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Author = "Tamas Nagy, Daniel C. Jones, Simon Leblanc, Mattriks"

Tutorial

Gadfly is an implementation of a "grammar of graphics" style statistical graphics system for Julia. This tutorial will outline general usage patterns and will give you a feel for the overall system.

To begin, we need some data. Gadfly can work with data supplied as either a DataFrame or as plain AbstractArrays. In this tutorial, we'll pick and choose some examples from the RDatasets package.

Let us use Fisher's iris dataset as a starting point.

using Gadfly, RDatasets
iris = dataset("datasets", "iris")
set_default_plot_size(14cm, 8cm) # hide
nothing # hide
Row SepalLength SepalWidth PetalLength PetalWidth Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
... ... ... ... ... ...

DataFrames

When used with a DataFrame, the plot function in Gadfly is of the form:

plot(data::AbstractDataFrame, elements::Element...; mapping...)

The first argument is the data to be plotted and the keyword arguments at the end map "aesthetics" to columns in the data frame. All input arguments between data and mapping are some number of "elements", which are the nouns and verbs, so to speak, that form the grammar.

Let's get to it.

p = plot(iris, x=:SepalLength, y=:SepalWidth, Geom.point);
nothing # hide

First note that we've taken advantage of the flexibility of Julia's handling of function signatures and put the keyword arguments in the midst of the positional arguments. This is purely for ease of reading.

The example above produces a Plot object. It can be saved to a file by drawing to one or more backends using draw.

img = SVG("iris_plot.svg", 14cm, 8cm)
draw(img, p)
nothing # hide

Now we have the following charming little SVG image.

p # hide

If you are working at the REPL, a quicker way to see the image is to omit the semi-colon trailing plot. This automatically renders the image to your default multimedia display, typically an internet browser. No need to capture the output argument in this case.

plot(iris, x=:SepalLength, y=:SepalWidth)

Note that Geom.point will be automatically supplied if no other geometries are given.

Alternatively one can manually call display on a Plot object. This workflow is necessary when display would not otherwise be called automatically.

function get_to_it(d)
  ppoint = plot(d, x=:SepalLength, y=:SepalWidth, Geom.point)
  pline = plot(d, x=:SepalLength, y=:SepalWidth, Geom.line)
  ppoint, pline
end
ps = get_to_it(iris)
map(display, ps)

For the rest of the demonstrations, we'll simply omit the trailing semi-colon for brevity.

In this plot we've mapped the x aesthetic to the SepalLength column and the y aesthetic to the SepalWidth. The last argument, [Geom.point](@ref Gadfly.Geom.point), is a geometry element which takes bound aesthetics and renders delightful figures. Adding other geometries produces layers, which may or may not result in a coherent plot.

plot(iris, x=:SepalLength, y=:SepalWidth, Geom.point, Geom.line)

This is the grammar of graphics equivalent of "colorless green ideas sleep furiously". It is valid grammar, but not particularly meaningful.

Arrays

If by chance your data are stored in Arrays instead of a DataFrame, fear not, identical plots can be created using an alternate plot signature:

plot(elements::Element...; aesthetics...)

Here, the keyword arguments directly supply the data to be plotted, instead of using them to indicate which columns of a DataFrame to use.

SepalLength = iris.SepalLength
SepalWidth = iris.SepalWidth
plot(x=SepalLength, y=SepalWidth, Geom.point,
     Guide.xlabel("SepalLength"), Guide.ylabel("SepalWidth"))
nothing # hide

Note that with the Array interface, extra elements must be included to specify the axis labels, whereas with a DataFrame they default to the column names.

Aesthetics

Let's do add something meaningful by mapping the color aesthetic.

plot(iris, x=:SepalLength, y=:SepalWidth, color=:Species, Geom.point);

# or equivalently for Arrays:
SepalLength = iris.SepalLength # hide
SepalWidth = iris.SepalWidth # hide
Color = iris.Species
plot(x=SepalLength, y=SepalWidth, color=Color, Geom.point,
     Guide.xlabel("SepalLength"), Guide.ylabel("SepalWidth"),
     Guide.colorkey(title="Species"))

Ah, a scientific discovery: Setosa has short but wide sepals!

