.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"National Park Service\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Washington\ + \ D.C.\",\"productDescription\":\"6 p.\",\"startPage\":\"24\",\"endPage\"\ + :\"29\",\"numberOfPages\":\"6\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":291,\"text\":\"Fort Collins Science Center\"\ + },{\"id\":481,\"text\":\"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":312942,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":312941,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://www2.nature.nps.gov/ParkScience/index.cfm?ArticleID=45\"}],\"\ + country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California, Colorado, Montana, New\ + \ Mexico, Washington\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -109.951171875,\\n 48.980216985374994\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -102.568359375,\\n \ + \ 39.095962936305504\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -106.787109375,\\n 31.653381399664\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -108.369140625,\\n 31.203404950917395\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -114.78515624999999,\\n \ + \ 32.54681317351517\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -117.333984375,\\n 32.54681317351517\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -117.7734375,\\n 33.65120829920497\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -120.498046875,\\n \ + \ 34.452218472826566\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.16796875,\\n 36.5978891330702\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -123.662109375,\\n 38.89103282648849\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -124.8046875,\\n \ + \ 40.64730356252251\\n ],\\n [\\n -124.27734374999999,\\\ + n 40.64730356252251\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -124.71679687499999,\\n 42.42345651793833\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -124.01367187499999,\\n \ + \ 45.644768217751924\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -124.892578125,\\n 48.22467264956519\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -122.958984375,\\n 48.28319289548349\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -123.134765625,\\n \ + \ 49.15296965617042\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -109.951171875,\\n 48.980216985374994\\n ]\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"\ + issue\":\"1\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Stephenson, Nathan\ + \ L. nstephenson@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2836,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Stephenson\",\"given\":\"Nathan L.\",\"email\":\"\ + nstephenson@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":651,\"text\":\"Western Ecological\ + \ Research Center\"},\"id\":582857,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Peterson, David A. davep@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":1742,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Peterson\",\"given\":\"David A.\",\"email\":\"davep@usgs.gov\",\"id\":582858,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Fagre, Daniel B. dan_fagre@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2036,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Fagre\",\"given\":\"Daniel B.\",\"email\"\ + :\"dan_fagre@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":481,\"text\":\"Northern Rocky\ + \ Mountain Science Center\"},\"id\":582859,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Allen, Craig\",\"contributorId\"\ + :33637,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Allen\",\"given\"\ + :\"Craig\",\"id\":582860,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"McKenzie, Donald\",\"contributorId\":81792,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"McKenzie\",\"given\":\"Donald\",\"id\":582861,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"\ + Baron, Jill\",\"contributorId\":54157,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Baron\",\"given\":\"Jill\",\"id\":582862,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"O'Brien, K.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :32682,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"O'Brien\",\"given\"\ + :\"K.\",\"id\":582863,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":7}]}},{\"id\":79110,\"text\":\"ofr20061262 - 2006 - A history of intertidal\ + \ flat area in south San Francisco Bay, California: 1858 to 2005\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:39:47\",\"indexId\":\"ofr20061262\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2006-09-05T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2006\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2006-1262\",\"title\":\"A history of intertidal flat\ + \ area in south San Francisco Bay, California: 1858 to 2005\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

A key question in salt pond restoration in South San Francisco Bay is\ + \ whether sediment sinks created by opening ponds will result in the loss\ + \ of intertidal flats. Analyses of a series of bathymetric surveys of South\ + \ San Francisco Bay made from 1858 to 2005 reveal changes in intertidal flat\ + \ area in both space and time that can be used to better understand the pre-restoration\ + \ system. This analysis also documents baseline conditions of intertidal flats\ + \ that may be altered by restoration efforts. From 1858 to 2005, intertidal\ + \ flat area decreased by about 25% from 69.2 +6.4/-7.6 km2 to 51.2 +4.8/-5.8\ + \ km2. Intertidal flats in the north tended to decrease in area during the\ + \ period of this study whereas those south of Dumbarton Bridge were either\ + \ stable or increased in area. From 1983 to 2005, intertidal flats south of\ + \ Dumbarton Bridge increased from 17.6 +1.7/-2.5 km2 to 24.2 +1.0/-1.8 km2.\ + \ Intertidal flats along the east shore of the bay tended to be more erosional\ + \ and decreased in area while those along the west shore of the bay did not\ + \ significantly change in area. Loss of intertidal flats occurred intermittently\ + \ along the eastern shore of the bay north of the Dumbarton Bridge. There\ + \ was little or no loss from 1931 to 1956 and from 1983 to 2005. Predictions\ + \ of future change in intertidal flat area that do not account for this spatial\ + \ and temporal variability are not likely to be accurate. The causes of the\ + \ spatial and temporal variability in intertidal flat area in South San Francisco\ + \ Bay are not fully understood, but appear related to energy available to\ + \ erode sediments, sediment redistribution from north to south in the bay,\ + \ and sediment available to deposit on the flats. Improved understanding of\ + \ sediment input to South San Francisco Bay, especially from Central Bay,\ + \ how it is likely to change in the future, the redistribution of sediment\ + \ within the bay, and ultimately its effect on intertidal flat area would\ + \ aid in the management of restoration of South San Francisco Bay salt ponds.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"A history of intertidal flat area in south San Francisco Bay, California:\ + \ 1858 to 2005; 2006; OFR; 2006-1262; Jaffe, Bruce; Foxgrover, Amy\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"iv, 28 p.\",\"numberOfPages\":\"32\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"temporalStart\":\"1858-01-01\",\"temporalEnd\":\"2005-12-31\",\"\ + costCenters\":[{\"id\":645,\"text\":\"Western Coastal and Marine Geology\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":316665,\"rank\":3,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1262/of2006-1262.pdf\",\"text\":\"\ + Report\",\"size\":\"6.2 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"\ + id\":8546,\"rank\":2,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1262/\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\"\ + :\"html\"}},{\"id\":192076,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061262.PNG\"}],\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco\ + \ Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.41790771484375,\\n 37.41707256376112\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.41790771484375,\\n \ + \ 37.79893346559687\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.90841674804686,\\n 37.79893346559687\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.90841674804686,\\n \ + \ 37.41707256376112\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.41790771484375,\\\ + n 37.41707256376112\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"edition\":\"Version 1.0, Revised and reprinted\ + \ 2006\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Jaffe, Bruce\",\"contributorId\"\ + :9219,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Jaffe\",\"given\":\"\ + Bruce\",\"id\":289113,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Foxgrover, Amy afoxgrover@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :3261,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Foxgrover\",\"given\"\ + :\"Amy\",\"email\":\"afoxgrover@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":520,\"\ + text\":\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":289112,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":71053,\"text\":\"\ + ofr20051284 - 2005 - South San Francisco Bay 2004 topographic lidar survey:\ + \ Data overview and preliminary quality assessment\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T10:22:14\",\"indexId\":\"ofr20051284\",\"\ + displayToPublicDate\":\"2005-08-20T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2005\",\"\ + publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"\ + id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\"\ + :\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"2005-1284\",\"title\":\"South San Francisco Bay 2004 topographic lidar\ + \ survey: Data overview and preliminary quality assessment\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Tidal wetlands in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay) have decreased\ + \ by over 80% in the past 150 years. The California Coastal Conservancy, in\ + \ conjunction with other state and federal agencies, is collaboratively managing\ + \ an effort to restore approximately 61 km2 (15,100 acres) of commercial\ + \ salt evaporation ponds in South Bay to mixed intertidal habitat. In order\ + \ to best develop restoration strategies, as well as to track morphologic\ + \ change throughout the restoration process, a topographic lidar survey was\ + \ conducted in May of 2004. The survey collected more than 250 million elevation\ + \ points in a 334 km2 area extending from just south of the San\ + \ Francisco and Oakland airports to the Alviso salt ponds.

\\n

This report\ + \ details the collection of lidar in South Bay, the ground-truthing efforts,\ + \ preliminary accuracy assessments, and known limitations of the data set.\ + \ We describe the data generated from the survey and how to obtain it. In\ + \ addition, we present maps and sample imagery that provides a revealing look\ + \ into the intricate topographic features of South Bay.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"usgsCitation\":\"\ + South San Francisco Bay 2004 topographic lidar survey data overview and preliminary\ + \ quality assessment; 2005; OFR; 2005-1284; Foxgrover, Amy C.; Jaffe, Bruce\ + \ E.\",\"productDescription\":\"Report: 57 p.; Plate: 36.0 by 29.0 inches\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":6726,\"rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1284/\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\"\ + :5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":316657,\"rank\":102,\"type\":{\"id\":17,\"\ + text\":\"Plate\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1284/of2005-1284_fig8b.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Plate\",\"size\":\"34.6 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":186647,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051284.PNG\"},{\"id\"\ + :316656,\"rank\":101,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1284/of2005-1284.pdf\",\"text\":\"Report\",\"\ + size\":\"7.1 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}}],\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco\ + \ Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.56622314453124,\\n 37.42688834526727\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.56622314453124,\\n \ + \ 38.15291731872143\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.71066284179688,\\n 38.15291731872143\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.71066284179688,\\n \ + \ 37.42688834526727\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.56622314453124,\\\ + n 37.42688834526727\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"edition\":\"Version 1.0\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Foxgrover, Amy C.\",\"contributorId\":45775,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Foxgrover\",\"given\":\"Amy\ + \ C.\",\"id\":283567,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Jaffe, Bruce E. bjaffe@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :2049,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Jaffe\",\"given\":\"\ + Bruce E.\",\"email\":\"bjaffe@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":520,\"text\"\ + :\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center\"},\"id\":283566,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":54130,\"text\":\"\ + ofr20041192 - 2004 - Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South\ + \ San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T10:49:48\",\"indexId\":\"ofr20041192\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2004-04-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2004\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\"\ + ,\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2004-1192\"\ + ,\"title\":\"Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South San Francisco\ + \ Bay: 1858-1983\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Since the California Gold Rush of\ + \ 1849, sediment deposition, erosion, and the bathymetry of South San Francisco\ + \ Bay have been altered by both natural processes and human activities. Historical\ + \ hydrographic surveys can be used to assess how this system has evolved over\ + \ the past 150 years. The National Ocean Service (NOS) (formerly the United\ + \ States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS), collected five hydrographic surveys\ + \ of South San Francisco Bay from 1858 to 1983. Analysis of these surveys\ + \ enables us to reconstruct the surface of the bay floor for each time period\ + \ and quantify spatial and temporal changes in deposition, erosion, and bathymetry.\ + \ The creation of accurate bathymetric models involves many steps. Sounding\ + \ data was obtained from the original USCGS and NOS hydrographic sheets and\ + \ were supplemented with hand drawn depth contours. Shorelines and marsh areas\ + \ were obtained from topographic sheets. The digitized soundings and shorelines\ + \ were entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS), and georeferenced\ + \ to a common horizontal datum. Using surface modeling software, bathymetric\ + \ grids with a horizontal resolution of 50 m were developed for each of the\ + \ five hydrographic surveys. Prior to conducting analyses of sediment deposition\ + \ and erosion, we converted all of the grids to a common vertical datum and\ + \ made adjustments to correct for land subsidence that occurred from 1934\ + \ to 1967. Deposition and erosion that occurred during consecutive periods\ + \ was then computed by differencing the corrected grids. From these maps of\ + \ deposition and erosion, we calculated volumes and rates of net sediment\ + \ change in the bay. South San Francisco Bay has lost approximately 90 x 106\ + \ m3 of sediment from 1858 to 1983; however within this timeframe there have\ + \ been periods of both deposition and erosion. During the most recent period,\ + \ from 1956 to 1983, sediment loss approached 3 x 106 m3/yr. One of the most\ + \ striking changes that occurred from 1858 to 1983 was the conversion of more\ + \ than 80% of the tidal marsh to salt ponds, agricultural, and urban areas.\ + \ In addition, there has been a decline of approximately 40% in intertidal\ + \ mud flat area. Restoration of these features will require a detailed understanding\ + \ of the morphology and sediment sources of this complex system.

\",\"\ + language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change\ + \ in South San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983; 2004; OFR; 2004-1192; Foxgrover,\ + \ Amy C.; Higgins, Shawn A.; Ingraca, Melissa K.; Jaffe, Bruce E.; Smith,\ + \ Richard E.\",\"productDescription\":\"25 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":316659,\"rank\":101,\"type\"\ + :{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1192/of2004-1192.pdf\"\ + ,\"text\":\"Report\",\"size\":\"2.3 MB\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":5577,\"rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index\ + \ Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1192/\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":177127,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041192.PNG\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.4041748046875,\\n 37.43234100120862\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.4041748046875,\\n \ + \ 37.78265474565738\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.91116333007811,\\n 37.78265474565738\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.91116333007811,\\n \ + \ 37.43234100120862\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.4041748046875,\\\ + n 37.43234100120862\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"edition\":\"Version 1.0\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Foxgrover, Amy C.\",\"contributorId\":45775,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Foxgrover\",\"given\":\"Amy\ + \ C.\",\"id\":249283,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Higgins, Shawn A.\",\"contributorId\":60709,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Higgins\",\"given\":\"Shawn A.\",\"id\"\ + :249284,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"\ + text\":\"Ingraca, Melissa K.\",\"contributorId\":66339,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Ingraca\",\"given\":\"Melissa K.\",\"id\":249285,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Jaffe, Bruce E. bjaffe@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":2049,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Jaffe\",\"given\":\"Bruce E.\",\"email\":\"bjaffe@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":520,\"text\":\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":249281,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Smith, Richard E.\",\"contributorId\":40606,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Smith\",\"given\":\"Richard E.\",\"id\"\ + :249282,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5}]}},{\"\ + id\":53108,\"text\":\"ofr03250 - 2003 - Bed-sediment grain-size and morphologic\ + \ data from Suisun, Grizzly, and Honker Bays, CA, 1998-2002\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:18:47\",\"indexId\":\"ofr03250\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2003-10-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2003\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2003-250\",\"title\":\"Bed-sediment grain-size and\ + \ morphologic data from Suisun, Grizzly, and Honker Bays, CA, 1998-2002\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

The USGS Place Based Studies Program for San Francisco\ + \ Bay investigates this sensitive estuarine system to aid in resource management.\ + \ As part of the inter-disciplinary research program, the USGS collected side-scan\ + \ sonar data and bed-sediment samples from north San Francisco Bay to characterize\ + \ bed-sediment texture and investigate temporal trends in sedimentation. The\ + \ study area is located in central California and consists of Suisun Bay,\ + \ and Grizzly and Honker Bays, sub-embayments of Suisun Bay. During the study\ + \ (1998-2002), the USGS collected three side-scan sonar data sets and approximately\ + \ 300 sediment samples. The side-scan data revealed predominantly fine-grained\ + \ material on the bayfloor. We also mapped five different bottom types from\ + \ the data set, categorized as featureless, furrows, sand waves, machine-made,\ + \ and miscellaneous. We performed detailed grain-size and statistical analyses\ + \ on the sediment samples. Overall, we found that grain size ranged from clay\ + \ to fine sand, with the coarsest material in the channels and finer material\ + \ located in the shallow bays. Grain-size analyses revealed high spatial variability\ + \ in size distributions in the channel areas. In contrast, the shallow regions\ + \ exhibited low spatial variability and consistent sediment size over time.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Bed-sediment grain-size and morphologic data from Suisun, Grizzly, and\ + \ Honker Bays, CA, 1998-2002; 2003; OFR; 2003-250; Hampton, Margaret A.; Snyder,\ + \ Noah P.; Chin, John L.; Allison, Dan W.; Rubin, David M.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"Report: 25 p.; Plate: 22.58 x 14.82 inches\",\"numberOfPages\":\"25\",\"\ + onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"Y\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\"\ + :520,\"text\":\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"\ + id\":173864,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03250.jpg\"},{\"id\":285697,\"type\"\ + :{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0250/pdf/of03-250.pdf\"\ + },{\"id\":4669,\"rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0250/\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"\ + text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":285698,\"type\":{\"id\":17,\"text\":\"Plate\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0250/pdf/plate1.pdf\"}],\"country\":\"\ + United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Grizzly Bay,\ + \ Honker Bay, San Francisco Bay, Suisun Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{ \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\", \\\"features\\\": [ { \\\"type\\\"\ + : \\\"Feature\\\", \\\"properties\\\": {}, \\\"geometry\\\": { \\\"type\\\"\ + : \\\"Polygon\\\", \\\"coordinates\\\": [ [ [ -122.153356,38.010233 ], [ -122.153356,38.167784\ + \ ], [ -121.879103,38.167784 ], [ -121.879103,38.010233 ], [ -122.153356,38.010233\ + \ ] ] ] } } ] }\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hampton, Margaret\ + \ A.\",\"contributorId\":13688,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Hampton\",\"given\":\"Margaret A.\",\"id\":246660,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Snyder, Noah P.\",\"\ + contributorId\":43848,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Snyder\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Noah P.\",\"id\":246662,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Chin, John L.\",\"contributorId\":98291,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Chin\",\"given\":\"John L.\"\ + ,\"id\":246663,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :3},{\"text\":\"Allison, Dan W.\",\"contributorId\":26969,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Allison\",\"given\":\"Dan W.\",\"id\":246661,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"\ + Rubin, David M. drubin@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3159,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Rubin\",\"given\":\"David M.\",\"email\":\"drubin@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":520,\"text\":\"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":246659,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":5}]}},{\"id\":54354,\"text\":\"wdrIA012 - 2002 - Water resources\ + \ data, Iowa, water year 2001, Volume 2. surface water--Missouri River basin,\ + \ and ground water\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T08:27:52\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"wdrIA012\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2002\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":340,\"text\":\"Water Data Report\",\"code\":\"WDR\",\"active\":false,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"IA-01-2\",\"title\":\"\ + Water resources data, Iowa, water year 2001, Volume 2. surface water--Missouri\ + \ River basin, and ground water\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The Water Resources\ + \ Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, county,\ + \ municipal, and other Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining\ + \ to the water resources of Iowa each water year. These data, accumulated\ + \ during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing\ + \ an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make this\ + \ data readily available to interested parties outside of the Geological Survey,\ + \ the data is published annually in this report series entitled “Water\ + \ Resources Data - Iowa” as part of the National Water Data System.\ + \
Water resources data for water year 2001 for Iowa consists of records\ + \ of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of\ + \ lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water.\ + \ This report, in two volumes, contains stage or discharge records for 132\ + \ gaging stations; stage records for 9 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality\ + \ records for 4 gaging stations; sediment records for 13 gaging stations;\ + \ and water levels for 163 ground-water observation wells. Also included are\ + \ peak-flow data for 92 crest-stage partial-record stations, water-quality\ + \ data from 86 municipal wells, and precipitation data collected at 6 gaging\ + \ stations and 2 precipitation sites. Additional water data were collected\ + \ at various sites not included in the systematic data-collection program,\ + \ and are published here as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These\ + \ data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the\ + \ U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies\ + \ in Iowa.
Records of discharge or stage of streams, and contents or\ + \ stage of lakes and reservoirs were first published in a series of U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey water-supply papers entitled “Surface Water Supply of the United\ + \ States.” Through September 30, 1960, these water-supply papers were\ + \ published in an annual series; during 1961-65 and 1966-70, they were published\ + \ in 5- year series. Records of chemical quality, water temperatures, and\ + \ suspended sediment were published from 1941 to 1970 in an annual series\ + \ of water-supply papers entitled “Quality of Surface Waters of the\ + \ United States.” Records of ground-water levels were published from\ + \ 1935 to 1974 in a series of water-supply papers entitled “Ground-Water\ + \ Levels in the United States.” Water-supply papers may be consulted\ + \ in the libraries of the principal cities in the United States, or they may\ + \ be purchased from Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box\ + \ 25425, Denver, Colorado 80225.
For water years 1961 through 1970,\ + \ streamflow data were released by the Geological Survey in annual reports\ + \ on a State-boundary basis. Water-quality records for water years 1964 through\ + \ 1970 were similarly released either in separate reports or in conjunction\ + \ with streamflow records.
Beginning with the 1971 water year, water\ + \ data for streamflow, water quality, and ground water is published in official\ + \ U.S. Geological Survey reports on a State-boundary basis. These official\ + \ reports carry an identification number consisting of the two-letter State\ + \ postal abbreviation, the last two digits of the water year, and the volume\ + \ number. For example, this report is identified as “U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey Water-Data Report IA-01-1.” These water-data reports are for\ + \ sale by the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce,\ + \ Springfield, Virginia 22161.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"collaboration\"\ + :\"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (Geological\ + \ Survey Bureau), Iowa Department of Transportation, and with Federal agencies\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Water Resources Data, Iowa, Water Year 2001, Volume 2.\ + \ Surface Water--Missouri River Basin, and Ground Water; 2002; WDR; IA-01-2;\ + \ Nalley, G. M.; Gorman, J. G.; Goodrich, R. D.; Miller, V. E.; Turco, M.\ + \ J.; Linhart, S. M.\",\"productDescription\":\"xviii, 225 p.\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":351,\"text\"\ + :\"Iowa Water Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":87872,\"rank\":300,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2001/ia-01-2/report.pdf\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":5445,\"rank\":100,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/annualreports/2001/index.html\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":177179,\"rank\":0,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2001/ia-01-2/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Iowa\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.61376953125,\\n 43.492782808225\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -95.020751953125,\\n 43.46886761482923\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.8779296875,\\n \ + \ 43.13306116240612\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.866943359375,\\n 42.93229601903058\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -95.174560546875,\\n 42.66628070564928\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.00976562499999,\\n \ + \ 42.08191667830631\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.844970703125,\\n 41.86956082699455\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.47143554687499,\\n 41.48389104267175\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.163818359375,\\n \ + \ 41.07935114946899\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.8232421875,\\n 40.871987756697415\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.438720703125,\\n 41.0130657870063\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.98828125,\\n \ + \ 40.863679665481676\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.63671875,\\n 40.57224011776902\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -95.78979492187499,\\n 40.58058466412764\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.91064453125,\\n \ + \ 40.70562793820592\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -95.877685546875,\\n 40.85537053192494\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -95.888671875,\\n 41.054501963290505\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.943603515625,\\n \ + \ 41.3025710943056\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -95.965576171875,\\n 41.4509614012039\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.141357421875,\\n 41.57436130598913\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.097412109375,\\n \ + \ 41.77131167976407\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.240234375,\\n 42.01665183556825\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -96.3720703125,\\n 42.21224516288584\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.427001953125,\\n \ + \ 42.42345651793833\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.56982421875,\\n 42.62587560259137\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.65771484375,\\n 42.71473218539458\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.51489257812499,\\n \ + \ 42.97250158602597\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.492919921875,\\n 43.16512263158296\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.624755859375,\\n 43.22118973298753\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.6357421875,\\n \ + \ 43.31718491566708\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.558837890625,\\n 43.33316939281732\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.61376953125,\\n 43.492782808225\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Nalley, G.M.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :23535,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Nalley\",\"given\"\ + :\"G.M.\",\"id\":250018,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Gorman, J.G.\",\"contributorId\":32233,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Gorman\",\"given\":\"J.G.\",\"id\":250019,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Goodrich, R.D.\",\"contributorId\":83995,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Goodrich\",\"given\":\"R.D.\",\"id\":250022,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Miller, V.E.\",\"\ + contributorId\":43423,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Miller\"\ + ,\"given\":\"V.E.\",\"id\":250020,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Turco, M.J.\",\"contributorId\":63092,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Turco\",\"given\":\"M.J.\"\ + ,\"id\":250021,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :5},{\"text\":\"Linhart, S.M.\",\"contributorId\":102517,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Linhart\",\"given\":\"S.M.\",\"id\":250023,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6}]}},{\"id\":54353,\"text\":\"\ + wdrIA011 - 2002 - Water resources data Iowa water year 2001, Volume 1. surface\ + \ water--Mississippi River basin\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T08:18:48\",\"indexId\":\"wdrIA011\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2002\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":340,\"text\":\"Water Data\ + \ Report\",\"code\":\"WDR\",\"active\":false,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"IA-01-1\",\"title\":\"Water resources data Iowa water\ + \ year 2001, Volume 1. surface water--Mississippi River basin\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Water resources data for water year 2000 for Iowa consists of records\ + \ of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of\ + \ lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water.\ + \ This report, in two volumes, contains stage or discharge records for 126\ + \ gaging stations; stage or contents records for 9 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality\ + \ records for 4 gaging stations; sediment records for 12 gaging stations;\ + \ and water levels for 167 ground-water observation wells. Also included are\ + \ peak-flow data for 93 crest-stage partial-record stations, water-quality\ + \ data from 45 municipal wells, and precipitation data collected at 6 gaging\ + \ stations and 2 precipitation sites. Additional water data were collected\ + \ at various sites not included in the systematic data-collection program,\ + \ and are published here as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These\ + \ data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the\ + \ U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies\ + \ in Iowa.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared\ + \ in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (Geological\ + \ Survey Bureau), Iowa Department of Transportation, and with Federal agencies\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Water Resources Data Iowa Water Year 2001, Volume 1. Surface\ + \ Water--Mississippi River Basin; 2002; WDR; IA-01-1; Nalley, G. M.; Gorman,\ + \ J. G.; Goodrich, R. D.; Miller, V. E.; Turco, M. J.; Linhart, S. M.\",\"\ + productDescription\":\"xiii, 383 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":87871,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2001/ia-01-1/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":5444,\"rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"\ + text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/annualreports/2001/index.html\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":177111,\"rank\":0,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2001/ia-01-1/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Iowa\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + 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41.705728515237524\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.296630859375,\\n \ + \ 41.6154423246811\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.46142578125,\\n 41.52502957323801\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.615234375,\\n 41.475660200278234\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.791015625,\\n \ + \ 41.46742831254428\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.999755859375,\\n 41.42625319507272\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -91.12060546875,\\n 41.21172151054787\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.03271484375,\\n \ + \ 41.178653972331674\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.977783203125,\\n 41.178653972331674\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.95581054687499,\\n 41.054501963290505\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.95581054687499,\\n \ + \ 40.93011520598305\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.065673828125,\\n 40.82212357516945\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.131591796875,\\n 40.622291783092706\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.285400390625,\\n \ + \ 40.622291783092706\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.373291015625,\\n 40.54720023441049\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.373291015625,\\n 40.47202439692057\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.38427734374999,\\n \ + \ 40.38002840251183\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ 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family\":\"Miller\",\"given\":\"V.E.\",\"id\":250014,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Turco, M.J.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :63092,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Turco\",\"given\"\ + :\"M.J.\",\"id\":250015,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Linhart, S.M.\",\"contributorId\":102517,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Linhart\",\"given\":\"S.M.\",\"id\":250017,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6}]}},{\"id\":45001,\"\ + text\":\"wri024004 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation\ + \ of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine,\ + \ Iowa\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T08:42:22\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"wri024004\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2002\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":342,\"text\":\"Water-Resources Investigations Report\",\"code\":\"\ + WRI\",\"active\":false,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"2002-4004\",\"title\":\"Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation\ + \ of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine,\ + \ Iowa\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Mississippi River alluvium in the Muscatine,\ + \ Iowa, area provides large quantities of good quality ground water for municipal,\ + \ industrial, and agricultural supplies. Three municipal well fields for the\ + \ City of Muscatine produce a total of about 27 million gallons per day from\ + \ the alluvium. A previously published steady-state ground-water flow model\ + \ was modified, and results from the model were used with particle-tracking\ + \ software to delineate approximate areas contributing recharge to Muscatine\ + \ Power and Water municipal supply wells and to determine zones of transport\ + \ within the areas contributing recharge.

\\n

Under steady-state conditions\ + \ and 1998 pumpage, primary sources of inflow to the ground-water flow system\ + \ are recharge through infiltration of precipitation and upland runoff (53\ + \ percent) and Mississippi River leakage (41 percent). The primary components\ + \ of outflow from the ground-water flow system are pumpage (39.6 percent),\ + \ flow to drainage ditches in Illinois (32.9 percent), and Muscatine Slough\ + \ leakage (24.7 percent).

\\n

Several sources of water are present within\ + \ estimated areas contributing recharge to Muscatine Power and Water municipal\ + \ well fields including ground water from the alluvial aquifer, Mississippi\ + \ River water, and recharge originating as runoff from two unnamed creeks\ + \ in the northern part of the study area. Recharge originating from the Mississippi\ + \ River accounts for about 46 percent of the total water discharged from the\ + \ municipal well fields. The average simulated traveltime of particles tracked\ + \ from recharge to discharge at the municipal well fields was 13.6 years.\ + \ Particle-tracking results illustrate the influence of nearby industrial\ + \ supply wells on the shape and size of the area contributing recharge to\ + \ Muscatine Power and Water wells. Two large embayments into the area contributing\ + \ recharge to municipal wells are present along the Mississippi River. These\ + \ areas represent ground water that is unavailable to municipal wells due\ + \ to withdrawals by industrial supply wells. Recharge originating from the\ + \ Mississippi River accounts for about 98 percent of the total water discharged\ + \ from the Muscatine Power and Water Main well field. However, recharge originating\ + \ from the Mississippi River accounts for less of the total discharge from\ + \ the Progress Park and Grandview municipal well fields (12 and 34 percent,\ + \ respectively).

\\n

The effects of changing climatic conditions on\ + \ the size and shape of the 10-year zone of transport to Muscatine Power and\ + \ Water municipal well fields were simulated by decreasing and increasing\ + \ recharge from precipitation to the ground-water model to demonstrate the\ + \ variability inherent in delineating these areas. Locations of potential\ + \ sources of contamination within the zones of transport also are identified.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine\ + \ Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Simulation of ground-water\ + \ flow and delineation of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply\ + \ wells, Muscatine, Iowa; 2002; WRI; 2002-4004; Savoca, Mark E.; Lucey, Keith\ + \ J.; Lanning, Brian D.\",\"productDescription\":\"iv, 26 p.; ill., col. maps;\ + \ 28 cm.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :3870,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_02-4004.pdf\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":316640,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri024004.JPG\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Illinois, Iowa\",\"city\":\"\ + Muscatine\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -91.00387573242188,\\n 41.40565583808169\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.02516174316406,\\n \ + \ 41.414410512890704\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.03202819824219,\\n 41.425738340753924\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.05743408203124,\\n \ + \ 41.41647026492143\\n ],\\n [\\n -91.08283996582031,\\\ + n 41.41647026492143\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.10755920410156,\\n 41.41647026492143\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.13365173339844,\\n \ + \ 41.41286565600375\\n ],\\n [\\n -91.15562438964844,\\\ + n 41.40771586770284\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.17759704589844,\\n 41.39432450769634\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.18583679199219,\\n \ + \ 41.37835427979543\\n ],\\n [\\n -91.18240356445311,\\\ + n 41.35825713137813\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.17279052734375,\\n 41.33815377536824\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.1590576171875,\\n \ + \ 41.315465614346586\\n ],\\n [\\n -91.15287780761719,\\\ + n 41.28967402411714\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.14738464355469,\\n 41.261291493919856\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.13639831542969,\\n \ + \ 41.231863850073026\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.12129211425781,\\n 41.201906328598156\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.09794616699219,\\n 41.17606986743615\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.07460021972656,\\n \ + \ 41.156944322795525\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.05331420898438,\\n 41.13988169508488\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.03271484375,\\n 41.15332534856322\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.01829528808592,\\n \ + \ 41.163664744864754\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.99357604980469,\\n 41.16573242840184\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -90.99700927734375,\\n \ + \ 41.188472641161425\\n ],\\n [\\n -91.00112915039062,\\\ + n 41.191572967569584\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.00387573242188,\\n 41.225666867899854\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -90.99906921386719,\\n \ + \ 41.25922682850889\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.00044250488281,\\n 41.27677440393049\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.9949493408203,\\n 41.29483315820067\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.999755859375,\\n \ + \ 41.30360274975627\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.01074218749999,\\n 41.31288691435732\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.01486206054688,\\n 41.32629504031827\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.00593566894531,\\n \ + \ 41.33712266671311\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.01211547851562,\\n 41.358772520422285\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.01829528808592,\\n \ + \ 41.37217120301802\\n ],\\n [\\n -91.01005554199217,\\\ + n 41.39174892980349\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.00387573242188,\\n 41.40565583808169\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :1961,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Savoca\",\"given\"\ + :\"Mark E.\",\"email\":\"mesavoca@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"\ + text\":\"Washington Water Science Center\"},\"id\":230889,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Lucey, Keith J. kjlucey@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":185,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Lucey\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Keith J.\",\"email\":\"kjlucey@usgs.gov\",\"id\":230888,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Lanning, Brian D.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":102744,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Lanning\",\"given\":\"Brian D.\",\"id\":230890,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70165091,\"text\":\"70165091\ + \ - 2001 - Yukon River King Salmon - Ichthyophonus Pilot Study\",\"\ + interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T16:23:51\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70165091\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2008-12-28T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2001\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Federal Government Series\"},\"title\":\"Yukon River\ + \ King Salmon - Ichthyophonus Pilot Study\",\"docAbstract\":\"

When\ + \ king salmon enter the Yukon River on their spawning migration in mid June,\ + \ over 25% of the population are infected with Ichthyophonus. The percent\ + \ of infected fish remains relatively constant until the fish pass river mile\ + \ 1,319 at Dawson, Y.T., then it drops to 13% when they reach river mile 1,745\ + \ at Whitehorse, Y.T. When the sexes are examined separately, slightly more\ + \ females are infected than males (29% vs 22%). The percent of fish exhibiting\ + \ clinical signs (diseased) is 2-3% when they enter the river, but increases\ + \ to over 20% at river mile 715 near Tanana, AK. Disease prevalence within\ + \ the population remains constant at >20% until fish pass Dawson, then\ + \ the percent of diseased fish drops to <9% at Whitehorse. When the sexes\ + \ are examined separately, male disease prevalence is highest at Tanana (22.6%)\ + \ then gradually drops to just 12.9% at Whitehorse. Females however, continue\ + \ to show an increase in disease prevalence peaking at river mile 1,081 near\ + \ Circle, AK, at 36.4%, then dropping to just 5.3% at Whitehorse. Data on\ + \ infection and disease collected from kings at Nenana on the Tanana River\ + \ more closely resembles that seen at Whitehorse than the lower and middle\ + \ Yukon River.

\\n

When data collected in 1999 and 2000 are compared\ + \ the prevalence of infection in males remains the same while a 15% drop in\ + \ infection prevalence occurs in females. There is also a drop in the percent\ + \ of infected fish showing Ichthyophonus infection of the muscle. This\ + \ difference may be related to a 2°C lower river temperature in 2000 compared\ + \ with 1999.

\\n

Significant egg resorption was seen in 25% of females\ + \ but no correlation with Ichthyophonus infection could be made. The\ + \ cause of resorption and the extent to which it affects fecundity has yet\ + \ to be determined.

\\n

Attempts to experimentally infect Chinook salmon\ + \ and rainbow trout with Yukon River Ichthyophonus isolates were essentially\ + \ unsuccessful by both feeding of infected tissues and injection of cultured\ + \ spores. However, other unrelated fish species were infected without difficulty.

\\\ + n

A method for non-lethal sampling of adult spawning Chinook salmon for\ + \ Ichthyophonus was developed using known infected fish and live returning\ + \ spawners. The method consisted of taking punch biopsies of skin and muscle\ + \ and culturing the biopsy tissue in vitro. A 100% correlation was made between\ + \ known infected fish and cultured biopsy tissue. 

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"36 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":316960,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index\ + \ Page\"},\"url\":\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/56858076e4b0e7594ee7455f\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":316961,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Kocan, R.M.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :41783,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kocan\",\"given\"\ + :\"R.M.\",\"id\":600328,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Hershberger, P.K.\",\"contributorId\":58818,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hershberger\",\"given\":\"P.K.\",\"id\"\ + :600329,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"\ + id\":45080,\"text\":\"wri014148 - 2001 - Ground water near Newton, Jasper\ + \ County, Iowa\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:23:15\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"wri014148\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2002-11-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2001\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":342,\"text\":\"Water-Resources Investigations Report\",\"code\":\"\ + WRI\",\"active\":false,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"2001-4148\",\"title\":\"Ground water near Newton, Jasper County, Iowa\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the\ + \ city of Newton, Iowa, conducted an investigation of the ground-water resources\ + \ of Jasper County, Iowa, near Newton during 1999-2001. The purpose of the\ + \ investigation was to provide additional information on the South Skunk River\ + \ alluvial aquifer from which Newton obtains its present municipal supply\ + \ and to summarize the available information on other groundwater resources\ + \ in the county.

\\n

The South Skunk River alluvial aquifer consists\ + \ of unconsolidated deposits of sand and gravel of glacial and fluvial origin.\ + \ These deposits overlie bedrock composed primarily of shale and limestone\ + \ of Pennsylvanian or Mississippian age. Information on the South Skunk River\ + \ alluvial aquifer and other Jasper County alluvial aquifers is limited to\ + \ a few test holes in a few locations. Additional thickness and lithologic\ + \ information was collected using seismic refraction and test hole drilling\ + \ to increase the understanding of the South Skunk River alluvial aquifer\ + \ near Newton. Water-level and water-quality information also was collected.

\\\ + n

The alluvial deposits along the South Skunk River near Newton range from\ + \ less than 30 to more than 60 feet thick. Three areas of deposits exceeding\ + \ 60 feet thick occur near the present city of Newton well field about 5,000\ + \ feet west of the present well field, at the present well field, and about\ + \ 5,000 feet southeast of the present well field.

\\n

Ground water in\ + \ the South Skunk River alluvial aquifer near the Newton well field flows\ + \ toward the municipal well field. Ground-water levels on the well-field side\ + \ of the South Skunk River were lower than water levels in the river, indicating\ + \ flow from the river toward the well field.

