What is the difference between constexpr and macros in C++? What are the pros and cons of each?
In C++, constexpr and macros are two different ways to achieve compile-time evaluation, but they have some key differences in how they are implemented and their capabilities.

constexpr is a language feature introduced in C++11 that allows you to specify that a function or variable's value can be evaluated at compile-time. Essentially, constexpr functions are evaluated at compile-time and can be used where constant expressions are required, such as array sizes or template arguments. constexpr variables are initialized at compile-time and have a fixed value throughout the program.

Macros, on the other hand, are a preprocessor feature that allow you to define a macro with a name and a body. The preprocessor replaces all instances of the macro name in the code with the macro body before the compiler actually sees it. Macros can be used to define constants, but they can also be used to generate code, modify the code or introduce conditional compilation.

The key difference between the two is that constexpr is a part of the C++ language itself, while macros are a preprocessor feature. constexpr functions can be used in a type-safe way and have all the advantages of regular functions, like being able to define parameters and return values, whereas macros do not have these benefits. Additionally, constexpr functions can be debugged and interact with the rest of the program in a way that macros cannot.

That said, there are some cases where macros can be more flexible than constexpr functions. Macros can be used to define more complex code generation rules, and they can be used to work around limitations in the language, although this can lead to more complicated code. constexpr functions may also be more limited in terms of the expressions that they can evaluate.

In summary, constexpr functions are a type-safe and powerful way to do compile-time evaluation, but they have some limitations. Macros can be more flexible, but can also lead to more complicated code and are not type-safe. The best choice for a given situation depends on the specific needs of the code being written.