Color scales in Gadfly by default are produced from perceptually uniform colorspaces (LUV/LCHuv or LAB/LCHab), though it supports RGB, HSV, HLS, XYZ, and converts arbitrarily between these. Color values can also be specified by most names common to CSS or X11, e.g. "oldlace" or "aliceblue". The full list of valid color names is defined in the Colors.jl library.

Color, and other aesthetics, can also be mapped by using arrays with group labels or functional types e.g. ["group label"] or [colorant"red"]. ["Group labels"] are added to the key.

y1 = [0.1, 0.26, NaN, 0.5, 0.4, NaN, 0.48, 0.58, 0.83]
plot(x=1:9, y=y1, Geom.line, Geom.point,
        color=["Item 1"], linestyle=[:dash], size=[3pt],
    layer(x=1:10, y=rand(10), Geom.line, Geom.point,
        color=["Item 2"], size=[5pt], shape=[Shape.square]),
    layer(x=1:10, y=rand(10), color=[colorant"hotpink"],
        linestyle=[[8pt, 3pt, 2pt, 3pt]], Geom.line))

All aesthetics have a Scale e.g. Scale.x_continuous() and some have a Guide e.g. Guide.xticks(). Scales can be continuous or discrete. Some Scales also have a corresponding palette in Theme().

Continuous Scales

Aesthetic Scale. Guide. Theme palette
x x_continuous xticks
y y_continuous yticks
color color_continuous colorkey (tbd)
size size_continuous --- point_size_min, point_size_max
size_radius sizekey continuous_sizemap
alpha alpha_continuous alphakey (tbd)

e.g. Scale.x_continuous(format= , minvalue= , maxvalue= )
format can be: :plain, :scientific, :engineering, or :auto.

Continuous scales can be transformed. In the next plot, the large animals are ruining things for us. Putting both axes on a log-scale clears things up.

set_default_plot_size(21cm ,8cm)
mammals = dataset("MASS", "mammals")
p1 = plot(mammals, x=:Body, y=:Brain, label=:Mammal, Geom.point, Geom.label)
p2 = plot(mammals, x=:Body, y=:Brain, label=:Mammal, Geom.point, Geom.label,
     Scale.x_log10, Scale.y_log10)
hstack(p1, p2)

Scale transformations include: _sqrt, _log, _log2, _log10, _asinh for the x, y, color aesthetics, and _area for the size aesthetic.

using Printf
Diamonds = dataset("ggplot2","diamonds")
p3= plot(Diamonds, x=:Price, y=:Carat, Geom.histogram2d(xbincount=25, ybincount=25),
    Scale.x_continuous(format=:engineering) )
p4= plot(Diamonds, x=:Price, y=:Carat, Geom.histogram2d(xbincount=25, ybincount=25),
    Scale.x_continuous(format=:plain), 
    Scale.y_sqrt(labels=y->@sprintf("%i", y^2)),
    Scale.color_log10(minvalue=1.0, maxvalue=10^4),
    Guide.yticks(ticks=sqrt.(0:5)) )
hstack(p3, p4)

Discrete Scales

Aesthetic Scale. Guide. Theme palette
x x_discrete xticks
y y_discrete yticks
color color_discrete colorkey (tbd)
shape shape_discrete shapekey point_shapes
size size_discrete --- point_size_min, point_size_max
size_discrete2 sizekey discrete_sizemap
linestyle linestyle_discrete linekey (tbd) line_style
alpha alpha_discrete alphakey (tbd) alphas
group group_discrete
xgroup xgroup
ygroup ygroup

e.g. Scale.shape_discrete(labels= , levels= , order= )

mtcars = dataset("datasets","mtcars")
 labeldict = Dict(4=>"four", 6=>"six", 8=>"eight")
p5 = plot(mtcars, x=:Cyl, color=:Cyl, Geom.histogram,
    Scale.x_discrete(levels=[4,6,8]), Scale.color_discrete(levels=[4,6,8]) )
p6 = plot(mtcars, x=:Cyl, color=:Cyl, Geom.histogram,
    Scale.x_discrete(labels=i->labeldict[i], levels=[8,6,4]), 
    Scale.color_discrete(levels=[8,6,4]) )
hstack(p5, p6)