\\n

The water quality in\ + \ the South Skunk River and the alluvial aquifer was similar, except most\ + \ ground-water samples contained low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The\ + \ low dissolved-oxygen concentrations in ground water resulted in high concentrations\ + \ of iron and manganese in some locations and reduced forms of nitrogen.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared in cooperation with City of Newton,\ + \ Iowa\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Ground water near Newton, Jasper County, Iowa;\ + \ 2001; WRI; 2001-4148; Buchmiller, Robert C.\",\"productDescription\":\"\ + iv, 28 p.; ill., maps; 28 cm.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":99380,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4148/report.pdf\",\"size\":\"2843\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":168785,\"rank\":0,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4148/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Iowa\",\"county\":\"Jasper\"\ + ,\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\\"features\\\ + \":[{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Feature\\\",\\\"geometry\\\":{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Polygon\\\ + \",\\\"coordinates\\\":[[[-93.234,41.8622],[-93.1187,41.8624],[-93.0035,41.8624],[-92.8845,41.8619],[-92.7674,41.8618],[-92.7683,41.776],[-92.768,41.6879],[-92.7683,41.6007],[-92.7567,41.6011],[-92.7564,41.509],[-92.8729,41.5082],[-92.9894,41.5083],[-93.1047,41.5078],[-93.2181,41.5076],[-93.3304,41.5074],[-93.3314,41.6004],[-93.3504,41.6004],[-93.3496,41.688],[-93.3494,41.7757],[-93.3492,41.8624],[-93.234,41.8622]]]},\\\ + \"properties\\\":{\\\"name\\\":\\\"Jasper\\\",\\\"state\\\":\\\"IA\\\"}}]}\"\ + ,\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Buchmiller, Robert C.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :72372,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Buchmiller\",\"given\"\ + :\"Robert C.\",\"id\":231069,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1}]}}]}"} + headers: + access-control-allow-headers: ['Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, + Authorization'] + access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT'] + access-control-allow-origin: ['*'] + access-control-max-age: ['3600'] + cache-control: ['no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate'] + connection: [Keep-Alive] + content-type: [application/json;charset=UTF-8] + date: ['Wed, 10 Feb 2016 21:37:58 GMT'] + expires: ['0'] + keep-alive: ['timeout=5, max=99'] + pragma: [no-cache] + strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains] + x-content-type-options: [nosniff] + x-frame-options: [DENY] + x-xss-protection: [1; mode=block] + status: {code: 200, message: OK} +- request: + body: null + headers: + Accept: ['*/*'] + Accept-Encoding: ['gzip, deflate'] + Connection: [keep-alive] + User-Agent: [python-requests/2.4.1 CPython/2.7.10 Darwin/14.5.0] + method: GET + uri: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?mod_x_days=2&page_number=4 + response: + body: {string: !!python/unicode '{"pageSize":"25","pageRowStart":"75","pageNumber":"4","recordCount":196,"records":[{"id":39808,"text":"wri014175 + - 2001 - Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins- nitrogen, phosphorus, + suspended sediment, and organic carbon in surface water, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:34:47","indexId":"wri014175","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4175","title":"Water-quality + assessment of the eastern Iowa basins- nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, + and organic carbon in surface water, 1996-98","docAbstract":"

Twelve sites + on streams and rivers in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit were sampled monthly + and during selected storm events from March 1996 through September 1998 to + assess the occurrence, distribution, and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, + suspended sediment, and organic carbon as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s + National Water-Quality Assessment Program. One site was dropped from monthly + sampling after 1996. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were detected in every + water sample collected. Nitrate accounted for 92 percent of the total dissolved + nitrogen. About 22 percent of the samples had nitrate concentrations that + exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant + level of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen for drinking-water regulations. + The median concentration of total dissolved nitrogen for surface water in + the study unit was 7.2 milligrams per liter. The median total phosphorus concentration + for the study unit was 0.22 milligram per liter. About 75 percent of the total + phosphorus concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency + recommended total phosphorus concentration of 0.10 milligram per liter or + less to minimize algal growth. Median suspended sediment and dissolved organic-carbon + concentrations for the study unit were 82 and 3.5 milligrams per liter, respectively.

\n

Median + concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment varied annually + and seasonally. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations + increased each year of the study due to increased precipitation and runoff. + Median concentrations of dissolved organic carbon were constant from 1996 + to 1998. Nitrogen concentrations were typically higher in the spring after + fertilizer application and runoff. During winter, nitrogen concentrations + typically increased when there was little in-stream processing by biota. Nitrogen + and phosphorus concentrations decreased in late summer when there was less + runoff and in-stream processing of nitrogen and phosphorus was high. Dissolved + organic carbon was highest in February and March when decaying vegetation + and manure were transported during snowmelt. Suspendedsediment concentrations + were highest in early summer (May–June) during runoff and lowest in + January when there was ice cover with very little overland flow contributing + to rivers and streams. Based on historical and study-unit data, eastern Iowa + streams and rivers are impacted by both nonpoint and point-source pollution.

\n

Indicator + sites that have homogeneous land use, and geology had samples with significantly + higher concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (median, 8.2 milligrams + per liter) than did samples from integrator sites (median, 6.2 milligrams + per liter) that were more heterogeneous in land use and geology. Samples from + integrator sites typically had significantly higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment + concentrations than did samples from indicator sites. Typically, there was + very little difference in median dissolved organic-carbon concentrations in + samples from indicator and integrator sites.

\n

Concentrations of nitrogen + and phosphorus varied across the study unit due to land use and physiography. + Basins that are located in areas with a higher percentage of row-crop agriculture + typically had samples with higher nitrogen concentrations. Basins that drain + the Southern Iowa Drift Plain and the Des Moines Lobe typically had samples + with higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations.

\n

Total + nitrogen loads increased each year from 1996 through 1998 in conjunction with + increased concentrations and runoff. Total phosphorus loads in the Skunk River + Basin decreased in 1997 due to less runoff and decreased sediment transport, + but increased in 1998 due to higher runoff and increased sediment transport. + Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads varied seasonally. The highest loads + typically occurred in early spring and summer after fertilizer application + and runoff. Loads were lowest in January and September when there was typically + very little runoff to transport nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil to the + rivers and streams.

\n

Total nitrogen loads contributed to the Mississippi + River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 97,600, + 120,000, and 234,000 metric tons, respectively. Total phosphorus loads contributed + to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and + 1998 were 6,860, 4,550, and 8,830 metric tons, respectively. Suspendedsediment + loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during + 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 7,480,000, 4,450,000, and 8,690,000 metric tons, + respectively. The highest total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields typically + occurred in samples from indicator sites. Sampling sites located in drainage + basins with higher row-crop percentage typically had higher nitrogen and phosphorus + yields. Sites that were located in the Des Moines Lobe and the Southern Iowa + Drift Plain typically had higher phosphorus yields, probably due to physiographic + features (for example, erodible soils, steeper slopes).

\n

Synoptic samples + collected during low and high base flow had nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic-carbon + concentrations that varied spatially and seasonally. Comparisons of water-quality + data from six basic-fixed sampling sites and 19 other synoptic sites suggest + that the water-quality data from basic-fixed sampling sites were representative + of the entire study unit during periods of low and high base flow when most + streamflow originates from ground water.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Water-quality + assessment of the eastern Iowa basins- nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, + and organic carbon in surface water, 1996-98; 2001; WRI; 2001-4175; Becher, + Kent D.; Kalkhoff, Stephen J.; Schnoebelen, Douglas J.; Barnes, Kimberlee + K.; Miller, Von E.","productDescription":"x, 56 p.; ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":316647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014175.JPG"},{"id":3549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 43.44893105587766\n ],\n [\n -92.6531982421875,\n 43.64800079902171\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 43.74728909225906\n ],\n [\n -92.8179931640625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -92.9058837890625,\n 43.878097874251736\n ],\n [\n -93.03771972656249,\n 43.909765943908\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -93.1915283203125,\n 43.79488907226601\n ],\n [\n -93.3453369140625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -93.6090087890625,\n 43.80678314779554\n ],\n [\n -93.7518310546875,\n 43.70362249839005\n ],\n [\n -93.878173828125,\n 43.64005063334694\n ],\n [\n -93.9825439453125,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.432977075795606\n ],\n [\n -94.130859375,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -94.1802978515625,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.04881979669318\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 42.96044267380142\n ],\n [\n -93.9056396484375,\n 42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 42.581399679665054\n ],\n [\n -93.7847900390625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -93.85620117187499,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -93.88916015625,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 41.795888098191426\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -93.526611328125,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -93.3782958984375,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -93.218994140625,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -93.0816650390625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -92.8948974609375,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -92.230224609375,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -91.966552734375,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -91.95556640625,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -91.7303466796875,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -91.5216064453125,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -91.5545654296875,\n 40.65980593837855\n ],\n [\n -91.593017578125,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.34033203125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.79717741518769\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 40.851215574282456\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.942564441333296\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 41.01721057822846\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -91.29089355468749,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.32320110223851\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.51269075845857\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.52091689636249\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.56203190200195\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -90.428466796875,\n 41.759019938155404\n ],\n [\n -90.32409667968749,\n 41.81636125072054\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 41.92271616673924\n ],\n [\n -90.6317138671875,\n 41.90636538970964\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 42.17561739661684\n ],\n [\n -91.483154296875,\n 42.33012354634199\n ],\n [\n -91.6534423828125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 42.72683914955442\n ],\n [\n -91.9390869140625,\n 42.879989517714826\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"

Abstract
Introduction
     Importance of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, + Suspended Sediment, and Organic Carbon
     Purpose and + scope
Description of Study Unit
     Hydrology
     Landforma
     Climate
  +    Land Use
Methods and Data Analysis
     Sample + Collection and Chemical Analysis.
     Quality Assurance + and Quality Control
     Statistics
    +  Relation of Constituent Concentration and Streamflow
    +  Hydrograph Separation
     Load Calculations
Concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, and Organic + Carbon
     Overall Occurrence of Concentrations
  +         Nitrogen
          + Phosphorus and Sediment
          Organic Carbon
     Relations Between Constituent Concentrations and Streamflow
          Annual Variations
    +       Seasonal Variations
        +   Nonpoint and Point Sources
     Spatial Variability
          Nitrogen
        +   Phosphorus and Sediment
          Dissolved + Organic Carbon
Transport of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Suspended Sediment
     Loads
     Yields
    +       Synoptic Studies
          +      Variability Among Basic-Fixed and Synoptic Sites
  +              Spatial Variability
  +              Variability Among Base-Flow + Conditions
Summary
References
Appendix

","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becher, + Kent D. kdbecher@usgs.gov","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent + D.","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","id":222235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalkhoff, + Stephen J. sjkalkho@usgs.gov","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen + J.","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":222234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnoebelen, + Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas + J.","id":222237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, + Kimberlee K.","contributorId":41476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee + K.","id":222236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, + Von E.","contributorId":102551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Von + E.","id":222238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}},{"id":30879,"text":"wri004233 + - 2001 - Techniques for estimating flood-frequency discharges for streams + in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:37:46","indexId":"wri004233","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4233","title":"Techniques + for estimating flood-frequency discharges for streams in Iowa","docAbstract":"

A + statewide study was conducted to develop regression equations for estimating + flood-frequency discharges for ungaged stream sites in Iowa. Thirty-eight + selected basin characteristics were quantified and flood-frequency analyses + were computed for 291 streamflow-gaging stations in Iowa and adjacent States. + A generalized-skew-coefficient analysis was conducted to determine whether + generalized skew coefficients could be improved for Iowa. Station skew coefficients + were computed for 239 gaging stations in Iowa and adjacent States, and an + isoline map of generalized-skew-coefficient values was developed for Iowa + using variogram modeling and kriging methods. The skew map provided the lowest + mean square error for the generalized-skew- coefficient analysis and was used + to revise generalized skew coefficients for flood-frequency analyses for gaging + stations in Iowa.

\n

Regional regression analysis, using generalized + least-squares regression and data from 241 gaging stations,was used to develop + equations for three hydrologic regions defined for the State. The regression + equations can be used to estimate flood discharges that have recurrence intervals + of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years for ungaged stream sites in Iowa. + One-variable equations were developed for each of the three regions and multi-variable + equations were developed for two of the regions. Two sets of equations are + presented for two of the regions because one-variable equations are considered + easy for users to apply and the predictive accuracies of multi-variable equations + are greater. Standard error of prediction for the one-variable equations ranges + from about 34 to 45 percent and for the multi-variable equations ranges from + about 31 to 42 percent.

\n

A region-of-influence regression method was + also investigated for estimating flood-frequency discharges for ungaged stream + sites in Iowa. A comparison of regional and region-of influence regression + methods, based on ease of application and root mean square errors, determined + the regional regression method to be the better estimation method for Iowa.

\n

Techniques + for estimating flood-frequency discharges for streams in Iowa are presented + for determining (1) regional regression estimates for ungaged sites on ungaged + streams; (2) weighted estimates for gaged sites; and (3) weighted estimates + for ungaged sites on gaged streams. The technique for determining regional + regression estimates for ungaged sites on ungaged streams requires determining + which of four possible examples applies to the location of the stream site + and its basin. Illustrations for determining which example applies to an ungaged + stream site and for applying both the one-variable and multi-variable regression + equations are provided for the estimation techniques.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared + in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Transportation and the Iowa Highway + Research Board (Project HR-395A)","usgsCitation":"Techniques for estimating + flood-frequency discharges for streams in Iowa; 2001; WRI; 2000-4233; Eash, + David A.","productDescription":"iv, 88 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":2788,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_00-4233.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004233.JPG"}],"country":"United + States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, + Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.923095703125,\n 43.8899753738369\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 40.136890695345905\n ],\n [\n -97.283935546875,\n 40.069664523297774\n ],\n [\n -97.18505859374999,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 43.992814500489914\n ],\n [\n -89.923095703125,\n 43.8899753738369\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, + David A. daeash@usgs.gov","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David + A.","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science + Center"},"id":204264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":22392,"text":"ofr0113 + - 2001 - Floods of July 19-25, 1999, in the Wapsipinicon and Cedar River basins, + northeast Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:36:53","indexId":"ofr0113","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-13","title":"Floods + of July 19-25, 1999, in the Wapsipinicon and Cedar River basins, northeast + Iowa","docAbstract":"

Severe flooding occurred during July 19-25, 1999, + in the Wapsipinicon and Cedar River Basins following two thunderstorms over + northeast Iowa. During July 18-19, as much as 6 inches of rainfall was centered + over Cerro Gordo, Floyd, Mitchell, and Worth Counties. During July 20-21, + a second storm occurred in which an additional rainfall of as much as 8 inches + was centered over Chickasaw and Floyd Counties. The cumulative effect of the + storms produced floods with new maximum peak discharges at the following streamflow-gaging + stations: Wapsipinicon River near Tripoli, 19,400 cubic feet per second; Cedar + River at Charles City, 31,200 cubic feet per second (recurrence interval about + 90 years); Cedar River at Janesville, 42,200 cubic feet per second (recurrence + interval about 80 years); and Flood Creek near Powersville, 19,000 cubic feet + per second. Profiles of flood elevations for the July 1999 flood are presented + in this report for selected reaches along the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, and Shell + Rock Rivers and along Flood Creek. Information about the river basins, rain + storms, and flooding are presented along with information on temporary bench + marks and reference points in the Wapsipinicon and Cedar River Basins.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared + in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Transportation and the Iowa Highway + Research Board (Project HR-140)","usgsCitation":"Floods of July 19-25, 1999, + in the Wapsipinicon and Cedar River basins, northeast Iowa; 2001; OFR; 2001-13; + Ballew, J. L.; Eash, D. A. ","productDescription":"iv, 45 p.; ill., maps; + 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":51807,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0013/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 43.44893105587766\n ],\n [\n -92.6531982421875,\n 43.64800079902171\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 43.74728909225906\n ],\n [\n -92.8179931640625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -92.9058837890625,\n 43.878097874251736\n ],\n [\n -93.03771972656249,\n 43.909765943908\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -93.1915283203125,\n 43.79488907226601\n ],\n [\n -93.3453369140625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -93.6090087890625,\n 43.80678314779554\n ],\n [\n -93.7518310546875,\n 43.70362249839005\n ],\n [\n -93.878173828125,\n 43.64005063334694\n ],\n [\n -93.9825439453125,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.432977075795606\n ],\n [\n -94.130859375,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -94.1802978515625,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.04881979669318\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 42.96044267380142\n ],\n [\n -93.9056396484375,\n 42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 42.581399679665054\n ],\n [\n -93.7847900390625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -93.85620117187499,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -93.88916015625,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 41.795888098191426\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -93.526611328125,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -93.3782958984375,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -93.218994140625,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -93.0816650390625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -92.8948974609375,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -92.230224609375,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -91.966552734375,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -91.95556640625,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -91.7303466796875,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -91.5216064453125,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -91.5545654296875,\n 40.65980593837855\n ],\n [\n -91.593017578125,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.34033203125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.79717741518769\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 40.851215574282456\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.942564441333296\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 41.01721057822846\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -91.29089355468749,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.32320110223851\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.51269075845857\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.52091689636249\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.56203190200195\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -90.428466796875,\n 41.759019938155404\n ],\n [\n -90.32409667968749,\n 41.81636125072054\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 41.92271616673924\n ],\n [\n -90.6317138671875,\n 41.90636538970964\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 42.17561739661684\n ],\n [\n -91.483154296875,\n 42.33012354634199\n ],\n [\n -91.6534423828125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 42.72683914955442\n ],\n [\n -91.9390869140625,\n 42.879989517714826\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballew, + J.L.","contributorId":102911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballew","given":"J.L.","id":188161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, + D.A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.A.","id":188160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":30877,"text":"wri004231 + - 2001 - Effects of remedial grouting on the ground-water flow system at Red + Rock Dam near Pella, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:17:50","indexId":"wri004231","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4231","title":"Effects + of remedial grouting on the ground-water flow system at Red Rock Dam near + Pella, Iowa","docAbstract":"

Previous studies have shown direct evidence + of under-seepage at Red Rock Dam on the Des Moines River near Pella, Iowa. + Underseepage is thought to occur primarily on the northeast side of the dam + in the lower bedrock of the St. Louis Limestone, which consists of discontinuous + basal evaporite beds and an overlying cavity zone. Because of concerns about + the integrity of the dam, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers initiated a remedial + grouting program in September 1991. To assess the effectiveness of the remedial + grouting program and to evaluate methods for future assessments, a study was + conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army + Corps of Engineers.

\n

Potentiometric surface maps of the overburden + and bedrock indicate that the direction of ground-water flow on the northeast + side of the dam has changed little from pre-grout to post-grout periods. A + comparison of water levels, between a pre-grout date and a post-grout date, + shows that water levels decreased but that the decrease may be more attributable + to changes in dam operations than to remedial grouting. Waterlevel data for + the same two dates indicate that a more gradual potentiometric surface exists + on the northeast side of the dam than on the southwest side of the dam, which + suggests that the hydraulic connection between Lake Red Rock and downgradient + bedrock wells still is greater on the northeast side of the dam than on the + southwest side. Hydrographs for some wells on the northeast side of the dam + indicated a departure from pre-grout trends at approximately the same time + grouting was initiated. To varying degrees, hydrographs for the same wells + then appear to return to a trend similar to pre-grout years, possibly as a + result of new flow paths developing over time after remedial grouting. Spearman + correlation coefficients computed for water levels in wells, pool, and tailwater + indicate that some areas on the northeast side of the dam appear to be less + under the influence of changing pool elevations after grouting than before + grouting. This suggests that the hydraulic connection between the Red Rock + pool and some downgradient areas has decreased.

\n

Analysis of water + samples collected from selected wells on the northeast side of the dam shows + significant increases in sulfate concentrations beginning about the same time + remedial grouting was done upgradient from the wells, possibly indicating + that flow paths were cut off to these wells, thereby reducing the amount of + mixing with fresh reservoir water. Observable changes in chloride concentrations + or trends as a result of remedial grouting were not apparent. Analysis results + for hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope samples collected since 1995 indicate + large seasonal fluctuations of isotope ratios in the tailwater (assumed representative + of the reservoir). Similar but more subdued fluctuations were observed at + some wells, but other wells appeared to have little seasonal change. Stable + sulfur isotope results indicate the presence of distinct water types between + Lake Red Rock and in ground water from downgradient bedrock wells. Sulfur + isotope values from samples from a bedrock well located upgradient from the + grout curtain indicate a mixture of pool and ground water, whereas samples + from downgradient overburden wells have values similar to the pool. Samples + from the bedrock wells downgradient from the grout curtain have sulfur isotope + values similar to a value obtained from analysis of a gypsum and anhydrite + core sample.

\n

Hydrographs, statistical analysis of waterlevel data, + and water-chemistry data suggest that underseepage on the northeast side of + the dam has been reduced but not completely eliminated. Some areas appear + to have been affected to a greater degree and for a longer period of time + than other areas. Future monitoring of water levels, water chemistry, and + stable isotopes can aid in the evaluation of the long-term effectiveness of + remedial grouting.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological + Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation + with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Rock Island District, Rock Island, Illinois","usgsCitation":"Effects + of remedial grouting on the ground-water flow system at Red Rock Dam near + Pella, Iowa; 2001; WRI; 2000-4231; Linhart, S. Mike; Schaap, Bryan D.","productDescription":"v, + 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":316675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004231.JPG"},{"id":2786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_00-4231.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Red Rock Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": + \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": + {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": + [\n [\n [\n -92.96545028686523,\n 41.38212180399892\n ],\n [\n -92.96828269958496,\n 41.3802863707537\n ],\n [\n -92.97055721282959,\n 41.37845088570654\n ],\n [\n -92.97330379486084,\n 41.376518740220305\n ],\n [\n -92.97484874725342,\n 41.37535942537781\n ],\n [\n -92.97738075256348,\n 41.373427188056084\n ],\n [\n -92.98017024993895,\n 41.3712372497054\n ],\n [\n -92.98265933990479,\n 41.36949812849777\n ],\n [\n -92.98527717590332,\n 41.36750130237204\n ],\n [\n -92.98707962036131,\n 41.36595533037855\n ],\n [\n -92.98879623413086,\n 41.36434490382504\n ],\n [\n -92.98892498016357,\n 41.36192918926284\n ],\n [\n -92.98669338226318,\n 41.36128498356731\n ],\n [\n -92.98373222351074,\n 41.36134940442383\n ],\n [\n -92.9814577102661,\n 41.36286327619405\n ],\n [\n -92.98012733459473,\n 41.365053496418994\n ],\n [\n -92.97836780548096,\n 41.366502866327224\n ],\n [\n -92.97660827636719,\n 41.36827427459402\n ],\n [\n -92.97574996948242,\n 41.368982824396916\n ],\n [\n -92.9721450805664,\n 41.37027107699629\n ],\n [\n -92.96729564666748,\n 41.37358821002511\n ],\n [\n -92.96536445617674,\n 41.37481196396403\n ],\n [\n -92.96296119689941,\n 41.37696957930098\n ],\n [\n -92.9622745513916,\n 41.3787729043739\n ],\n [\n -92.96188831329346,\n 41.380640581203295\n ],\n [\n -92.96347618103027,\n 41.38196080315539\n ],\n [\n -92.96545028686523,\n 41.38212180399892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linhart, + S. Mike","contributorId":61073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. + Mike","id":204261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaap, + Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan + D.","id":204262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":70164499,"text":"70164499 + - 2001 - It''s not just how high; it''s how clean: Sampling the spring 2001 + flood in the Upper Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:47:01","indexId":"70164499","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T16:45","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"title":"It''s not just how high; it''s how clean: Sampling the + spring 2001 flood in the Upper Mississippi River Basin","docAbstract":"

Floods + can cause water-quality problems because of the large amounts of contaminants + (sediment, nutrients, pesticides, and bacteria) that can be transported by + floodwaters. during the flood on the Upper Mississippi River in 2001, water-quality + and water-quality data were collected during near-record streamflow. This + is the first time that samples for determining organic wastewater contaminants + (pharmaceuticals, hormones, and industrial/household use compounds) and pesticide + degradates have been collected during a flood of this magnitude.

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\"}}]}","volume":"1-001","issue":"Summer","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, + Glenn","contributorId":86476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"Glenn","id":597622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, + Dana W. dwkolpin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana + W.","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":597623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhoff, + Stephen J. sjkalkho@usgs.gov","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen + J.","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":597624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, + Kathy E. klee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy + E.","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water + Science Center"},"id":597625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schnoebelen, + Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas + J.","id":597626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barnes, + Kimberlee K.","contributorId":41476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee + K.","id":597627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Coupe, + Richard H. rhcoupe@usgs.gov","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard + H.","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","id":597628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}},{"id":70164502,"text":"70164502 + - 2001 - Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern + Iowa Basins, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T16:02:16","indexId":"70164502","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T17:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference + Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Occurrence + and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98","docAbstract":"

The + U.S. Geological Survey began collection of water samples in streams of the + Eastern Iowa Basins in 1996 for the analysis of pesticides and pesticide degradates + as part of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). This study + provides some of the first large scale monitoring data on pesticides and pesticide + degradates in Eastern Iowa. Three hundred and forty-four samples were collected + from 1996-98 to document the occurrence, distribution, and transport of pesticide + compounds. Pesticide analysis included 80 pesticide compounds and 10 pesticide + degradates. The Eastern Iowa Basins study encompasses about 50,500 square + kilometers (19,500 square miles) and is drained by four major rivers--the + Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk. Agriculture accounts for approximately + 93 percent of the land use in the study area.

\n

The most commonly detected + pesticides were those most heavily used on crops. The triazine (atrazine and + cyanazine) and chloroacetanilide (alachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor) pesticides + are some of the most heavily used (by weight) historically and during the + period of data collection 1996-98. Atrazine and metolachlor were detected + in all samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, and cyanazine were detected in more + than 70 percent of all surface-water samples. Few non-agricultural herbicides + were detected. One exception, prometon was detected in more than 80 percent + of the samples at very low concentrations (less than 0.1 micrograms per liter).

\n

Pesticide + degradates were some of the most frequently detected pesticide compounds in + the study. Four pesticide degradates--metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid (metolachlor + ESA), alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (alachlor ESA), metolachlor oxanilic acid + (metolachlor OA), and acetochlor ethane sulfonic acid (acetochlor ESA) were + detected in more than 75 percent of the samples.

\n

A few insecticides + that may pose potential risk to aquatic invertebrates were detected in streams + from May through September, the months when most application normally occurs. + Carbofuran was the most commonly detected insecticide (16 percent of all samples). + Although detected in less than 20 percent of all samples, carbofuran was detected + in 68 percent of the samples in June. When present, carbofuran concentrations + were generally less than 0.80 micrograms per liter. Chloropyrifos was detected + in about seven percent of the samples. As with other insecticides, chlorpyrifos + was detected most frequently in June (30 percent). The highest concentration + was 0.06 micrograms per liter. Diazinon, a common urban insecticide found + in other NAWQA studies throughout the Nation, was detected in only 2 percent + of the samples in the Eastern Iowa Basins study.

\n

Pesticides were found + to occur in mixtures with several compounds rather than individually. Four + or more parent pesticide compounds were detected in 91 percent of the water + samples and seven or more parent compounds were detected in 46 percent of + the water samples. Four or more pesticide degradates were detected in 93 percent + of the water samples and seven or more pesticide degradates were detected + in 46 percent of the water samples.

\n

Commonly applied parent pesticide + compounds (acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor) were + generally detected at low concentrations with median concentrations ranging + from 0.01 to 0.22 micrograms per liter. The median concentrations for the + pesticide degradates were larger than their parent compounds. Median concentrations + for the pesticide degradates ranged from 0.07 to 3.7 micrograms per liter. + Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor pesticides compounds + were present at least an order of magnitude or higher in the late spring and + summer than at other times of the year. The maximum measured concentrations + for acetochlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachor were approximately 11 to + 48 micrograms per liter (the maximum for alachlor was 0.56 micrograms per + liter). In contrast, maximum measured concentrations for the total pesticide + degradates were lower than their parent compounds and ranged from approximately + 0.7 to 12 micrograms per liter. The maximum measured concentration of a single + pesticide compound was for atrazine at 48 micrograms per liter.

\n

Seasonal + patterns of atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor generally + show peak concentrations following application in May and June and decreasing + during remainder of the growing season. In addition, a small secondary peak + in atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor concentrations + occurred at all sites in late winter. This secondary peak may be attributed + to early \"winter thaw\" that can release pesticide residue from soil, making + pesticides available to be transported to surface water by snowmelt and early + spring rains.

\n

Pesticide degradates account for a significant portion + of the total pesticide load at all sites. Eighty-one percent of the total + pesticide load in samples from Iowa River near Rowan, Wolf Creek near Dysart, + and the Iowa River at Wapello were as pesticide degradates. The pesticide + degradates for the triazine compounds tended to follow the load pattern of + the parent pesticide compounds closely throughout the year. In general, the + degradate loads calculated for the triazine compounds were smaller than loads + calculated for their parent pesticides. The loads for the chloroacetanilide + degradate compounds were larger than those for the parent pesticides. The + loads for alachlor were found to be small or nonexistent. Alachlor has been + heavily used in the past, but since 1995 has been largely replaced by acetochlor + or other herbicides. The loads for all degradates were higher than the parent + compounds during the winter months. Overland flow may be diminished during + the winter months, but shallow sub-soil drainage and ground-water flow may + be a source of many pesticide degradates during the late fall and winter.

\n

Occurrence + of pesticide compounds varied by landform region. The triazine herbicides, + atrazine and cyanazine and their degradates were present in significantly + greater concentrations in the Southern Iowa Drift Plain (predominantly loess + soils) than either the Des Moines Lobe or the Iowan Surface (predominantly + till soils). Less atrazine and cyanazine are applied to till soils because + of pH and organic carbon content. Alachlor, metolachlor, and acetochlor have + often been used to offset triazine pesticide reductions in area with till + soils.

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\"}}]}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schnoebelen, + Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas + J.","id":597636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalkhoff, + Stephen J. sjkalkho@usgs.gov","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen + J.","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":597637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becher, + Kent D. kdbecher@usgs.gov","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent + D.","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","id":597638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":70164501,"text":"70164501 + - 2001 - Quality of water in alluvial aquifers in eastern Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:58:12","indexId":"70164501","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T17:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference + Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quality + of water in alluvial aquifers in eastern Iowa","docAbstract":"

The goal + of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) + Program is to assess the status and trends in the quality of the Nation''s + surface and ground water, and to better understand the natural and human factors + affecting water quality. The Eastern Iowa Basins study unit encompasses an + area of about 50,500 square kilometers (19,500 square miles) in eastern Iowa + and southern Minnesota and is one of 59 study units in the NAWQA program. + Land-use studies are an important component of the NAWQA program, and are + designed to assess the concentration and distribution of water-quality constituents + in recently recharged ground water associated with the most significant land + use and hydrogeologic settings within a study unit. The focus of the land-use + study in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit is agricultural and urban land + uses and alluvial aquifers. Agriculture is the dominant land use in the study + unit. Urban areas, although not extensive, represent important potential source + areas of contaminants associated with residential, commercial, and industrial + activities. Alluvial aquifers are present throughout much of the study unit, + and constitute a major ground-water supply that is susceptible to contamination + from land-use activities.

\n

Ground-water samples were collected from + monitoring wells at 31 agricultural and 30 urban sites in the Eastern Iowa + Basins study unit during June-August 1997 to evaluate the effects of land + use and hydrogeology on the water quality of alluvial aquifers. Calcium, magnesium, + and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in most samples and were likely derived + from solution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) present in alluvial + detrital deposits. Tritium-based ages indicate ground water was most likely + recharged after the 1950''s at all but one sampling site. Agricultural and + urban land-use areas have remained relatively stable in the study area since + the 1950''s, therefore the effects of current land use should be reflected + in ground water sampled during this study. Sodium and chloride concentrations + were significantly higher in samples from urban areas, where roads are more + numerous and road salts may be more frequently applied, than in agricultural + areas. Nitrate was detected in 94 percent of samples from agricultural areas + and 77 percent of samples from urban areas. Nitrate concentrations were significantly + higher in agricultural areas than in urban areas and exceeded the U.S. Environmental + Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water (10 milligrams + per liter as N) in 39 percent of samples from agricultural areas. Nitrate + concentrations in samples from urban areas did not exceed the maximum contaminant + level. Greater usage of fertilizers in agricultural areas most likely contributes + to higher nitrate concentrations in samples from those areas.

\n

Pesticides + were detected in 84 percent of samples from agricultural areas and 70 percent + from urban areas. Atrazine and metolachlor were the most frequently detected + pesticides in samples from agricultural areas; atrazine and prometon were + the most frequently detected pesticides in samples from urban areas. None + of the pesticide concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency + maximum contaminant levels or lifetime health advisories for drinking water. + Pesticide degradates were detected in 94 percent of samples from agricultural + areas and 53 percent from urban areas. Metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid and + deethylatrazine were the most frequently detected metabolites in samples from + agricultural areas; metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid and alachlor ethane sulfonic + acid were the most frequently detected degradates in samples from urban areas. + Total degradate concentrations were significantly higher in samples from agricultural + areas than in samples from urban areas. Total pesticide concentrations (parent + compounds) tended to be higher in samples from agricultural areas; however, + this difference was not statistically significant. Degradates constituted + the major portion of the total residue concentration in the alluvial aquifer.

\n

Volatile + organic compounds were detected in 40 percent of samples from urban areas + and 10 percent from agricultural areas. Methyl tert-butyl ether was the most + commonly detected volatile organic compound and was present in 23 percent + of samples from urban areas. Elevated concentrations (greater than 30 micrograms + per liter) of methyl tert-butyl ether and BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, + ethylbenzene, and xylene) in two samples from urban areas suggest the possible + presence of point-source gasoline leaks or spills.

\n

Factors other than + land use may contribute to observed differences in water quality between and + within agricultural and urban areas. Nitrate, atrazine, deethylatrazine, and + deisopropylatrazine concentrations were significantly higher in shallow wells + with sample intervals nearer the water table and in wells with thinner cumulative + clay thickness above the sample intervals, suggesting that longer flow paths + allow for greater residence time and increase opportunities for sorbtion, + degradation, and dispersion which may contribute to decreases in nutrient + and pesticide concentrations with depth. Nitrogen speciation was influenced + by redox conditions. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in ground + water with dissolved-oxygen concentrations in excess of 0.5 milligrams per + liter. Ammonia concentrations were higher in ground water with dissolved-oxygen + concentrations of 0.5 milligrams per liter or less, however, this relation + was not statistically significant. The amount of available organic matter + may limit denitrification rates. Elevated nitrate concentrations (greater + than 2.0 mg/L) were significantly related to lower dissolved organic carbon + concentrations in water samples from both agricultural and urban areas. A + similar relation between nitrate concentrations (in water) and organic carbon + concentrations (in aquifer material) also was observed but was not statistically + significant.

\n

 

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Michael","contributorId":67932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. + Michael","id":597634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, + Kimberlee K.","contributorId":41476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee + K.","id":597635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}},{"id":70164493,"text":"70164493 + - 2001 - The occurrence of chloroacetanilide and triazine herbicide degradates + in streams in eastern Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T12:57:55","indexId":"70164493","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T14:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference + Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The + occurrence of chloroacetanilide and triazine herbicide degradates in streams + in eastern Iowa","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

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\"}}]}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, + Stephen J. sjkalkho@usgs.gov","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen + J.","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":597597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schnoebelen, + Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas + J.","id":597598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, + Earl Michael","contributorId":43323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"Earl + Michael","id":597599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":70164492,"text":"70164492 + - 2001 - Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T12:52:34","indexId":"70164492","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T13:45","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"title":"Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins","docAbstract":"

This + article summarizes major findings about nutrients in surface and groundwater + in the eastern Iowa basins (see map) between 1996 and 1998. The data were + collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality + Assessment Program (NAWQA). Water quality is discussed in terms of local and + regional issues and compared with conditions found in all 36 National NAWQA + study areas assessed to date. Findings are explained in the context of selected + national U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmarks, such as those + for drinking water quality and the protection of aquatic organisms.

\n

The + Eastern Iowa Basins Study Unit includes the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and + Skunk River basins and covers approximately 19,500 square miles in eastern + Iowa and southern Minnesota. More than 90 percent of the land in the study + unit is used for agricultural purposes. Forested areas account for only 4 + percent of the land area.

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J.","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":597588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, + Kymm K. kkbarnes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kymm + K.","email":"kkbarnes@usgs.gov","id":597589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becher, + Kent D. kdbecher@usgs.gov","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent + D.","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","id":597590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoca, + Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark + E.","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":622,"text":"Washington + Water Science Center"},"id":597591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schnoebelen, + Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas + J.","id":597592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sadorf, + Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric + M.","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","id":597593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, + Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen + D.","id":597594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sullivan, + Daniel J. djsulliv@usgs.gov","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel + J.","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin + Water Science Center"},"id":597595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Creswell, + John","contributorId":156355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Creswell","given":"John","id":597596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}},{"id":70164489,"text":"70164489 + - 2001 - Basinsoft, a computer program to quantify drainage basin characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:52:54","indexId":"70164489","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T12:45","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book + chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Basinsoft, + a computer program to quantify drainage basin characteristics","docAbstract":"

Surface + water runoff is a function of many interrelated factors including climate, + soils, landuse, and the physiography of the drainage basin. A practical and + effective method to quantify drainage basin characteristics would allow analysis + of the interrelations of these factors, leading to an improved understanding + of the effects of drainage basin characteristics on surface-water runoff. + Historically, the quantification of drainage basin characteristics has been + a tedious and time-consuming process. Recent improvements in computer hardware + and software technology have enabled the developers of a program called Basinsoft + to automate this process. Basinsoft requires minimal preprocessing of data + and provides an efficient, automated procedure for quantifying selected morphometric + characteristics and the option to area-weight characteristics for a drainage + basin. The user of Basinsoft is assumed to have a limited amount of experience + in the use of ARC/INFO, a proprietary geographic information system (GIS). + (The use of brand names in this chapter is for identification purposes only + and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey [USGS].)

\n

In + 1988, the USGS began developing a program called Basinsoft. The initial program + quantified 16 selected drainage basin characteristics from three source-data + layers that were manually digitized from topographic maps using the versions + of ARC/INFO, Fortran programs, and prime system Command Programming Language + (CPL) programs available in 1988 (Majure and Soenksen, 1991). By 1991, Basinsoft + was enhanced to quantify 27 selected drainage-basin characteristics from three + source-data layers automatically generated from digital elevation model (DEM) + data using a set of Fortran programs (Majure and Eash, 1991: Jenson and Dominique, + 1988). Due to edge-matching problems encountered in 1991 with the preprocessing

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"GIS + for Water Resource and Watershed Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":13,"text":"Handbook"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1201/9780203217917.ch4","productDescription":"14 + p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":316667,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, + Craig A.","contributorId":103325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Craig + A.","id":597574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, + David A. daeash@usgs.gov","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David + A.","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science + Center"},"id":597575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":70164488,"text":"70164488 + - 2001 - Soil characteristics and agrichemicals in groundwater of the Midwestern + United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:29:52","indexId":"70164488","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T12:30","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3724,"text":"Water Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil + characteristics and agrichemicals in groundwater of the Midwestern United + States","docAbstract":"

A comprehensive set of soil characteristics were + examined to determine the effect of soil on the transport of agrichemicals + to groundwater. This paper examines the relation of soil characteristics to + concentrations and occurrence nitrate, atrazine, and atrazine residue from + 99 wells completed in unconsolidated aquifers across the Midwestern United + States. Soil characteristics that determine the rate of water movement were + directly related to the occurrence and concentrations of nitrate and atrazine + in groundwater. The substantial differences in the relations found among soil + characteristics and nitrate and atrazine in groundwater suggest that different + processes affect the transformation, adsorption, and transport of these contaminants. + A multi-variable analysis determined that the soil characteristics examined + explained the amount of variability in concentrations for nitrate (19%), atrazine + (33%), and atrazine residue (29%). These results document that, although soils + do affect the transport of agrichemicals to groundwater, other factors such + as hydrology, land use, and climate must also be considered to understand + the occurrence of agrichemicals in groundwater.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water + Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","productDescription":"10 + p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":316662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/pubs/files/Herbicides03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","otherGeospatial":"Midwestern states","volume":"43","issue":"5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, + M.","contributorId":88902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"M.","id":597570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, + D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","id":597571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaquis, + R.J.","contributorId":26835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaquis","given":"R.J.","id":597572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, + K.","contributorId":52521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.","id":597573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}},{"id":70164480,"text":"70164480 + - 2001 - Occurrence, distribution, and transport of nutrients in Eastern Iowa + Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:13:49","indexId":"70164480","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T10:15","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference + Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Occurrence, + distribution, and transport of nutrients in Eastern Iowa Rivers","docAbstract":"

Eleven + streams in the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River basins in eastern + Iowa were sampled monthly from March 1996 through September 1998 to assess + the occurrence, distribution, and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended + sediment as part of the U.S. Geological Survey''s National Water-Quality Assessment + Program. At least one form of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus was detected + in every sample collected. Nitrate accounted for 92 percent of the dissolved + nitrogen. About 22 percent of the samples contained nitrate that exceeded + the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency''s Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 + milligrams per liter (mg/L) as nitrogen in drinking water. The median concentration + of total nitrogen for surface water in the study area was 7.2 mg/L. Dissolved + phosphorus was predominately in the form of orthophosphate. The median total + phosphorus concentration for the study area was 0.22 mg/L. About 75 percent + of the total phosphorus concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection + Agency recommended total phosphorus concentration of 0.10 mg/L or less to + minimize algal growth in streams not discharging directly into lakes or impoundments. + Median suspended-sediment concentration for the study area was 82 mg/L.

