What is the equation to find the velocity at which an object reaches its terminal velocity? Explain how the equation is derived.
Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity that an object in a fluid (air or water) reaches when the net force acting on it equals zero. In other words, it is the velocity at which the gravitational force pulling an object downward is balanced by the fluid drag force acting on it in the opposite direction. Beyond this point, the object will continue to fall, but its velocity will remain constant as the upward drag force will continue to balance the downward gravitational force. The terminal velocity of an object depends on its mass, size, shape, and the density of the fluid it is falling through.

The equation to calculate terminal velocity is given by:

$V_t = \sqrt(2mg/pC_DA)$,

where:
$V_t$ = terminal velocity;
$m$ = mass of object;
$g$ = acceleration due to gravity;
$p$ = fluid density;
$C_DA $= drag coefficient * reference area.

The equation is derived from the force balance equation, which states that the net force on an object equals its mass times acceleration. In the case of terminal velocity, the net force on an object is equal to zero, so we can write the equation as follows:

$mg - 1/2 * pV_t^2 * C_DA = 0$

Rearranging and solving for $V_t$, we get the above equation.

The drag coefficient ($C_D$) depends on the object's shape and its surface's roughness, while the reference area (A) is a characteristic area used to calculate the drag force. The drag coefficient and reference area are combined into the product C_DA, a constant determined experimentally.
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Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity that an object in a fluid (air or water) reaches when the net force acting on it equals zero. In other words, it is the velocity at which the gravitational force pulling an object downward is balanced by the fluid drag force acting on it in the opposite direction. Beyond this point, the object will continue to fall, but its velocity will remain constant as the upward drag force will continue to balance the downward gravitational force. The terminal velocity of an object depends on its mass, size, shape, and the density of the fluid it is falling through.

The equation to calculate terminal velocity is given by:

$$V_t = \sqrt(\frac{2mg}{pC_{DA}})$$

where:
$$V_t = \text{terminal velocity}$$
$$m = \text{mass of object}$$
$$g = \text{acceleration due to gravity}$$
$$p = \text{fluid density}$$
$$C_{DA} = \text{drag coefficient} \times \text{reference area}$$

The equation is derived from the force balance equation, which states that the net force on an object equals its mass times acceleration. In the case of terminal velocity, the net force on an object is equal to zero, so we can write the equation as follows:

$$mg - \frac{1}{2}pV_t^2C_{DA} = 0$$

Rearranging and solving for $V_t$, we get the above equation.

The drag coefficient ($C_D$) depends on the object's shape and its surface's roughness, while the reference area (A) is a characteristic area used to calculate the drag force. The drag coefficient and reference area are combined into the product $C_{DA}$, a constant determined experimentally.