profile.md

Language Data Commons RO-Crate Profile

This document is a DRAFT RO-Crate profile for Language Data resources. The profile specifies the contents of RO-Crate Metadata Documents for language resources and gives guidance on how to structure language data collections both at the RO-Crate package level and in a repository containing multiple packages.

This profile assumes that the principles and standards set out in the PILARS protocols, or similar compatible approaches, are being used.

The core metadata vocabularies for this profile are:

• RO-Crate recommendations for data packaging and basic discoverability metadata, which is mostly Schema.org terms with a handful of additions. Following RO-Crate practice, basic metadata terms such as "who, what, where" and bibliographic-style descriptions are chosen from Schema.org (in preference to other vocabularies such as Dublin Core or FOAF) where possible, with domain-specific vocabularies used for things which are not common across domains (such as types of language).

• An updated version of the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) vocabularies; originally expressed as XML schemas. The new vocabulary is under development here: https://w3id.org/ldac/terms

Audience

This document is primarily for use by tool developers, data scientists and metadata specialists developing scripts or systems for user communities. It is not intended for use by non-specialists.

Just as we would not expect repository users to type Dublin Core metadata in XML format by hand, we do not expect our users to have to deal directly with the JSON-LD presented here. This document is for tool developers to build systems that crosswalk data from existing systems, or allow for user-friendly data entry.

About this Profile

This profile covers various kinds of crate metadata:

• Structural RO-Crate metadata: how the root dataset links to files, and the abstract structure of nested collections (e.g. collections/corpora or other curated datasets) and objects of study; linguistic Items, Sessions or Texts). This profile assumes that a repository (for example, an OCFL storage root, with an API for accessing it) exists and that it can at a minimum support

  (a) listing all items of the repository and returning their RO-Crate metadata, and

  (b) retrieving an item given its ID.

• Types of language data: is this resource a dialogue? A written text? A transcript or other annotation? Which file has which kind of data in it? What is inside CSV and other structured files? The vocabulary used for language-specific data is the Language Data Commons vocabulary which is being developed alongside this profile.

• Contextual metadata: how to link people who had speaking, authoring, collection roles, places, subjects.

Structural Metadata

The structural elements of a Language Data Commons RO-Crate are:

• A Collection / Object hierarchy to allow language data to be grouped. For example, a corpus with sub-corpora, or collections of items (objects) from a particular region.

• Dataset and File entities (as per RO-Crate). Files may be referenced locally or via URI, for example, from an API. If an RO-Crate contains files, they MUST be linked to the root dataset as per the RO-Crate specification using either:

  • hasPart relationships on the object(s), or
  • isPartOf relationships on the file(s).

NOTE: The terms Collection and Object are encoded in RO-Crate metadata using RepositoryCollection and RepositoryObject types respectively. These in turn are re-named versions of the Portland Common Data Model types, pcdm:Collection and pcdm:Object.

A conformant RO-Crate:

Property	Required?	Expected value range	Descriptions
name	MUST	Text	The name of this dataset.
license	MUST	ldac:DataReuseLicense	Link to a document that describes the rights and obligations for users of this collection record. NOTE: This does not necessarily cover the license terms that may apply to Objects in the collection which may have specific licensing. Licensing on other objects overrides the license attached to a collection record.
dct:rightsHolder	MUST	Text, Person, Organization	The person or organisation owning or managing rights over the resource.
author	MUST	Person, Organization	The person or organisation responsible for creating this collection of data. Authors should be identified using URIs such as ORCiD or ROR.
accountablePerson	MUST	Person, Organization	The person or organisation who is the data steward for this resource.
publisher	MUST	Organization	The organisation responsible for releasing this dataset.
description	MUST	TextArea	An abstract of the collection. Include as much detail as possible about the motivation and use of the dataset, including things that we do not yet have properties for.
datePublished	MUST	DateTime, Date	The (earliest) date this work was created.
isAccessibleForFree	MAY	Boolean	This is available under an Open Access license.
ldac:annotationOf	MAY	ldac:PrimaryMaterial	This resource contains some kind of description that adds information to the resource it references.
isBasedOn	MAY	Text, URL, CreativeWork, Dataset, File	Link to or description of an original resource.
creditText	MAY	Text	A free text bibliographic citation for this material, e.g. 'Cite as: Musgrave (2023). Title of work. DOI'.
usageInfo	MAY	Text	Additional information on licensing options for using the data, e.g. 'Contact the Data Steward to discuss license terms'.
funder	MAY	Organization	The organisation(s) responsible for funding the creation or collection of this dataset.
citation	MAY	CreativeWork	Associated publications.
ldac:doi	MAY	Text	A Digital Object Identifier, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1000/182.
temporalCoverage	MAY	DateTime, Text	The range of years of creation for items in this dataset using a slash, e.g. 1900/1945. If there are sub-collections with different coverages put this on the sub-collections not the top-level.
spatialCoverage	MAY	Place	The place(s) that are the focus of the content. It is a sub-property of contentLocation intended primarily for more technical and detailed materials. For example, with a dataset, it indicates areas that the dataset describes: a dataset Cape York languages would have spatialCoverage which was the place: the outline of the Cape.
ldac:hasCollectionProtocol	MAY	ldac:CollectionProtocol	A link to a CollectionProtocol object with (at least) a summary of how resources were selected or elicited for this collection/sub-collection.
pcdm:hasMember	MAY	RepositoryCollection, RepositoryObject	The sub-collections, if any, associated with this collection.
hasPart	MAY	CreativeWork, File, Dataset	An item or CreativeWork that is part of this item, or CreativeWork (in some sense).
isPartOf	MAY	URL, CreativeWork	An item or CreativeWork that this item, or CreativeWork (in some sense), is part of.
pcdm:memberOf	MAY	RepositoryCollection	Links from a Repository Object or Collection to a containing Repository Object or Collection.
ldac:annotator	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant produced an annotation of this or a related resource.
ldac:compiler	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant is responsible for collecting the sub-parts of the resource together.
ldac:consultant	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant contributes expertise to the creation of a work, for example by contributing knowledge of their native language.
ldac:dataInputter	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant responsible for entering, re-typing, and/or structuring the data contained in the resource.
ldac:depositor	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant responsible for depositing the resource in an archive.
ldac:developer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant developed the methodology or tools (including software) that constitute the resource, or that were used to create the resource.
ldac:editor	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant reviewed, corrected, and/or tested the resource.
ldac:illustrator	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant contributed drawings or other illustrations to the resource.
ldac:interpreter	MAY	Person, Organization	The contributor renders the discourse recorded in the resource into another language in real time, or the contributor explains the discourse recorded in the resource.
ldac:interviewee	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant was a respondent in an interview.
ldac:interviewer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant conducted an interview that forms part of the resource.
ldac:participant	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant was present during the creation of the resource, but did not contribute substantially to its content.
ldac:performer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant performed some portion of a recorded, filmed, or transcribed resource. It is recommended that this term be used only for creative participants whose role is not better indicated by a more specific term, such as 'speaker', 'signer', or 'singer'.
ldac:photographer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant took the photograph, or shot the film, that appears in or constitutes the resource.
ldac:recorder	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant operated the recording machinery used to create the resource.
ldac:researcher	MAY	Person, Organization	The resource was created as part of the participant's research, or the research presents interim or final results from the participant's research.
ldac:researchParticipant	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant acted as a research subject or responded to a questionnaire, the results of which study form the basis of the resource.
ldac:responder	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant was an interlocutor in some sort of discourse event, but only reacted to the contributions of others.
ldac:signer	MAY	Person, Organization	The contributor was a principal signer in a resource that consists of a recording, a film, or a transcription of a recorded resource. Signers are those whose gestures predominate in a recorded or filmed resource. (The resource may be a transcription of that recording).
ldac:singer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant sang, either individually or as part of a group, in a resource that consists of a recording, a film, or a transcription of a recorded resource.
ldac:speaker	MAY	Person, Organization	The contributor was a principal speaker in a resource that consists of a recording, a film, or a transcription of a recorded resource. Speakers are those whose voices predominate in a recorded or filmed resource. (The resource may be a transcription of that recording).
ldac:sponsor	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant contributed financial support to the creation of the resource.
ldac:transcriber	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant produced a transcription of this or a related resource.
ldac:translator	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant produced a translation of this or a related resource.

A collection such as a corpus may be stored in a repository or transmitted either as:

• A distributed collection: a set of individual RO-Crates which reference separate collection records with one Object and one Collection per crate.

• A bundled single crate: contains all the Collection and Object data.

Distributed collections may reference member collections or Objects in pcdm:hasMember property but should not include descriptions of Objects that are stored elsewhere in the repository.

Classes

In linked data, a class is a resource that represents a concept or entity. Classes specific to the Language Data Commons Schema include:

Class	Description
CollectionEvent	A description of an event at which one or more PrimaryMaterials were captured, e.g. as video or audio.
CollectionProtocol	A description of how this Object or Collection was obtained, such as the strategy used for selecting written source texts, or the prompts given to participants.
DataDepositLicense	A license document setting out terms for deposit into a repository.
DataLicense	A license document for data licensing. This is a superclass of DataReuseLicense and DataDepositLicense.
DataReuseLicense	A license document, setting out terms for reuse of data.