\n

Nitrogen, + phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations varied annually and seasonally. + Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations increased each + year of the study due to increased precipitation and runoff. Concentrations + were typically higher in the spring after fertilizer application and runoff. + In winter, nitrogen concentrations typically increased when there was little + instream assimilation by aquatic plants and algae. Nitrogen and phosphorus + concentrations decreased in late summer when there was less runoff and instream + assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus by aquatic plants and algae was high. + Suspended-sediment concentrations were highest in early summer during runoff + and lowest in January when there was ice cover with very little overland flow + contributing to rivers and streams.

\n

Streams draining small- to medium-sized + watersheds that have uniform land use and geology had significantly (p < + 0.05) higher total dissolved-nitrogen concentrations (median, 8.2 mg/L) than + did samples from large rivers (median, 6.2 mg/L) that drain basins with mixed + land use and geology. Samples from large rivers typically had significantly + (p< 0.05) higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations + than did samples from small rivers and streams.

\n

Concentrations varied + between drainage basins due to land use and physiography. Basins that are + located in areas with a higher percentage of row-crop agriculture typically + had samples with higher nitrogen concentrations than did basins with less + row-crop agriculture. In addition, basins that drain the Southern Iowa Drift + Plain and the Des Moines Lobe typically had samples with higher total phosphorus + and suspended-sediment concentrations than did basins that drain other landform + regions.

\n

Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads were typically + proportional to the size of the drainage basin. Total nitrogen loads increased + each year from 1996 through 1998 in conjunction with increased concentrations + and runoff. However, total phosphorus loads in the Skunk River Basin decreased + in 1997 due to less runoff. Total phosphorus loads followed the same pattern + as total nitrogen loads with increases in 1998. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus + loads varied seasonally and the highest loads typically occurred in early + spring and summer after fertilizer application and runoff. Loads were lowest + in January and September when there was little runoff to transport nitrogen + and phosphorus to the rivers and streams.

\n

Total nitrogen loads contributed + to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and + 1998 were 97,000, 120,000, and 230,000 metric tons respectively. Total phosphorus + loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during + 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 6,900, 4,600, and 8,800 metric tons, respectively. + The highest nitrogen and phosphorus yields typically occurred in streams draining + small watersheds that were dominated by a single land use and geology. Sampling + sites located in drainage basins with higher row-crop percentage typically + had higher nitrogen and phosphorus yields. Sites that were located in the + Des Moines Lobe and the Southern Iowa Drift Plain typically had higher phosphorus + yields probably due to more erodible soils and steeper slopes.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings + of the Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Water Initiatives + Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"State + and Federal Water Initiatives Conference","conferenceDate":"March 5-7. 2001","conferenceLocation":"Ames, + IA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, + VA","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":316646,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316645,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/projects/nawqa/abstracts/ISU2001.SWnut.html"}],"country":"United + 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\"}}]}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becher, + Kent D. kdbecher@usgs.gov","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent + D.","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","id":597550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":70164479,"text":"70164479 + - 2001 - Water quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Basic water + chemistry of rivers and streams, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:10:06","indexId":"70164479","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T10:15","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference + Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water + quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Basic water chemistry of rivers + and streams, 1996-98","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey began data-collection + activities in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality + Assessment Program in September 1995 with the purpose of determining the status + and trends in water quality of water from the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and + Skunk River basins. From March 1996 through September 1998, monthly surface-water + samples were collected from 11 sites on the study''s rivers and streams representing + three distinct physiographic regions, the Des Moines Lobe, the Iowan Surface, + the Southern Iowa Drift Plain, and one subregion, the Iowan Karst. These water + samples were analyzed for basic water chemistry, including, but not limited + to the following cations: sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and silica; + anions: chloride, fluoride, sulfate, and bicarbonate; and two metals - iron + and maganese. Although none of the concentrations of the constituents exceeded + health advisories or drinking-water regulations, extremely high or low concentrations + could potentially affect aquatic life. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium are + essential elements for both plant and animal life; manganese is an essential + element in plant metabolism; and silica is important in the growth of diatom + algae. Calcium had the largest median concentration of 61 milligrams per liter + (mg/L) of the cations, and the largest maximum concentration of 100 mg/L. + Bicarbonate had the largest median concentration of 210 mg/L of the anions, + and the largest maximum concentration of 400 mg/L.

\n

Basic water-quality + differences related to physiographic differences and seasonality were evident + in streams and rivers in the Eastern Iowa Basins. Of the three major landforms, + water samples from sites within the Des Moines Lobe, the youngest landform + in the study area, had significantly higher median concentrations of calcium + (85 mg/L), magnesium (28 mg/L), sulfate (28 mg/L), fluoride (0.31 mg/L), and + silica (16 mg/L). The Des Moines Lobe region is calcium magnesium bicarbonate-rich + due to the Paleozoic source rocks (limestones and shales) in the bedrock. + Water samples from sites within the Southern Iowa Drift Plain had higher median + concentrations of sodium (12 mg/L), potassium (3.2 mg/L), and chloride (21 + mg/L). Concentrations also varied according to the time of year. Grouping + the data into four seasonal periods, water samples collected during the months + of October, November, and December, had higher median concentrations of calcium, + magnesium, and chloride, then samples collected during other quarters of the + year. Water quality in the streams during this low-flow period (October through + December) is representative of that in the contributing aquifers.

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\"}}]}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, + Kymm K. kkbarnes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kymm + K.","email":"kkbarnes@usgs.gov","id":597549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":70023580,"text":"70023580 + - 2001 - Occurrence of cyanazine compounds in groundwater: Degradates more + prevalent than the parent compound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:03:25","indexId":"70023580","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence + of cyanazine compounds in groundwater: Degradates more prevalent than the + parent compound","docAbstract":"

A recently developed analytical method + using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to investigate the + occurrence of cyanazine and its degradates cyanazine acid (CAC), cyanazine + amide (CAM), deethylcyanazine (DEC), and deethylcyanazine acid (DCAC) in groundwater. + This research represents some of the earliest data on the occurrence of cyanazine + degradates in groundwater. Although cyanazine was infrequently detected in + the 64 wells across Iowa sampled in 1999, cyanazine degradates were commonly + found during this study. The most frequently detected cyanazine compound was + DCAC (32.8%) followed by CAC (29.7%), CAM (17.2%), DEC (3.1%), and cyanazine + (3.1%). The frequency of detection for cyanazine or one or more of its degradates + (CYTOT) was more than 12-fold over that of cyanazine alone (39.1% for CYTOT + versus 3.1% for cyanazine). Of the total measured concentration of cyanazine, + only 0.2% was derived from its parent compound - with DCAC (74.1%) and CAC + (18.4%) comprising 92.5% of this total. Thus, although DCAC and CAC had similar + frequencies of detection, DCAC was generally present in higher concentrations. + No concentrations of cyanazine compounds for this study exceeded water-quality + criteria for the protection of human health. Only cyanazine, however, has + such a criteria established. Nevertheless, because these cyanazine degradates + are still chlorinated, they may have similar toxicity as their parent compound + - similar to what has been found with the chlorinated degradates of atrazine. + Thus, the results of this study documented that data on the degradates for + cyanazine are critical for understanding its fate and transport in the hydrologic + system. Furthermore, the prevalence of the chlorinated degradates of cyanazine + found in groundwater suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect + on human health and the environment from cyanazine its degradates should also + be considered. In addition, because CYTOT was found in 57.6% of the samples + collected from alluvial aquifers, about 2-5 times more frequently than the + other major aquifer types (glacial drift, bedrock/karst, bedrock/nonkarst) + under investigation, this finding has long-term implications for the occurrence + of CYTOT in streams. It is anticipated that low-level concentrations of CYTOT + will continue to be detected in streams for years after the use of cyanazine + has terminated (scheduled for the year 2000 in the United States), primarily + through its movement from groundwater into streams during base-flow conditions.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental + Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American + Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/es001520x","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Occurrence + of cyanazine compounds in groundwater: Degradates more prevalent than the + parent compound; 2001; Article; Journal; Environmental Science and Technology; + Kolpin, D. W.; Thurman, E. M.; Linhart, S. M. 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\"}}]}","volume":"35","issue":"6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, + D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","id":398108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, + E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","id":398110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linhart, + S.M.","contributorId":102517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S.M.","id":398109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":54355,"text":"wdrIA001 + - 2001 - Water resources data, Iowa, water year 2000, Volume 1. surface water--Mississippi + River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:22:51","indexId":"wdrIA001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IA-00-1","title":"Water + resources data, Iowa, water year 2000, Volume 1. surface water--Mississippi + River Basin","docAbstract":"

Water resources data for water year 2000 for + Iowa consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; + stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality + of ground water. This report, in two volumes, contains stage or discharge + records for 126 gaging stations; stage or contents records for 9 lakes and + reservoirs; water-quality records for 4 gaging stations; sediment records + for 12 gaging stations; and water levels for 167 ground-water observation + wells. Also included are peak-flow data for 93 crest-stage partial-record + stations, water-quality data from 45 municipal wells, and precipitation data + collected at 6 gaging stations and 2 precipitation sites. Additional water + data were collected at various sites not included in the systematic data-collection + program, and are published here as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. + These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated + by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies + in Iowa.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, + VA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural + Resources (Geological Survey Bureau), Iowa Department of Transportation, and + with Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Data, Iowa, Water Year + 2000, Volume 1. Surface Water--Mississippi River Basin; 2001; WDR; IA-00-1; + Nalley, G. M.; Gorman, J. G.; Goodrich, R. D.; Miller, V. E.; Turco, M. J.; + Linhart, S. 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2001 - Influence of natural factors on the quality of midwestern streams + and rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:53:26","indexId":"wri004288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4288","title":"Influence + of natural factors on the quality of midwestern streams and rivers","docAbstract":"

Streams + flowing through cropland in the Midwestern Corn Belt differ considerably in + their chemical and ecological characteristics, even though agricultural land + use is highly intensive throughout the entire region. These differences likely + are attributable to differences in riparian vegetation, soil properties, and + hydrology. This conclusion is based on results from a study of the upper Midwest + region conducted during seasonally low-flow conditions in August 1997 by the + U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. + This report summarizes significant results from the study and presents some + implications for the design and interpretation of water-quality monitoring + and assessment studies based on these results.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Influence + of natural factors on the quality of midwestern streams and rivers; 2001; + WRI; 2000-4288; Porter, Stephen D.; Harris, Mitchell A.; Kalkhoff, Stephen + J.","productDescription":"13 p.; col. ill., col. map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":3925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004288","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":316703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004288.JPG"}],"country":"United + States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 46.01222384063238\n ],\n [\n -95.09765625,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -95.97656249999999,\n 46.52863469527167\n ],\n [\n -96.30615234375,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -96.240234375,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -97.5146484375,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -95.77880859375,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -95.29541015625,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -94.41650390625,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -93.58154296875,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -92.79052734375,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 39.2832938689385\n ],\n [\n -90.59326171875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -90.3515625,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -90.10986328125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -90.04394531249999,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 38.66835610151509\n ],\n [\n -88.61572265625,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -87.86865234374999,\n 40.26276066437183\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 41.3108238809182\n ],\n [\n -89.18701171875,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 40.396764305572056\n ],\n [\n -90.28564453124999,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -90.28564453124999,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -90.10986328125,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 42.147114459220994\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -92.65869140625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -93.14208984375,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -93.55957031249999,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -93.1201171875,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -94.59228515625,\n 45.5679096098613\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 46.01222384063238\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, + Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen + D.","id":231058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, + Mitchell A. maharris@usgs.gov","contributorId":1382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Mitchell + A.","email":"maharris@usgs.gov","id":231056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhoff, + Stephen J. sjkalkho@usgs.gov","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen + J.","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":231057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":45070,"text":"wri004274 + - 2001 - Simulated ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi + River alluvium near Burlington, Iowa, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:45:36","indexId":"wri004274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4274","title":"Simulated + ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near + Burlington, Iowa, 1999","docAbstract":"

The City of Burlington, Iowa, obtains + some of its public water supply by withdrawing ground water from the Mississippi + River alluvium, an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Mississippi River. The + U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Burlington, conducted + a hydrologic study of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington in 1999 + to improve understanding of the flow system, evaluate the effects of hypothetical + pumping scenarios on the flow system, and evaluate selected water-quality + constituents in parts of the alluvium.

\n

A steady-state, ground-water + flow model was constructed for a 7-square-mile area of the alluvium using + October 1999 hydrologic conditions to help conceptualize the flow system, + identify sources of water to the alluvium, and assess potential effects from + additional hypothetical ground-water withdrawals from the lower alluvium. + The model was discretized into a 70-row by 68-column grid using cells measuring + 200 feet by 200 feet. Three model layers were used to represent flow in the + upper part of the alluvium, lower part of the alluvium, and bedrock. The primary + sources of ground water to the alluvium were subsurface flow from areas of + the alluvium adjacent to the modeled area, recharge from precipitation, subsurface + flow from Flint River streamchannel deposits adjacent to the alluvium, and + river leakage. The primary components of outflow from the flow system were + river leakage, municipal ground-water withdrawals (pumpage), and leakage to + drainage ditches.

\n

Three hypothetical pumping scenarios were used to + assess the potential effects of increased ground-water withdrawals from the + lower part of the alluvium: (1) pumping a second existing municipal well at + a rate of 0.5 million gallons per day, (2) pumping a hypothetical well completed + in an area between the city water-treatment facility and Flint River at a + rate of 1.0 million gallons per day, and (3) pumping a hypothetical well completed + in an area south of the Flint River at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day. + Maximum additional simulated drawdown in the upper alluvium ranged from less + than 3 feet (for scenario 1) to about 9 feet (for scenario 3). Maximum additional + simulated drawdown in the lower alluvium ranged from about 12 feet (for scenario + 1) to about 34 feet (for scenario 3). Water budgets for each scenario indicated + future additional withdrawals from the flow system near Burlington’s + existing municipal wells would significantly increase the amount of river + leakage into the flow system.

\n

Water samples collected from the alluvium + indicated ground water can be classified as a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate + type. Reducing conditions likely occur in some localized areas of the alluvium, + as suggested by relatively large concentrations of dissolved iron (4,390 micrograms + per liter) and manganese (2, 430 micrograms per liter) in some ground-water + samples. Nitrite plus nitrate was detected at concentrations greater than + or equal to 8 milligrams per liter in three samples collected from observation + wells completed in close proximity to cropland; the nitrite plus nitrate concentration + in one groundwater sample exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency + Maximum Contaminant Level for nitrate in drinking water (10 milligrams per + liter as N). Triazine herbicides (atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, + and selected degradation products) and chloroacetanilide herbicides (acetochlor, + alachlor, and metolachlor) were detected in some water samples. A greater + number of herbicide compounds were detected in surface-water samples than + in ground-water samples. Herbicide concentrations typically were at least + an order of magnitude greater in surfacewater samples than in ground-water + samples. The Maximum Contaminant Level for alachlor (2 micrograms per liter) + was exceeded in a sample from Dry Branch Creek at Tama Road and for atrazine + (3 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in samples collected from Dry Branch + Creek at Tama Road and the county drainage ditch at Tama Road.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared + in cooperation with the City of Burlington, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Simulated + ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near + Burlington, Iowa, 1999; 2001; WRI; 2000-4274; Boyd, Robert A.","productDescription":"v, + 46 p.; ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":316649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004274.JPG"},{"id":3922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_00-4274.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.09262466430663,\n 40.8161477453172\n ],\n [\n -91.05863571166992,\n 40.8493976983769\n ],\n [\n -91.10172271728516,\n 40.87588181562867\n ],\n [\n -91.13777160644531,\n 40.843164602353745\n ],\n [\n -91.09262466430663,\n 40.8161477453172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, + Robert A.","contributorId":16491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Robert + A.","id":231042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":45045,"text":"wri014062 + - 2001 - Ammonia in ground water from the Mississippi River alluvium, Fort + Madison, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:10:47","indexId":"wri014062","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4062","title":"Ammonia + in ground water from the Mississippi River alluvium, Fort Madison, Iowa","docAbstract":"

The + U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Fort Madison, conducted + a study of the potential sources and possible processes that might produce + ammonia in ground water from the Mississippi River alluvium near Fort Madison, + Iowa. High ammonia concentrations of 3.0 to 6.4 milligrams per liter were + detected in water produced from municipal well Fort Madison #4 from 1992 through + 1996. Total organic carbon concentrations of about 5 milligrams per liter + were also reported during the same time period.

\n

Water-level measurements + from two municipal wells and one well at Iowa State Penitentiary were used + to determine that the general direction of ground-water flow during the two + days of sampling was from northeast to southwest toward wells Fort Madison + #4 and Fort Madison #5. Continuous pumping of other nearby wells probably + influenced the direction of ground-water flow on these days. Because of a + till confining unit separating the Mississippi River and the alluvial aquifer, + it is uncertain to what extent induced recharge occurs to the alluvial aquifer + from the river.

\n

Water samples were collected from three municipal + wells, two industrial wells, one watersupply well at the Iowa State Penitentiary, + one domestic well, two creeks, and the Mississippi River. Tritium analytical + results indicate that the time of recharge was after 1953 for water from the + municipal wells (where tritium samples were collected). The ammonia concentration, + 5.1 milligrams per liter, was considerably higher in ground water collected + from well Fort Madison #4 compared to samples collected from other wells. + The dissolved organic carbon concentration was also highest in ground water + collected from well Fort Madison #4 (5.5 milligrams per liter) although samples + from other wells were also relatively high, 2.6 to 5.3 milligrams per liter. + The most likely process producing the high ammonia concentration in ground + water in the vicinity of well Fort Madison #4 is decomposition of organic + matter (ammonification). Nitrogen isotope values, when compared to nitrogen + isotope values found in ground water in the vicinity of some of the other + wells, indicate the possibility that a higher percentage of the ammonia found + in ground water in the vicinity of well Fort Madison #4 may be from human + and(or) other animal wastes. Higher concentrations of dissolved phosphorus, + orthophosphate, and a higher chloride-to-sodium mole ratio found in ground + water sampled from well Fort Madison #4 could be indicative of a sewage or + septic source. Potential sources include existing or abandoned septic systems, + leaking sanitary sewer lines, commercial or residential waste-disposal sites, + and agricultural runoff upgradient from well Fort Madison #4, or possibly, + bed sediments of the Mississippi River.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared + in cooperation with the City of Fort Madison, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Ammonia + in ground water from the Mississippi River alluvium, Fort Madison, Iowa; 2001; + WRI; 2001-4062; Linhart, S. Mike","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.; ill., col. + maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":99366,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4062/report.pdf","size":"3823","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa","city":"Fort Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": + \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": + {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": + [\n [\n [\n -91.28411293029785,\n 40.634082356930826\n ],\n [\n -91.29063606262207,\n 40.63160716048042\n ],\n [\n -91.29681587219237,\n 40.629978691723295\n ],\n [\n -91.29973411560059,\n 40.62887131028398\n ],\n [\n -91.307373046875,\n 40.62841532435384\n ],\n [\n -91.31458282470702,\n 40.62808961821176\n ],\n [\n -91.31758689880371,\n 40.6275684850803\n ],\n [\n -91.32084846496582,\n 40.62574448709567\n ],\n [\n -91.32393836975098,\n 40.623659856971535\n ],\n [\n -91.32883071899414,\n 40.62222663601859\n ],\n [\n -91.33389472961426,\n 40.62124942228214\n ],\n [\n -91.33569717407227,\n 40.621966047086744\n ],\n [\n -91.33870124816895,\n 40.62457189065689\n ],\n [\n -91.3432502746582,\n 40.63023924939319\n ],\n [\n -91.34333610534668,\n 40.63264935964309\n ],\n [\n -91.33732795715332,\n 40.636101528180944\n ],\n [\n -91.32780075073242,\n 40.63616666172068\n ],\n [\n -91.31707191467285,\n 40.63629692860955\n ],\n [\n -91.30471229553221,\n 40.63571072560798\n ],\n [\n -91.30660057067871,\n 40.638185769935156\n ],\n [\n -91.30805969238281,\n 40.64150739573837\n ],\n [\n -91.30574226379395,\n 40.6414422674093\n ],\n [\n -91.3029956817627,\n 40.63942325768938\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 40.63844629557923\n ],\n [\n -91.28883361816406,\n 40.640530464129945\n ],\n [\n -91.2857437133789,\n 40.64092123848905\n ],\n [\n -91.28660202026366,\n 40.639162735858\n ],\n [\n -91.28814697265625,\n 40.63883708213899\n ],\n [\n -91.2883186340332,\n 40.63727392217427\n ],\n [\n -91.2868595123291,\n 40.63551532346368\n ],\n [\n -91.28411293029785,\n 40.634082356930826\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linhart, + S. Mike","contributorId":61073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. + Mike","id":230983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":44936,"text":"wri004256 + - 2001 - Benthic invertebrate assemblages and their relation to physical and + chemical characteristics of streams in the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:17:16","indexId":"wri004256","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2001","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4256","title":"Benthic + invertebrate assemblages and their relation to physical and chemical characteristics + of streams in the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98","docAbstract":"

Over 250 + benthic invertebrate taxa were identified from snags and woody debris in streams + and rivers of the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River Basins in the + Eastern Iowa Basins (EIWA) study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National + Water-Quality Assessment Program. The composition, distribution, and abundance + of 74 predominant taxa were related to environmental conditions in the study + unit, using habitat, hydrologic, and water-quality data. Four groups of sites + were defined, based on the distribution and relative abundance of taxa. Detrended + correspondence analysis was used to identify relations in the structure of + the invertebrate assemblages, and the correspondence of taxa and sites in + the groups was related to habitat, hydrologic, and water-quality information. + Responses of invertebrate assemblages were explained by natural factors, such + as surficial geology or physical habitat conditions, as well as human influences, + such as agriculture or high-density hog-feeding operations.

\n

Mayflies, + caddisflies, and true flies were well represented in streams and rivers of + the EIWA study unit. The mayflies Tricorythodes and Baetis intercalaris, + the net-spinning caddisflies Hydropsyche bidens and H. simulans, and + the Chironomidae Glyptotendipes, Polypedilum, and Rheotanytarsus + predominated. Spatial variation in benthic invertebrate assemblages within + a site was less than that observed among sites. Assemblages from 3 years of + sampling generally were grouped by site, with exceptions related to differences + in discharge among years.

\n

The benthic invertebrate assemblages associated + with the four groups of sites reflected the cumulative effects of agricultural + and urban land use, sources of nutrient and organic enrichment, and longitudinal + stream succession—the natural sequence of communities in streams from + headwaters to large rivers. These factors, especially the natural changes + from upstream to downstream, were influential in characterizing the benthic + invertebrate assemblages of the site groups.

\n

Stream size, a reflection + of basin area, was a principal influence in categorizing the benthic invertebrate + assemblages, with sites that have the largest basin areas forming a separate + group. Although it is difficult to distinguish among the contributions of + large basin area, increased concentrations of nutrients and pesticides, and + decreasing instream habitat diversity, the resulting invertebrate assemblage + described was distinct. The remaining sites were headwater or tributary streams + that reflected conditions more common to smaller streams, such as higher gradients + and the potential for more diverse or extensive riparian habitat, but were + distinguished by landform. Following basin area in importance, landform contributed + to the differences observed among the benthic invertebrate communities at + the remaining sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological + Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Benthic invertebrate + assemblages and their relation to physical and chemical characteristics of + streams in the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98; 2001; WRI; 2000-4256; Brigham, + Allison R.; Sadorf, Eric M.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.; ill., col. + map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":316661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004256.JPG"},{"id":3812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/wri004256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 43.44893105587766\n ],\n [\n -92.6531982421875,\n 43.64800079902171\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 43.74728909225906\n ],\n [\n -92.8179931640625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -92.9058837890625,\n 43.878097874251736\n ],\n [\n -93.03771972656249,\n 43.909765943908\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -93.1915283203125,\n 43.79488907226601\n ],\n [\n -93.3453369140625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -93.6090087890625,\n 43.80678314779554\n ],\n [\n -93.7518310546875,\n 43.70362249839005\n ],\n [\n -93.878173828125,\n 43.64005063334694\n ],\n [\n -93.9825439453125,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.432977075795606\n ],\n [\n -94.130859375,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -94.1802978515625,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.04881979669318\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 42.96044267380142\n ],\n [\n -93.9056396484375,\n 42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 42.581399679665054\n ],\n [\n -93.7847900390625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -93.85620117187499,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -93.88916015625,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 41.795888098191426\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -93.526611328125,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -93.3782958984375,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -93.218994140625,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -93.0816650390625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -92.8948974609375,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -92.230224609375,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -91.966552734375,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -91.95556640625,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -91.7303466796875,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -91.5216064453125,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -91.5545654296875,\n 40.65980593837855\n ],\n [\n -91.593017578125,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.34033203125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.79717741518769\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 40.851215574282456\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.942564441333296\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 41.01721057822846\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -91.29089355468749,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.32320110223851\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.51269075845857\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.52091689636249\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.56203190200195\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -90.428466796875,\n 41.759019938155404\n ],\n [\n -90.32409667968749,\n 41.81636125072054\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 41.92271616673924\n ],\n [\n -90.6317138671875,\n 41.90636538970964\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 42.17561739661684\n ],\n [\n -91.483154296875,\n 42.33012354634199\n ],\n [\n -91.6534423828125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 42.72683914955442\n ],\n [\n -91.9390869140625,\n 42.879989517714826\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"

Abstract
Introduction
     Purpose and Scope
    +  Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
     Acknowledgements
Methods
     Site Selection and Description
  +    Water-Quality Variables
     Habitat
  +    Benthic Invertebrate Collection and Data Preparation
  +         Field Sampling
        +   Laboratory Processing
          Data + Preparation
     Statistical Analysis and Other Calculations
Distribution of Benthic Invertebrates
     Spatial and + Temporal Variability
          Spatial Variability
          Temporal Variability
    +  Differences in Benthic Invertebrates Among Site Groups
Influence + of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Streams on Benthic Invertebrate + Assemblages
     Identification of Important Environmental + Variables
     Distinctions Among Site Groups
  +    Responses of Benthic Invertebrates to Nutrients and Organic Enrichment
Summary
References cited
Supplemental Data

","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brigham, + Allison R. abrigham@usgs.gov","contributorId":363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Allison + R.","email":"abrigham@usgs.gov","id":230720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadorf, + Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric + M.","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","id":230721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":29513,"text":"wri004106 + - 2000 - Ground-water quality in alluvial aquifers in the eastern Iowa basins, + Iowa and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-10T14:21:07","indexId":"wri004106","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2000","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4106","title":"Ground-water + quality in alluvial aquifers in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The + quality of shallow alluvial ground water that is used for domestic supplies + in the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River Basins (Eastern Iowa Basins) + is described. Water samples from 32 domestic-supply wells were collected from + June through July 1998. This study of ground-water quality in alluvial aquifers + in the Eastern Iowa Basins is part of the U.S. Geological Survey''s National + Water-Quality Assessment Program.

\n

Calcium and bicarbonate were the + dominant ions in solution, likely derived from the dissolution of carbonate + minerals in the alluvial aquifer material. Concentrations of iron exceeded + the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level + (300 micrograms per liter) for drinking water in 53 percent of the samples, + and 50 percent of the samples exceeded the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level + for manganese (50 micrograms per liter). pH and alkalinity increased and sulfate + concentrations decreased with increasing well depth.

\n

Nitrite plus + nitrate nitrogen was detected in 53 percent of the samples and exceeded the + U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams + per liter for drinking water in 13 percent of the samples. Nitrite plus nitrate + nitrogen concentrations were negatively correlated with well depth and positively + correlated with percentage of oxygen saturation. Ammonia plus organic nitrogen + concentrations were positively correlated with well depth, and ratios of nitrite + plus nitrate to ammonia were positively correlated with percentage of oxygen + saturation.

\n

The majority of samples, 72 percent, contained water recharged + since the early 1950''s. The recharge date of water was earlier in deeper + wells. Nitrite plus nitrate and total pesticide concentrations were greater + in more recently recharged water.

\n

Eight pesticides and eight pesticide + metabolites were detected in ground-water samples. Atrazine was the most commonly + detected pesticide, and metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid was the most commonly + detected metabolite. No pesticide detections exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection + Agency drinking-water Maximum Contaminant Levels.

\n

The effects of land + use on ground-water quality also were examined. There was a positive correlation + between percentage of land used for soybean production and concentrations + of metolachlor, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, and metolachlor oxanilic + acid in ground-water samples.
Data from this study and from previous + studies in the Eastern Iowa Basins were compared statistically by well type + (domestic, municipal, and monitoring wells). Well depths were significantly + greater in domestic and municipal wells than in monitoring wells. pH, calcium, + sulfate, chloride, and atrazine concentrations were significantly higher in + municipal-well samples than in domestic-well samples. pH and sulfate concentrations + were significantly higher in municipal-well samples than in monitoring-well + samples. Ammonia was significantly higher in domestic-well samples than in + monitoring-well samples, chloride was significantly higher in monitoring-well + samples than in domestic-well samples, and fluoride was significantly higher + in domestic-well samples than in municipal-well samples.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Ground-water + quality in alluvial aquifers in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota; + 2000; WRI; 2000-4106; Sadorf, Eric M.; Linhart, S. Michael","productDescription":"viii, + 46 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":2503,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/wri004106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 41.64828831259535\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.508577297439324\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -91.856689453125,\n 40.68896903762434\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 41.20345619205129\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -93.50463867187499,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -93.702392578125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -93.966064453125,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -93.97705078125,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -93.922119140625,\n 43.02874525134882\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.23719944365308\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -92.318115234375,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -92.032470703125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"

Abstract +
Introduction
     Purpose and Scope
  +    Previous Studies
     Description of Study + Unit
     Acknowledgments
Study Design and Methods +
     Well Selection
     Sample + Collection
     Water-Quality Analysis
    +  Quality Assurance
     Statistical Analysis
     Land-Use Classification
Ground-Water Quality
     Physical Properties
     Major + Ions and Trace Metals
     Nutrients and Dissolved Organic + Carbon
     Tritium
     Radon
     Pesticides and Pesticide Metabolites
    +  Volatile Organic Compounds
Relations Between Ground-Water Quality + and Land Use
Relations Between Ground-Water Quality and Type of Well + Sampled
Summary
References
Supplemental Information

","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sadorf, + Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric + M.","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","id":201641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linhart, + S. Michael","contributorId":67932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. + Michael","id":201642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":22393,"text":"ofr00237 + - 2000 - Floods of May 17-20, 1999, in the Volga and Wapsipinicon River Basins, + northeast Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T16:21:26","indexId":"ofr00237","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2000","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-237","title":"Floods + of May 17-20, 1999, in the Volga and Wapsipinicon River Basins, northeast + Iowa","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, + VA","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa + Department of Transportation and the Iowa Highway Research Board (Project + HR-140)","usgsCitation":"Floods of May 17-20, 1999, in the Volga and Wapsipinicon + River Basins, northeast Iowa; 2000; OFR; 2000-237; Ballew, J. L.; Fischer, + E. E. ","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.; ill., map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":155874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.6646728515625,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -90.47241210937499,\n 42.1104489601222\n ],\n [\n -90.4449462890625,\n 42.08599350447723\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 42.10637370579324\n ],\n [\n -90.2801513671875,\n 42.08599350447723\n ],\n [\n -90.274658203125,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -90.3131103515625,\n 41.898188430430444\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -90.3680419921875,\n 41.75082413553287\n ],\n [\n -90.4669189453125,\n 41.75082413553287\n ],\n [\n -90.538330078125,\n 41.77950486590359\n ],\n [\n -90.62072753906249,\n 41.75082413553287\n ],\n [\n -90.7305908203125,\n 41.73442939072102\n ],\n [\n -90.780029296875,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 41.7631174470059\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 41.80407814427237\n ],\n [\n -91.0711669921875,\n 41.86547012230939\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 41.92680320648791\n ],\n [\n -91.3897705078125,\n 41.92271616673924\n ],\n [\n -91.4996337890625,\n 41.939062754848564\n ],\n [\n -91.373291015625,\n 41.97174336327968\n ],\n [\n -91.47766113281249,\n 42.04929263868686\n ],\n [\n -91.549072265625,\n 42.11859868281563\n ],\n [\n -91.69189453125,\n 42.17154633452751\n ],\n [\n -91.77429199218749,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -91.9281005859375,\n 42.35042512243457\n ],\n [\n -92.1038818359375,\n 42.46804498583046\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 42.62183364891663\n ],\n [\n -92.3455810546875,\n 42.72280375732727\n ],\n [\n -92.4224853515625,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -92.5323486328125,\n 43.04881979669318\n ],\n [\n -92.5982666015625,\n 43.153101551466385\n ],\n [\n -92.65869140625,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -92.68615722656249,\n 43.440954591707445\n ],\n [\n -92.757568359375,\n 43.54854811091288\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 43.60426186809618\n ],\n [\n -92.559814453125,\n 43.504736854976954\n ],\n [\n -92.4554443359375,\n 43.44893105587766\n ],\n [\n -92.30712890625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -92.04345703125,\n 43.41701888881103\n ],\n [\n -91.988525390625,\n 43.28920196020127\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -91.6534423828125,\n 43.052833917627936\n ],\n [\n -91.4666748046875,\n 43.01268088642034\n ],\n [\n -91.34582519531249,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -91.2469482421875,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -91.1480712890625,\n 42.775243380699706\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 42.72280375732727\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 42.67435857693384\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 42.62991729384455\n ],\n [\n -91.34582519531249,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 42.65820178455667\n ],\n [\n -91.5545654296875,\n 42.706659563510385\n ],\n [\n -91.6754150390625,\n 42.767178634023345\n ],\n [\n -91.702880859375,\n 42.771211138625894\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -91.7303466796875,\n 42.56521874494336\n ],\n [\n -91.69189453125,\n 42.44778143462245\n ],\n [\n -91.658935546875,\n 42.37883631647602\n ],\n [\n -91.461181640625,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 42.20817645934742\n ],\n [\n -91.1151123046875,\n 42.200038266046754\n ],\n [\n -90.86242675781249,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -90.6646728515625,\n 42.08191667830631\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballew, + J.L.","contributorId":102911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballew","given":"J.L.","id":188163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, + E.E.","contributorId":102480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"E.E.","id":188162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":28094,"text":"wri20004025 + - 2000 - Water-quantity and water-quality aspects of a 500-year flood - Nishnabotna + River, southwest Iowa, June 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-10T13:50:51","indexId":"wri20004025","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2000","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4025","title":"Water-quantity + and water-quality aspects of a 500-year flood - Nishnabotna River, southwest + Iowa, June 1998","docAbstract":"

Flooding that occurred in southwest Iowa + during June 15–17, 1998, was the worst flood ever recorded on the Nishnabotna + River, exceeding the theoretical 500-year flood calculated from peak-flow + records (1922 to present). This flood was a direct consequence of severe thunderstorm + activity that caused more than 4 inches of rain to fall over a large part + of the Nishnabotna River Basin. In fact, a new official State record for 24-hour + total rainfall (13.18 inches) was set by this storm. The peak streamflow of + the Nishnabotna River near Hamburg, Iowa, was 65,100 cubic feet per second, + about 20 percent more than any previous recorded peak streamflow at this site.

\n

To + determine the concentrations of selected contaminants that might be present + in this record flooding, water-quality samples were collected within hours + of the flood peak. The results from these samples documented the presence + of numerous herbicide compounds (11 parent compounds and 12 herbicide degradates). + The highest herbicide concentration was 5.06 micrograms per liter (µg/L) + for atrazine, followed by metolachlor (1.16 µg/L), metolachlor ESA (1.04 + µg/L), acetochlor OA (0.99 µg/L), and acetochlor ESA (0.95 µg/L). + The total herbicide concentration (summation of the 23 herbicide compounds + detected) was 15.6 µg/L. The timing of the severe thunderstorm activity + and flooding, which occurred shortly after chemical application associated + with planting of crops, was the principal reason for the large number and + concentrations of herbicide compounds found in the flood water.

\n

At + the time the water-quality samples were collected, the Nishnabotna River was + transporting about 6,000 pounds of suspended sediment, 18 pounds of nitrogen, + 3 pounds of phosphorus, and 0.02 pound of atrazine each second. These loads + were about 10 to 150 times greater than those during a previous runoff event, + and about 260 to 4,600 times greater than those during a previous base-flow + condition.

\n

This sampling demonstrates the importance of collecting + both water-quantity and water-quality data during flood events to estimate + contaminant loads. Potential environmental effects of a flood can only be + understood when both components are measured.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Water-Quantity + and Water-Quality Aspects of a 500-Year Flood - Nishnabotna River, Southwest + Iowa, June 1998; 2000; WRI; 2000-4025; Kolpin, Dana W.; Fischer, Edward E.; + Schnoebelen, Douglas J.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-06-15","temporalEnd":"1998-06-17","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":9899,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_00-4025.pdf","size":"157","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125105,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4025/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.77880859375,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -95.73486328124999,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -95.6634521484375,\n 40.526326510744006\n ],\n [\n -95.54809570312499,\n 40.526326510744006\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -95.0592041015625,\n 41.091772220976615\n ],\n [\n -94.97131347656249,\n 41.265420628926684\n ],\n [\n -94.89990234375,\n 41.47977575214487\n ],\n [\n -94.58129882812499,\n 41.545589036668105\n ],\n [\n -94.47143554687499,\n 41.7508241355329\n ],\n [\n -94.427490234375,\n 41.94314874732696\n ],\n [\n -94.5318603515625,\n 42.14304156290939\n ],\n [\n -94.89990234375,\n 42.44778143462245\n ],\n [\n -95.19653320312499,\n 42.60970621339408\n ],\n [\n -95.614013671875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -95.69091796875,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -95.78979492187499,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -95.767822265625,\n 41.28606238749825\n ],\n [\n -95.77880859375,\n 40.826280356677124\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, + Dana W. dwkolpin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana + W.","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":199208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, + Edward E. edf@usgs.gov","contributorId":1063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Edward + E.","email":"edf@usgs.gov","id":199207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnoebelen, + Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas + J.","id":199209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":30784,"text":"cir1210 + - 2000 - Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T12:39:29","indexId":"cir1210","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2000","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1210","title":"Water + quality in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota, 1996-98","docAbstract":"

The + water quality in rivers and streams and in selected aquifers in eastern Iowa + and part of southern Minnesota is described and illustrated. Major ions, nitrogen + and other nutrients, and pesticides and some of their breakdown compounds + were analyzed in both surface and ground water. Biological communities that + included fish, invertebrates, and algae, were described in relation to stream + water quality. Volatile organic compounds that originate from fuels, solvent, + and industry were analyzed from ground-water samples. Agricultural and urban + land-use effects on shallow ground-water compared and contrasted.

