what is the redshift of galaxies?
The term redshift refers to a phenomenon in astronomy where light from distant objects, such as galaxies, appears to be shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. This occurs because the wavelengths of the light are stretched out (or red-shifted) due to the expansion of space between the observer and the object being observed.

The degree of this redshift can be used to measure the distance and velocity of these faraway galaxies. In general, the greater the redshift of a galaxy, the farther away it is from us and the faster it is moving away from us due to the expanding universe.

It's worth noting that the concept of redshift is closely related to the idea of the cosmological redshift, which describes how the wavelengths of light emitted by an object at great distances are stretched out even further due to the overall expansion of the universe. However, the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, so it's important to understand their subtle differences when discussing astrophysical observations.
What are the mathematical forumlas underyling this redshift?