diff --git a/kilo.c b/kilo.c
index a67b458..a64bd18 100644
--- a/kilo.c
+++ b/kilo.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <termios.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -76,8 +77,8 @@ int getCursorPosition(int *rows, int *cols) {
 
   if (buf[0] != '\x1b' || buf[1] != '[') return -1;
   if (sscanf(&buf[2], "%d;%d", rows, cols) != 2) return -1;
- 
- return 0;
+
+  return 0;
 }
 
 int getWindowSize(int *rows, int *cols) {
@@ -93,7 +94,30 @@ int getWindowSize(int *rows, int *cols) {
   }
 }
 
+/*** append buffer ***/
+struct abuf {
+  char *b;
+  int len;
+};
+
+#define ABUF_INIT \
+  { NULL, 0 }
+
+void abAppend(struct abuf *ab, const char *s, int len) {
+  char *new = realloc(ab->b, ab->len + len);
+
+  if (new == NULL) return;
+  memcpy(&new[ab->len], s, len);
+  ab->b = new;
+  ab->len = += len;
+}
+
+void abFree(struct abuf *ab) {
+  free(ab->b)
+}
+
 /*** input ***/
+
 void editorProcessKeyPress() {
   char c = editorReadKey();
 
@@ -112,7 +136,11 @@ void editorProcessKeyPress() {
 void editorDrawRows() {
   int y;
   for (y = 0; y < E.screenrows; y++) {
-    write(STDOUT_FILENO, "~\r\n", 3);
+    write(STDIN_FILENO, "~", 1);
+
+    if (y < E.screenrows - 1) {
+      write(STDIN_FILENO, "\r\n", 2);
+    }
   }
 }