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sjkalkho@usgs.gov","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen + J.","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water + Science Center"},"id":203908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, + Kimberlee K.","contributorId":41476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee + K.","id":203913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becher, + Kent D. kdbecher@usgs.gov","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent + D.","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","id":203911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoca, + Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark + E.","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":622,"text":"Washington + Water Science Center"},"id":203909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schnoebelen, + Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas + J.","id":203914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sadorf, + Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric + M.","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","id":203910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, + Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen + D.","id":203912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sullivan, + Daniel J. djsulliv@usgs.gov","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel + J.","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin + Water Science Center"},"id":203907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}},{"id":25465,"text":"wri994246 + - 2000 - Effects of land use and hydrogeology on the water quality of alluvial + aquifers in eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-10T14:33:02","indexId":"wri994246","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2000","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4246","title":"Effects + of land use and hydrogeology on the water quality of alluvial aquifers in + eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota, 1997","docAbstract":"

Ground-water + samples were collected from monitoring wells at 31 agricultural and 30 urban + sites in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit during June–August 1997 + to evaluate the effects of land use and hydrogeology on the water quality + of alluvial aquifers. Ground-water samples were analyzed for common ions, + nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, tritium, radon-222, pesticides and pesticide + metabolites, volatile organic compounds, and environmental isotopes.

\n

Calcium, + magnesium, and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in most samples and were + likely derived from solution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) + present in alluvial detrital deposits. Chloride and nitrate were dominant + anions in samples from several wells. Sodium and chloride concentrations were + significantly higher in samples from urban areas, where roads are more numerous + and road salts may be more frequently applied, than in agricultural areas. + Nitrate was detected in 94 percent of samples from agricultural areas and + 77 percent of samples from urban areas. Nitrate concentrations were significantly + higher in agricultural areas than in urban areas and exceeded the U.S. Environmental + Protection Agency maximum ontaminant level for drinking water (10 milligrams + per liter as N) in 39 percent of samples from agricultural areas. Nitrate + concentrations in samples from urban areas did not exceed the maximum contaminant + level. Greater use of fertilizers in agricultural areas most likely contributes + to higher nitrate concentrations in samples from those areas.

\n

Tritium-based + ages indicate ground water was most likely recharged after the 1950’s + at all but one sampling site. Agricultural and urban land-use areas have remained + relatively stable in the study area since the 1950’s; therefore, the + effects of current land use should be reflected in ground water sampled during + this study. Radon-222 was detected in all samples and exceeded the U.S. Environmental + Protection Agency’s previously proposed maximum contaminant level for + drinking water (300 picocuries per liter) in 71 percent of samples.

\n

Pesticides + were detected in 84 percent of samples from agricultural areas and 70 percent + from urban areas. Atrazine and metolachlor were the most frequently detected + pesticides in samples from agricultural areas; atrazine and prometon were + the most frequently detected pesticides in samples from urban areas. None + of the pesticide oncentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency + maximum contaminant levels or lifetime health advisories for drinking water. + Pesticide metabolites were detected in 94 percent of samples from agricultural + areas and 53 percent from urban areas. Metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid and + deethylatrazine were the most frequently detected metabolites in samples from + agricultural areas; metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid and alachlor ethane sulfonic + acid were the most frequently detected metabolites in samples from urban areas.

\n

Total + metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in samples from agricultural + areas than in samples from urban areas. Total pesticide concentrations (parent + compounds) tended to be higher in samples from agricultural areas; however, + this difference was not statistically significant.

\n

Metabolites constituted + the major portion of the total residue concentration in the alluvial aquifer.

\n

Volatile + organic compounds were detected in 40 percent of samples from urban areas + and 10 percent from agricultural areas. Methyl tertbutyl ether was the most + commonly detected volatile organic compound and was present in 23 percent + of samples from urban areas. Elevated concentrations (greater than 30 micrograms + per liter) of methyl tert-butyl ether and BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, + ethylbenzene, and xylene) in two samples from urban areas suggest the possible + presence of point-source gasoline leaks or spills.

\n

Factors other than + land use may contribute to observed differences in water quality between and + within agricultural and urban areas. Nitrate, atrazine, deethylatrazine, and + deisopropylatrazine concentrations were significantly higher in shallow wells + with sample intervals nearer the water table and in wells with thinner cumulative + clay thickness above the sample intervals. These relations suggest that longer + flow paths allow for greater residence time and increase opportunities for + sorption, degradation, and dispersion, which may contribute to decreases in + nutrient and pesticide concentrations with depth. Nitrogen speciation was + influenced by redox conditions. Nitrate concentrations were significantly + higher in ground water with dissolved-oxygen concentrations in excess of 0.5 + milligram per liter. Ammonia concentrations were higher in ground water with + dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 0.5 milligram per liter or less; however, + this relation was not statistically significant. The amount of available organic + matter may limit denitrification rates. Elevated nitrate concentrations (greater + than 2.0 mg/L) were significantly related to lower dissolved organic carbon + concentrations in water samples from both agricultural and urban areas. A + similar relation between nitrate concentrations (in water) and organic carbon + concentrations (in aquifer material) also was observed but was not statistically + significant.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, + VA","usgsCitation":"Effects of Land Use and Hydrogeology on the Water Quality + of Alluvial Aquifers in Eastern Iowa and Southern Minnesota, 1997; 2000; WRI; + 99-4246; Savoca, Mark E.; Sadorf, Eric M.; Linhart, S. Mike; Akers, Kim K. + B.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1997-06-01","temporalEnd":"1997-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa + Water Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":9916,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri994246/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4246.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 41.64828831259535\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.508577297439324\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -91.856689453125,\n 40.68896903762434\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 41.20345619205129\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -93.50463867187499,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -93.702392578125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -93.966064453125,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -93.97705078125,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -93.922119140625,\n 43.02874525134882\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.23719944365308\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -92.318115234375,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -92.032470703125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoca, + Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark + E.","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":622,"text":"Washington + Water Science Center"},"id":193801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadorf, + Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric + M.","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","id":193802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linhart, + S. Mike","contributorId":61073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. + Mike","id":193804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akers, + Kim K.B.","contributorId":19592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akers","given":"Kim + K.B.","id":193803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}},{"id":27649,"text":"wri994173 + - 2000 - Effects of residential and agricultural land uses on the chemical + quality of baseflow of small streams in the Croton Watershed, southeastern + New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:43:32","indexId":"wri994173","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00","publicationYear":"2000","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations + Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4173","title":"Effects + of residential and agricultural land uses on the chemical quality of baseflow + of small streams in the Croton Watershed, southeastern New York","docAbstract":"

Data + on the chemical quality of baseflow from 33 small streams that drain basins + of differing land-use type and intensity within the Croton watershed were + collected seasonally for 1 year to identify and characterize the quality of + ground-water contributions to surface water. The watershed includes twelve + of New York City''s water-supply reservoirs. Baseflow samples were collected + a minimum of three days after the most recent precipitation and were analyzed + for major ions, boron, and nutrients.

\n

Findings—

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\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"issn\"\ + :\"0566-8174\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Effects of animal feeding operations on\ + \ water resources and the environment; proceedings of the technical meeting,\ + \ Fort Collins, Colorado, August 30-September 1, 1999; 2000; OFR; 2000-204;\ + \ Wilde, Franceska D.; Britton, L. J.; Miller, C. V.; Kolpin, D. W.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"iii, 107 p. ; 28 cm.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"\ + N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":192,\"text\":\"Columbia Environmental Research\ + \ Center\"},{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"}],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":154713,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg\"},{\"id\":1194,\"\ + rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr00-204\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}}],\"contributors\":{\"authors\"\ + :[{\"text\":\"Wilde, Franceska D.\",\"contributorId\":92240,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Wilde\",\"given\":\"Franceska D.\",\"id\"\ + :185586,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"\ + text\":\"Britton, L.J.\",\"contributorId\":39788,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Britton\",\"given\":\"L.J.\",\"id\":185583,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Miller, C.V.\",\"\ + contributorId\":41026,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Miller\"\ + ,\"given\":\"C.V.\",\"id\":185584,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Kolpin, D.W.\",\"contributorId\":87565,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kolpin\",\"given\":\"D.W.\"\ + ,\"id\":185585,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :4}]}},{\"id\":22266,\"text\":\"ofr0067 - 2000 - Water-quality assessment\ + \ of the Eastern Iowa Basins: hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through\ + \ September 1998\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T16:10:04\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"ofr0067\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2000-11-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2000\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2000-67\",\"title\":\"Water-quality assessment of\ + \ the Eastern Iowa Basins: hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through\ + \ September 1998\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Hydrologic and biologic data collected\ + \ from October 1996 through September 1998 in the Eastern Iowa Basins study\ + \ unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program\ + \ are presented in this report. Monthly data collected from 12 sites on rivers\ + \ and streams included measurements of physical properties and determinations\ + \ of the concentrations of nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements,\ + \ suspended sediment, and dissolved pesticides. Fish-tissue samples were collected\ + \ at two sites in September 1997 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides.\ + \ In addition, water-quality assessments were made at 25 sites as part of\ + \ a synoptic study in August 1997 and May 1998. A ground-water study was conducted\ + \ to evaluate the effects of agricultural and urban land use on the water\ + \ quality of shallow alluvial aquifers in the study unit. Samples were collected\ + \ and analyzed from wells in 31 agricultural and 30 urban land-use areas during\ + \ June-August 1997. Samples were collected and analyzed from 32 domestic wells\ + \ during June-July 1998 to provide a broad assessment of the water quality\ + \ of shallow alluvial aquifers throughout the study unit. Samples were collected\ + \ during August 1998 from 27 shallow monitoring wells completed in the Iowa\ + \ River alluvial aquifer to evaluate the effects of changing land use on shallow\ + \ ground-water quality. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties,\ + \ nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved pesticides,\ + \ volatile organic compounds, radon-222, and tritium.

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Abstract
Introduction
     Purpose and Scope\ + \
     Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Implementation\ + \ of Water-Quality Studies
     Surface-Water-Quality\ + \ Data Collection
          Sampling Sites          Surface-Water Sample Collection          Biologic Sample Collection
 \ + \         Analytical Procedures
     Ground-Water-Quality\ + \ Data
          Site Selection
 \ + \         Well Installation
     \ + \     Ground-Water Sample Collection
       \ + \   Analytical Procedures
     Water-Quality Analysis\ + \ and Quality Control
          Surface Water          Ground Water
AcknowledgmentsSelected References

\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"\ + Akers, Kimberlee K.\",\"contributorId\":43379,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Akers\",\"given\":\"Kimberlee K.\",\"id\":187860,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Montgomery, Denise\ + \ L.\",\"contributorId\":92698,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Montgomery\",\"given\":\"Denise L.\",\"id\":187862,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Christiansen, Daniel\ + \ E. dechrist@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":366,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Christiansen\",\"given\":\"Daniel E.\",\"email\":\"dechrist@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"},\"id\"\ + :187856,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"\ + text\":\"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1961,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Savoca\",\"given\":\"Mark E.\",\"email\"\ + :\"mesavoca@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"text\":\"Washington Water\ + \ Science Center\"},\"id\":187857,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :87514,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Schnoebelen\",\"given\"\ + :\"Douglas J.\",\"id\":187861,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Becher, Kent D. kdbecher@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :3863,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Becher\",\"given\"\ + :\"Kent D.\",\"email\":\"kdbecher@usgs.gov\",\"id\":187859,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Sadorf, Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2245,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Sadorf\",\"given\":\"Eric M.\",\"email\":\"emsadorf@usgs.gov\",\"id\":187858,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7}]}},{\"id\":70168343,\"\ + text\":\"70168343 - 2000 - Summary of the major water-quality findings from\ + \ the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment\ + \ Program\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T12:33:07\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70168343\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2000-04-20T13:30\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"2000\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"title\"\ + :\"Summary of the major water-quality findings from the Eastern Iowa Basins\ + \ study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

An integrated assessment of the water quality in streams and aquifers\ + \ in the Wapsipinicon, Iowa, Cedar, and Skunk River basins was conducted in\ + \ 1996 through 1998 as part of the Eastern Iowa Basins (EIWA) study unit of\ + \ the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA).\ + \ The EIWA study unit is one of 59 study units across the Nation designed\ + \ to assess the status and trends in the quality of the Nation's ground- and\ + \ surface-water resources and to link the status and trends with an understanding\ + \ of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of water. Over\ + \ 90 percent of the land in the EIWA study unit is used for agricultural purposes,\ + \ while forested areas account for only 4 percent and urban areas about 2\ + \ percent of the land.

\\n

Surface-water samples were collected monthly\ + \ and during selected storm events from six sites in medium-sized basins (125\ + \ to about 400 mi2) and five sites in large river basins (2,300 to 12,500\ + \ mi2). The medium-sized basins were selected to be representative of various\ + \ physical features, hydrogeology, and agricultural landuse (row crops and\ + \ concentrated animal feeding operations) that may affect water quality. The\ + \ large river sites were selected to determine the integrated effects of combinations\ + \ of landuse and hydrogeology on river-water quality.

\\n

Ground-water\ + \ samples were collected primarily from the alluvial aquifers because of the\ + \ aquifers' direct hydraulic connection with rivers and streams and because\ + \ alluvial aquifers are one of the most important sources for domestic, municipal,\ + \ and industrial water supplies in the study area. Monitoring wells were installed\ + \ in agricultural and urban areas of the alluvial aquifers to assess the quality\ + \ of the most recently recharged water in relation to land use. Existing domestic\ + \ wells screened in alluvial aquifers and the Silurian/Devonian aquifer were\ + \ sampled to assess deeper and older ground water.

\\n

Surface- and ground-water\ + \ samples were analyzed for a wide variety of chemical constituents (major\ + \ ions, nutrients, and pesticides) commonly associated with agricultural and\ + \ urban activities. Because they were not expected to occur in rivers and\ + \ streams, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), commonly comprising fuels,\ + \ solvents, and other industrial compounds were only analyzed in ground-water\ + \ samples. The age of the ground water, important information needed to relate\ + \ ground-water quality to land use, was determined using both tritium and\ + \ chlorofluorocarbons (Freon?) age-dating methods.

\\n

Results from the\ + \ EIWA NAWQA study build on previous and ongoing research and water-quality\ + \ monitoring programs in Iowa and provide new insights into the relation between\ + \ the quality of the State's water resources and human activities. The major\ + \ findings from the study are listed below.

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+ \"properties\\\":{\\\"name\\\":\\\"Iowa\\\",\\\"nation\\\":\\\"USA \\\"}}]}\"\ + ,\"volume\":\"11\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. sjkalkho@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1731,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kalkhoff\",\"given\":\"Stephen J.\",\"email\"\ + :\"sjkalkho@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":619765,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70168345,\"text\":\"70168345 - 2000 - Pesticides\ + \ in ground water of the United States, 1992-1996\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T13:21:41\",\"indexId\":\"70168345\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2000-04-01T14:15\",\"publicationYear\":\"2000\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1861,\"text\":\"Ground Water\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Pesticides\ + \ in ground water of the United States, 1992-1996\",\"docAbstract\":\"

During\ + \ the first cycle of the National Water Quality Assessment (1992-1996), ground\ + \ water in 20 of the nation’s major hydrologic basins was analyzed for\ + \ 90 pesticide compounds (pesticides and degradates). One or more of the pesticide\ + \ compounds examined were detected at 48.4% of the 2485 ground water sites\ + \ sampled. However, approximately 70% of the sites where pesticides were detected,\ + \ two or more pesticide compounds analyzed were present – documenting\ + \ the prevalence of pesticide mixtures in ground water. The pesticide concentrations\ + \ encountered were generally low, with the median total concentration (summation\ + \ of concentrations for the 90 pesticide compounds) being 0.046 μg/L. Pesticides\ + \ were commonly detected in shallow ground water beneath both agricultural\ + \ (60.4%) and urban (48.5%) areas. This is an important finding because, although\ + \ agricultural activities have long been associated with pesticide contamination,\ + \ urban areas have only recently been recognized as a potential source of\ + \ these types of compounds. Pesticides with higher frequencies of detection\ + \ were generally those with more extensive use, greater environmental persistence,\ + \ and greater mobility in ground water (lower soil-water partition coefficients.).

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contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":488,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Gilliom\",\"given\":\"Robert J.\",\"email\"\ + :\"rgilliom@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":451,\"text\":\"National Water\ + \ Quality Assessment Program\"},\"id\":619782,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70168344,\"text\":\"70168344\ + \ - 2000 - Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural\u2013\ + chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-10T12:47:52\",\"indexId\":\"70168344\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"2000-04-01T13:45\",\"publicationYear\":\"2000\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3352,\"text\":\"Science of the\ + \ Total Environment\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"\ + title\":\"Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural\u2013\ + chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle\",\"docAbstract\":\"

This\ + \ special issue is devoted to recent and ongoing research relating to the\ + \ fate and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River Basin\ + \ by the US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology (Toxics) Program.\ + \ The Mississippi River Basin drains approximately 3 200 000 km2\ + \ representing 41% of the United States. This is the largest river in the\ + \ United States and the third largest in the world. The Mississippi River\ + \ discharges an average of 19 920 m3/s of water into the Gulf of\ + \ Mexico. The river is an extensively used resource, supplying drinking water\ + \ to 70 cities in the United States.

\\n

The Mississippi River Basin\ + \ has undergone dramatic land use and cultural changes over the last 150 years.\ + \ Approximately 70 million people now live within the basin, representing\ + \ approximately 27% of the nation's population. This basin has also become\ + \ one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world in terms of\ + \ both crops and livestock grown. Approximately 65% of the nation's harvested\ + \ cropland is grown in this basin, with more than 100 000 metric tons (t)\ + \ of pesticides and approximately 6 500 000 t of commercial nitrogen fertilizers\ + \ applied to cropland within the basin annually. The drainage of more than\ + \ 20 000 000 ha within the basin has been enhanced by means of tile lines\ + \ and ditches to lower the water table to make the cropland more productive.\ + \ While removing the water from the soil as intended, this practice also leads\ + \ to more rapid transport of contaminants to the river, and ultimately the\ + \ Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, the extensive chemical use in the Mississippi\ + \ River Basin has led to the transport of pesticides and nitrate into the\ + \ region’s streams, aquifers, and atmosphere. An estimated 1 000 000\ + \ t of nitrate-N is transported from the Mississippi River Basin into the\ + \ Gulf of Mexico annually. The peak annual load of herbicides to the Gulf\ + \ of Mexico has been documented at 1920 t. The fundamental goal of the papers\ + \ presented in this volume is to provide a scientific basis for decisions\ + \ necessary to promote sound and efficient agricultural practices and protect\ + \ the quality of the nation's water resources.

\",\"largerWorkType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"largerWorkTitle\":\"Science of the Total Environment\"\ + ,\"largerWorkSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Amsterdam\"\ + ,\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00530-6\",\"productDescription\":\"2 p.\"\ + ,\"startPage\":\"71\",\"endPage\":\"72\",\"numberOfPages\":\"2\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":351,\"text\"\ + :\"Iowa Water Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":317919,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"248\",\"issue\":\"2-3\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"\ + text\":\"Kolpin, Dana W. dwkolpin@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1239,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kolpin\",\"given\":\"Dana W.\",\"email\"\ + :\"dwkolpin@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science\ + \ Center\"},\"id\":619766,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70022787,\"text\":\"70022787 - 2000 - Finding minimal\ + \ herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T14:03:17\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70022787\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2000-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2000\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3352,\"\ + text\":\"Science of the Total Environment\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground\ + \ water? Try looking for their degradates\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Extensive\ + \ research has been conducted regarding the occurrence of herbicides in the\ + \ hydrologic system, their fate, and their effects on human health and the\ + \ environment. Few studies, however, have considered herbicide transformation\ + \ products (degradates). In this study of Iowa ground water, herbicide degradates\ + \ were frequently detected. In fact, herbicide degradates were eight of the\ + \ 10 most frequently detected compounds. Furthermore, a majority of a herbicide's\ + \ measured concentration was in the form of its degradates — ranging\ + \ from 55 to over 99%. The herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations\ + \ varied significantly among the major aquifer types sampled. These differences,\ + \ however, were much more pronounced when herbicide degradates were included.\ + \ Aquifer types presumed to have the most rapid recharge rates (alluvial and\ + \ bedrock/karst region aquifers) were those most likely to contain detectable\ + \ concentrations of herbicide compounds. Two indirect estimates of ground-water\ + \ age (depth of well completion and dissolved-oxygen concentration) were used\ + \ to separate the sampled wells into general vulnerability classes (low, intermediate,\ + \ and high). The results show that the herbicide detection frequencies and\ + \ concentrations varied significantly among the vulnerability classes regardless\ + \ of whether or not herbicide degradates were considered. Nevertheless, when\ + \ herbicide degradates were included, the frequency of herbicide compound\ + \ detection within the highest vulnerability class approached 90%, and the\ + \ median total herbicide residue concentration increased over an order of\ + \ magnitude, relative to the parent compounds alone, to 2 μg/l. The results\ + \ from this study demonstrate that obtaining data on herbicide degradates\ + \ is critical for understanding the fate of herbicides in the hydrologic system.\ + \ Furthermore, the prevalence of herbicide degradates documented in this study\ + \ suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect on human health\ + \ and the environment of a specific herbicide its degradates should also be\ + \ considered.

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M. \",\"productDescription\":\"8 p.\",\"startPage\":\"115\",\"endPage\"\ + :\"122\",\"numberOfPages\":\"8\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":233890,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"state\":\"Iowa\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\\"type\\\"\ + :\\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\\"features\\\":[{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Feature\\\"\ + 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+ \"properties\\\":{\\\"name\\\":\\\"Iowa\\\",\\\"nation\\\":\\\"USA \\\"}}]}\"\ + ,\"volume\":\"248\",\"issue\":\"2-3\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Kolpin, D.W.\",\"contributorId\":87565,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Kolpin\",\"given\":\"D.W.\",\"id\":394907,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Thurman, E.M.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :102864,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Thurman\",\"given\"\ + :\"E.M.\",\"id\":394909,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Linhart, S.M.\",\"contributorId\":102517,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Linhart\",\"given\":\"S.M.\",\"id\":394908,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":54356,\"\ + text\":\"wdrIA002 - 2000 - Water Resources Data, Iowa, Water Year 2000, Volume\ + \ 2. surface water--Missouri River Basin, and ground water\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T13:28:57\",\"indexId\":\"wdrIA002\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2000\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":340,\"\ + text\":\"Water Data Report\",\"code\":\"WDR\",\"active\":false,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"IA-00-2\",\"title\":\"Water Resources Data,\ + \ Iowa, Water Year 2000, Volume 2. surface water--Missouri River Basin, and\ + \ ground water\",\"docAbstract\":\"

This volume of the annual hydrologic\ + \ data report of Iowa is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologicdata gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey’s surface- and ground-water\ + \ data-collection networks in each State, Puerto
Rico, and the Trust\ + \ Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality\ + \ of water provide the hydrologic
information needed by local, State,\ + \ and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing\ + \ our Nation’s land
and water resources.

\\n

This report is\ + \ the culmination of a concerted effort by dedicated personnel of the U.S.\ + \ Geological Survey who collected,
compiled, analyzed, verified, and\ + \ organized the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the report. The\ + \ authors had
primary responsibility for assuring that the information\ + \ contained herein is accurate, complete, and adheres to Geological
Survey\ + \ policy and established guidelines.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"collaboration\"\ + :\"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (Geological\ + \ Survey Bureau), Iowa Department of Transportation, and with Federal agencies\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Water Resources Data, Iowa, Water Year 2000, Volume 2.\ + \ Surface Water--Missouri River Basin, and Ground Water; 2000; WDR; IA-00-2;\ + \ Nalley, G. M.; Gorman, J. G.; Goodrich, R. D.; Miller, V. E.; Turco, M.\ + \ J.; Linhart, S. M.\",\"productDescription\":\"xvii, 241 p.\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :5447,\"rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/annualreports/2000/index.html\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":177181,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\"\ + :24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/ia-00-2/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":87874,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/ia-00-2/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"\ + Iowa\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -96.61376953125,\\n 43.492782808225\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.020751953125,\\n \ + \ 43.46886761482923\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.8779296875,\\n 43.13306116240612\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.866943359375,\\n 42.93229601903058\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.174560546875,\\n \ + \ 42.66628070564928\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -95.00976562499999,\\n 42.08191667830631\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.844970703125,\\n 41.86956082699455\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.47143554687499,\\n \ + \ 41.48389104267175\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.163818359375,\\n 41.07935114946899\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.8232421875,\\n 40.871987756697415\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.438720703125,\\n \ + \ 41.0130657870063\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.98828125,\\n 40.863679665481676\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -92.63671875,\\n 40.57224011776902\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.78979492187499,\\n \ + \ 40.58058466412764\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -95.91064453125,\\n 40.70562793820592\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -95.877685546875,\\n 40.85537053192494\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.888671875,\\n \ + \ 41.054501963290505\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -95.943603515625,\\n 41.3025710943056\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -95.965576171875,\\n 41.4509614012039\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.141357421875,\\n \ + \ 41.57436130598913\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.097412109375,\\n 41.77131167976407\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.240234375,\\n 42.01665183556825\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.3720703125,\\n \ + \ 42.21224516288584\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.427001953125,\\n 42.42345651793833\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.56982421875,\\n 42.62587560259137\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.65771484375,\\n \ + \ 42.71473218539458\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.51489257812499,\\n 42.97250158602597\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.492919921875,\\n 43.16512263158296\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.624755859375,\\n \ + \ 43.22118973298753\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -96.6357421875,\\n 43.31718491566708\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -96.558837890625,\\n 43.33316939281732\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -96.61376953125,\\n \ + \ 43.492782808225\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Nalley,\ + \ G.M.\",\"contributorId\":23535,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Nalley\",\"given\":\"G.M.\",\"id\":250030,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Gorman, J.G.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :32233,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Gorman\",\"given\"\ + :\"J.G.\",\"id\":250031,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Goodrich, R.D.\",\"contributorId\":83995,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Goodrich\",\"given\":\"R.D.\",\"id\":250034,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"\ + Miller, V.E.\",\"contributorId\":43423,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Miller\",\"given\":\"V.E.\",\"id\":250032,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Turco, M.J.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :63092,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Turco\",\"given\"\ + :\"M.J.\",\"id\":250033,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Linhart, S.M.\",\"contributorId\":102517,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Linhart\",\"given\":\"S.M.\",\"id\":250035,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6}]}},{\"id\":30017,\"\ + text\":\"wri004194 - 2000 - Fish communities and their relation to environmental\ + \ factors in the eastern Iowa basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T15:07:29\",\"indexId\":\"wri004194\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"2000\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":342,\"\ + text\":\"Water-Resources Investigations Report\",\"code\":\"WRI\",\"active\"\ + :false,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"2000-4194\",\"\ + title\":\"Fish communities and their relation to environmental factors in\ + \ the eastern Iowa basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996\",\"docAbstract\":\"\ +

Fish community data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)\ + \ at 12 sites in 1996 in the Wapsipinicon, the Cedar, the Iowa, and the\ + \ Skunk River Basins in eastern Iowa. The study was done as part of the National\ + \ Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the USGS. This report presents\ + \ an evaluation of the fish communities, the composition and conditions of\ + \ the fish communities,and by relating these compositions and conditions to\ + \ a variety of habitat and water-quality factors.

\\n

A total of 56 fish\ + \ species representing 13 families were collected from among the 12 sites\ + \ in 1996. The family with the most species represented were the minnows with\ + \ 20. The number of individuals of all species collected in one sampling pass\ + \ ranged from 472 at the Iowa River near Rowan to 2,072 at Wolf Creek near\ + \ Dysart. Fish community composition was similar among many of the stream\ + \ sites. The fish community at 4 of the 5 stream sites, as well as at 2 of\ + \ the large-river sites, was similar to the reference site, the Wapsinicon\ + \ River near Tripoli, an indication that fish communities across the study\ + \ unit are similar. The sites that were the least similar to any of the other\ + \ sites include Flood Creek, a stream site, and the Skunk River at Augusta\ + \ large-river site. The fish communities at both of these sites were dominated\ + \ by relatively few species, many of which are tolerant or represent degraded\ + \ environmental conditions.

\\n

Biplots of detrended correspondence analysis\ + \ ordinations indicate a gradient from the stream sites to the large-river\ + \ sites. The detrended correspondence analysis ordination also indicates that\ + \ the stream sites are more closely clustered than the large-river sites.\ + \ The large-river sites were more likely to have their ordination driven by\ + \ one or two dominant species, while several species occurred in similar relative\ + \ abundance at many of the stream sites.

\\n

Several indexes of biotic\ + \ integrity (IBI) based on fish community were applied to the data
and\ + \ results were generally comparable. In general, the IBIs indicate higher\ + \ biotic integrity at the stream sites than the large-river sites. Based on\ + \ IBI classifications, fish communities at most sites were degraded compared\ + \ to reference conditions. The fish communities at the 12 study sites appear\ + \ to be related to a number of environmental factors. Obvious differences\ + \ in fish communities occur between the stream sites and the large-river sites,\ + \ the result of differences in both physical and chemical characteristics\ + \ of the streams. Important physical factors related to fish communities included\ + \ several directly related to stream size as well as human population density\ + \ and percent of rowcrops in the watershed. Chemical factors that were important\ + \ included median total phosphorus, suspended-sediment, and dissolved organic\ + \ carbon concentrations.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S.\ + \ Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Fish communities and their relation to environmental factors in the eastern\ + \ Iowa basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996; 2000; WRI; 2000-4194; Sullivan,\ + \ Daniel J.\",\"productDescription\":\"vii, 20 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"\ + id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":2456,\"\ + rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/wri004194/\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":160277,\"rank\":0,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Iowa, Minnesota\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.24169921875,\\n 41.85319643776675\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -90.439453125,\\n 41.64828831259535\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.758056640625,\\n \ + \ 41.508577297439324\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.153564453125,\\n 41.44272637767212\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.219482421875,\\n 41.236511201246216\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.0546875,\\n \ + \ 40.979898069620155\\n ],\\n [\\n -91.241455078125,\\\ + n 40.75557964275591\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.614990234375,\\n 40.74725696280421\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.856689453125,\\n 40.68896903762434\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.373046875,\\n \ + \ 40.979898069620155\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.70263671874999,\\n 41.20345619205129\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.09814453125,\\n 41.409775832009565\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.50463867187499,\\n \ + \ 41.52502957323801\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.702392578125,\\n 41.73852846935917\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.966064453125,\\n 41.9921602333763\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.97705078125,\\n \ + \ 42.26917949243506\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.80126953124999,\\n 42.391008609205045\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.7353515625,\\n 42.53689200787317\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.71337890625,\\n \ + \ 42.73894375124379\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.922119140625,\\n 43.02874525134882\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.09790039062499,\\n 43.23719944365308\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.053955078125,\\n \ + \ 43.476840397778915\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.75732421875,\\n 43.67581809328341\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.515625,\\n 43.874138181474734\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.09814453125,\\n \ + \ 43.59630591596548\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.43896484375,\\n 43.1090040242731\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -92.318115234375,\\n 42.89206418807337\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.16430664062499,\\n \ + \ 42.819580715795915\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.032470703125,\\n 42.53689200787317\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.790771484375,\\n 42.374778361114195\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.47216796875,\\n \ + \ 42.17968819665961\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.175537109375,\\n 42.00032514831621\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.867919921875,\\n 41.934976500546604\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.802001953125,\\n \ + \ 41.78769700539063\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.5712890625,\\n 41.73852846935917\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.24169921875,\\n 41.85319643776675\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + tableOfContents\":\"

Abstract
Introduction
     Background     Description of the study area
     Study\ + \ design and methods
          Study design          Data-collection methods
 \ + \         Data-analysis methods
Fish communities\ + \ of stream sites in Eastern Iowa Basins
     Fish community\ + \ composition
     Fish community conditions
Relations\ + \ between fish community composition and conditions and environmental factorsSummary and conclusions
References cited

\",\"contributors\":{\"\ + authors\":[{\"text\":\"Sullivan, Daniel J. djsulliv@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :1703,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Sullivan\",\"given\"\ + :\"Daniel J.\",\"email\":\"djsulliv@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":677,\"\ + text\":\"Wisconsin Water Science Center\"},\"id\":202539,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":5179,\"text\":\"fs09700\ + \ - 2000 - Volumes of recent floods and potential for storage in upland watershed\ + \ areas of Iowa\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T12:19:41\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"fs09700\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"2000\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":313,\"\ + text\":\"Fact Sheet\",\"code\":\"FS\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2327-6932\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"2327-6916\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"097-00\",\"title\":\"Volumes of recent floods and potential for storage\ + \ in upland watershed areas of Iowa\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Substantial flooding\ + \ at various locations throughout the United States, particularly during and\ + \ after the Upper Mississippi River Basin flood of 1993, has resulted in analysis\ + \ and discussion of both structural and nonstructural methods of watershed\ + \ management to control flooding. The Upper Mississippi River Basin flood\ + \ of 1993 resulted in the formulation of a Scientific Assessment and Strategy\ + \ Team (SAST) to assist and advise decision makers about the positive and\ + \ negative effects of flood-control measures and habitat restoration (Scientific\ + \ Assessment and Strategy Team, 1994). SAST recognized the role of upland\ + \ processes and the interconnectivity of a management strategy on other parts\ + \ of the river system. If upland areas are considered for inclusion in an\ + \ overall management strategy related to flooding, an analysis of watershed\ + \ that have been flooded and the amount of runoff generated during those floods\ + \ is needed.

\\n

During the autumn of 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey\ + \ (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, began\ + \ a study to determine the volume of water associated with recent flood events\ + \ in parts of the Midwestern United States and a preliminary evaluation of\ + \ the potential upland areas for storage of flood-waters in selected watersheds.\ + \ This analysis, although preliminary, may be useful in determining the feasibility\ + \ of conducting additional, more detailed studies into the role of upland\ + \ areas in a watershed management strategy. The methods and results of this\ + \ preliminary hydrologic study are presented in this report.

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Reston, VA\",\"collaboration\":\"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S.\ + \ Environmental Protection Agency\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Volumes of recent floods\ + \ and potential for storage in upland watershed areas of Iowa; 2000; FS; 097-00;\ + \ Buchmiller, Robert C.; Eash, David A.; Harvey, Craig A.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"4 p.\",\"numberOfPages\":\"4\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":286110,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0097-00/report.pdf\"},{\"id\":286111,\"type\"\ + :{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0097-00/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Iowa\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.636474609375,\\n 41.64007838467894\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -93.460693359375,\\n 41.68932225997044\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.197021484375,\\n \ + \ 41.64007838467894\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.087158203125,\\n 41.73033005046653\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.394775390625,\\n 41.91045347666421\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.66943359374999,\\n \ + \ 42.21224516288584\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.834228515625,\\n 42.4639928001706\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.04296874999999,\\n 42.771211138625894\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.295654296875,\\n \ + \ 42.91620643817353\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.647216796875,\\n 43.02071359427862\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.81201171875,\\n 42.80346172417078\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -95.0537109375,\\n \ + \ 42.593532625649935\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -95.03173828125,\\n 42.334184385939416\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.9658203125,\\n 42.05745022024682\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.647216796875,\\n \ + \ 41.566141964768384\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -94.33959960937499,\\n 41.41801503608024\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -94.010009765625,\\n 41.253032440653186\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.636474609375,\\n \ + \ 41.27780646738183\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.636474609375,\\n 41.45919537950706\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.6474609375,\\n 41.599013054830216\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.636474609375,\\n \ + \ 41.64007838467894\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n },\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\ + \"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\":\ + \ \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -93.36181640625,\\n 43.197167282501276\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.83447265624999,\\n \ + \ 43.23719944365308\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.625732421875,\\n 43.07691312608711\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -92.3291015625,\\n 42.79540065303723\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.16430664062499,\\n \ + \ 42.52069952914966\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.93359375,\\n 42.22851735620852\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.571044921875,\\n 42.05745022024682\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.318359375,\\n \ + \ 41.795888098191426\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.0546875,\\n 41.590796851056005\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -91.109619140625,\\n 41.45919537950706\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.42822265625,\\n \ + \ 41.45919537950706\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.900634765625,\\n 41.51680395810118\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -92.3291015625,\\n 41.590796851056005\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.779541015625,\\n \ + \ 41.705728515237524\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.05419921875,\\n 41.77950486590359\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.31787109374999,\\n 41.94314874732696\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.53759765625,\\n \ + \ 42.17154633452751\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.636474609375,\\n 42.407234661551875\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.62548828125,\\n 42.72280375732727\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.49365234375,\\n \ + \ 42.98053954751642\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.36181640625,\\n 43.197167282501276\\n ]\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"\ + authors\":[{\"text\":\"Buchmiller, Robert C.\",\"contributorId\":72372,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Buchmiller\",\"given\":\"Robert\ + \ C.\",\"id\":150553,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Eash, David A. daeash@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1887,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Eash\",\"given\":\"David A.\"\ + ,\"email\":\"daeash@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa\ + \ Water Science Center\"},\"id\":150552,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Harvey, Craig A.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :103325,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Harvey\",\"given\"\ + :\"Craig A.\",\"id\":150554,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70164506,\"text\":\"70164506 - 200 - Nutrients discharged\ + \ to the Mississippi River from eastern Iowa watersheds, 1996-1997\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T16:27:44\",\"indexId\":\"70164506\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2000-05-01T17:30\",\"publicationYear\":\"200\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2529,\"\ + text\":\"Journal of the American Water Resources Association\",\"active\"\ + :true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Nutrients discharged\ + \ to the Mississippi River from eastern Iowa watersheds, 1996-1997\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

The introduction of nutrients from chemical fertilizer, animal manure,\ + \ wastewater, and atmospheric deposition to the eastern Iowa environment creates\ + \ a large potential for nutrient transport in watersheds. Agriculture constitutes\ + \ 93 percent of all land use in eastern Iowa. As part of the U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program, water samples were collected\ + \ (typically monthly) from six small and six large watersheds in eastern Iowa\ + \ between March 1996 and September 1997. A Geographic Information System (GIS)\ + \ was used to determine land use and quantify inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus\ + \ within the study area. Streamliow from the watersheds is to the Mississippi\ + \ River. Chemical fertilizer and animal manure account for 92 percent of the\ + \ estimated total nitrogen and 99.9 percent of the estimated total phosphorus\ + \ input in the study area. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads for 1996\ + \ were estimated for nine of the 12 rivers and creeks using a minimum variance\ + \ unbiased estimator model. A seasonal pattern of concentrations and loads\ + \ was observed. The greatest concentrations and loads occur in the late spring\ + \ to early summer in conjunction with row-crop fertilizer applications and\ + \ spring nmoff and again in the late fall to early winter as vegetation goes\ + \ into dormancy and additional fertilizer is applied to row-crop fields. The\ + \ three largest rivers in eastern Iowa transported an estimated total of 79,000\ + \ metric tons of total nitrogen and 6,800 metric tons of total phosphorus\ + \ to the Mississippi River in 1996. The estimated mass of total nitrogen and\ + \ total phosphorus transported to the Mississippi River represents about 19\ + \ percent of all estimated nitrogen and 9 percent of all estimated phosphorus\ + \ input to the study area.

