Can you provide a comprehensive explanation of the causes and effects of ocean acidification, including the role of human activities in increasing carbon dioxide levels in the ocean, the chemical reactions that result in increased acidity, the impact on marine ecosystems and species, and the potential long-term consequences for ocean health and the global climate system?
​Ocean acidification is​​ the process by​​ which the pH of the ocean​​ becomes more​​ acidic as a result​​ of the increased​​ concentration​​ of carbon dioxide​​ (CO2) in the​​ atmosphere. This increase in CO2 is due to human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Here are some key points about the causes and effects of ocean acidification: 

Causes:
- Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, have increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
- Oceans absorb a substantial proportion of the CO2 emitted into the atmosphere by human activities.
- When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water molecules to form carbonic acid, which increases the acidity of the water.

Effects:
- Ocean acidification can harm or help individual plant and animal species in different ways.
- Some organisms may become more abundant, while others may become less abundant.
- Changes in marine ecosystems will have consequences for human societies, which depend on the goods and services these ecosystems provide.
- Ocean acidification can affect the productivity and composition of some coastal ecosystems by affecting the key species at the base of coastal food webs.
- Increased acidity can harm shell-forming organisms, including oysters, clams, and corals.
- Corrosive events have already occurred in California, where the water is acidic enough to corrode some types of shells.
- Ocean acidification may affect fisheries and aquaculture, threatening food security for millions of people, as well as tourism and other sea-related economies.
- Acidification can also impact chemical communication, reproduction, and growth in marine life.
- The pH of seawater gets lower as it becomes more acidic, and this process binds up carbonate ions and makes them unavailable to organisms that use them to build shells and skeletons.
- Ocean acidification, paired up with other climate impacts like warming waters, deoxygenation, melting ice, and coastal erosion, poses real threats to the ocean and the people and economies that rely on it.

In summary, ocean acidification is a serious issue that impacts the ocean ecosystem as well as commercial industries like oyster farms. It is caused by human activities, and it has direct, chemical effects on ocean waters. The effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems can be significant and far-reaching, with consequences for human societies and the global climate system.