Bidirectional Relationships

The relational hierachy between Collections, Objects and Files are represented bidirectionally in an RO-Crate by the terms hasPart/isPartOf and pcdm:hasMember/pcdm:memberOf.

Superset Term	Inverse Of	Subset Term
pcdm:hasMember	⟷	pcdm:memberOf
hasPart	⟷	isPartOf

Objects are placed in a Collection using the pcdm:memberOf property, which is required. The inverse will be encoded automatically using the pcdm:hasMember property on a Collection. Similarly, if using pcdm:hasMember, pcdm:memberOf will also be automatically encoded.

The same relationship applies for hasPart and isPartOf at the Object and File levels.

Superset Level		Relationship		Subset Level
Collection	→	pcdm:hasMember	→	Object
Collection	←	pcdm:memberOf	←	Object
Object	→	hasPart	→	File
Object	←	isPartOf	←	File

Depending on the data, using one term over another may be preferable when creating the hierarchical relationship. For example, if you are describing multiple files in a spreadsheet, it is easier to use isPartOf at the File level referencing the Object it belongs to, rather than listing all the hasPart entries at the Object level.

The following diagram shows how these relationships are encoded in a single "bundled" RO-Crate.

The next diagram shows how distributed crates (with one RO-Crate per Object and Collection) are linked.

Which linking strategy is used is an implementation choice for repository developers.

When to choose collection-as-crate ("bundled") vs collection-in-multiple-crates ("distributed")

• Use a single bundled crate for a collection when all of these conditions are true:

  • The collection is final and is expected to be stable, i.e. there is negligible chance of having to withdraw any of its contents or files.

  • The collection and all its files can easily be transferred in a single transaction - say 20 GB total.

  • All the material in the corpus shares the same license for reuse.

• Split a collection into distributed RepositoryCollection and RepositoryObject crates, with one crate per repository object, when any of these conditions are true:

  • The collection is not yet stable:

    • New items are being added or changed.

    • There is a chance that some data may have to be taken down or withdrawn at the request of participants.

  • The total size of the collection will present challenges for data transfer.

  • There is more than one data reuse license applicable.

Collection

A collection is a group of related Objects. Examples of collections include corpora, and sub-corpora, as well as aggregations of cultural objects such as PARADISEC collections which bring together items collected in a region or on a session with informants. This follows the Alveo usage:

Items [Objects in this model] are grouped into collections which might correspond to curated corpora such as ACE or informal collections such as a sample of documents from the AustLit archive.

When an RO-Crate is used to package a collection that is part of another Collection it has a pcdm:memberOf property which references a resolvable ID (within the context of a repository or service) of the parent Collection. The Collection may also list its members in a pcdm:hasMember property, but this is not required.

The root dataset must have at least these @type values: ["Dataset", "RepositoryCollection"]

A RepositoryCollection:

Property	Required?	Expected value range	Descriptions
name	MUST	Text	The name of this collection.
accountablePerson	MUST	Person, Organization	The person or organisation who is the data steward for this resource.
contentLocation	MAY	Place	The location depicted or described in the content. For example, the location in a photograph or painting.
conformsTo	MAY	Select	A link to the language data commons RO-Crate profile for collections.
inLanguage	MAY	Language	The language in which the resource is written.
ldac:subjectLanguage	MAY	Language	The languages that the materials in the collection are about (not the language that it is in).
author	MAY	Person, Organization	The person or organisation responsible for creating this collection of data. Authors should be identified using URIs such as ORCiD or ROR.
funder	MAY	Organization	The organisation(s) responsible for funding the creation or collection of this data.
citation	MAY	CreativeWork	Associated publications.
isBasedOn	MAY	Text, URL, CreativeWork, Dataset, File	Link to or description of an original resource at an institution that holds it.
description	MAY	TextArea	A description of the collection.
temporalCoverage	MAY	DateTime, Text	The range of years of creation for items in this collection using a slash, e.g. 1900/1945. If there are sub-collections with different coverages put this on the sub-collections not the top-level.
ldac:hasCollectionProtocol	MAY	ldac:CollectionProtocol	A link to a CollectionProtocol object with (at least) a summary of how resources were selected or elicited for this collection/sub-collection.
pcdm:hasMember	MAY	RepositoryCollection, RepositoryObject	The sub-collection.
dateCreated	MAY	Date	The (earliest) date the data in this dataset were created.
ldac:dateFreeText	MAY	Text	Date information which cannot be put in one of the standard date formats, e.g. 'mid-1970s', or it is not clear, for example, if it is a creation or publication date.
holdingArchive	MAY	Organization, Text	Organisation where the original of this work or collection is housed.
ldac:itemLocation	MAY	Place, Organization	Current location of the item, e.g. where a set of audio tapes are stored.
ldac:doi	MAY	Text	A Digital Object Identifier, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1000/182.