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,\"id\":597646,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :1},{\"text\":\"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.\",\"contributorId\":87514,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Schnoebelen\",\"given\":\"Douglas J.\",\"\ + id\":597647,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"\ + text\":\"Akers, Kimberlee K.\",\"contributorId\":43379,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Akers\",\"given\":\"Kimberlee K.\",\"id\":597648,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70164794,\"\ + text\":\"70164794 - 1999 - Controlled field and laboratory studies on VHS\ + \ and Ichtyophonus in Pacific herring: Section II in Investigations\ + \ of disease factors affecting declines of Pacific herring populations in\ + \ Prince William Sound\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:41:14\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164794\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2008-12-29T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1999\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"State/Local Government Series\"\ + },\"title\":\"Controlled field and laboratory studies on VHS and Ichtyophonus\ + \ in Pacific herring: Section II in Investigations of disease factors affecting\ + \ declines of Pacific herring populations in Prince William Sound\",\"\ + docAbstract\":\"

From 1995 through 1998 the controlled disease studies covered\ + \ a wide range of topics including virus survival in seawater, development\ + \ of natural immunity, effects of oil exposure on immunity, effect of synthetic\ + \ immunosuppressants, epizootiology of VHSV in net pens, antibody production\ + \ and the natural history of VHS in Pacific herring. Both VHSV and I. hoferi\ + \ were was observed in fish that reached two-years-old while in captivity.\ + \ Prior to 2 years old, fish that shown to be. serious pathogens of juvenile\ + \ hening. A natural age-related resistance to VHS virus plaque assay and resistance\ + \ to reinfection with the known minimum lethal dose of virus. survived an\ + \ initial infection by VHSV developed an acquired immunity detectable by in\ + \ vitro

\\n

Three years of consecutive monthly sampling of wild 0-year\ + \ herring in Puget Sound revealed a VHSV carrier rate below 1%, but that this\ + \ level of virus shedding was adequate to initiate an epizootic under confined\ + \ conditions, and probably resulted in infection of free-ranging fish also.\ + \ Over 50% of the virus was recoverable from seawater after 2 hours, was still\ + \ detectable after six hours, and survived up to 100 h when ovarian fluid\ + \ was present in the water.

\\n

Studies in PWS demonstrated that closed\ + \ pounds play a role in transmission of VHSV to impounded fish steadily increased\ + \ with confinement time and viral tissue titers were at very high susceptible\ + \ fish, resulting in the rapid spread of virus within the pens. Prevalence\ + \ of VHSV from levels in fish being released after 8 days in captivity. Viable\ + \ virus was also recovered from the water inside and outside the net pens\ + \ at levels adequate to initiate an epizootic in susceptible fish. of herring\ + \ and that vitro culture was the most sensitive method for detecting it.

\\\ + n

Studies on Ichthyophonus hoferi demonstrated that the organism\ + \ is a potential serious pathogen

\\n

No evidence for increased susceptibility,\ + \ mortality or loss of disease resistance was observed in wild or laboratory-reared\ + \ herring exposed to oil or synthetic corticosteroids, either prior to or\ + \ following exposure to VHSV.

\",\"largerWorkTitle\":\"Investigations of\ + \ disease factors affecting declines of Pacific herring populations in Prince\ + \ William Sound\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Alaska Dept. of\ + \ Fish and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Anchorage, AK\",\"collaboration\":\"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration\ + \ Project Annual Report, Restoration Project No. 97162\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"73 p.\",\"startPage\":\"II-1\",\"endPage\":\"II-73\",\"onlineOnly\":\"\ + N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :316874,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=searchResults.projectInfo&Project_ID=1137\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}},{\"id\":316870,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Kocan, Richard M.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :17149,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kocan\",\"given\"\ + :\"Richard M.\",\"id\":598614,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Hershberger, Paul K. phershberger@usgs.gov\",\"\ + contributorId\":1945,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hershberger\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Paul K.\",\"email\":\"phershberger@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":654,\"text\":\"Western Fisheries Research Center\"},\"id\":598615,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Winton, James R. jwinton@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":150220,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Winton\",\"given\":\"James R.\",\"email\"\ + :\"jwinton@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":654,\"text\":\"Western Fisheries\ + \ Research Center\"},\"id\":598616,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70164483,\"text\":\"70164483 - 1999 -\ + \ Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb,\ + \ 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T09:53:39\",\"indexId\":\"70164483\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2000-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1999\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":2662,\"\ + text\":\"Marine Chemistry\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :10}},\"title\":\"Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined\ + \ by 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

Sediment chronologies based on radioisotope depth\ + \ profiles were developed at two sites in the San Francisco Bay estuary to\ + \ provide a framework for interpreting historical trends in organic compound\ + \ and metal contaminant inputs. At Richardson Bay near the estuary mouth,\ + \ sediments are highly mixed by biological and/or physical processes. Excess \\\"Full-size penetration ranged from 2 to more than 10 cm\ + \ at eight coring sites, yielding surface sediment mixing coefficients ranging\ + \ from 12 to 170 cm2/year. At the site chosen for\ + \ contaminant analyses, excess \\\"Full-size activity was essentially constant over the upper\ + \ 25 cm of the core with an exponential decrease below to the supported activity\ + \ between 70 and 90 cm. Both \\\"Full-size and \\\"Full-size penetrated to 57-cm depth and have broad subsurface\ + \ maxima between 33 and 41 cm. The best fit of the excess \\\"Full-size profile to a steady state sediment accumulation\ + \ and mixing model yielded an accumulation rate of 0.825 g/cm2/year\ + \ (0.89 cm/year at sediment surface), surface mixing coefficient of 71 cm2/year,\ + \ and 33-cm mixed zone with a half-Gaussian depth dependence parameter of\ + \ 9 cm. Simulations of \\\"Full-size and \\\"Full-size profiles using these parameters successfully\ + \ predicted the maximum depth of penetration and the depth of maximum \\\"Full-size and \\\"Full-size activity. Profiles of successive 1-year hypothetical\ + \ contaminant pulses were generated using this parameter set to determine\ + \ the age distribution of sediments at any depth horizon. Because of mixing,\ + \ sediment particles with a wide range of deposition dates occur at each depth.\ + \ A sediment chronology was derived from this age distribution to assign the\ + \ minimum age of deposition and a date of maximum deposition to a depth horizon.\ + \ The minimum age of sediments in a given horizon is used to estimate the\ + \ date of first appearance of a contaminant from its maximum depth of penetration.\ + \ The date of maximum deposition is used to estimate the peak year of input\ + \ for a contaminant from the depth interval with the highest concentration\ + \ of that contaminant. Because of the extensive mixing, sediment-bound constituents\ + \ are rapidly diluted with older material after deposition. In addition, contaminants\ + \ persist in the mixed zone for many years after deposition. More than 75\ + \ years are required to bury 90% of a deposited contaminant below the mixed\ + \ zone. Reconstructing contaminant inputs is limited to changes occurring\ + \ on a 20-year time scale. In contrast, mixing is much lower relative to accumulation\ + \ at a site in San Pablo Bay. Instead, periods of rapid deposition and/or\ + \ erosion occurred as indicated by frequent sand-silt laminae in the X-radiograph. \\\"Full-size, \\\"Full-size, and excess \\\"Full-size activity all penetrated to about 120 cm. The\ + \ distinct maxima in the fallout radionuclides at 105–110 cm yielded\ + \ overall linear sedimentation rates of 3.9 to 4.1 cm/year, which are comparable\ + \ to a rate of 4.5±1.5 cm/year derived from the excess \\\"Full-size profile.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00081-4\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"21 p.\",\"startPage\":\"7\",\"endPage\":\"27\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":316651,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.508544921875,\\n 37.82605669492651\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.508544921875,\\n \ + \ 37.88786039168385\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.42752075195314,\\n 37.88786039168385\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.42752075195314,\\n \ + \ 37.82605669492651\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.508544921875,\\\ + n 37.82605669492651\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issue\":\"1-2\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Fuller, C.C.\",\"contributorId\":29858,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Fuller\",\"given\":\"C.C.\",\"id\":597556,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + van Geen, Alexander\",\"contributorId\":36876,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"van Geen\",\"given\":\"Alexander\",\"id\":597557,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Baskaran, M.\",\"\ + contributorId\":96627,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Baskaran\"\ + ,\"given\":\"M.\",\"id\":597558,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Anima, R.\",\"contributorId\":77304,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Anima\",\"given\":\"R.\",\"\ + id\":597559,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"\ + id\":22267,\"text\":\"ofr9966 - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of the eastern\ + \ Iowa basins: Data, September 1995 through September 1996\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-10T15:32:02\",\"indexId\":\"ofr9966\",\"\ + displayToPublicDate\":\"1999-10-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1999\",\"\ + publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"\ + id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\"\ + :\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\"\ + :\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\"\ + :\"99-66\",\"title\":\"Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins:\ + \ Data, September 1995 through September 1996\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The U.S.\ + \ Geological Survey began data-collection activities in the Eastern Iowa Basins\ + \ study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program in September\ + \ 1995 with the purpose of determining the status and trends in water quality.\ + \ Surface-water data were collected, beginning in March 1996, on a monthly\ + \ basis with occasional extra high- and low-flow samples. Data collected from\ + \ 12 sites on rivers and streams in the study unit included determinations\ + \ of the physical properties and concentrations of nutrients, major ions,\ + \ organic carbon, trace elements, suspended sediment, and dissolved pesticides.\ + \ Data collected at four additional sites included physical parameters and\ + \ determination of the concentration of dissolved pesticides. In addition,\ + \ bed-sediment and fish-tissue samples were collected at 16 sites and analyzed\ + \ for trace elements and hydrophobic pesticides. There were two ground-water\ + \ studies conducted in June and July 1996. The first looked at the quality\ + \ of ground water in the Silurian-Devonian and Upper Carbonate aquifers and\ + \ sampled 33 wells once, and the second examined the effects of agriculture\ + \ on shallow ground water of the Iowa River alluvial aquifer and sampled 23\ + \ wells once. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties,\ + \ nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved pesticides,\ + \ and volatile organic compounds.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"issn\"\ + :\"0094-9140\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Water-quality assessment of the eastern\ + \ Iowa basins; hydrologic and biological data, September 1995 through September\ + \ 1996; 1999; OFR; 99-66; Akers, Kimberlee K. B.; Schnoebelen, Douglas J.;\ + \ Savoca, Mark E.; Roberts, Linda R.; Becher, Kent D. \",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"viii, 154 p. : maps ; 28 cm.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":351,\"text\":\"Iowa Water Science Center\"\ + }],\"links\":[{\"id\":154466,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg\"},{\"id\":1351,\"\ + rank\":100,\"type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr99-066/\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"html\"}}],\"country\":\"United States\"\ + ,\"state\":\"Iowa, Minnesota\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\"\ + : \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\ + \": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\ + \": [\\n [\\n [\\n -90.24169921875,\\n \ + \ 41.85319643776675\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.439453125,\\n 41.64828831259535\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.758056640625,\\n 41.508577297439324\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.153564453125,\\n \ + \ 41.44272637767212\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.219482421875,\\n 41.236511201246216\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.0546875,\\n 40.979898069620155\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.241455078125,\\n \ + \ 40.75557964275591\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.614990234375,\\n 40.74725696280421\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -91.856689453125,\\n 40.68896903762434\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.373046875,\\n \ + \ 40.979898069620155\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.70263671874999,\\n 41.20345619205129\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.09814453125,\\n 41.409775832009565\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.50463867187499,\\n \ + \ 41.52502957323801\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.702392578125,\\n 41.73852846935917\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.966064453125,\\n 41.9921602333763\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.97705078125,\\n \ + \ 42.26917949243506\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.80126953124999,\\n 42.391008609205045\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.7353515625,\\n 42.53689200787317\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.71337890625,\\n \ + \ 42.73894375124379\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.922119140625,\\n 43.02874525134882\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -94.09790039062499,\\n 43.23719944365308\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -94.053955078125,\\n \ + \ 43.476840397778915\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -93.75732421875,\\n 43.67581809328341\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -93.515625,\\n 43.874138181474734\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -93.09814453125,\\n \ + \ 43.59630591596548\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.43896484375,\\n 43.1090040242731\\n ],\\n\ + \ [\\n -92.318115234375,\\n 42.89206418807337\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -92.16430664062499,\\n \ + \ 42.819580715795915\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -92.032470703125,\\n 42.53689200787317\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -91.790771484375,\\n 42.374778361114195\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -91.47216796875,\\n \ + \ 42.17968819665961\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -91.175537109375,\\n 42.00032514831621\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.867919921875,\\n 41.934976500546604\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -90.802001953125,\\n \ + \ 41.78769700539063\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -90.5712890625,\\n 41.73852846935917\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -90.24169921875,\\n 41.85319643776675\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + tableOfContents\":\"

Abstract
Introduction
     Purpose\ + \ and Scope
     Description of the Eastern Iowa BasinsImplementation of Water-Quality Studies
     Surface-Water-Quality\ + \ Data Collection
          Sampling Sites          Surface-Water Sample
   \ + \       Biologic Sample Collection
     \ + \     Analytical Procedures
     Ground-Water-Quality\ + \ Data
          Geohydrology
   \ + \       Site Selection
         \ + \ Ground-Water Sample
          Analytical Procedures     Water-Quality Analysis and Quality Control
 \ + \         Surface Water
       \ + \   Biology
          Ground Water
AcknowledgmentsSelected References
Hydrologic and Biologic Data

\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Akers, Kimberlee K.B.\",\"contributorId\":91137,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Akers\",\"given\":\"Kimberlee\ + \ K.B.\",\"id\":187867,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.\",\"contributorId\":87514,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Schnoebelen\",\"given\":\"\ + Douglas J.\",\"id\":187866,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :1961,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Savoca\",\"given\"\ + :\"Mark E.\",\"email\":\"mesavoca@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":622,\"\ + text\":\"Washington Water Science Center\"},\"id\":187863,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Roberts, Linda R.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":13608,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Roberts\",\"given\":\"Linda R.\",\"id\":187865,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Becher, Kent D. kdbecher@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":3863,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Becher\",\"given\":\"Kent D.\",\"email\":\"kdbecher@usgs.gov\",\"id\":187864,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5}]}},{\"id\":70021560,\"\ + text\":\"70021560 - 1999 - Epizootiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus\ + \ in Pacific herring from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in Prince William Sound,\ + \ Alaska, USA\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T14:49:27\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70021560\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1999-06-23T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1999\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1396,\"text\":\"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Epizootiology of viral hemorrhagic\ + \ septicemia virus in Pacific herring from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in Prince\ + \ William Sound, Alaska, USA\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Both the prevalence\ + \ and tissue titer of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) increased\ + \ in Pacific herring Clupea pallasi following\ + \ their introduction into net pens (pounds) used in the closed pound spawn-on-kelp\ + \ (SOK) fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska. VHSV was also found in water\ + \ samples from inside and outside the SOK pounds after herring had been confined\ + \ for several days; however, water samples taken near wild free-ranging, spawning\ + \ herring either failed to test positive or tested weakly positive for virus.\ + \ Little or no virus was found in tissue samples from free-ranging, spawning\ + \ herring captured from the vicinity of the pounds, nor did the prevalence\ + \ of VHSV increase following spawning as it did in impounded herring. The\ + \ data indicated that increased prevalences of VHSV were correlated with confinement\ + \ of herring for the closed pound SOK fishery and that infection was spread\ + \ within the pounds through waterborne exposure to virus particles originating\ + \ from impounded fish. In addition, pounds containing predominantly young\ + \ fish had higher prevalences of VHSV, suggesting that older fish may be partially\ + \ immune, perhaps as a result of previous infection with the virus. Operation\ + \ of SOK pounds during spawning seasons in which young herring predominate\ + \ may amplify the disease and possibly exacerbate the population fluctuations\ + \ observed in wild herring stocks.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"\ + publisher\":\"Inter-Research Science Center\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Oldendorf/Luhe,\ + \ Germany\",\"doi\":\"10.3354/dao037023\",\"issn\":\"01775103\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Epizootiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Pacific herring\ + \ from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA; 1999;\ + \ Article; Journal; Diseases of Aquatic Organisms; Hershberger, P. K.; Kocan,\ + \ R. M.; Elder, N. E.; Meyers, T. R.; Winton, J. R.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"9 p.\",\"startPage\":\"23\",\"endPage\":\"31\",\"numberOfPages\":\"9\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":229069,\"rank\":1,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"37\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hershberger, P.K.\",\"\ + contributorId\":58818,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hershberger\"\ + ,\"given\":\"P.K.\",\"id\":390300,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Kocan, R.M.\",\"contributorId\":41783,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kocan\",\"given\":\"R.M.\"\ + ,\"id\":390298,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :2},{\"text\":\"Elder, N.E.\",\"contributorId\":57626,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Elder\",\"given\":\"N.E.\",\"id\":390299,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Meyers, T.R.\",\"\ + contributorId\":108283,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Meyers\"\ + ,\"given\":\"T.R.\",\"id\":390302,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Winton, J.R.\",\"contributorId\":82441,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Winton\",\"given\":\"J.R.\"\ + ,\"id\":390301,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :5}]}},{\"id\":70159676,\"text\":\"70159676 - 1999 - Radiotracking large wilderness\ + \ mammals: Integration of GPS and Argos technology\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T16:26:51\",\"indexId\":\"70159676\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1999-01-01T12:30\",\"publicationYear\":\"1999\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3671,\"text\":\"Ursus\",\"active\"\ + :true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Radiotracking large\ + \ wilderness mammals: Integration of GPS and Argos technology\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

We tested 30 prototype global positioning system (GPS) radiocollars\ + \ on brown bears (Ursus arctos) over a 3-year period on the Kenai Peninsula,\ + \ Alaska. Collars were of 2 design types: GPS with an Argos (Argos Data collection\ + \ and Location System) satellite uplink (n=19) and GPS unites where\ + \ the data were stored on board (n=10) for retrieval at a later date.\ + \ All units also contained a conventional VHF (very high frequency) transmitter\ + \ and weighed 1.7 kg. GPS-Argos united obtained 10-82% of expected GPS fixes,\ + \ and fix rate declined significantly (P<0.05) with time after deployment.\ + \ Argos uplink success (proportion of successful transmissions of stored data)\ + \ was linearly related to GPS fix rate (r=0.91, P<0.001).\ + \ Store-on-board units obtained significantly more successful fixes when compared\ + \ with the GPS-Argos units (t=-4.009, P<0.001). Fix\ + \ success rate for deployed store-on-board collars ranged from 13-96%; because\ + \ of the increased number of attempted fixes per day, these collars obtained\ + \ fixes on 97% of days deployed. Accuracy of the GPS units was less than predicted\ + \ by the NAVSTAR GPS technology using the course acquisition code. Reduced\ + \ accuracy was likely a result of the proportion of 2-dimensional versus 3-dimensional\ + \ fixes obtained, although we could not determine this statistic from recorded\ + \ data. Increased overstory closure was the only variable measured that partially\ + \ explained the reduced likelihood of a successful fix. Stem density, stem\ + \ diameter, and overstory height measured within 3 m of the collar did not\ + \ affect fix success. GPS fix success rates for collars attached to bears\ + \ varied more and were lower than fix rates for stationary collars placed\ + \ in various vegetation types, suggesting that the bear, terrain, and movement\ + \ all influence both fix and uplink success rate. Application of this new\ + \ technology to grizzly and brown bear research and comparisons to studies\ + \ with moose (Alces alces) are discussed.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"International Association for Bear Research and Management\"\ + ,\"publisherLocation\":\"New York, NY\",\"productDescription\":\"14 p.\",\"\ + startPage\":\"261\",\"endPage\":\"274\",\"numberOfPages\":\"14\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":481,\"text\"\ + :\"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316712,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol11\"\ + },{\"id\":311496,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Alaska\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Kenai Peninsula\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -152,\\n 61\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -152,\\n 59\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -148,\\n 59\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -148,\\n 61\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -152,\\n 61\\n \ + \ ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\"\ + :\"11\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Schwartz, Charles C.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":124574,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Schwartz\",\"given\":\"Charles C.\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":5119,\"text\"\ + :\"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team,\ + \ Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman,\ + \ MT 59715\"},\"id\":580048,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Arthur, Steve M.\",\"contributorId\":66169,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Arthur\",\"given\":\"Steve M.\",\"id\":580179,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":50329,\"\ + text\":\"ofr9955 - 1999 - Bioaccumulation of metals by the bivalve Macoma\ + \ balthica at a site in South San Francisco Bay between 1977 and 1997: Long-term\ + \ trends and associated biological effects with changing pollutant loadings\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:27:14\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"ofr9955\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"1999\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"99-55\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation of metals by the\ + \ bivalve Macoma balthica at a site in South San Francisco Bay between 1977\ + \ and 1997: Long-term trends and associated biological effects with changing\ + \ pollutant loadings\",\"docAbstract\":\"

No abstract available.

\",\"\ + language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Bioaccumulation of metals by the bivalve Macoma balthica at a site in South\ + \ San Francisco Bay between 1977 and 1997: Long-term trends and associated\ + \ biological effects with changing pollutant loadings; 1999; OFR; 99-55; Hornberger,\ + \ M. I.; Luoma, S. N.; Cain, D.; Parchaso, F.; Brown, C.; Bouse, R.; Wellise,\ + \ C. J.; Thompson, J.\",\"productDescription\":\"42 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"\ + N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :169648,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\":\"United\ + \ States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco Bay\"\ + ,\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hornberger, M.I.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :23574,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hornberger\",\"given\"\ + :\"M.I.\",\"id\":241206,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Luoma, S.N.\",\"contributorId\":86353,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Luoma\",\"given\":\"S.N.\",\"id\":241210,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Cain, D.\",\"contributorId\":31912,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Cain\",\"given\":\"D.\",\"id\":241207,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Parchaso, F.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :101037,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Parchaso\",\"given\"\ + :\"F.\",\"id\":241212,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Brown, C.\",\"contributorId\":21484,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Brown\",\"given\":\"C.\",\"id\":241205,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"\ + Bouse, R.\",\"contributorId\":89956,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Bouse\",\"given\":\"R.\",\"id\":241211,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Wellise, C.J.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :50203,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Wellise\",\"given\"\ + :\"C.J.\",\"id\":241209,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"Thompson, J.\",\"contributorId\":37937,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Thompson\",\"given\":\"J.\",\"id\":241208,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":8}]}},{\"id\":70164702,\"\ + text\":\"70164702 - 1998 - Movement, distribution, and behavior of radio-tagged\ + \ juvenile chinook salmon in John Day, the Dalles, and Bonneville Dam forebays,\ + \ 1996\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:03:37\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70164702\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"2008-12-28T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1998\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":6,\"text\":\"USGS Unnumbered Series\"},\"\ + title\":\"Movement, distribution, and behavior of radio-tagged juvenile chinook\ + \ salmon in John Day, the Dalles, and Bonneville Dam forebays, 1996\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

No abstract available.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Columbia River Research\ + \ Laboratory\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Cook, WA\",\"doi\":\"10.3133/70164702\"\ + ,\"collaboration\":\"Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District,\ + \ Planning and Engineering Division, Environmental Resources Branch\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :316827,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Holmberg, Glen S. gholmberg@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":4342,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Holmberg\",\"given\":\"Glen S.\",\"email\":\"gholmberg@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":654,\"text\":\"Western Fisheries Research Center\"},\"id\":598269,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + Shively, Rip S. rsshively@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":233,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Shively\",\"given\":\"Rip S.\",\"email\"\ + :\"rsshively@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":192,\"text\":\"Columbia Environmental\ + \ Research Center\"},\"id\":598270,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Hansel, Hal C. hhansel@usgs.gov\",\"\ + contributorId\":2887,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hansel\"\ + ,\"given\":\"Hal C.\",\"email\":\"hhansel@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\"\ + :654,\"text\":\"Western Fisheries Research Center\"},\"id\":598271,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Martinelle, T.L.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":156523,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Martinelle\",\"given\":\"T.L.\",\"id\":598272,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"Sheer, M.B.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :107453,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Sheer\",\"given\"\ + :\"M.B.\",\"id\":598273,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":5},{\"text\":\"Hardiman, Jill M. jhardiman@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :2672,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hardiman\",\"given\"\ + :\"Jill M.\",\"email\":\"jhardiman@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":654,\"\ + text\":\"Western Fisheries Research Center\"},\"id\":598274,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":6},{\"text\":\"Liedtke, B.D.\",\"\ + contributorId\":156524,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Liedtke\",\"given\":\"B.D.\",\"id\":598275,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":7},{\"text\":\"Blythe, L.S.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :156525,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Blythe\",\"given\"\ + :\"L.S.\",\"id\":598276,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":8},{\"text\":\"Poe, Thomas P.\",\"contributorId\":95008,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Poe\",\"given\":\"Thomas P.\",\"id\":598277,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":9}]}},{\"id\":22439,\"\ + text\":\"ofr98168 - 1998 - Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine\ + \ ecosystem : regional monitoring program results, 1997\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T13:58:57\",\"indexId\":\"ofr98168\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1998\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"98-168\",\"title\":\"Studies of the San Francisco\ + \ Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem : regional monitoring program results,\ + \ 1997\",\"docAbstract\":\"

As part of a regional monitoring program, water\ + \ samples were collected in the San Francisco Bay estuary during 20 cruises\ + \ from January through November 1997. Conductivity, temperature, light attenuation,\ + \ turbidity, oxygen, and in-vivo chlorophyll fluorescence were measured longitudinally\ + \ and vertically in the main channel of the estuary from south of the Dumbarton\ + \ Bridge in the southern part of the Bay to Rio Vista on the Sacramento River.\ + \ Discrete water samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, suspended\ + \ participate matter, and dissolved oxygen. Water density was calculated from\ + \ salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth), and is included in the data\ + \ summaries.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Menlo Park, CA\",\"issn\":\"0094-9140\"\ + ,\"usgsCitation\":\"Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine\ + \ ecosystem : regional monitoring program results, 1997; 1998; OFR; 98-168;\ + \ Baylosis, Jelriza I.; Cole, Brian E.; Cloern, James E.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"iv, 194 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":155647,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0168/report-thumb.jpg\"},{\"id\"\ + :51974,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0168/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"pdf\"}}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"\ + otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \ + \ \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \ + \ \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n -122.52365112304688,\\\ + n 37.41925395973696\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.52365112304688,\\n 38.15831665744203\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.44012451171874,\\n \ + \ 38.15831665744203\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.44012451171874,\\n 37.41925395973696\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -122.52365112304688,\\n 37.41925395973696\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Baylosis, Jelriza I.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :72820,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Baylosis\",\"given\"\ + :\"Jelriza I.\",\"id\":188256,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Cole, Brian E.\",\"contributorId\":18357,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cole\",\"given\":\"Brian E.\",\"id\":188255,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"\ + Cloern, James E. jecloern@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1488,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cloern\",\"given\":\"James E.\",\"email\"\ + :\"jecloern@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":438,\"text\":\"National Research\ + \ Program - Western Branch\"},\"id\":188254,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":22188,\"text\":\"ofr97598 - 1997\ + \ - Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem regional\ + \ monitoring program results, 1996\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T14:01:43\",\"indexId\":\"ofr97598\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1998-06-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1997\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\"\ + ,\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"97-598\"\ + ,\"title\":\"Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem\ + \ regional monitoring program results, 1996\",\"docAbstract\":\"

As part\ + \ of a regional monitoring program, water samples were collected in the San\ + \ Francisco Bay estuary during 21 cruises from January through December 1996.\ + \ Conductivity, temperature, light attenuation, turbidity, oxygen, and in-vivo\ + \ chlorophyll fluorescence were measured longitudinally and vertically in\ + \ the main channel of the estuary from south of the Dumbarton Bridge in the\ + \ southern part of the Bay to Rio Vista on the Sacramento River. Discrete\ + \ water samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, suspended\ + \ participate matter, and dissolved oxygen. Water density was calculated from\ + \ salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth), and is included in the data\ + \ summaries.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"issn\":\"0094-9140\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Studies of the San Francisco\ + \ Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem regional monitoring program results,\ + \ 1996; 1997; OFR; 97-598; Baylosis, J. I.\",\"productDescription\":\"iv,\ + \ 203 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":51624,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"\ + Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0598/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":155020,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0598/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.52365112304688,\\n 37.41925395973696\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.52365112304688,\\n \ + \ 38.15831665744203\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.44012451171874,\\n 38.15831665744203\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.44012451171874,\\n \ + \ 37.41925395973696\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.52365112304688,\\\ + n 37.41925395973696\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Baylosis,\ + \ Jelriza I.\",\"contributorId\":72820,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Baylosis\",\"given\":\"Jelriza I.\",\"id\":187538,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Edmunds, Jody L.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":10452,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Edmunds\",\"given\":\"Jody L.\",\"id\":597612,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Cole, Brian E.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :18357,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cole\",\"given\":\"\ + Brian E.\",\"id\":597613,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Cloern, James E. jecloern@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :1488,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cloern\",\"given\"\ + :\"James E.\",\"email\":\"jecloern@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":438,\"\ + text\":\"National Research Program - Western Branch\"},\"id\":597614,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":22465,\"text\":\"\ + ofr9724 - 1997 - Pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San\ + \ Francisco Bay Estuary, California\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T14:03:37\",\"indexId\":\"ofr9724\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"\ + 1997-12-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1997\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\"\ + :18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS\ + \ Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\"\ + ,\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"97-24\"\ + ,\"title\":\"Pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San Francisco\ + \ Bay Estuary, California\",\"docAbstract\":\"

During the study of inputs\ + \ of sediment-associated pesticides into the San Francisco Bay Estuary, suspended\ + \ sediments were isolated from large-volume water samples collected over several\ + \ years at various stations in Suisun Bay and also covering the principal\ + \ inputs and outlet. The samples were analyzed for 21 pesticides and pesticide\ + \ degradation products to provide information about the source and fate of\ + \ pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the estuary. Where multiple\ + \ samples were collected and analyzed, the data were averaged to provide a\ + \ more general picture of pesticide transport.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"issn\":\"0094-9140\",\"usgsCitation\"\ + :\"Pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San Francisco Bay\ + \ Estuary, California; 1997; OFR; 97-24; Bergamaschi, Brian A.; Crepeau, Kathryn\ + \ L.; Kuivila, Kathryn M.\",\"productDescription\":\"iii, 19 p.\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :155900,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0024/report-thumb.jpg\"},{\"id\":51985,\"rank\"\ + :300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0024/report.pdf\"\ + ,\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}}],\"country\":\"United States\"\ + ,\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.52365112304688,\\n 37.41925395973696\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.52365112304688,\\n \ + \ 38.15831665744203\\n ],\\n [\\n -121.44012451171874,\\\ + n 38.15831665744203\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.44012451171874,\\n 37.41925395973696\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.52365112304688,\\n \ + \ 37.41925395973696\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Bergamaschi,\ + \ Brian A.\",\"contributorId\":73241,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Bergamaschi\",\"given\":\"Brian A.\",\"id\":188304,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Crepeau, Kathryn\ + \ L. kcrepeau@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3943,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Crepeau\",\"given\":\"Kathryn L.\",\"email\":\"kcrepeau@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"id\":188303,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :2},{\"text\":\"Kuivila, Kathryn M. kkuivila@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :1367,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kuivila\",\"given\"\ + :\"Kathryn M.\",\"email\":\"kkuivila@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\":{\"id\":518,\"\ + text\":\"Oregon Water Science Center\"},\"id\":188302,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":23259,\"text\":\"\ + ofr97359 - 1997 - Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary,\ + \ California, January through November 1995\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T11:05:40\",\"indexId\":\"ofr97359\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1997\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\"\ + ,\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"97-359\"\ + ,\"title\":\"Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California,\ + \ January through November 1995\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey conducted hydrologic investigations in San Francisco Bay between\ + \ January and November of 1995. Dissolved inorganic plant nutrients, nitrate,\ + \ nitrite, ammonium, silica, and reactive phosphorus were measured in surface\ + \ and in near-bottom waters at previously established locations in the channel\ + \ portions of both northern and southern reaches of the bay, and at shallow\ + \ water stations in the southern reach. This report presents the sampling\ + \ and analytical methods and the data from these studies. Measured salinity\ + \ values for the nutrient samples are also reported. Data on the variability\ + \ due to sampling and sample handling procedures, and on the precision of\ + \ the analytical methods are also presented.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Menlo Park,\ + \ CA\",\"issn\":\"0094-9140\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Dissolved Nutrient Data for\ + \ the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, January through November 1995;\ + \ 1997; OFR; 97-359; Hager, Stephen W.; Schemel, Laurence E.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"v, 50 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":52547,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"\ + Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0359/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":154508,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0359/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.52914428710938,\\n 37.408346344484976\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.52914428710938,\\n \ + \ 38.146437584588824\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.71478271484375,\\n 38.146437584588824\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.71478271484375,\\n \ + \ 37.408346344484976\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.52914428710938,\\n 37.408346344484976\\n ]\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"\ + authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hager, Stephen W.\",\"contributorId\":48935,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hager\",\"given\":\"Stephen W.\",\"id\"\ + :189759,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"\ + text\":\"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":4085,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Schemel\",\"given\":\"Laurence\ + \ E.\",\"email\":\"lschemel@usgs.gov\",\"id\":189758,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":22036,\"text\":\"ofr9648\ + \ - 1996 - Preliminary geochemical studies of pollutant and natural organic\ + \ compounds in sediments from Sonoma Baylands; a wetland restoration project\ + \ in San Francisco Bay, California\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T11:30:15\",\"indexId\":\"ofr9648\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"\ + 1996-09-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1996\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\"\ + :18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS\ + \ Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\"\ + ,\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"96-48\"\ + ,\"title\":\"Preliminary geochemical studies of pollutant and natural organic\ + \ compounds in sediments from Sonoma Baylands; a wetland restoration project\ + \ in San Francisco Bay, California\",\"docAbstract\":\"

No abstract available.

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"issn\"\ + :\"0094-9140\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Preliminary geochemical studies of pollutant\ + \ and natural organic compounds in sediments from Sonoma Baylands; a wetland\ + \ restoration project in San Francisco Bay, California; 1996; OFR; 96-48;\ + \ Hostettler, F. D.; Pereira, W. E.; Kvenvolden, K. A.; Jones, K. A.; Murphy,\ + \ Fred\",\"productDescription\":\"1 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":153808,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0048/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + },{\"id\":51499,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0048/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\"\ + ,\"otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco Bay, Sonoma Baylands\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\"\ + :3383,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hostettler\",\"given\"\ + :\"Frances D.\",\"email\":\"fdhostet@usgs.gov\",\"id\":186788,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Pereira, Wilfred\ + \ E.\",\"contributorId\":95552,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Pereira\",\"given\":\"Wilfred E.\",\"id\":186786,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Kvenvolden, Keith A.\ + \ kkvenvolden@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":3384,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Kvenvolden\",\"given\":\"Keith A.\",\"email\":\"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"id\":186787,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :3},{\"text\":\"Jones, David R.\",\"contributorId\":75510,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Jones\",\"given\":\"David R.\",\"id\":186785,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4},{\"text\":\"\ + Murphy, Fred fmurphy@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":4572,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Murphy\",\"given\":\"Fred\",\"email\":\"fmurphy@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"id\":186784,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :5}]}},{\"id\":19193,\"text\":\"ofr94470 - 1994 - Particulate carbon and nitrogen\ + \ and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California,\ + \ January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:03:11\",\"indexId\":\"ofr94470\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1995-05-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1994\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"94-470\",\"title\":\"Particulate carbon and nitrogen\ + \ and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California,\ + \ January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

Particulate matter was collected at Rio Vista, California, in two study\ + \ periods; the first, from January 3 to May 26, 1983; the second from October\ + \ 31, 1983 to November 29, 1984. Concentrations of suspended particulate matter\ + \ were measured gravimetrically on silver membrane filters. The pooled standard\ + \ deviation on replicated samples was 1.4 mg/L, giving a coefficient of variation\ + \ of 5.7 percent. Concentrations of particulate carbon and nitrogen were measured\ + \ during a Perkin-Elmer model 240C elemental analyzer to combust material\ + \ collected on glass fiber filters. Refrigeration of samples prior to filtration\ + \ was shown to be a likely influence on precision of duplicate analyses. Median\ + \ deviations between duplicates for carbon were 5.4 percent during the first\ + \ study period and 8.9 percent during the second. For nitrogen, median deviations\ + \ were 4.9 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively. This report presents the\ + \ data for concentrations of suspended particulate material, the duplicate\ + \ analyses for particulate carbon and nitrogen, and the volumes of sample\ + \ filtered for the particulate carbon and nitrogen analyses for both studies.\ + \ Not all samples collected during the second study have been analyzed for\ + \ particulate carbon and nitrogen.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Menlo Park, CA\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"iv, 35 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":48658,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0470/report.pdf\"},{\"id\":152616,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0470/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"city\":\"Rio Vista\"\ + ,\"otherGeospatial\":\"Sacramento River\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"\ + text\":\"Hager, Stephen W.\",\"contributorId\":48935,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Hager\",\"given\":\"Stephen W.\",\"id\":510923,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":19192,\"\ + text\":\"ofr94471 - 1994 - Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate matter\ + \ data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1991 through\ + \ November 1993\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:00:28\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"ofr94471\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1995-05-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1994\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\"\ + :\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"94-471\",\"title\":\"Dissolved nutrient and\ + \ suspended particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California,\ + \ October 1991 through November 1993\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey conducted hydrologic investigations in San Francisco Bay between\ + \ October 1991 and November 1993. Dissolved inorganic plant nutrients, nitrate,\ + \ nitrite, ammonium, silica, and reactive phosphorus were measured in surface\ + \ and in near-bottom waters at previously established locations in both northern\ + \ and southern reaches of the bay. Salinity, turbidigy, and concentrations\ + \ of suspended particulate matter also were measured. Additionally, concentratons\ + \ of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus were occasionally measured.\ + \ This report presents the sampling and analytical methods, and the data for\ + \ these studies. Data on the variability due to sampling and sample handling\ + \ procedures, on the precision of the analytical methods, and on recoveries\ + \ of known additions from samples are also presented.