For discrete scales with a Theme palette, the order of levels and the order of the Theme palette match.

set_default_plot_size(14cm, 8cm) # hide
x, y = 0.55*rand(4), 0.55*rand(4)
plot( Coord.cartesian(xmin=0, ymin=0, xmax=1.0, ymax=1.0),
    layer(x=x, y=y, shape=["A"], alpha=["day","day","day","night"]),
    layer(x=1.0.-y[1:3], y=1.0.-x[1:3], shape=["B", "C","C"], alpha=["night"]),
    Scale.shape_discrete(levels=["A","B","C"]),
    Scale.alpha_discrete(levels=["day","night"]),
    Theme(discrete_highlight_color=identity, point_size=12pt,
   point_shapes=[Shape.circle, Shape.star1, Shape.star2], alphas=[0, 1.0],
         default_color="midnightblue" )
)

Gadfly defaults

If you don't supply Scales or Guides, Gadfly will make an educated guess.

set_default_plot_size(14cm, 8cm) # hide
gasoline = dataset("Ecdat", "Gasoline")
plot(gasoline, x=:Year, y=:LGasPCar, color=:Country, Geom.point, Geom.line)

We could have added [Scale.x_discrete](@ref Gadfly.Scale.x_discrete) explicitly, but this is detected and the right default is chosen. This is the case with most of the elements in the grammar. When we've omitted [Scale.x_continuous](@ref Gadfly.Scale.x_continuous) and [Scale.y_continuous](@ref Gadfly.Scale.y_continuous) in the plots above, as well as Coord.cartesian, and guide elements such as [Guide.xticks](@ref Gadfly.Guide.xticks), [Guide.xlabel](@ref Gadfly.Guide.xlabel) and so on, Gadfly tries to fill in the gaps with reasonable defaults.

Rendering

Gadfly uses a custom graphics library called Compose, which is an attempt at a more elegant, purely functional take on the R grid package. It allows mixing of absolute and relative units and complex coordinate transforms. The primary backend is a native SVG generator (almost native: it uses pango to precompute text extents), though there is also a Cairo backend for PDF and PNG. See Backends for more details.

Building graphics declaratively let's you do some fun things. Like stick two plots together:

set_default_plot_size(21cm, 8cm) # hide
fig1a = plot(iris, x=:SepalLength, y=:SepalWidth, Geom.point)
fig1b = plot(iris, x=:SepalWidth, Geom.bar)
fig1 = hstack(fig1a, fig1b)

Ultimately this will make more complex visualizations easier to build. For example, facets, plots within plots, and so on. See Compositing for more details.

Interactivity

One advantage of generating our own SVG is that we can annotate our SVG output and embed Javascript code to provide some level of dynamism. Though not a replacement for full-fledged custom interactive visualizations of the sort produced by D3, this sort of mild interactivity can improve a lot of standard plots.

The fuel efficiency plot is made more clear by toggling off some of the countries, for example. To do so, first render the plot using the SVGJS backend, which was not used to generate this webpage but is the default at the REPL, then simply click or shift-click in the colored squares in the table of keys to the right.

One can also zoom in and out by pressing the shift key while either scrolling the mouse wheel or clicking and dragging a box. Should your mouse not work, try the plus, minus, I, and O, keys. Panning is similarly easy: click and drag without depressing the shift key, or use the arrow keys. For Vim enthusiasts, the H, J, K, and L keys pan as expected. To reset the plot to it's initial state, double click it or hit R. Lastly, press C to toggle on and off a numerical display of the cursor coordinates.