What is the difference between compiled programming languages and interpreted programming languages, how are both used and in which fields should they be used in?
**Compiled programming languages** are languages in which the code is transformed into an **executable form** before it is run. This transformation is done by a **compiler**, which converts the high-level code written by the programmer into low-level **machine code** that can be understood by the computer. Examples of compiled programming languages include **C**, **C++**, and **Fortran**.

**Interpreted programming languages** are languages in which the code is executed directly, without being transformed into an executable form first. In this case, the code is read and executed by an **interpreter**, which translates the code into machine code on-the-fly as it is being executed. Examples of interpreted programming languages include **Python**, **Ruby**, and **JavaScript**.

**Compiled languages** tend to be faster and more efficient than interpreted languages because the code is already translated into machine code, which can be executed more quickly by the computer. However, they may take longer to write and debug because the code must be compiled each time a change is made.

**Interpreted languages** tend to be easier to write and debug because they allow for more dynamic and interactive programming. However, they may be slower than compiled languages because the code must be translated into machine code at runtime.

Both compiled and interpreted languages are used in a variety of fields, depending on the requirements of the particular application. Compiled languages are often used for **performance-critical** applications, such as system-level programming or scientific computing. Interpreted languages are often used for **rapid prototyping**, web development, or scripting tasks.

In general, the choice between a compiled or interpreted language depends on the specific needs of the application, including factors such as **performance**, **development time**, and **ease of use**.
I don't understand why it is a characteristic of a language. For example, why can't we take C a build an interpreter for quick testing and scripting ? Why can't one take python or perl and compile it down to assembly and then machine code ?
It is possible to create an interpreter for C, and some already exist, such as Ch or CINT. However, since C is designed for high-performance computing and systems programming, using an interpreter might negate some of the performance benefits of using C in the first place.

It is also possible to compile Python, Perl, or other interpreted languages into machine code, and there are tools available to do this, such as Cython for Python or the Perl Compiler. These tools can help improve the performance of the code, but they might not always provide the same level of speedup as languages designed to be compiled from the outset.

In conclusion, while it is possible to create interpreters for compiled languages or compile interpreted languages, each language has been designed and optimized for a particular mode of execution, and deviating from that mode may not always provide the best results. Additionally, some languages, like Java, use a hybrid approach, where code is compiled into an intermediate bytecode, which is then interpreted or further compiled during runtime by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler. This allows for a balance between the benefits of compiled and interpreted languages
Wouldn't Java be worse at both rather than balanced between the two? Please provide an explanation of the pros and cons of Java in that regard.