\",\"language\":\"\ + English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"\ + Menlo Park, CA\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate\ + \ matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1991\ + \ through November 1993; 1994; OFR; 94-471; Hager, Stephen W.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"v, 53 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":152615,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0471/report-thumb.jpg\"},{\"id\"\ + :48657,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0471/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"pdf\"}}],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"\ + otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \ + \ \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \ + \ \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n -122.52914428710938,\\\ + n 37.408346344484976\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.52914428710938,\\n 38.146437584588824\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.71478271484375,\\n \ + \ 38.146437584588824\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.71478271484375,\\n 37.408346344484976\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.52914428710938,\\n \ + \ 37.408346344484976\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\\ + n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hager, Stephen\ + \ W.\",\"contributorId\":48935,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Hager\",\"given\":\"Stephen W.\",\"id\":180471,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162373,\"text\":\"70162373\ + \ - 1994 - Lessons reaffirmed, extended or revealed\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T09:54:47\",\"indexId\":\"70162373\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1994-01-01T11:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1994\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Lessons reaffirmed, extended or revealed\",\"docAbstract\":\"

No abstract\ + \ available

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Reston, VA\",\"productDescription\":\"\ + 4 p.\",\"startPage\":\"103\",\"endPage\":\"106\",\"numberOfPages\":\"4\",\"\ + onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\"\ + :[{\"id\":316724,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"25\",\"issue\":\"2\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Brown, R.D. Jr.\",\"contributorId\":19997,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Brown\",\"given\":\"R.D.\",\"suffix\":\"Jr.\",\"id\":589317,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}}]}"} + headers: + access-control-allow-headers: ['Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, + Authorization'] + access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT'] + access-control-allow-origin: ['*'] + access-control-max-age: ['3600'] + cache-control: ['no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate'] + connection: [Keep-Alive] + content-type: [application/json;charset=UTF-8] + date: ['Wed, 10 Feb 2016 21:38:01 GMT'] + expires: ['0'] + keep-alive: ['timeout=5, max=84'] + pragma: [no-cache] + strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains] + x-content-type-options: [nosniff] + x-frame-options: [DENY] + x-xss-protection: [1; mode=block] + status: {code: 200, message: OK} +- request: + body: null + headers: + Accept: ['*/*'] + Accept-Encoding: ['gzip, deflate'] + Connection: [keep-alive] + User-Agent: [python-requests/2.4.1 CPython/2.7.10 Darwin/14.5.0] + method: GET + uri: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?mod_x_days=2&page_number=6 + response: + body: {string: "{\"pageSize\":\"25\",\"pageRowStart\":\"125\",\"pageNumber\":\"\ + 6\",\"recordCount\":196,\"records\":[{\"id\":19723,\"text\":\"ofr93440 - 1993\ + \ - Diazinon concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and San\ + \ Francisco Bay, California, February 1993\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T11:43:53\",\"indexId\":\"ofr93440\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1993\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"\ + USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\"\ + ,\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\"\ + ,\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"93-440\"\ + ,\"title\":\"Diazinon concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers\ + \ and San Francisco Bay, California, February 1993\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The\ + \ distribution and possible biological effects of a dormant spray pesticide,\ + \ diazinon, were examined by measuring pesticide concentrations and estimating\ + \ toxicity using bioassays at a series of sites in the Sacramento-San Joaquin\ + \ Delta and San Francisco Bay. Pulses of diazinon were observed in early February\ + \ 1993 in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers after heavy rains, with elevated\ + \ concentrations measured for a few days to weeks at a time. The pulse of\ + \ diazinon in the Sacramento River was followed from Sacramento through Suisun\ + \ Bay, the eastward embayment of San Francisco Bay. In the central delta,\ + \ well-defined pulses of diazinon were not observed at the Old and Middle\ + \ River sites; instead, the concentrations steadily increased throughout February.\ + \ Ceriodaphnia dubia mortality was 100% in water samples collected for 12\ + \ consecutive days (February 8-19) from the San Joaquin River at Vernalis.\ + \ The bioassay mortality corresponded with the peak diazinon concentrations.\ + \ Conversely, no toxicity was observed in water collected before or after\ + \ peaks of diazinon concentration. Other pesticides present also could contribute\ + \ to the toxicity.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Diazinon concentrations in the Sacramento and\ + \ San Joaquin Rivers and San Francisco Bay, California, February 1993; 1993;\ + \ OFR; 93-440; Kuivila, K. M.\",\"productDescription\":\"2 p.\",\"onlineOnly\"\ + :\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :49197,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0440/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":154056,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"\ + Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0440/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Sacramento River, San Francisco Bay, San Joaquin River\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.24212646484375,\\n 37.71207219310847\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.24212646484375,\\n \ + \ 38.56105262446978\\n ],\\n [\\n -121.25885009765625,\\\ + n 38.56105262446978\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.25885009765625,\\n 37.71207219310847\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.24212646484375,\\n \ + \ 37.71207219310847\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Kuivila,\ + \ Kathryn M. kkuivila@usgs.gov\",\"contributorId\":1367,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Kuivila\",\"given\":\"Kathryn M.\",\"email\":\"kkuivila@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"affiliation\":{\"id\":518,\"text\":\"Oregon Water Science Center\"},\"\ + id\":181396,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"\ + id\":19191,\"text\":\"ofr9357 - 1993 - Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate\ + \ matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1988\ + \ through September 1991\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T10:44:49\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"ofr9357\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"1993\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"93-57\",\"title\":\"Dissolved nutrient and suspended\ + \ particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October\ + \ 1988 through September 1991\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The U.S. Geological Survey\ + \ conducted hydrologic investigations in San Francisco Bay during Water Years\ + \ 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991. Dissolved inorganic plant nutrients, nitrate,\ + \ nitrite, ammonium, silica, and reactive phosphorus were measured in surface\ + \ and in near-bottom waters at previously established locations in both northern\ + \ and southern reaches of the bay. Salinity, turbidity, and concentrations\ + \ of suspended particulate matter also were measured. Additionally, in Water\ + \ Year 1991, concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus were\ + \ measured. From November 1990 through April 1991, surface waters were sampled\ + \ near the end of the old Dumbarton Bridge (east span). Salinity, dissolved\ + \ inorganic nutrients, and alkalinity were measured for these samples. This\ + \ report presents the sampling and analytical methods, and the data for these\ + \ studies.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate\ + \ matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1988\ + \ through September 1991; 1993; OFR; 93-57; Hager, S. W.\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"52 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":48656,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"\ + Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0057/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":152614,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0057/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"San Francisco Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.56622314453124,\\n 37.42688834526727\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.56622314453124,\\n \ + \ 38.15291731872143\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.71066284179688,\\n 38.15291731872143\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.71066284179688,\\n \ + \ 37.42688834526727\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.56622314453124,\\\ + n 37.42688834526727\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hager,\ + \ Stephen W.\",\"contributorId\":48935,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Hager\",\"given\":\"Stephen W.\",\"id\":180470,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162577,\"text\"\ + :\"70162577 - 1993 - Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International\ + \ Volcano Disaster Assistance Program\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T16:44:27\",\"indexId\":\"70162577\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1993-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1993\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International Volcano Disaster Assistance\ + \ Program\",\"docAbstract\":\"

When the seismograph began to record the\ + \ violent earth-shaking caused by yet another eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz\ + \ volcano in Colombia, no one thought that a few hours later more than 23,000\ + \ people would be dead, killed by lahars (volcanic debris flows) in towns\ + \ and villages several tens of kilometers away from the volcano. Before the\ + \ fatal eruption the volcano was being monitored by scientists at a seismic\ + \ station located 9 km from the summit, and information about the volcano's\ + \ activity was being sent to Colombian emergency-response coordinators who\ + \ were charged with alerting the public of the danger from the active volcano.\ + \ Furthermore, area known to be in the pathways lahars had already been identified\ + \ on maps and communities at risk had been told of their precarious locations.

\\\ + n

Unfortunately, a storm on November 13, 1985, obscured the glacier-clad\ + \ summit of Nevado del Ruiz. On that night an explosive eruption tore through\ + \ the summit and spewed approximately 20 million cubic meters of hot ash and\ + \ rocks across the snow-covered glacier. These materials were transported\ + \ across the snow pack by avalanches of hot volcanic debris (pyroclastic flows)\ + \ and fast-moving, hot, turbulent clouds of gas and ash (pyroclastic surges).\ + \ The hot pyroclastic flows and surges caused rapid melting of the snow and\ + \ ice and created large volumes of water that swept down canyons leading away\ + \ from the summit. As these floods of water descended the volcano, they picked\ + \ up loose debris and soil from the canyon floors and walls, growing both\ + \ in volume and density, to form hot lahars. In the river valleys farther\ + \ down the volcano's flanks, the lahars were as much as 40 m thick and traveled\ + \ at velocities as fast as 50 km/h. Two and a half hours after the start of\ + \ the eruption one of the lahars reachered Armero, 74 km from the explosion\ + \ crater. In a few short minutes most of the town was swept away or buried\ + \ in a torrent of mud and boulders, and three quaters of the townspeople perished.\ + \  

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"22 p.\",\"startPage\":\"270\",\"endPage\":\"291\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":314905,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\":\"\ + Colombia\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"Nevado del Ruiz\",\"geographicExtents\":\"\ + {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n\ + \ {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -75.61477661132812,\\n 4.974664494785995\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -75.18081665039062,\\n \ + \ 4.97603261138461\\n ],\\n [\\n -75.1849365234375,\\\ + n 4.5422013027861325\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -75.6298828125,\\n 4.566842483002357\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -75.61477661132812,\\n \ + \ 4.974664494785995\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\\ + n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issue\":\"6\",\"contributors\":{\"\ + authors\":[{\"text\":\"Ewert, J.W.\",\"contributorId\":91885,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Ewert\",\"given\":\"J.W.\",\"id\":589869,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + Murray, T.L.\",\"contributorId\":30226,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Murray\",\"given\":\"T.L.\",\"id\":589870,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Lockhart, A. B.\",\"\ + contributorId\":152594,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"\ + Lockhart\",\"given\":\"A. B.\",\"id\":589871,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"text\":\"Miller, C.D.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :34504,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Miller\",\"given\"\ + :\"C.D.\",\"id\":589872,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70162572,\"text\":\"70162572 - 1993 - Damages from\ + \ the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T16:06:43\",\"indexId\":\"70162572\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1993-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1993\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"\ + text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath\ + \ Falls, Oregon\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The Klamath Falls earthquakes of 8:28PM\ + \ PDT (magnitude 5.9) and 10:45 PM PDT (magnitude 6.0) on September 20, 1993,\ + \ were felt over an area of about 130,000 sq km in southwestern Oregon and\ + \ northern California. Losses due to property damage are preliminary estimated\ + \ to be about 7.5 million. A motorist died when the car he was driving was\ + \ crushed by a boulder in an earthquake-induced rockfall, and an elderly woman\ + \ died of a heart attack that was apparently triggered by one of the earthquakes.

\\\ + n

Most of the damage resulting from the earthquakes was reported from Klamath\ + \ Falls, approximately 20 km from the source region of earthquakes. As has\ + \ commonly been the case with earthquakes in other parts of the United States,\ + \ the degree of damage was highly uneven in Klamath Falls. Most of the town\ + \ escaped with little damage to buildings or building contents. Losses were\ + \ concentrated in the downtown area, but even there most of the buildings\ + \ were not damaged. The unevenness of damage in earthquakes results primarily\ + \ from large differences in the seismic resistance of individual buildings\ + \ and differences in the seismic response due to different soil conditions\ + \ and geology beneath buildings. 

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"7 p.\",\"startPage\":\"\ + 121\",\"endPage\":\"127\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"\ + N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314901,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Oregon\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Klamath Falls\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.00042724609374,\\n 42.65012181368025\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.14599609375001,\\n \ + \ 42.50652766705062\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -122.16522216796875,\\n 42.204107493733176\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.0855712890625,\\n \ + \ 42.002366213375524\\n ],\\n [\\n -121.76422119140625,\\\ + n 41.97991089691236\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.53076171875,\\n 41.9921602333763\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.453857421875,\\n 42.1613675328748\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -121.46209716796875,\\n \ + \ 42.342305278572816\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.61865234375,\\n 42.50652766705062\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.96746826171875,\\n \ + \ 42.64810165693524\\n ],\\n [\\n -122.00042724609374,\\\ + n 42.65012181368025\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Dewey, J.W.\",\"contributorId\":31008,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Dewey\",\"given\":\"J.W.\",\"id\":589864,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162575,\"\ + text\":\"70162575 - 1992 - Tracking the movement of Hawaiian volcanoes; Global\ + \ Positioning System (GPS) measurement\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T16:31:58\",\"indexId\":\"70162575\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1992-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1992\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Tracking the movement of Hawaiian volcanoes; Global Positioning System (GPS)\ + \ measurement\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Most, if not all, volcanic eruptions\ + \ are preceded by surface movements near the volcano. These ground movements\ + \ are the response of the shallow crust to the accumulation of the magma or\ + \ the buildup of magma pressure within a subterranean reservoir beneath the\ + \ volcano. As the magma reservoir expands, the summit and the flanks of the\ + \ volcano rise and spread apart. Measurements made at many volcanoes show\ + \ that slow ground movement may precede an eruption by as many as several\ + \ years. Sudden increases in the rate of ground movement often precede an\ + \ eruption by a few hours or days.

\\n

At some well-studied volcanoes,\ + \ surface movements of at least several centimeters take place out to distances\ + \ of about 10 km from the summit of the volcano. Widespread deformation of\ + \ this type is relatively easy to monitor, because the necessary survey stations\ + \ can be placed at favorable sites some distance from the summit of the volcano.\ + \ Examples of deformation of this type include Kilauea and Mauna Loa in Hawaii,\ + \ Krafla in Iceland, Long Valley in California, Camp Flegrei in Italy,\ + \ and Sakurajima in Japan. In contrast, surface movement at some other volcanoes,\ + \ usually volcanoes with steep slopes, is restricted to places within about\ + \ 1 km of their summits. Examples of this class of volcanoes include Mount\ + \ St. Helens in Washington, Etna in Italy, and Tangkuban Parahu in Indonesia.\ + \ Local movement on remote, rugged volcanoes of this type is difficult to\ + \ observe using conventional methods of measuring ground movement, which generally\ + \ require a clear line-of-sight between points of interest. However, a revolutionary\ + \ new technique, called the Global Positional System (GPS), provides a very\ + \ efficient, alternative method of making such measurements. GPS, which uses\ + \ satellites and ground-based receivers to accurately record slight crustal\ + \ movements, is rapidly becoming the method of choice to measure deformation\ + \ at volcanoes. 

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"13 p.\",\"startPage\":\"255\",\"endPage\"\ + :\"267\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314903,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"state\":\"Hawaii\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \ + \ \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \ + \ \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n -160.3564453125,\\\ + n 21.881889807629282\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -159.9169921875,\\n 22.28909641872305\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -159.41162109374997,\\n \ + \ 22.339914425562032\\n ],\\n [\\n -157.642822265625,\\\ + n 21.6778482933475\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -156.082763671875,\\n 21.08450008351735\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -155.56640625,\\n 20.80747157680652\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -154.544677734375,\\n \ + \ 19.652934210612436\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -154.84130859375,\\n 19.155546551403607\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -155.775146484375,\\n 18.781516724349704\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -156.07177734375,\\n \ + \ 18.89589255941504\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -156.46728515625,\\n 20.14878463216417\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -156.917724609375,\\n 20.416716988945712\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -157.730712890625,\\n \ + \ 21.01272715296389\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -159.906005859375,\\n 21.6778482933475\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -160.323486328125,\\n 21.688057256795453\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -160.3564453125,\\n \ + \ 21.881889807629282\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issue\":\"6\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Dvorak, J.J.\",\"contributorId\":52597,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Dvorak\",\"given\":\"J.J.\",\"id\":589867,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162571,\"\ + text\":\"70162571 - 1992 - Historical seismicity\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:59:05\",\"indexId\":\"70162571\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1992-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1992\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Historical seismicity\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The North Coast region of California\ + \ in the vicinity of Cape Mendocino is one of the state's most seismically\ + \ active areas, accounting for 25 percent of seismic energy release in California\ + \ during the last 50 years. the region is located in a geologically dynamic\ + \ are surrounding the Mendocino triple junction where three of the Earth's\ + \ tectonic plates join together ( see preceding article by Sam Clarke). In\ + \ the historic past the North Coast has been affected by earthquakes occurring\ + \ on the San Andreas fault system to the south, the Mendocino fault to the\ + \ southwest, and intraplate earthquakes within both the Gorda and North American\ + \ plates. More than sixty of these earthquakes have caused damage since the\ + \ mid-1800's. Recent studies indicate that California's North Coast is also\ + \ at risk with respect to very large earthquakes (magnitude >8) originating\ + \ along the Cascadia subduction zone. Although the subduction zone has not\ + \ generated great earthquakes in historic time, paleoseismic evidence suggests\ + \ that such earthquakes have been generated by the subduction zone in the\ + \ recent prehistoric past. 

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"9 p.\",\"startPage\":\"\ + 101\",\"endPage\":\"109\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"\ + N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314900,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\"\ + :\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -124.62890625,\\n 41.97582726102573\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -123.04687499999999,\\n 42.00848901572399\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.62939453125001,\\n \ + \ 39.155622393423215\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -124.43115234375,\\n 39.07890809706475\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -124.63989257812499,\\n \ + \ 41.902277040963696\\n ],\\n [\\n -124.62890625,\\\ + n 41.97582726102573\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Dengler, L.\",\"contributorId\":54337,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Dengler\",\"given\":\"L.\",\"id\":589863,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162564,\"\ + text\":\"70162564 - 1992 - Tectonic framework of the Northern California continental\ + \ margin\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:39:39\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70162564\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1992-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1992\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Tectonic framework of the Northern\ + \ California continental margin\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The northern coast\ + \ of California is one of the most seismically active regions in the continental\ + \ United States. This activity is largely due to tectonic forces resulting\ + \ from differing relative motions between three extensive lithospheric plates\ + \ that meet in this region. These crustal plates are bounded by long fault\ + \ systems-the Cascadia subduction zone, the San Andreas fault system, and\ + \ the Mendocino fault- that accommodate these differences in plate motion\ + \ and that are capable of periodically producing damaging earthquakes. Historic\ + \ earthquake locations are concentrated in the victinity of the tectonically\ + \ unstable intersection of these tthree plates and their bounding fault systems. 

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"7 p.\",\"startPage\":\"94\",\"endPage\":\"100\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314891,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Oregon; California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"Mendocino triple junction\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\"\ + : \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"\ + type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\ + \": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\ + \": [\\n [\\n [\\n -124.4091796875,\\n \ + \ 43.20517581723733\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -123.33251953125,\\n 43.141078106345844\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -122.87109375,\\n 39.36827914916014\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -125.958251953125,\\n \ + \ 39.172658670429946\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -127.452392578125,\\n 39.095962936305504\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -127.85888671875,\\n 43.35713822211053\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -124.4091796875,\\n \ + \ 43.20517581723733\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n \ + \ }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Clarke, S.H. Jr.\",\"contributorId\":44913,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Clarke\",\"given\":\"S.H.\",\"suffix\":\"\ + Jr.\",\"id\":589855,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162563,\"text\":\"70162563 - 1992 - The ten-year eruption\ + \ of Kilauea Volcano\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:30:47\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70162563\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1992-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1992\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"The ten-year eruption of Kilauea\ + \ Volcano\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The Pu'u 'O' o-Kupaianaha eruption now ranks\ + \ as the longest-lived historic eruption on the East Rift Zone and the most\ + \ destructive in Kilauea's recent history.

\\n

About 1 km3 of\ + \ lava erupted during the first 0 years of the eruption. Lava flows have destroyed\ + \ 181 houses and severed the coastal highway along the volcano's south flank,\ + \ severely restricting transportation on this part of the island of Hawaii.\ + \ the eruption consisted of many distinct episodes characterized by activity\ + \ at different vents and by different eruptive styles. the following summarizes\ + \ the first 10 years of the eruption, starting with the initial outbreak in\ + \ 1983.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"11 p.\",\"startPage\":\"244\",\"endPage\":\"254\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":314890,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\":\"\ + United States\",\"state\":\"Hawaii\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"K\u012Blauea\"\ + ,\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\\ + n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \ + \ \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\ + \": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n \ + \ [\\n -155.26290893554688,\\n 19.433571773164164\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -155.2972412109375,\\n \ + \ 19.420620739866035\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -155.30548095703125,\\n 19.40119225476861\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -155.28488159179688,\\n \ + \ 19.35908924593432\\n ],\\n [\\n -155.19149780273438,\\\ + n 19.2573494756706\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -155.1331329345703,\\n 19.2748506284423\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -155.0562286376953,\\n \ + \ 19.31567937987149\\n ],\\n [\\n -155.1496124267578,\\\ + n 19.43616185591159\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -155.2306365966797,\\n 19.419325579756944\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -155.25604248046875,\\n \ + \ 19.430981649106492\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -155.26290893554688,\\n 19.433571773164164\\n ]\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"\ + issue\":\"6\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Clague, D.A.\",\"\ + contributorId\":36129,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Clague\"\ + ,\"given\":\"D.A.\",\"id\":589853,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"\ + Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Heliker, C.\",\"contributorId\":80314,\"\ + corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Heliker\",\"given\":\"C.\"\ + ,\"id\":589854,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\"\ + :2}]}},{\"id\":70162374,\"text\":\"70162374 - 1992 - The National Landslide\ + \ Information Center; data to reduce landslide damage\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:21:43\",\"indexId\":\"70162374\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1992-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1992\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + The National Landslide Information Center; data to reduce landslide damage\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

Almost every day a landslide disasters occurs somewhere\ + \ in the world. Nearly any time there is heavy rainfall, an earthquake, a\ + \ volcanic eruption, strong wave action on a shoreline, or some ill-considered\ + \ alteration of sloping land by humans, landslides occur.

\\n

In a world\ + \ of persistent and increasing construction on and occupation of hillslopes,\ + \ canyons, and coastal bluffs, landslides are exacting an inexorable toll\ + \ of human life and economic loss. In the 1980's, massive landslides disasters\ + \ occurred throughout the world, many in regions where such disasters were\ + \ historically unprecedented, or where their potential was forgotten or disregarded.\ + \ by present generations. In some cases, large populations had moved onto\ + \ unstable lands before renewed landslide activity. For example, the San Francisco\ + \ Bay region in population between 1955 and 1982, and much of the new development\ + \ occurred on hillsides and in canyons. Major rainstorms in both 1955 and\ + \ 1982 produced abundant landslides throughout the region, but the landslides\ + \ in 1982 proved much more devastating than those in 1955 because of the increased\ + \ population density on sloping ground. Similar situations persist in many\ + \ other population centers surrounded by hills and mountains, such as Rio\ + \ de Janeiro, Hong Kong, and Los Angeles. 

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"6 p.\",\"\ + startPage\":\"52\",\"endPage\":\"57\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314653,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"23\",\"issue\":\"2\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Brown, W. M. III\",\"contributorId\":27060,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Brown\",\"given\":\"W. M.\",\"suffix\":\"III\",\"id\":589318,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70164320,\"\ + text\":\"70164320 - 1991 - Additions to the ichthyofauna of the Bahama Islands,\ + \ with comments on endemic species\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T10:27:12\",\"indexId\":\"70164320\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1991-01-01T11:30\",\"publicationYear\":\"1991\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3135,\"text\":\"Proceedings of\ + \ the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Additions to the ichthyofauna of the Bahama Islands,\ + \ with comments on endemic species\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Literature records\ + \ or other documentation are given for 57 species of shorefishes added to\ + \ the Bahaman ichthyofauna since publication of Fishes of the Bahamas;\ + \ included are 32 new species described or discovered since 1967. Known distribution\ + \ is specified for each species, including extralimital ranges of non-endemics.\ + \ Fourteen species are listed as known only from the Bahamas although some\ + \ likely occur elsewhere. It is concluded that the Bahamas has played a minor\ + \ role in the evolution of Atlantic tropical marine fishes. [Bahaman ichthyofauna,\ + \ endemism, new records]

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"Academy\ + \ of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia\",\"publisherLocation\":\"Philadelphia,\ + \ PA\",\"usgsCitation\":\"William F. Smith-Vaniz and Eugenia B. B\xF6hlke.\ + \ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Vol. 143\ + \ (1991), pp. 193-206\",\"productDescription\":\"14 p.\",\"startPage\":\"\ + 193\",\"endPage\":\"206\",\"numberOfPages\":\"14\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":566,\"text\":\"Southeast\ + \ Ecological Science Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316372,\"rank\":1,\"type\"\ + :{\"id\":15,\"text\":\"Index Page\"},\"url\":\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/4064999\"\ + },{\"id\":316728,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"143\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Smith-Vaniz,\ + \ William F.\",\"contributorId\":152526,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Smith-Vaniz\",\"given\":\"William F.\",\"id\":597006,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Bohlke, Eugenia B.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":17564,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Bohlke\",\"given\":\"Eugenia B.\",\"id\":597007,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70164322,\"text\":\"70164322\ + \ - 1991 - Fire regimes in subtropical south Florida\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T10:19:44\",\"indexId\":\"70164322\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1991-01-01T11:15\",\"publicationYear\":\"1991\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":24,\"text\":\"Conference Paper\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":19,\"\ + text\":\"Conference Paper\"},\"title\":\"Fire regimes in subtropical south\ + \ Florida\",\"docAbstract\":\"

No abstract available.

\",\"conferenceTitle\"\ + :\"The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Restoration and Management\",\"conferenceDate\"\ + :\"05/30/1991\",\"conferenceLocation\":\"Tallahassee, FL\",\"language\":\"\ + English\",\"publisher\":\"Tall Timbers Research Station\",\"publisherLocation\"\ + :\"Tallahassee, FL\",\"productDescription\":\"17 p.\",\"startPage\":\"303\"\ + ,\"endPage\":\"319\",\"numberOfPages\":\"17\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[{\"id\":566,\"text\":\"Southeast Ecological Science\ + \ Center\"}],\"links\":[{\"id\":316726,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"\ + },\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"17\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Snyder, James R. jim_snyder@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":2760,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Snyder\",\"given\":\"James R.\",\"email\":\"jim_snyder@usgs.gov\",\"id\":597011,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162570,\"\ + text\":\"70162570 - 1991 - Volcanic eruptions; energy and size\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:47:57\",\"indexId\":\"70162570\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1991-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1991\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"\ + text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Volcanic eruptions; energy and size\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

The Earth is a dynamic planet. Many different processes are continuously\ + \ developing, creating a delicate balance between the energy stored and generated\ + \ in its interior and the heat lost into space. The heat in continuously transferred\ + \ through complex self-regulating convection mechanisms on a planetary scale.\ + \ The distribution of terrestrial heat flow reveals some of the fine structure\ + \ of the energy transport mechanisms in the outer layers of the Earth. Of\ + \ these mechanisms in the outer layers of the Earth. Of these mechanisms,\ + \ volcanism is indeed the most remarkable, for it allows energy to be transported\ + \ in rapid bursts to the surface. In order to maintain the subtle balance\ + \ of the terrestrial heat machine, one may expect that some law or principle\ + \ restricts the ways in which these volcanic bursts affect the overall energy\ + \ transfer of the Earth. For instance, we know that the geothermal flux of\ + \ the planet amounts to 1028 erg/year. On the other hand, a single\ + \ large event like the Lava Creek Tuff eruption that formed Yellowstone caldera\ + \ over half a million years ago may release the same amount of energy in a\ + \ very small area, over a short period of time. 

\",\"language\":\"\ + English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"\ + 2 p.\",\"startPage\":\"140\",\"endPage\":\"141\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314899,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"22\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"de la Cruz-Reyna, S.\",\"contributorId\":152593,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":false,\"family\":\"de la Cruz-Reyna\",\"given\":\"S.\",\"id\":589862,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162569,\"\ + text\":\"70162569 - 1991 - Reducing volcanic risk\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T15:00:40\",\"indexId\":\"70162569\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1991-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1991\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Reducing volcanic risk\",\"docAbstract\":\"

The last two decades have brought\ + \ major advances in research on how volcanoes work and how to monitor their\ + \ changing habits. Geologic mapping as well as studies of earthquake patterns\ + \ and surface deformation associated with underground movement of magma have\ + \ given scientists a better view of the inner structure and dynamics of active\ + \ volcanoes. With the next decade, the time has come to focuses more on applying\ + \ this knowledge toward reducing the risk from volcanic activity on a worldwide\ + \ basis. 

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"2 p.\",\"startPage\":\"129\",\"endPage\"\ + :\"130\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314895,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\"\ + :\"22\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Decker,\ + \ R.\",\"contributorId\":152591,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Decker\",\"given\":\"R.\",\"id\":589860,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Decker, B.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :152592,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Decker\",\"given\"\ + :\"B.\",\"id\":589861,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70162565,\"text\":\"70162565 - 1991 - Volcanic-hazards\ + \ assessments; past, present, and future\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T14:38:17\",\"indexId\":\"70162565\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1991-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1991\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Volcanic-hazards assessments; past, present, and future\",\"docAbstract\"\ + :\"

A new reason to study volcanoes has developed within the last few decades;\ + \ it is  to anticipate the specific kinds and extents of future eruptions\ + \ and their effects on people and property. Such studies are based chiefly\ + \ on the eruptive histories of volcanoes and the distribution of past eruptive\ + \ products. Volcanic-hazards studies in the U.S Geological Survey began in\ + \ the 1960's primarily to provide data useful for hazard mitigation during\ + \ future eruptions.

\\n

Worldwide interest in volcanic-hazards assessments\ + \ was greatly stimulated by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, just 2\ + \ years after a hazards assessment of the volcano was published in U.S Geological\ + \ Survey Bulletin 1383-C. Many climactic eruption on May 18, although the\ + \ extent of the unprecedented and devastating lateral blast was not anticipated. 

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"2 p.\",\"startPage\":\"131\",\"endPage\":\"132\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"\ + additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314892,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"22\",\"issue\":\"3\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Crandell, D.R.\",\"contributorId\":78385,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\"\ + :true,\"family\":\"Crandell\",\"given\":\"D.R.\",\"id\":589856,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70164481,\"text\"\ + :\"70164481 - 1990 - Predicting the vertical structure of tidal current and\ + \ salinity in San Francisco Bay, California\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-08T09:39:15\",\"indexId\":\"70164481\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1991-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1990\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":3722,\"text\":\"Water Resources\ + \ Research\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\"\ + :\"Predicting the vertical structure of tidal current and salinity in San\ + \ Francisco Bay, California\",\"docAbstract\":\"

A two-dimensional\ + \ laterally averaged numerical estuarine model is developed to study the vertical\ + \ variations of tidal hydrodynamic properties in the central/north part of\ + \ San Francisco Bay, California. Tidal stage data, current meter measurements,\ + \ and conductivity, temperature, and depth profiling data in San Francisco\ + \ Bay are used for comparison with model predictions. An extensive review\ + \ of the literature is conducted to assess the success and failure of previous\ + \ similar investigations and to establish a strategy for development of the\ + \ present model. A σ plane transformation is used in the vertical dimension\ + \ to alleviate problems associated with fixed grid model applications in the\ + \ bay, where the tidal range can be as much as 20–25% of the total water\ + \ depth. Model predictions of tidal stage and velocity compare favorably with\ + \ the available field data, and prototype salinity stratification is qualitatively\ + \ reproduced. Conclusions from this study as well as future model applications\ + \ and research needs are discussed.

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"AGU Publications\",\"doi\":\"10.1029/WR026i005p01027\",\"\ + productDescription\":\"19 p.\",\"startPage\":\"1027\",\"endPage\":\"1045\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":316648,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\":\"\ + United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"San Francisco\ + \ Bay\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\ + \",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\ + \"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n \ + \ [\\n [\\n -122.618408203125,\\n 37.396346133189255\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.618408203125,\\n \ + \ 38.156156969924915\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -121.651611328125,\\n 38.156156969924915\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -121.651611328125,\\n 37.396346133189255\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -122.618408203125,\\n \ + \ 37.396346133189255\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Ford,\ + \ Michael\",\"contributorId\":156347,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Ford\",\"given\":\"Michael\",\"id\":597551,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Wang, Jia\",\"contributorId\"\ + :156348,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Wang\",\"given\"\ + :\"Jia\",\"id\":597552,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"\ + },\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Cheng, Ralph T.\",\"contributorId\":69134,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cheng\",\"given\":\"Ralph T.\",\"id\":597553,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3}]}},{\"id\":70162574,\"\ + text\":\"70162574 - 1990 - Historical activity at Campi Flegrei caldera, southern\ + \ Italy\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T16:17:11\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70162574\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1990-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1990\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Historical activity at Campi\ + \ Flegrei caldera, southern Italy\",\"docAbstract\":\"

According to the\ + \ biography of the 6th century Italian lawyer Antonion Castaldo, the swarm\ + \ of earthquakes that had bothered the inhabitants of Pozzuoli and Naples\ + \ all summer long ended abruptly on the eve of St. Michael (September 29)\ + \ in the year 1538. Castaldo recalled that the end of this swarm was heralded\ + \ by a very large earthquake followed immediately by loud thunder, sounding\ + \ like bombardment from heavy guns. This was the beginning of a week-long\ + \ eruption in Campi Flegrei, a volcanic caldera located along the west coast\ + \ of southern Italy near Naples. 

\\n

This event has been the only\ + \ eruption of Campi Flegrei in almost 4,000 years. It was preceded by a few\ + \ decades of sporadic earthquakes swarms and noticeable uplift of the shoreline\ + \ and was followed by 430 years of quiescence. Signs of renewed activity was\ + \ first recognized in late 1969. Since then, the caldera center rose as much\ + \ as 3 meters, and several hundred earthquakes were felt from 1983 to 1984\ + \ by people living in Campi Flegrei. These earthquakes extensively damaged\ + \ buildings in Pozzuoli, located in the center of Campi Flegrei, and prompted\ + \ the evacuation of 40,000 people. The uplift and the earthquakes stopped\ + \ in December 1984, and no significant activity has occurred since.

\\\ + n

We cannot forecast whether the activity since 968 will culminate in another\ + \ eruption or whether Campi Flegrei will remain quiet for several hundred\ + \ more years. This article summarizes the historical recorded of activity\ + \ in Campi Flegrei, which, with varying degrees of reliability, spans 2,000\ + \ years, and emphasizes that further scientific studies of this caldera will\ + \ improve our understanding of the behavior of longquiescent volcanic system. 

\"\ + ,\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"13 p.\",\"startPage\":\"255\",\"endPage\":\"267\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\"\ + ,\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314902,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"Italy\",\"geographicExtents\":\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"\ + FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\n {\\n \\\"type\\\"\ + : \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\": {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\"\ + : {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\",\\n \\\"coordinates\\\"\ + : [\\n [\\n [\\n 14.037780761718748,\\n \ + \ 40.90832339902113\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ 14.294586181640625,\\n 40.95501133048621\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n 14.567871093749998,\\n \ + \ 40.79613778833376\\n ],\\n [\\n 14.35089111328125,\\\ + n 40.62854560636587\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ 14.061126708984373,\\n 40.75557964275591\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n 13.985595703125,\\n \ + \ 40.85744791303121\\n ],\\n [\\n 14.037780761718748,\\\ + n 40.90832339902113\\n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\\ + n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issue\":\"6\",\"contributors\"\ + :{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Dvorak, J.\",\"contributorId\":94042,\"corporation\"\ + :false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Dvorak\",\"given\":\"J.\",\"id\":589865,\"\ + contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"\ + Gasparini, P.\",\"contributorId\":35881,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Gasparini\",\"given\":\"P.\",\"id\":589866,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":70162566,\"text\"\ + :\"70162566 - 1990 - The Pacific Northwest; linkage between earthquake and\ + \ volcano hazards\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T14:50:48\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70162566\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1990-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1990\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"The Pacific Northwest; linkage\ + \ between earthquake and volcano hazards\",\"docAbstract\":\"

AS the title\ + \ of the magazine Earthquake and Volcanoes suggests, these\ + \ two geological phenomena are often closely associated. Earthquakes frequently\ + \ precede volcanic eruptions, and volcanoes are often sources of small to\ + \ intermediate size earthquakes resulting from the movement of magma within\ + \ the volcano's plumbing system. In the Pacific Northwest, the association\ + \ between earthquakes and volcanoes is much more fundamental- they both arise\ + \ from the same large-scale interaction between two plates of the Earth's\ + \ crust. The oceanic Juan de Fuca plate is being shoved beneath the edge of\ + \ the continental North American plate in the process known as subduction.\ + \ The result is the Cascade chain of volcanoes, the potential for very large\ + \ earthquakes along the coastal margin, and the generation of stresses that\ + \ produce other regional earthquakes.

\\n

The Pacific Northwest (Oregon,\ + \ Washington, and northern California) is experiencing rapid industrial and\ + \ population growth. The same conditions that make the region attractive-\ + \ close proximity to both mountains and oceans, volcanoes and spectacular\ + \ inland waters- also present significant geologic hazards that are easily\ + \ overlooked in the normal timetable of human activities. The catastrophic\ + \ eruption of Mount St. Helens 10 years ago serves as a dramatic reminder\ + \ of the forces of nature that can be unleashed through volcanism. other volcanoes\ + \ such as  mount Rainier, a majestic symbol of Washington, or Mount hood\ + \ in Oregon, lie closer to population centers and could present far greater\ + \ hazards should they become active. Earthquakes may affect even larger regions,\ + \ prodcuging more cumulative damage. 

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Because of the reactivation of Nevado del Ruiz volcano\ + \ in the last days of 1984, we began studies whose purpose was directed toward\ + \ the identification of hte risks that accompanied such volcanic activity.\ + \ As a result of these investigations there appeared a preliminary map of\ + \ volcanic risk in Octoer 7, 1985, the first map of its kind in Colombia  

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]\\n}\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"\ + issue\":\"5\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Carvajal, C. A.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":152433,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\"\ + :\"Carvajal\",\"given\":\"C. A.\",\"id\":589321,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":17486,\"text\":\"ofr88319\ + \ - 1988 - Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay; IX, Chlorophyll distributions\ + \ and hydrographic properties of South San Francisco Bay, 1984-86\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T13:05:39\",\"indexId\":\"ofr88319\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1988\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":330,\"\ + text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\":\"2331-1258\"\ + ,\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\"\ + :5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"88-319\",\"title\":\"Plankton studies in San Francisco\ + \ Bay; IX, Chlorophyll distributions and hydrographic properties of South\ + \ San Francisco Bay, 1984-86\",\"docAbstract\":\"

This report summarizes\ + \ the distribution of phytoplankton biomass and selected hydrographic properties\ + \ in South San Francisco Bay during 1984- 1986. There were a total of 67 cruises\ + \ during the three-year period with the most frequent sampling occurring during\ + \ the spring. Parameters measured were chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, in-vivo\ + \ fluorescence, turbidity, salinity, and temperature.

\",\"language\":\"\ + English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"publisherLocation\":\"\ + Menlo Park, CA\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay;\ + \ IX, Chlorophyll distributions and hydrographic properties of South San Francisco\ + \ Bay, 1984-86; 1988; OFR; 88-319; Alpine, Andrea A.; Wienke, S. M.; Cloem,\ + \ J. E.; Cole, B. E. \",\"productDescription\":\"85 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"\ + N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\"\ + :46637,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"Document\"},\"url\":\"\ + http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0319/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\":{\"id\":1,\"\ + text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":149076,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"\ + Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0319/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"San Francisco Bay\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Alpine,\ + \ Andrea A.\",\"contributorId\":38838,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Alpine\",\"given\":\"Andrea A.\",\"id\":176561,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Wienke, Sally M.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":71989,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Wienke\",\"given\":\"Sally M.\",\"id\":176564,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":2},{\"text\":\"Cloern, James E. jecloern@usgs.gov\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":1488,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Cloern\",\"given\":\"James E.\",\"email\":\"jecloern@usgs.gov\",\"affiliation\"\ + :{\"id\":438,\"text\":\"National Research Program - Western Branch\"},\"id\"\ + :176563,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":3},{\"\ + text\":\"Cole, Brian E.\",\"contributorId\":18357,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Cole\",\"given\":\"Brian E.\",\"id\":176562,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":4}]}},{\"id\":70162659,\"text\"\ + :\"70162659 - 1988 - The role of the Federal government in the Parkfield earthquake\ + \ prediction experiment\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T16:54:42\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"70162659\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1988-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1988\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"\ + publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"The role of the Federal government\ + \ in the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Earthquake\ + \ prediction research in the United States us carried out under the aegis\ + \ of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977. One of the objectives\ + \ of the act is \\\"the implementation in all areas of high or moderate seismic\ + \ risk, of a system (including personnel and procedures) for predicting damaging\ + \ earthquakes and for identifying, evaluating, and accurately characterizing\ + \ seismic hazards.\\\" Among the four Federal agencies working under the 1977\ + \ act, the U.S Geological Survey (USGS) is responsible for earthquake prediction\ + \ research and technological implementation. The USGS has adopted a goal that\ + \ is stated quite simply; predict the time, place, and magnitude of damaging\ + \ earthquakes. The Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment represents the\ + \ msot concentrated and visible effor to date to test progress toward this\ + \ goal. 

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological\ + \ Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"4 p.\",\"startPage\":\"56\",\"endPage\"\ + :\"59\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314984,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"\ + url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"country\"\ + :\"United States\",\"state\":\"Calfornia\",\"otherGeospatial\":\"San Andreas\ + \ fault\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issue\":\"2\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\"\ + :[{\"text\":\"Filson, J.R.\",\"contributorId\":52619,\"corporation\":false,\"\ + usgs\":true,\"family\":\"Filson\",\"given\":\"J.R.\",\"id\":590089,\"contributorType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162578,\"text\"\ + :\"70162578 - 1988 - Geological hazards programs and research in the U.S.A\"\ + ,\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T16:48:18\",\"indexId\"\ + :\"70162578\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1988-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\"\ + :\"1988\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"\ + text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"Geological hazards programs and research in the\ + \ U.S.A\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Until recently, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes\ + \ and major ground failures in populated regions have been viewed as natural\ + \ disasters that were unpredictable and producing effects that were unavoidable.\ + \ research over the past few decades has led to an increased understanding\ + \ of the effects and causes of geological hazards and to a widening recognition\ + \ that measures can be taken to reduce their impacts on people and structures.\ + \ Thus, today, in the U.S.A and elsewhere, formal government programs have\ + \ been established to study these hazrads, not only to explain and understand\ + \ the phenomena themselves, but also to provide a basis for warning and mitigation\ + \ strategies that will reduce losses and suffering. 

\",\"language\"\ + :\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\"\ + :\"14 p.\",\"startPage\":\"176\",\"endPage\":\"189\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\"\ + ,\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314906,\"\ + type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"volume\":\"20\",\"issue\":\"5\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\"\ + :\"Filson, J.R.\",\"contributorId\":52619,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"\ + family\":\"Filson\",\"given\":\"J.R.\",\"id\":589873,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162568,\"text\":\"70162568\ + \ - 1988 - Volcanology in Hawaii\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\"\ + :\"2016-02-09T14:56:47\",\"indexId\":\"70162568\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1988-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1988\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Volcanology in Hawaii\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Polynesians who first inhabited\ + \ the Hawaiian Islands told in legend about Pele, Goddess of volcanic fires,\ + \ who migrated from the Island of Kauai to Oahu, then to Maui, and finally\ + \ to her present home in Kilauea Volcano's Halemaumau Crater on the Island\ + \ of Hawaii. Geologists today accept this same relative age progressions for\ + \ the evolution of the islands, demonstrating the kernels of geologic truth\ + \ may lie in long-lived myths and legends.

\\n

J.D. Dana, a geologist\ + \ with a United states exploring expedition in the 1840's, was the first to\ + \ write about the increase in age of the Hawaiian Islands to the northwest.\ + \ He noted that weathering of the lavas, erosional destruction of the islands\ + \ by waves and streams and the growth of reeds around the islands progressively\ + \ increased away from the Island of Hawaii. He correctly established the islands'\ + \ relative ages, but absolute ages had to wait for over 120 years until radioactive\ + \ age-dating techniques became available. 

\",\"language\":\"English\"\ + ,\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\",\"productDescription\":\"27 p.\"\ + ,\"startPage\":\"4\",\"endPage\":\"30\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\"\ + :\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"links\":[{\"id\":314894,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"Hawaii\",\"geographicExtents\"\ + :\"{\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"FeatureCollection\\\",\\n \\\"features\\\": [\\\ + n {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Feature\\\",\\n \\\"properties\\\":\ + \ {},\\n \\\"geometry\\\": {\\n \\\"type\\\": \\\"Polygon\\\"\ + ,\\n \\\"coordinates\\\": [\\n [\\n [\\n \ + \ -159.642333984375,\\n 22.31958944283391\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -160.46630859375,\\n 21.993988560906022\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -160.103759765625,\\n \ + \ 21.57571893245848\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -159.312744140625,\\n 21.688057256795453\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -158.203125,\\n 21.248422235627014\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -157.027587890625,\\n \ + \ 20.73556590521865\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -156.59912109375,\\n 20.097206227083888\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -156.192626953125,\\n 19.663280219987662\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -155.89599609375,\\n \ + \ 18.823116948090483\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -155.28076171875,\\n 18.823116948090483\\n ],\\\ + n [\\n -154.7314453125,\\n 19.425153718960157\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -154.676513671875,\\n \ + \ 19.72534224805787\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -155.7421875,\\n 20.797201434307\\n ],\\n \ + \ [\\n -156.544189453125,\\n 21.186972714123776\\\ + n ],\\n [\\n -158.323974609375,\\n \ + \ 22.044913300245675\\n ],\\n [\\n \ + \ -159.49951171875,\\n 22.329752304376473\\n \ + \ ],\\n [\\n -159.642333984375,\\n 22.31958944283391\\\ + n ]\\n ]\\n ]\\n }\\n }\\n ]\\n}\",\"\ + volume\":\"20\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"\ + Decker, R.\",\"contributorId\":152591,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"\ + family\":\"Decker\",\"given\":\"R.\",\"id\":589858,\"contributorType\":{\"\ + id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1},{\"text\":\"Decker, B.\",\"contributorId\"\ + :152592,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":false,\"family\":\"Decker\",\"given\"\ + :\"B.\",\"id\":589859,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"\ + rank\":2}]}},{\"id\":14202,\"text\":\"ofr87387 - 1987 - Temporal variations\ + \ in the benthic communities at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay,\ + \ California, 1983-85\",\"interactions\":[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-08T11:25:49\"\ + ,\"indexId\":\"ofr87387\",\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1994-01-01T00:00\",\"\ + publicationYear\":\"1987\",\"publicationType\":{\"id\":18,\"text\":\"Report\"\ + },\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":5,\"text\":\"USGS Numbered Series\"},\"seriesTitle\"\ + :{\"id\":330,\"text\":\"Open-File Report\",\"code\":\"OFR\",\"onlineIssn\"\ + :\"2331-1258\",\"printIssn\":\"0196-1497\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":5}},\"seriesNumber\":\"87-387\",\"title\":\"Temporal variations in\ + \ the benthic communities at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay, California,\ + \ 1983-85\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Benthic core samples were collected monthly\ + \ from January 1983 through January 1985 at four intertidal sites in San Francisco\ + \ Bay, California, two in the northern part of the bay (North Bay) and two\ + \ in the southern part of the bay (South Bay). Considerable variation was\ + \ observed in numbers of species and individuals at the four sites, and abundances\ + \ within species varied widely. Temporal changes in species abundances appeared\ + \ to be related to freshwater inflow patterns and resultant salinity variations\ + \ in the estuary. The 1982-83 winter season was extremely wet, with heavy\ + \ freshwater inflow to the bay from January through March, whereas the 1983-84\ + \ winter was closer to a normal pattern, with most rainfall occurring from\ + \ November through January. Species were grouped into four categories depending\ + \ on their patterns of abundance during the 2-yr period. Species that showed\ + \ an abundance peak in the North Bay in 1983 only were Corophium sp.B and\ + \ a Chironomidae larva, apparently responding to the extended period of lowered\ + \ salinity throughout spring and early summer. Species with an abundance peak\ + \ only in 1984 included Corophium Acherusicum, Eteone californica, Nereis\ + \ succinea, and Grandidierella japonica, typical estuarine species that might\ + \ have been suppressed during the extended freshwater inflows in 1983. Species\ + \ with peaks in both years were Gemma gemma and Ampelisca abdita in the South\ + \ Bay; both showed strong seasonal variations. A number of species in both\ + \ North and South Bays, including dominant members of the intertidal community\ + \ such as Macoma balthical and Streblospio benedicti, did not show any consistent\ + \ seasonal or year-to-year trends. Results of this study suggest that the\ + \ intensity and timing of freshwater inflow to San Francisco Bay, particularly\ + \ higher-than-normal inflow during late spring and early summer, may be an\ + \ important factor in determining the composition of the intertidal benthic\ + \ communities. (Author 's abstract)

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\"\ + :\"U.S. Geological Survey\",\"usgsCitation\":\"Temporal variations in the\ + \ benthic communities at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay, California,\ + \ 1983-85; 1987; OFR; 87-387; Hopkins, D. R. \",\"productDescription\":\"\ + iv, 89 p.\",\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\"\ + :[],\"links\":[{\"id\":42878,\"rank\":300,\"type\":{\"id\":11,\"text\":\"\ + Document\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0387/report.pdf\",\"linkFileType\"\ + :{\"id\":1,\"text\":\"pdf\"}},{\"id\":145233,\"rank\":0,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"\ + text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\":\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0387/report-thumb.jpg\"\ + }],\"country\":\"United States\",\"state\":\"California\",\"otherGeospatial\"\ + :\"San Francisco Bay\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Hopkins,\ + \ D.R.\",\"contributorId\":73212,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\"\ + :\"Hopkins\",\"given\":\"D.R.\",\"id\":169073,\"contributorType\":{\"id\"\ + :1,\"text\":\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162376,\"text\":\"70162376\ + \ - 1987 - Volcanic processes in the solar system\",\"interactions\":[],\"\ + lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T14:26:08\",\"indexId\":\"70162376\",\"displayToPublicDate\"\ + :\"1987-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1987\",\"publicationType\":{\"\ + id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"\ + Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes\ + \ (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\":{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"\ + Volcanic processes in the solar system\",\"docAbstract\":\"

Eruptions of\ + \ ammonia, water, and sulfur. These have become some of the concerns of planetary\ + \ volcanologists as they try to understand volcanic processes on other planetary\ + \ bodies. As exploration of the Solar System has continues, we have been confronted\ + \ with more and more exotic forms of volcanism and have come to realize that\ + \ the types of volcanic activity observed on Earth represent only a fraction\ + \ of the array of volcanic phenomena that are possible. Some volcanic features\ + \ of other planets have close terrestrial counterparts and appear to have\ + \ been formed by similar mechanisms and from similar magmas to those on the\ + \ Earth. but other features are totally different and appear to have been\ + \ formed from materials that are not normally associated with volcanism on\ + \ Earth.

\",\"language\":\"English\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Geological Survey\"\ + ,\"productDescription\":\"10 p.\",\"startPage\":\"128\",\"endPage\":\"137\"\ + ,\"onlineOnly\":\"N\",\"additionalOnlineFiles\":\"N\",\"costCenters\":[],\"\ + links\":[{\"id\":314655,\"type\":{\"id\":24,\"text\":\"Thumbnail\"},\"url\"\ + :\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg\"}],\"volume\":\"\ + 19\",\"issue\":\"4\",\"contributors\":{\"authors\":[{\"text\":\"Carr, M.H.\"\ + ,\"contributorId\":84727,\"corporation\":false,\"usgs\":true,\"family\":\"\ + Carr\",\"given\":\"M.H.\",\"id\":589320,\"contributorType\":{\"id\":1,\"text\"\ + :\"Authors\"},\"rank\":1}]}},{\"id\":70162375,\"text\":\"70162375 - 1987 -\ + \ A visit to Stromboli, lighthouse of the Mediterranean\",\"interactions\"\ + :[],\"lastModifiedDate\":\"2016-02-09T14:21:17\",\"indexId\":\"70162375\"\ + ,\"displayToPublicDate\":\"1987-01-01T00:00\",\"publicationYear\":\"1987\"\ + ,\"publicationType\":{\"id\":2,\"text\":\"Article\"},\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10,\"text\":\"Journal Article\"},\"seriesTitle\":{\"id\":1437,\"\ + text\":\"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)\",\"active\":true,\"publicationSubtype\"\ + :{\"id\":10}},\"title\":\"A visit to Stromboli, lighthouse of the Mediterranean\"\ + ,\"docAbstract\":\"

About daybreak of the next morning, the perfect cone-shaped\ + \ outline of Stromboli appeared on the horizon. No \\\"red\\\" glare could\ + \ be seen, but a prominent column of white vapor was rising from the crater,\ + \ and at infrequent emitted. As the boat steamed around the edge of Stromboli,\ + \ the big \\\"scar' on the slope, known as Sciara del Fuoco, stood out prominently.\ + \ This remarkable feature, with a slope of 35 degrees and a width of about\ + \ three-quarters of a mile, is like a tremendous talus slope and extends from\ + \ the crater to the sea, a distance of about 4,000 feet. Much of the erupted\ + \ material, including lava flows ejected from the crater, lands on the Sciara\ + \ del Fuoco and rolls directly into the sea. The origin of the Sciara del\ + \ Fuoco is uncertain, but it appears to represent a great depression formed\ + \ by an eruption which destroyed one side of the cone. The accumulation of\ + \ debris in the depression has built up the present talus-like slope. The\ + \ crater of Stromboli is on a terrace at the top of the Sciara del Fuoco,\ + \ about 600 feet below the summit peak.          \ + \               

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Physical and chemical data for the Sacramento + River at Rio Vista , California, for the period of January to May, 1983 are + presented in this report. Measurements include specific conductance, alkalinity, + suspended particulate matter, and the dissolved inorganic nutrients; nitrite, + nitrate plus nitrite, ammonium, dissolved silica, and ortho-phosphate. Numerical + results are tabulated and details of the methods are described. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","usgsCitation":"Physical + and chemical data for the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January + through May, 1983; 1986; OFR; 86-230; Harmon, D. D.; Schemel, L. E.; Hager, + S. W. ","productDescription":"26 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0230/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40372,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United + States","state":"California","city":"Rio Vista","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento + River","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmon, Dana D.","contributorId":34929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"Dana + D.","id":165519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schemel, + Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence + E.","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","id":165520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hager, + Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen + W.","id":165518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ota, + Allan Y.","contributorId":85192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ota","given":"Allan + Y.","id":597569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}},{"id":12220,"text":"ofr85196 + - 1985 - Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay, VIII, Chlorophyll distributions + and hydrographic properties of South San Francisco Bay, 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:55:15","indexId":"ofr85196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1985","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-196","title":"Plankton + studies in San Francisco Bay, VIII, Chlorophyll distributions and hydrographic + properties of South San Francisco Bay, 1983","docAbstract":"

This report + summarizes the distribution of phytoplankton Momass and selected hydrographic + properties measured in South San Francisco Bay during 1983- There were a total + of 45 cruises over the year with the most frequent sampling occurring during + the spring. Parameters measured were: chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, in-vivo + fluorescence, turbidity, salinity, and temperature.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay, + VIII, Chlorophyll distributions and hydrographic properties of South San Francisco + Bay, 1983; 1985; OFR; 85-196; Alpine, A. E.; Wienke, S. M.; Cloern, J. E.; + Cole, B. E.; Wong, R. L.","productDescription":"58 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":40375,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0196/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0196/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpine, + Andrea E.","contributorId":54927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpine","given":"Andrea + E.","id":165528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wienke, + Sally M.","contributorId":71989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wienke","given":"Sally + M.","id":165531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, + James E. jecloern@usgs.gov","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James + E.","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":438,"text":"National Research + Program - Western Branch"},"id":165529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, + Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian + E.","id":165530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wong, + Raymond L. J.","contributorId":95502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Raymond + L. J.","id":165532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}},{"id":70164486,"text":"70164486 + - 1985 - Effect of adherent bacteria and bacterial extracellular polymers + upon assimilation by Macoma balthica of sediment-bound Cd, Zn and Ag","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T10:06:30","indexId":"70164486","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1985","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect + of adherent bacteria and bacterial extracellular polymers upon assimilation + by Macoma balthica of sediment-bound Cd, Zn and Ag","docAbstract":"

Effects + of adherent bacteria and bacterial extracellular polymer (exopolymer) upon + uptake of particle-bound Cd, Zn and Ag by the deposit-feeding clam Macoma + balthica were studied in the laboratory. Amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and + unaltered and alkaline-extracted sediments were used as model particulates + in separate, controlled deposit-feeding experiments. In general, amounts of + metal taken up from ingested particles varied dramatically with the nature + of the particle surface. Ingestion of contaminated iron oxide particles did + not contribute to overall uptake of Cd and Ag in feeding clams, but accounted + for 89 to 99% of total Zn uptake. Exopolymer adsorbed on iron oxide particles + caused an increase in the biological availability of particle-bound metals + in the order Ag>Cd>Zn, whereas adherent bacteria up to 3.2 X 1011 + g-1 had no effect upon amounts of metal taken up from ingested + particulates. At the higher Cd and Ag concentrations employed (3.6 X 10-7M), + feeding rates declined with increasing amounts of iron oxide-bound exopolymer, + suggesting behavioral avoidance due to increased metal availability. Much + of the Cd (57 %) taken up by clams feeding on unaltered estuarine sediments + originated from particulates, even though particle/solute distribution of + Cd (86%) was similar to that in experiments with iron oxide particles. Uptake + of Cd from alkalineextracted sediments was insignificant, as it was from unamended + iron oxide. However, addition of exopolymer (10 mgg-1 sediment) + caused a restoration nn bioavailability of sediment-bound Cd.

","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Res","productDescription":"9 + p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316653,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v22/"}],"volume":"22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, + Ronald W. rwharvey@usgs.gov","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald + W.","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","id":597564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, + Samuel N. snluoma@usgs.gov","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel + N.","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":438,"text":"National Research + Program - Western Branch"},"id":597565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":70164484,"text":"70164484 + - 1984 - Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces + in south San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:59:32","indexId":"70164484","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1984","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research + C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas exchange + rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco + Bay","docAbstract":"

Radon 222 concentrations in the water and sedimentary + columns and radon exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces + have been measured in a section of south San Francisco Bay. Two independent + methods have been used to determine sediment-water exchange rates, and the + annual averages of these methods agree within the uncertainty of the determinations, + about 20%. The annual average of benthic fluxes from shoal areas is nearly + a factor of 2 greater than fluxes from the channel areas. Fluxes from the + shoal and channel areas exceed those expected from simple molecular diffusion + by factors of 4 and 2, respectively, apparently due to macrofaunal irrigation. + Values of the gas transfer coefficient for radon exchange across the air-water + interface were determined by constructing a radon mass balance for the water + column and by direct measurement using floating chambers. The chamber method + appears to yield results which are too high. Transfer coefficients computed + using the mass balance method range from 0.4 m/day to 1.8 m/day, with a 6-year + average of 1.0 m/day. Gas exchange is linearly dependent upon wind speed over + a wind speed range of 3.2–6.4 m/s, but shows no dependence upon current + velocity. Gas transfer coefficients predicted from an empirical relationship + between gas exchange rates and wind speed observed in lakes and the oceans + are within 30% of the coefficients determined from the radon mass balance + and are considerably more accurate than coefficients predicted from theoretical + gas exchange models.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/JC089iC03p03593","productDescription":"11 + p.","startPage":"3593","endPage":"3603","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": + \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": + {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": + [\n [\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.89436302930203\n ],\n [\n -121.90704345703124,\n 37.89436302930203\n ],\n [\n -121.90704345703124,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.400710068740565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"C3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, + Blayne","contributorId":77664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Blayne","id":597560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, + Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas + E.","id":597561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":1013658,"text":"1013658 + - 1983 - Physiological effects of handling and hauling stress on smallmouth + bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T18:00:48","indexId":"1013658","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1983","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological + effects of handling and hauling stress on smallmouth bass","docAbstract":"

Mortalities + associated with the handling and transporting (hauling) of fishes have long + been a problem. Tolerance to these stressors varies greatly among species + (Davis and Parker 1979; Tomasso et al. 1980; Wydoski and Wedenmeyer 1976). + In most fishes, however, handling and hauling losses are caused by two major + factors - activation of latent infections as a result of increased endocrine + activity (cf. Wedemeyer 1970), and osmoregulatory dysfunctions due to blood + electrolyte disturbances (Lewis 1971; Wydoski and Wedemeyer 1976).

\n

Basic + physiological information on the stress caused by current hatchery practices + is helpful in developing new and improved techniques to increase survival. + In view of the present fishery management requirements for stocking smallmouth + bas (Micropterus dolomieu), baseline information on the + physiological effects of handling and hauling hatchery-reared fish is needed + to serve as the foundation for improving transport methods. Shell (1959) summarized + several physiological characteristics of smallmouth bass, but little information + on their physiological tolerance to stress exists. The present study was designed + to determine the physiological effects of handling and short-term hauling + in small mouth bass. Plasma chloride, sodium, potassium, and glucose dynamics + were monitored in indicate the severity of the resulting stress and the recovery + time needed.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[110:PEOHAH]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Physiological + effects of handling and hauling stress on smallmouth bass; 1983; Article; + Journal; Progressive Fish-Culturist; Carmichael, G. J.; Wedemeyer, G. A.; + McCraren, J. P.; Millard, J. L.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown + Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":130246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmichael, + G.J.","contributorId":60991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"G.J.","id":318986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wedemeyer, + G.A.","contributorId":94244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"G.A.","id":318987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCraren, + J.P.","contributorId":55370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCraren","given":"J.P.","id":318985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Millard, + J.L.","contributorId":54551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millard","given":"J.L.","id":318984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}},{"id":11303,"text":"ofr8385 + - 1983 - A practical, low-noise coil system for magnetotellurics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:23:36","indexId":"ofr8385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1983","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-85","title":"A + practical, low-noise coil system for magnetotellurics","docAbstract":"

Magnetotellurics + is a geophysical technique which was developed by Cagnaird (1953) and Tikhonov + (1950) and later refined by other scientists worldwide. The technique is a + method of electromagnetic sounding of the Earth and is based upon the skin + depth effect in conductive media. The electric and magnetic fields arising + from natural sources are measured at the surface of the earth over broad frequency + bands. An excellent review of the technique is provided in the paper by Vozoff + (1972). The sources of the natural fields are found in two basic mechanisms. + At frequencies above a few hertz, most of the energy arises from lightning + in thunderstorm belts around the equatorial regions. This energy is propagated + in a wave-guide formed by the earthionospheric cavity. Energy levels are higher + at fundamental modes for this cavity, but sufficient energy exists over most + of the audio range to be useful for sounding at these frequencies, in which + case the technique is generally referred to as audio-magnetotellurics or AMT. + At frequencies lower than audio, and in general below 1 Hz, the source of + naturally occuring electromagnetic energy is found in ionospheric currents. + Current systems flowing in the ionosphere generate EM waves which can be used + in sounding of the earth. These fields generate a relatively complete spectrum + of electromagnetic energy that extends from around 1 Hz to periods of one + day. Figure 1 shows an amplitude spectrum characteristic of both the ionospheric + and lightning sources, covering a frequency range from 0.0001 Hz to 1000 Hz. + It can be seen that there is a minimum in signal levels that occurs at about + 1 Hz, in the gap between the two sources, and that signal level increases + with a decrease in frequency.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"A practical, low-noise coil system for + magnetotellurics; 1983; OFR; 83-85; Stanley, W. D.; Tinkler, Richard D.","productDescription":"36 + p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":39103,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, + William D.","contributorId":23274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"William + D.","id":162900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinkler, + Richard D.","contributorId":30628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinkler","given":"Richard + D.","id":162899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":7361,"text":"ofr83269 + - 1983 - Observations from remote weather stations in San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T10:58:08","indexId":"ofr83269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1983","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-269","title":"Observations + from remote weather stations in San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"

Weather + data collected at three remote weather stations in the San Francisco Bay estuarine + system between November 1979 and September 1981 are compiled in this report. + Measurements include average and maximum wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, + atmospheric pressure, and irradiance. Data are presented in time-series plots + with each graph covering one calendar month. Daily averages of all measurements + are tabulated.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo + Park, CA","usgsCitation":"Observations from remote weather stations in San + Francisco Bay, California; 1983; OFR; 83-269; Gartner, J. W.; Cheng, R. T. + ","productDescription":"120 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":34764,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0269/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0269/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": + \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": + {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": + [\n [\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 37.408346344484976\n ],\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 38.146437584588824\n ],\n [\n -121.71478271484375,\n 38.146437584588824\n ],\n [\n -121.71478271484375,\n 37.408346344484976\n ],\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 37.408346344484976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, + J.W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.W.","id":155407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, + R.T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.T.","id":155406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":70164487,"text":"70164487 + - 1983 - Transport and distribution of bacteria and diatoms in the aqueous + surface micro-layer of a salt marsh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T10:12:07","indexId":"70164487","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1983","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport + and distribution of bacteria and diatoms in the aqueous surface micro-layer + of a salt marsh","docAbstract":"

The effects of tide and wind upon + the distribution and transport of bacteria and diatoms in the aqueous surface + microlayers of a Massachusetts and San Francisco Bay salt marsh were examined. + The compression of the surface films by both tide and wind resulted in significant + enrichments of bacterioneuston. At the San Francisco Bay site, significant + numbers of diatoms were transported within the microlayer over a tidal cycle.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(83)90084-7","productDescription":"5 + p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, + Ronald W. rwharvey@usgs.gov","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald + W.","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","id":597566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lion, + Leonard W.","contributorId":156349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lion","given":"Leonard + W.","id":597567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, + Lily Y.","contributorId":19697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Lily + Y.","id":597568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":70164482,"text":"70164482 + - 1983 - The fallout rate of PB-210 on the western coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:46:13","indexId":"70164482","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1983","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The + fallout rate of PB-210 on the western coast of the United States","docAbstract":"

The + deposition rate of atmospheric Pb-210 has been measured during a one year + period using plastic funnels as collectors. Observed rates were 0.15 dpm cm−2 yr−1 at + a site in Palo Alto, California and 0.21 dpm cm−2 yr−1 at + a site in Los Angeles. The Palo Alto value agrees well with a long-term average + of 0.14 dpm cm−2 yr−1, + obtained from a nearby salt marsh core. These rates are only one-third of + those previously estimated using global models for Pb-210 fallout and indicate + the need to consider both longitude and precipitation as factors controlling + fallout rates. More than 75% of the Pb-210 fallout occurs as wet deposition + at the Los Angles site.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU + Publications","doi":"10.1029/GL010i012p01164","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1164","endPage":"1167","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316650,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, + Christopher","contributorId":56982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Christopher","id":597554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, + Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas + E.","id":597555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":9631,"text":"ofr821002 + - 1982 - Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay; V, Zooplankton species composition + and abundance in the South Bay, 1980-1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:33:15","indexId":"ofr821002","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1982","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-1002","title":"Plankton + studies in San Francisco Bay; V, Zooplankton species composition and abundance + in the South Bay, 1980-1981","docAbstract":"

Data are presented that summarize + zooplankton species composition and abundance in South San Francisco Bay during + 1980 and 1981. Sampling was conducted at least twice monthly at thirteen stations, + from the southern extremity of the South Bay to the Golden Gate Bridge between + January 1980 and May 1981. Samples were collected by pump at three depths + in the shipping channel and one depth over the shoals. Subsamples were enumerated + while alive. Total zooplankton biomass as carbon was calculated from estimated + carbon quotas and abundances of each organism enumerated.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","usgsCitation":"Plankton + studies in San Francisco Bay; V, Zooplankton species composition and abundance + in the South Bay, 1980-1981; 1982; OFR; 82-1002; Hutchinson, Anne ","productDescription":"151 + p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, + Anne","contributorId":45316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Anne","id":160019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":9630,"text":"ofr821003 + - 1982 - Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay; VI, Zooplankton species composition + and abundance in the North Bay, 1979-1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:34:21","indexId":"ofr821003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1982","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-1003","title":"Plankton + studies in San Francisco Bay; VI, Zooplankton species composition and abundance + in the North Bay, 1979-1980","docAbstract":"

Data are presented that summarize + zooplankton species composition and abundance in North San Francisco Bay during + 1979 and 1980. Sampling was conducted once monthly at six stations during + 1979 and twice monthly at sixteen stations during 1980. Samples were collected + by pump at three depths in the shipping channel and at one depth over the + shoals. Subsamples were enumerated while alive. Total zooplankton biomass, + as carbon, was calculated from estimated carbon quotas and abundances of each + organism enumerated.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological + Survey","usgsCitation":"Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay; VI, Zooplankton + species composition and abundance in the North Bay, 1979-1980; 1982; OFR; + 82-1003; Hutchinson, Anne","productDescription":"202 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":37361,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, + Anne","contributorId":45316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Anne","id":160018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":19490,"text":"ofr81132 + - 1981 - Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay; III, Zooplankton species composition + and abundance in the South Bay, 1978-1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:31:22","indexId":"ofr81132","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1981","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-132","title":"Plankton + studies in San Francisco Bay; III, Zooplankton species composition and abundance + in the South Bay, 1978-1979","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Plankton studies in San Francisco Bay; + III, Zooplankton species composition and abundance in the South Bay, 1978-1979; + 1981; OFR; 81-132; Hutchinson, Anne","productDescription":"132 p. :ill., map + ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, + Anne","contributorId":45316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Anne","id":180998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":7360,"text":"ofr82153 + - 1981 - Observations from moored current meters in San Francisco Bay, 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T10:42:10","indexId":"ofr82153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1981","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-153","title":"Observations + from moored current meters in San Francisco Bay, 1978","docAbstract":"

Current-meter + data collected at eight stations in the San Francisco Bay estuarine system + between August 1978 and December 1978 are compiled in this report. The measurements + include current speed and direction, and water temperature and salinity (computed + from conductivity and temperature). Data are presented in graphical format + with each parameter plotted separately.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Observations from moored current meters + in San Francisco Bay, 1978; 1981; OFR; 82-153; Gartner, Jeffrey W.; Cheng, + Ralph T.","productDescription":"91 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0153/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34763,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0153/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United + States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": + \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": + {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": + [\n [\n [\n -122.56622314453124,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -122.56622314453124,\n 38.15291731872143\n ],\n [\n -121.71066284179688,\n 38.15291731872143\n ],\n [\n -121.71066284179688,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -122.56622314453124,\n 37.42688834526727\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, + Jeffrey W.","contributorId":77524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Jeffrey + W.","id":155405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, + Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph + T.","id":155404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":23261,"text":"ofr80766 + - 1979 - Phytoplankton productivity measurements in the San Francisco Bay + estuary; a comparison of four methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:16:58","indexId":"ofr80766","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1979","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-766","title":"Phytoplankton + productivity measurements in the San Francisco Bay estuary; a comparison of + four methods","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Geological Survey","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Phytoplankton productivity + measurements in the San Francisco Bay estuary; a comparison of four methods; + 1979; OFR; 80-766; Hager, S. W.; Cole, Brian E.; Schemel, Laurence E. ","productDescription":"ii, + 36 p. ill. ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, + S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","id":189764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, + Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian + E.","id":189763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schemel, + Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence + E.","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","id":189762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":48241,"text":"ofr741056 + - 1972 - Brief summary of the hydrogeology of Bangladesh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:13:22","indexId":"ofr741056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1972","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1056","title":"Brief + summary of the hydrogeology of Bangladesh","docAbstract":"

The average annual + precipitation in Bangladesh ranges from about 50 inches in the west-central + part to about 200 inches in the northeast. Most of the rain falls during the + southwest monsoon so that local precipitation is heavy at the same time flood + waters of the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers arrive. The result is that most + years about 50 percent of Bangladesh is inundated; in very wet years inundation + may exceed 70 percent of the total land area. Consequently, over much of the + country the annual recharge to the ground-water reservoir is large. Annual + fluctuations of the ground-water level are commonly about 10 feet in the northern + part of the country. If a storage coefficient of 0.2 is assumed, annual recharge + may be about 24 inches of water. Although the amount of recharge is different + from area to area, it is almost everywhere very substantial in the Ganges-Brahmaputra + Delta.

\n

 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological + Survey","usgsCitation":"Brief summary of the hydrogeology of Bangladesh; 1972; + OFR; 74-1056; Jones, J. R.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr741056.jpg"},{"id":316603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Bangladesh","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[92.67272,22.04124],[92.65226,21.32405],[92.30323,21.47549],[92.36855,20.67088],[92.08289,21.1922],[92.02522,21.70157],[91.83489,22.18294],[91.41709,22.76502],[90.49601,22.80502],[90.58696,22.39279],[90.27297,21.83637],[89.84747,22.03915],[89.70205,21.85712],[89.41886,21.96618],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.87631,22.87915],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.56305,26.44653],[89.35509,26.01441],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.92069,25.26975],[90.87221,25.1326],[91.7996,25.14743],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.91509,24.13041],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.86993,23.62435],[92.14603,23.6275],[92.67272,22.04124]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bangladesh\"}}]}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, + J.R.","contributorId":15967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.R.","id":237023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":39571,"text":"pp750D + - 1971 - Geological Survey research 1971, Chapter D","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18262,"text":"ofr7154 + - 1971 - Geology and geochemistry of the Sinuk River Barite deposit, Seward + Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"ofr7154","publicationYear":"1971","title":"Geology + and geochemistry of the Sinuk River Barite deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39571,"text":"pp750D + - 1971 - Geological Survey research 1971, Chapter D","indexId":"pp750D","publicationYear":"1971","chapter":"D","title":"Geological + Survey research 1971, Chapter D"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":13221,"text":"ofr7182 + - 1971 - Cretaceous plutonic rocks of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska a preliminary + report","indexId":"ofr7182","publicationYear":"1971","title":"Cretaceous plutonic + rocks of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska a preliminary report"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39571,"text":"pp750D + - 1971 - Geological Survey research 1971, Chapter D","indexId":"pp750D","publicationYear":"1971","chapter":"D","title":"Geological + Survey research 1971, Chapter D"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-10T08:36:38","indexId":"pp750D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1971","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"750","chapter":"D","title":"Geological + Survey research 1971, Chapter D","docAbstract":"

This collection of 39 short + papers in the third published chapter of \"Geological Survey Research 1971.\" + The papers report on scientific and economic results of current work by members + of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions of the U.S. Geological Survey. +  

\n

Chapter A, to be published later in the year, will present + a summary of significant results of work done in fiscal year 197, together + with lists of investigations in progress, reports published, cooperating agencies, + and Geological Survey offices.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological + Survey research 1971","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Geological + Survey research 1971, Chapter D; 1971; PP; 750-D; USGS NUMBERED SERIES; Geological + Survey research 1971; Geological Survey (U.S.)","productDescription":"226 + p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111469,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index + Page"},"url":"http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/4034","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":113672,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0750d/report.pdf","size":"36753","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0750d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. + Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. + Geological Survey","id":529920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":37198,"text":"rp100 + - 1971 - Blackbirds and the southern rice crop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-10T09:09:20","indexId":"rp100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1971","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":332,"text":"Resource Publication","code":"RP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"100","title":"Blackbirds + and the southern rice crop","docAbstract":"

Blackbirds have been a problem + to the rice grower since colonial times. The problem has existed wherever + rice is grown because man, by his culture of rice (Oryza sativa), creates + food-rich ricefield marshes that apparently are more attractive to blackbirds + than the natural marshes in which they have flourished for centuries.

\n

In + the 1700''s and 1800''s, rice was grown in the lowlands of South Carolina, + Georgia, and North Carolina - on the major migratory route of the bobolink + (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), the historic \"ricebird\" of that area because + of its consumption of ripening rice. By the late 1800''s the rice-growing + industry had largely shifted to the coastal prairies of Louisiana and Texas, + which are bordered by some 5 million acres of marshland-breeding habitat for + the redwinged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and the boat-tailed grackle + (Cassidix mexicanus). By 1900, rice was being grown on the Grand Prairie + of eastern Arkansas, which bestrides the largest blackbird flyway in the country. + In recent decades, rice culture has spread to other sections of Arkansas and + thence to contiguous areas in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennesee, and Missouri. + In effect, then, man has taken the rice to the blackbirds.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Blackbirds + and the southern rice crop; 1971; RP; 100; Meanley, Brooke","productDescription":"iv, + 64 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":317894,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/rp/100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/rp100.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meanley, + Brooke","contributorId":79938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"Brooke","id":217651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":70164505,"text":"70164505 + - 1969 - A hematopoietic virus disease of rainbow trout and sockeye salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T16:17:44","indexId":"70164505","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1969","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hematopoietic + virus disease of rainbow trout and sockeye salmon","docAbstract":"

A + previously undescribed virus disease epizootic of hatchery rainbow trout (Salmo + gairdneri) in British Columbia, Canada is presented. In the same locality, + a similar virus disease was experienced among hatchery sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus + nerka). Typical symptoms included flashing, fecal casts, hemorrhagic areas + at the base of fins, and petechial hemorrhages on the visceral fat and membranes + in the abdominal cavity. Histopathologic changes were typified by extensive + degeneration and necrosis in the hematopoietic tissues of the kidney and spleen. + A virus was isolated from both species of fish on tissue culture and the viruses + showed cross-infectivity. Based upon the pathological changes in the hematopoietic + tissue and the demonstration of a vital infection, a tentative descriptive + name was designated Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis. The isolated viruses + were distinctly different from the infectious pancreatic necrosis or viral + hemorrhagic septicemia viruses of trout, but did show similarities to the + Oregon sockeye and Sacramento River chinook viruses. Positive identification + awaits further tests. The significance of these observations is the reporting + of a new viral disease of rainbow trout and the extension of the geographic + range of sockeye salmon viruses.

","language":"English","publisher":"American + Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1969)98[796:AHVDOR]2.0.CO;2","productDescription":"9 + p.","startPage":"796","endPage":"804","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amend, + Donald F.","contributorId":106543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"Donald + F.","id":597643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yasutake, + William T.","contributorId":70444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"William + T.","id":597644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mead, + Robert W.","contributorId":156363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mead","given":"Robert + W.","id":597645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":70164503,"text":"70164503 + - 1969 - Some factors influencing susceptibility of rainbow trout to the acute + toxicity of an ethyl mercury phosphate formulation (Timsan)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T16:10:24","indexId":"70164503","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1969","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some factors + influencing susceptibility of rainbow trout to the acute toxicity of an ethyl + mercury phosphate formulation (Timsan)","docAbstract":"

This + study determined the influence of water temperature (55–68° F), + dissolved oxygen (4–12 ppm), water hardness as CaCO3 (20–256 + ppm), and chloride ions (to 2 mM) on the susceptibility of rainbow trout (Salmo + gairdneri) to the acute toxicity of ethyl mercury phosphate (EMP). The + fish were exposed for one hour to 0.125 ppm EMP, the active ingredient of + Timsan, a commercial EMP formulation. The death rate because of the exposure + to EMP increased with an increase in water temperature, a decrease in dissolved + oxygen, and an increase in chloride ions; calcium appeared to have no effect. + The effect of water temperature and dissolved oxygen was ascribed to changes + in the respiration rate of the fish, and a chemical explanation is presented + for the effect of chloride ions.

","language":"English","publisher":"American + Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1969)98[419:SFISOR]2.0.CO;2","productDescription":"7 + p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"425","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amend, + Donald F.","contributorId":106543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"Donald + F.","id":597639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yasutake, + William T.","contributorId":70444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"William + T.","id":597640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, + Reginald","contributorId":156361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"Reginald","id":597641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":70164500,"text":"70164500 + - 1969 - Studies of certain sulfonamide drugs for use in juvenile chinook + salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T16:01:48","indexId":"70164500","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1969","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies + of certain sulfonamide drugs for use in juvenile chinook salmon","docAbstract":"

Sulfamethazine, + introduced to fishery medicine by Snieszko and Friddle in 1950, has been widely + accepted for treatment of systemic bacterial infections of fish. When administered + to fish in their diet, this drug is effective against susceptible bacteria + but has the disadvantages of being slowly absorbed (Snieszko and Friddle, + 1951) and relatively toxic (Wood, Yasutake, and Johnson, 1957). Today there + are many sulfonamides which are more efficacious than sulfamethazine. In domestic + animals, sulfisoxazole and sulfadimethoine are absorbed quickly from the gastrointestinal + tract and have fewer toxic side reactions, a wider antibacterial spectrum, + and better bacteriostatic activity.

\n

In the work described in this + paper, the efficacies of sulfisoxazole and sulfadimethoxine were compared + to the efficacy of sulfamethazine. Experiments were designed to determine + the rate of intestinal absorption, the rate of elimination from the blood, + the effect on growth, and the toxicity of each drug in juvenile chinook salmon + (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). The comparative bacteriostatic activity + against two common fish pathogens was also determined for each drug. 

","language":"English","publisher":"American + Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1969)31[202:SOCSDF]2.0.CO;2","productDescription":"5 + p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"206","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amend, + D.F.","contributorId":63082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"D.F.","id":597629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryer, + J.L.","contributorId":21900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryer","given":"J.L.","id":597630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pilcher, + K.S.","contributorId":42557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilcher","given":"K.S.","id":597631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":37653,"text":"tp36 + - 1969 - Oxytetracycline efficacy as a treatment for furunculosis in Coho + salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:46:47","indexId":"tp36","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1969","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal + Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":89,"text":"Technical Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Oxytetracycline + efficacy as a treatment for furunculosis in Coho salmon","docAbstract":"

No + abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife + Service","usgsCitation":"Oxytetracycline efficacy as a treatment for furunculosis + in Coho salmon; 1969; Federal Government Series; TP; 36; Amend, Donald F.","productDescription":"6 + p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amend, + Donald F.","contributorId":106543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"Donald + F.","id":218410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":70161925,"text":"70161925 + - 1968 - The administration of sulfonamide drugs to adult salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T16:55:47","indexId":"70161925","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1968","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" + The administration of sulfonamide drugs to adult salmon","docAbstract":"

The + artificial propagation of salmon starts with the capture of adults as they + ascend rivers to spawn. After capture, they are retained in specially constructed + holding areas until sexually mature. Though holding periods vary with species, + the spring chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsca) may be held as long as + 4 months before they are spawned. During this interval the fish are often + closely confined at unfavorable water temperatures and fatal diseases sometimes + reach epizootic proportions. It is important that methods be devised to control + or prevent infectious diseases in adult salmon while they are in the holding + ponds.

\n

Mass treatment is the most convenient way to combat fish diseases. + For example, drugs can be administered per os in diets, or chemicals can be + added to the water. These methods are mostly ineffective in treating systemic + infections of adult salmon because mature salmon do not feed, and many fish + diseases cannot be controlled by chemical baths. Thus, effective treatment + would require administering drugs to each individual.

","language":"English","publisher":"American + Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1968)30[168:TAOSDT]2.0.CO;2","productDescription":"5 + p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western + Fisheries Research Center"}],"links":[{"id":314074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amend, + D.F.","contributorId":63082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"D.F.","id":588093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryer, + J.L.","contributorId":21900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryer","given":"J.L.","id":588094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":70164498,"text":"70164498 + - 1968 - Uptake and distribution of Zn65 in the coho salmon egg + (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:41:34","indexId":"70164498","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T04:00","publicationYear":"1968","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1295,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, + C","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake and distribution + of Zn65 in the coho salmon egg (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","docAbstract":"
\n
\n
\n

 

\n
    \n
  1. Zinc + uptake and distribution in the developing coho salmon egg was measured using + radioisotope tracer techniques.
    2. \n
  2. The uptake was affected + by pH, temperature, Cu2+, 2,4-fluorodinitrobenzene + and the azo dye, malachite green; but not by azide ion or 2,4-dinitrophenol.
    3. \n
  3. About + 70 per cent of the total accumulated zinc was bound, rather firmly, to the + chorion; about 26 per cent was found in the perivitelline fluid, about 2 per + cent in the yolk, and about 1 per cent in the embryo.
    4. \n
  4. Temperature, + pH, inhibitor and kinetic studies indicated that zinc uptake involves physicochemical + sorption to the chorion together with passive diffusion into the yolk and + embryo.
    5. \n
\n

 

\n
\n
\n
","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon + Press","doi":"10.1016/0010-406X(68)90331-9","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"279","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","edition":"271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedemeyer, + Gary gwedemeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":5504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"gwedemeyer@usgs.gov","id":597621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":52597,"text":"ofr67125 + - 1968 - Ground-water resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point Fish Hatchery, + Essex County, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52597,"text":"ofr67125 + - 1968 - Ground-water resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point Fish Hatchery, + Essex County, New York","indexId":"ofr67125","publicationYear":"1968","title":"Ground-water + resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point Fish Hatchery, Essex County, + New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046987,"text":"70046987 + - 1968 - Ground-water resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point fish hatchery, + Essex County, New York","indexId":"70046987","publicationYear":"1968","title":"Ground-water + resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point fish hatchery, Essex County, + New York"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70046987,"text":"70046987 - 1968 + - Ground-water resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point fish hatchery, + Essex County, New York","indexId":"70046987","publicationYear":"1968","title":"Ground-water + resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point fish hatchery, Essex County, + New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:07:04","indexId":"ofr67125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1968","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS + Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-125","title":"Ground-water + resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point Fish Hatchery, Essex County, + New York","docAbstract":"

The Crown Point Fish Hatchery, one of several + hatcheries operated by the New York State Conservation Department, is located + in Crown Point Center, Essex County, on the eastern edge of the Adirondack + Highlands and about 2 miles west of Lake Champlain. Figure 1 is a location + map of the vicinity of the Hatchery. This report summarizes an investigation + by the U.S. ·Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State + Conservation Department, Division of Water Resources, to locate and evaluate + sources of additional ground-water supply for the Hatchery. In order to expand + the facilities at the Hatchery, an additional water supply of about 100 gpm + (gallons per minute) to as much as 350 gpm is needed. In addition, the type + of fish culture practiced requires a water temperature of about 7 to 13 degrees + Celsius (centigrade) for optimum results.

\n

The cooperation and assistance + of the New York State Department of Transportation, Bureau of Soil Mechanics, + the New York State Education Department, Museum and Science Service, and G. + A. Connally of the State University of New York at New Paltz, during this + study are gratefully acknowledged. Much of the preliminary field work was + done by G. L. Giese and W. A. Hobba, Jr., U.S. Geological Survey, as part + of a water-resources study of the Lake Champlain basin. The field work was + supervised by R. C. Heath, former district chief of the Water Resources Division, + U.S. Geological Survey. G. G. Parker, district chief, supervised the preparation + of this report.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","collaboration":"Prepared + in cooperation with New York State Conservation Department","usgsCitation":"Ground-water + resources in the vicinity of the Crown Point Fish Hatchery, Essex County, + New York; 1967; OFR; 67-125; Kantrowitz, I. H.","productDescription":"iii, + 13 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr67125.jpg"}],"country":"United + States","state":"New York","county":"Essex County","otherGeospatial":"Crown + Point Fish Hatchery","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": + [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": + {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.49990844726561,\n 43.92027700859655\n ],\n [\n -73.49990844726561,\n 43.95402351765834\n ],\n [\n -73.44677925109863,\n 43.95402351765834\n ],\n [\n -73.44677925109863,\n 43.92027700859655\n ],\n [\n -73.49990844726561,\n 43.92027700859655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrowitz, + I.H.","contributorId":15646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrowitz","given":"I.H.","id":245619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":70160538,"text":"70160538 + - 1959 - White-spot disease of salmon fry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T18:24:46","indexId":"70160538","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1959","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" + White-spot disease of salmon fry","docAbstract":"

 White-spot disease, + sometimes referred to as coagulated-yolk disease, has been associated with + excessive mortalities occurring among the fry and early fingerling stages + of the fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytacha) at the U.S. Fish-Cultural + Stations at Carson, Cook, Underwood, and Willard, Washington. This disease + of eggs and fry should not be confused with the \"white-spot\" infection that + is caused in fingerlings by members of the protozoan genus Ichthyophthirius.

","language":"English","publisher":"American + Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1959)21[172:WDOSF]2.0.CO;2 ","productDescription":"5 + p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western + Fisheries Research Center"}],"links":[{"id":312722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mazuranich, + J.J.","contributorId":150806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazuranich","given":"J.J.","id":597661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielson, + W.E.","contributorId":150807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nielson","given":"W.E.","id":597662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}]}'} + headers: + access-control-allow-headers: ['Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, + Authorization'] + access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT'] + access-control-allow-origin: ['*'] + access-control-max-age: ['3600'] + cache-control: ['no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate'] + connection: [Keep-Alive] + content-type: [application/json;charset=UTF-8] + date: ['Wed, 10 Feb 2016 21:38:05 GMT'] + expires: ['0'] + keep-alive: ['timeout=5, max=93'] + pragma: [no-cache] + strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains] + x-content-type-options: [nosniff] + x-frame-options: [DENY] + x-xss-protection: [1; mode=block] + status: {code: 200, message: OK} +- request: + body: null + headers: + Accept: ['*/*'] + Accept-Encoding: ['gzip, deflate'] + Connection: [keep-alive] + User-Agent: [python-requests/2.4.1 CPython/2.7.10 Darwin/14.5.0] + method: GET + uri: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?mod_x_days=2&page_number=8 + response: + body: {string: !!python/unicode '{"pageSize":"25","pageRowStart":"175","pageNumber":"8","recordCount":196,"records":[{"id":1000389,"text":"1000389 + - 1959 - Food of yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in Saginaw Bay, + Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:25:01","indexId":"1000389","displayToPublicDate":"1959-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1959","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food of yellow + perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron","docAbstract":"

No + abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1959)88[330:FOYPPF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Food + of yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron; + 1959; Article; Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; Tharratt, + Robert C.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"330","endPage":"331","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tharratt, + Robert C.","contributorId":76260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tharratt","given":"Robert + C.","id":308493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000334,"text":"1000334 + - 1959 - Effects of certain chemicals on mucus-producing cells of Petromyzon + marinus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T11:56:57","indexId":"1000334","displayToPublicDate":"1959-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1959","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of + certain chemicals on mucus-producing cells of Petromyzon marinus","docAbstract":"

Tissue + samples that contained slime-secreting cells were taken from the gills and + epidermis of larval lampreys that had been poisoned by several compounds. + Histochemical treatment of these pathological tissues helped delineate the + fate of these mucus-producing areas of the ammocetes. It was shown that the + slime-secreting cells, located at the tips of the gill filaments, lining the + gill chamber, and scattered throughout the epidermis reacted differently to + the same toxicant. The secretory cells of the gills were, without exception, + the most sensitive to chemical attack.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1959)88[305:EOCCOM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Effects + of certain chemicals on mucus-producing cells of Petromyzon marinus; 1959; + Article; Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; Sawyer, + Philip J.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"309","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawyer, + Philip J.","contributorId":105664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"Philip + J.","id":308410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000273,"text":"1000273 + - 1959 - Rapid measurement of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:17:16","indexId":"1000273","displayToPublicDate":"1959-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1959","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid + measurement of fish","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1959)21[190:RMOF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rapid + measurement of fish; 1959; Article; Journal; Progressive Fish-Culturist; Joeris, + Leonard S.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"191","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joeris, + Leonard S.","contributorId":104430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joeris","given":"Leonard + S.","id":308321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000148,"text":"1000148 + - 1959 - Survival and retention of tags, and growth of tagged lake trout in + a rearing pond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:30:29","indexId":"1000148","displayToPublicDate":"1959-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1959","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival + and retention of tags, and growth of tagged lake trout in a rearing pond","docAbstract":"

No + abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1959)21[17:SAROTA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Survival + and retention of tags, and growth of tagged lake trout in a rearing pond; + 1959; Article; Journal; Progressive Fish-Culturist; Eschmeyer, Paul H.","productDescription":"5 + p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eschmeyer, + Paul H.","contributorId":86719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eschmeyer","given":"Paul + H.","id":308145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":81343,"text":"81343 + - 1959 - Lake Superior limnological data, 1951-1957","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:33:41","indexId":"81343","displayToPublicDate":"1959-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1959","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal + Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":84,"text":"Special Scientific Report- + Fisheries","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"297","title":"Lake + Superior limnological data, 1951-1957","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lake Superior limnological data, + 1951-1957; 1959; Federal Government Series; 297; Beeton, Alfred M.; Johnson, + James H.; Smith, Stanford H.","productDescription":"177 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":198466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeton, + Alfred M.","contributorId":94247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeton","given":"Alfred + M.","id":295262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, + James H. jhjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James + H.","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes + Science Center"},"id":295260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, + Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford + H.","id":295261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":1000545,"text":"1000545 + - 1958 - Fishery management problems and possibilities on large southeastern + reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T13:49:11","indexId":"1000545","displayToPublicDate":"1958-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1958","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fishery management + problems and possibilities on large southeastern reservoirs","docAbstract":"

Principal + problems concerning the fisheries of large reservoirs in the Southeast are: + inefficient and highly selective exploitation of fish stocks, and protection + and reclamation of damaged or threatened fisheries in tailwaters and tributary + streams. Seven mainstream reservoirs on which data are available support an + average angling pressure of 4.9 trips per acre per year and an average catch + of 16 pounds of sport fish and 6 pounds of food fish. Commercial take is 7 + pounds per acre. The rate of catch of sport fish, based upon tag returns, + is only 3 percent. Sixteen storage reservoirs support an average angling pressure + of 5.0 trips per acre per year and an average catch of 13 pounds of sport + fish and 1 pound of food fish. Commercial catch is of no significance. Average + rate of catch of sport fish is 17 percent of the catchable population. Fish + population studies indicate that there are twice as many sport fish and four + times as many food fish in mainstream than there are in storage reservoirs.

\n

Some + reservoirs produce harmful effects downstream. Discharges of cold water may + seriously reduce fishery values in tailwaters and downstream impoundments. + Furthermore, migration of non-sport fish from reservoirs into tributary streams + may reduce fishery values there.

\n

In recognition of + these problems, the development and application of sound management procedures + may be accomplished by controlling species composition and availability of + fish through water level control, timber clearing, application of selective + toxicants, commercial fishing, introduction of new fish species, and the management + of tailwaters and tributaries. Extended research and interagency cooperation + are necessary to properly develop and apply sound management. Promotion of + angling and regulation of the fishery may best be realized by providing adequate + fishing facilities, elimination of certain restricted areas, and in some cases + revision of laws and regulations. Biologists must not only meet the present + demands for improved sport fishing but must also balance fish yield by increasing + the use of food fish by sport and commercial operations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1957)87[333:FMPAPO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fishery + management problems and possibilities on large southeastern reservoirs; 1958; + Article; Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; Parsons, + John W.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"355","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, + John W.","contributorId":21899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"John + W.","id":308742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000102,"text":"1000102 + - 1958 - Relationship between Secchi disc readings and light penetration in + Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:13:40","indexId":"1000102","displayToPublicDate":"1958-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1958","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship + between Secchi disc readings and light penetration in Lake Huron","docAbstract":"

Fifty-seven + paired photometer and Secchi disc measurements made at 18 stations in Saginaw + Bay and Lake Huron support the view that a counter-clockwise current usually + occurs in the Bay with more transparent Lake Huron water flowing in along + the northwest shore and less transparent Bay water flowing out along the southeast + shore. The average percentage transmission of surface light intensity, at + the Secchi disc depth, was 14.7 percent. Discrepancies in the relationship + of disc readings to percentage transmission of surface light are related to + the condition of the sky and sea. It is suggested that these discrepancies + can best be explained on the basis of the spectral sensitivity of the human + eye and its response to surface glare.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1957)87[73:RBSDRA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Relationship + between Secchi disc readings and light penetration in Lake Huron; 1958; Article; + Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; Beeton, Alfred M.","productDescription":"7 + p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeton, + Alfred M.","contributorId":94247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeton","given":"Alfred + M.","id":308082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000070,"text":"1000070 + - 1958 - Use of mononitrophenols containing halogens as selective sea lamprey + larvicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:17:50","indexId":"1000070","displayToPublicDate":"1958-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1958","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use + of mononitrophenols containing halogens as selective sea lamprey larvicides","docAbstract":"

No + abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.127.3294.336","usgsCitation":"Use + of mononitrophenols containing halogens as selective sea lamprey larvicides; + 1958; Article; Journal; Science; Applegate, Vernon C.; Howell, John H.; Smith, + Manning A.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"336","endPage":"338","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"3294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Applegate, + Vernon C.","contributorId":39317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"Vernon + C.","id":308026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, + John H.","contributorId":39720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"John + H.","id":308027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, + Manning A.","contributorId":77090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Manning + A.","id":308028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}},{"id":81354,"text":"81354 + - 1958 - Surface-current studies of Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron, 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:11:08","indexId":"81354","displayToPublicDate":"1958-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1958","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal + Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":84,"text":"Special Scientific Report- + Fisheries","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"267","title":"Surface-current + studies of Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron, 1956","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Surface-current + studies of Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron, 1956; 1958; Federal Government Series; + 267; Johnson, James H.","productDescription":"84 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":101769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital + Object Identifier"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924071938207?urlappend=%3Bseq=191"},{"id":198838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, + James H. jhjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James + H.","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","affiliation":{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes + Science Center"},"id":295279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000375,"text":"1000375 + - 1957 - Limnological surveys of the Great Lakes--early and recent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:35:21","indexId":"1000375","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1957","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnological + surveys of the Great Lakes--early and recent","docAbstract":"

Early + explorations on the Great Lakes were concerned largely with things easily + collected or observed—common organisms, water levels, surface temperatures + … Even when more scientific studies were undertaken, they were at first + scattered and small-scale. Effective surveys became possible only through + inter-agency cooperation which permits a pooling of facilities, staff, and + equipment. Expansion of limnological research on the Great Lakes has been + rapid in later years and the outlook for the future is good.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[409:LSOTGL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Limnological + surveys of the Great Lakes--early and recent; 1957; Article; Journal; Transactions + of the American Fisheries Society; Smith, Stanford H.","productDescription":"10 + p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"418","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":129207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, + Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford + H.","id":308479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000374,"text":"1000374 + - 1957 - Evolution and distribution of the coregonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:37:27","indexId":"1000374","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1957","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research + Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution + and distribution of the coregonids","docAbstract":"

Increased knowledge + of the morphological and physiological plasticity of the coregonids has minimized + the significance of conflicting morphological data that have retarded the + development of an evolutionary theory. Of the four phyletic lines recognized + through worldwide studies,Coregonus originated in + the lake and stream area of northwest Eurasia, Stenodus andProsopium evolved + in the rivers of Siberia and northwest America respectively, and Leucichthysbecame + differentiated in the lake-studded area of northeast America. Isolation and + range extension were facilitated by events of the Pleistocene epoch. Inter-continental + exchange most likely took place in the Bering Strait region. Representatives + of each group in its area of origin are highly variable. Range extensions + of each group are characterized by lesser morphological variability and at + the extremes only one or two relatively stable species remain.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC + Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f57-018","usgsCitation":"Evolution and distribution + of the coregonids; 1957; Article; Journal; Journal of the Fisheries Research + Board of Canada; Smith, Stanford H.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"599","endPage":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":129206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, + Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford + H.","id":308478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000308,"text":"1000308 + - 1957 - Recent changes in the deep-water fish populations of Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:56:03","indexId":"1000308","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1957","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent changes + in the deep-water fish populations of Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"

The + deep-water fish fauna of Lake Michigan consisted of lake trout (Salvelinus + namaycush), burbot (Lota lota maculosa), seven species of chubs or deep-water + ciscoes (Leucichthys spp.), and the deep-water sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis). + Other species occupied the deep-water zone but were not typically part of + the fauna.

\n

Lake trout, burbot, and a well established commercial fishery + held the chub population in somewhat of a balance until the sea lamprey (Petromyzon + marinus) destroyed the lake trout and burbot. Released from predation, one + species of chub (L. hoyi) increased until its abundance in 1955 was 347 percent + of that in 1930–1933. It is the smallest and most slowly growing of + the chubs in the lake. Other chubs were reduced in abundance (1954–1955 + abundance only 37 percent of that of 1930–1932) by an increased fishing + pressure and by sea lamprey predation which shifted to them when lake trout + and burbot became practically extinct.

\n

Selective destruction + of the large chubs reduced the average length by 1.5 and 2.2 inches in the + northern and southern portions of the lake, respectively, and practically + eliminated two largest species (L. johannae and L. nigripinnis). Chubs over + 10 inches long made up 72 percent of the catches in 1930–1932, but only + 21.5 percent in 1954–1955.

\n

 

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[393:RCITDF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Recent + changes in the deep-water fish populations of Lake Michigan; 1957; Article; + Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; Moffett, James W.","productDescription":"16 + p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"408","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":130447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffett, + James W.","contributorId":94245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffett","given":"James + W.","id":308371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000304,"text":"1000304 + - 1957 - The control of the upstream movement of fish with pulsated direct + current","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:00:23","indexId":"1000304","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1957","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The control + of the upstream movement of fish with pulsated direct current","docAbstract":"

Alternating-current + electromechanical devices installed in the mouths of streams have proved effective + in stopping the spawning migrations of the parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon + marinus) which has seriously damaged Great Lakes fisheries. In a few streams, + excessive mortality has occurred to other fish at the alternating-current + barriers. A direct-current unit was developed in an attempt to reduce this + mortality. This direct-current “diversion device” consists of + a row of suspended negative electrodes which begins at the end of a trap wing + and extends across the river at a downstream angle of 45° and a series + of pipes (positive electrodes) driven into the stream bank. A second array, + consisting of horizontal pipes installed downstream and parallel to the suspended + electrodes and connected to a series of rods driven into the bank near the + positive electrodes, controls the electrical field and dissipates the collecting + influence of the positive side of the circuit. The electrical field is established + from the end of the trap wing to the opposite bank. Fish are diverted away + from the negative electrodes and toward the bank near which the trap is located. + The array is activiated by pulsated direct current of essentially square wave + shape with pulses at a duty cycle of 0.66 and a repetition rate of 3 per second. + Direct-current diversion devices were operated in conjunction with alternating-current + barriers during 1956 in the Chocolay River, Marquette County, and the Silver + River, Baraga County, Michigan.

\n

A total of 15,814 fish comprising + 21 species was handled at the Chocolay River with a mortality of 930, or 5.9 + percent. If mortalities of fish moving downstream are disregarded, only 287, + or 1.9 percent, of the fish moving upstream were killed in the Chocolay River.

\n

In the Silver River, 78,648 fish comprising 21 species were + taken from the trap of the direct-current diversion device. The total kill + of fish moving upstream, including 289 sea lampreys, was 1,016, or 1.3 percent. + This river had presented a serious problem in the operation of an alternating-current + control device during previous seasons. In 1955, 85.5 percent of three important + species of fish were killed at the control structure. During 1956, this mortality + was reduced to 8.1 percent by the operation of the direct-current equipment.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[269:TCOTUM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"The + control of the upstream movement of fish with pulsated direct current; 1957; + Article; Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; McLain, + Alberton L.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"284","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":130356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLain, + Alberton L.","contributorId":15561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLain","given":"Alberton + L.","id":308365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000272,"text":"1000272 + - 1957 - Structure and growth of scales of yellow perch of Green Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:07:23","indexId":"1000272","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1957","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure + and growth of scales of yellow perch of Green Bay","docAbstract":"

The appearance + of the scales of yellow perch differs with the location on the fish''s body. + Comparison of scales of Green Bay perch taken above and below the lateral + line reveals the former to have more sharply defined circuli and to exhibit + fewer false annuli and less of the shading that impedes accurate assessment + of age.

\n

Estimates of age from modes in length-frequency distributions + and from scale readings were the same for age-groups O, I, and II. Older age + groups could not be detected in length distributions, but the similarity of + all annuli makes it acceptable to conclude that the annulus is in fact a year-mark + at ages beyond the II group.

\n

Scales of yellow perch may exhibit new + growth in the latter part of May whereas others may not have started growing + even in late July. The time of annulus formation varies with calendar year, + with age (new growth starts earlier in the younger fish), and possibly with + locality. Ages usually can be read from scales collected during the period + of annulus formation, but occasionally difficulties are encountered.

\n

For + larger yellow perch the relation between fish length and the radius of key + scales was described by a straight line with a 2-inch intercept on the length + axis when the scales were taken above the lateral line and by a straight line + through the origin when the scales came from below the lateral line. Lengths + calculated from both relations were inaccurate for small fish. Tables of corrections + are given, based on the body-scale curves for small perch.

\n

The body-scale + relations (determined from the same key scale) were similar for Lake Erie + and Saginaw Bay perch but both differed sharply from the relation in the Green + Bay populations.

\n

Good procedure requires high consistency + in the field as to the point on the fish''s body from which scale samples + are taken and also a careful determination of the body-scale relation in each + population studied.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[169:SAGOSO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Structure + and growth of scales of yellow perch of Green Bay; 1957; Article; Journal; + Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; Joeris, Leonard S.","productDescription":"26 + p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"194","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joeris, + Leonard S.","contributorId":104430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joeris","given":"Leonard + S.","id":308320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":81348,"text":"81348 + - 1957 - U.S. Federal fishery research on the Great Lakes through 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:09:09","indexId":"81348","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1957","publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal + Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":84,"text":"Special Scientific Report- + Fisheries","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"226","title":"U.S. + Federal fishery research on the Great Lakes through 1956","docAbstract":"

The + major purpose of this publication is to present an annotated bibliography + of papers resulting from Federal investigations on the Great Lakes fish and + fisheries since the formal initiation of a continuing research program by + the Fish and Wildlife Service. It is believed that this purpose can be served + best by prefacing that bibliography with a brief account of the origins of + Great Lakes Fishery Investigations, of the circumstances that have guided + their course. The present article is a revision and expansion of the author''s + earlier publication: 25 years of Federal Fishery Research on the Great Lakes + (Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 85, 1952). Two circumstances made + a revision desirable at this time. First, publications since 1952 have added + greatly to the literature based on Federal studies on the Great Lakes. Second, + the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, established by treaty with Canada, was + organized in Ottowa in April 1956 and held its first annual meeting in Ann + Arbor in November 1956. The entry of the Commission on the scene marks the + start of an era of further expansion and heightens in past activities.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. + Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"U.S. Federal fishery research on + the Great Lakes through 1956; 1957; Federal Government Series; 226; Hile, + Ralph","productDescription":"46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":101772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital + Object Identifier"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924071938140?urlappend=%3Bseq=9"},{"id":198424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, + Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","id":295270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":70160640,"text":"70160640 + - 1956 - Histopathology of fish. IV. A granuloma of brook trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T17:43:27","indexId":"70160640","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1956","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" + Histopathology of fish. IV. A granuloma of brook trout","docAbstract":"

In + the summer of 1952, Snieszko and Griffin (1955) diagnosed kidney disease + in brook trout from the Fish and Wildlife Service''s station at Berlin, New + Hampshire. During the examination of these fish, a peculiar lesion was observed + in the vicinity of the gastric caeca. In very advanced cases, hard, glistening, + white masses of tissue bearing a striking resemblance to mature testes often + filled the abdominal cavity. In the initial examinations, the material was + actually mistaken for normal testicular tissue. Subsequently, it was recognized + as an entirely aberrant, proliferating tumor-like mass.

","language":"English","publisher":"American + Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)18[108:HOF]2.0.CO;2","productDescription":"5 + p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western + Fisheries Research Center"}],"links":[{"id":312903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, + E.M.","contributorId":68685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"E.M.","id":597656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yasutake, + W.T.","contributorId":103222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"W.T.","id":597657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}},{"id":70160627,"text":"70160627 + - 1951 - Sulfadiazine for kidney disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T17:34:58","indexId":"70160627","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1951","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfadiazine + for kidney disease","docAbstract":"

The blueback salmon fingerlings (Oncorhynchus + nerka) at the U.S. Fish-Cultural Station at Winthrop, Washington, underwent + an infection that was caused by a very short, Gram-positive, nonmotile, rod-shaped + bacterium. A further description is impossible at this time, as the organism + has not been grown satisfactorily for proper identification. The disease was + characterized by white, raised areas of dead tissue mainly in the kidney: + for this reason it is referred to as kidney disease. Belding and Merrill (1935) + described a disease among the brook, brown, and rainbow trout at a State hatchery + in Massachusetts which, from the description, might be the same as kidney + disease. J.H. Wales of the California Division of Fish and Game described + (unpublished manuscript, 1941) a disease in hatchery trout in California which + seems to be identical to kidney disease.

","language":"English","publisher":"American + Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1951)13[135:SFKD]2.0.CO;2","productDescription":"3 + p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, + R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","id":583375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernier, + A.F.","contributorId":150876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernier","given":"A.F.","id":583376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whipple, + W.J.","contributorId":150866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whipple","given":"W.J.","id":583377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burrows, + R.E.","contributorId":59497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burrows","given":"R.E.","id":583378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}},{"id":1000441,"text":"1000441 + - 1942 - Relationship between plantings of fry and production of whitefish + in Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:59:19","indexId":"1000441","displayToPublicDate":"1942-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1942","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship + between plantings of fry and production of whitefish in Lake Erie","docAbstract":"

An + attempt was made to substantiate the repeated assertions of the commercial + fishermen on the Great Lakes and of others that there was a direct causal + relationship between the plantings of whitefish fry and subsequent catch. + The records of whitefish fry plantings in Lake Erie during the years, 1920–1937, + were correlated with those of catch during the period, 1923–1940. No + causal relationship could be demonstrated between the two sets of data. Whitefish + production in Lake Erie is not dependent on or noticeably affected by the + planting of fry.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1941)71[118:RBTPOF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Relationship + between plantings of fry and production of whitefish in Lake Erie; 1942; Article; + Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; Van Oosten, John","productDescription":"4 + p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"121","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":129286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van + Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van + Oosten","given":"John","id":308554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000211,"text":"1000211 + - 1942 - Growth of the rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque), in five + lakes of northeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T10:02:55","indexId":"1000211","displayToPublicDate":"1942-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1942","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth of + the rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque), in five lakes of northeastern + Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

The forms of the growth curves of rock bass from + four lakes in northeastern Wisconsin with medium-hard to hard water bore a + general resemblance to each other, but differed sharply from the curve for + rock bass from a lake with extremely soft water. With the exception of a slight + increase in growth in the third year of life the annual increments of length + of the rock bass of Nebish Lake (4.0 p.p.m. of bound CO2) tended + to decrease consistently beyond the first year. The good first-year growth + in length of rock bass of Allequash, Silver, and Trout Lakes (16.8, 15.0, + and 18.7 p.p.m., respectively, of bound CO2) was followed by poor + growth in the second, third, and fourth years of life. This poor growth was + followed in turn by good growth in the fifth and sixth years. The annual increments + of length tended to decline beyond the sixth year of life. The growth of rock + bass of Muskellunge Lake (10.0 p.p.m. of bound CO2) declined sharply + in the second year of life. The annual increments of length were fairly constant + in the second to seventh years, inclusive, but declined beyond the seventh + year. In each lake the males grew more rapidly than the females.

\n

The + time of attainment of the legal total length of 7 inches in the different + lakes ranged from late in the sixth growing season in Nebish and Trout Lakes + to the middle of the eighth growing season in Muskellunge Lake.

\n

Rock + bass of corresponding length from Allequash, Silver, and Trout Lakes were + so nearly of the same weight that one curve described the length-weight relationship + of the three stocks. Muskellunge Lake rock bass were considerably lighter + than fish of the same length from these three lakes, and Nebish Lake rock + bass were somewhat lighter than those from Muskellunge Lake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1941)71[131:GOTRBA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Growth + of the rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque), in five lakes of northeastern + Wisconsin; 1942; Article; Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society; Hile, Ralph","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"143","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":128704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, + Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","id":308237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":70160515,"text":"70160515 + - 1940 - Formalin for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention + and control of Costia necatrix","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T18:34:43","indexId":"70160515","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00","publicationYear":"1940","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formalin + for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention and control of + Costia necatrix","docAbstract":"

The smallest and most destructive + of the ectoparasitic protozoans infecting salmon and trout, Costia + necatrix, has unfortunately been relegated to virtual obscurity during + the past few years. Few references to this parasite can be found in the recent + literature and, where such things are discussed, one seldom hears a mention + of Costia necatrix.

\n

This apparent lack of interest in + Costia certainly does not result from the infrequency of its appearances + nor from any lack of pathogenicity on its part when it does occur. Preserved + specimens of ailing trout an dsalmon submitted to the Seattle Pathology Laboratory + for diagnosis have yielded very surprising indications concerning the frequency, + intensity, and geographic distribution of Costiasis - surprising in that a + parasite should be so widespread, so pathogenic, and yet so seldom mentioned. + The answer undoubtedly lies in the fact that Costia, being small in + size and usually sedentary in its habits, is being overlooked during parasitic + examinations. Although Costia is not at all difficult to recognize, + even well-trained workers unfamiliar with its appearance almost invariably + pass it by.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[1:FFEPP]2.0.CO;2","productDescription":"10 + p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western + Fisheries Research Center"}],"links":[{"id":312643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, + Frederick S.","contributorId":17979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Frederick + S.","id":583039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}},{"id":1000370,"text":"1000370 + - 1940 - Tagging experiments with lake trout, whitefish, and other species + of fish from Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T10:43:39","indexId":"1000370","displayToPublicDate":"1940-01-01T00:00","publicationYear":"1940","publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal + Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries + Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tagging experiments + with lake trout, whitefish, and other species of fish from Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"

A + total of 2,902 Lake Michigan fish was tagged and released, 48.8 per cent of + which were lake trout and 85 per cent lake trout, lake herring, and whitefish. + A total of 388 fish or 13.4 per cent was recaptured. The percentages of returns + indicated a tremendous fishing intensity for lake trout, whitefish, and sturgeon. + About 81 per cent of the recaptured fish were retaken within a radius of 25 + miles from the port of tagging (Port Washington, Wisconsin). Lake trout, rainbow + trout, and sturgeon were found to be extensive travelers; lake herring, whitefish, + chubs, pilots, and perhaps perch did not migrate so extensively. Lake trout, + herring, and whitefish tended to move in a northerly direction, perch in a + southerly, and rainbow trout in all easterly, toward the Michigan shore. Sturgeon + apparently roam all over the lake. Fifty-three per cent of the recovered lake + trout were recaptured within one year of release, 73 per cent within 25 miles + from Port Washington. It required three years for the trout to become fairly + well scattered throughout the lake. With the attainment of adulthood lake + trout moved in all directions from the port of release, although nearly 50 + per cent of the adults were retaken within 25 miles from this port. Fish moved + across state boundaries. Data are given on the growth and estimated age of + the tagged lake trout, rainbow trout, whitefish, and sturgeon. The minimum + size limits of lake trout and whitefish on the Great Lakes are economically + unsound–they are too low–because they permit the capture of these + species at a time of most rapid increase in weight.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor + & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[63:TEWLTW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tagging + experiments with lake trout, whitefish, and other species of fish from Lake + Michigan; 1940; Article; Journal; Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; + Smith, Oliver H.; Van Oosten, John","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great + Lakes Science Center"}],"links":[{"id":129185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, + Oliver H.","contributorId":107648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Oliver + H.","id":308474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van + Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van + Oosten","given":"John","id":308473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}]}'} + headers: + access-control-allow-headers: ['Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, + Authorization'] + access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT'] + access-control-allow-origin: ['*'] + access-control-max-age: ['3600'] + cache-control: ['no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate'] + connection: [Keep-Alive] + content-type: [application/json;charset=UTF-8] + date: ['Wed, 10 Feb 2016 21:38:06 GMT'] + expires: ['0'] + keep-alive: ['timeout=5, max=97'] + pragma: [no-cache] + strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains] + x-content-type-options: [nosniff] + x-frame-options: [DENY] + x-xss-protection: [1; mode=block] + status: {code: 200, message: OK} +- request: + body: null + headers: + Accept: ['*/*'] + Accept-Encoding: ['gzip, deflate'] + Connection: [keep-alive] + User-Agent: [python-requests/2.4.1 CPython/2.7.10 Darwin/14.5.0] + method: GET + uri: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs-services/publication?mod_x_days=2&page_number=9 + response: + body: {string: !!python/unicode '{"pageSize":"25","pageRowStart":"200","pageNumber":"9","recordCount":196,"records":[]}'} + headers: + access-control-allow-headers: ['Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, + Authorization'] + access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE, PUT'] + access-control-allow-origin: ['*'] + access-control-max-age: ['3600'] + cache-control: ['no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate'] + connection: [Keep-Alive] + content-type: [application/json;charset=UTF-8] + date: ['Wed, 10 Feb 2016 21:38:08 GMT'] + expires: ['0'] + keep-alive: ['timeout=5, max=99'] + pragma: [no-cache] + strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains] + x-content-type-options: [nosniff] + x-frame-options: [DENY] + x-xss-protection: [1; mode=block] + status: {code: 200, message: OK} +version: 1