Object

An Object is a single unit linked to tightly related files, for example, a dialogue or session in a speech study, or a work (document) in a written corpus. This is based on the use of the term Item in Alveo:

The data model that we have developed for the storage of language resources is built around the concept of an item which corresponds (loosely) to a record of a single communication event. An item is often associated with a single text, audio or video resource but could include a number of resources, for example, the different channels of audio recording, or an audio recording and associated textual transcript. Items are grouped into collections which might correspond to curated corpora such as ACE or informal collections such as a sample of documents from the AustLit archive. https://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/mq:37347/DS01

The definition of an object is necessarily loose and needs to reflect what data owners have chosen to do with their collections in the past.

If an RO-Crate contains a single Object, the Root Dataset would have a @type property of ["Dataset", "RepositoryObject"] with a conformsTo property pointing to the Language Data Commons Object profile https://w3id.org/ldac/profile#Object (this document).

If an RO-Crate contains an entire collection, each Object has a @type property of ["Dataset", "RepositoryObject"] and a conformsTo property referencing this document. For example:

Objects SHOULD have files (which may be included in an RO-Crate for the object, or as part of a collection crate).

In this example, the Object in question is an interview from a speech corpus with three files. The diagram shows the relationships between the object and its files (and the contextual metadata of a Person who takes the role of the speaker/informant (discussed in more detail below).

There are a number of terms that can be used to characterise resources - these use the Schema.org mechanism of DefinedTerm and DefinedTermSet.

A RepositoryObject:

Property	Required?	Expected value range	Descriptions
inLanguage	MUST	Language	The language in which the resource is written.
hasPart	MAY	CreativeWork, File, Dataset	An item or CreativeWork that is part of this item, or CreativeWork (in some sense).
conformsTo	MAY	Text	A link to the language data commons RO-Crate profile for collections.
publisher	MAY	Organization	The publisher of the creative work.
creator	MAY	Person	The creator/author of this CreativeWork. This is the same as the Author property for CreativeWork.
ldac:compiler	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant is responsible for collecting the sub-parts of the resource together.
description	MAY	Text	A description of the item.
datePublished	MAY	DateTime, Date	The (earliest) date this work was created.
temporalCoverage	MAY	Text	The temporalCoverage of a CreativeWork indicates the period that the content applies to, i.e. that it describes, either as a DateTime or as a textual string indicating a time period in [ISO 8601 time interval format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Time_intervals). In the case of a Dataset it will typically indicate the relevant time period in a precise notation (e.g. for a 2011 census dataset, the year 2011 would be written "2011/2012"). Other forms of content, e.g. ScholarlyArticle, Book, TVSeries or TVEpisode, may indicate their temporalCoverage in broader terms - textually or via well-known URL. Written works such as books may sometimes have precise temporal coverage too, e.g. a work set in 1939 - 1945 can be indicated in ISO 8601 interval format format via "1939/1945". Open-ended date ranges can be written with ".." in place of the end date. For example, "2015-11/.." indicates a range beginning in November 2015 and with no specified final date. This is tentative and might be updated in future when ISO 8601 is officially updated.
pcdm:memberOf	MAY	RepositoryCollection	Links from a Repository Object or Collection to a containing Repository Object or Collection.
ldac:subjectLanguage	MAY	Language	The languages that the materials in the collection are about (not the language that it is in).
dateCreated	MAY	Text	The date on which the CreativeWork was created or the item was added to a DataFeed.
name	MAY	Text	The name of the item.
license	MAY	ldac:DataReuseLicense	A license document that applies to this content, typically indicated by URL.
ldac:hasAnnotation	MAY	ldac:Annotation	This resource is referenced by another resource that adds information to it such as a translation, transcription or other analysis.
ldac:annotator	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant produced an annotation of this or a related resource.
author	MAY	Person, Organization	The person or organisation responsible for creating this work. Authors should be identified using URIs such as ORCiD or ROR.
ldac:consultant	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant contributes expertise to the creation of a work, for example by contributing knowledge of their native language.
ldac:dataInputter	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant responsible for entering, re-typing, and/or structuring the data contained in the resource.
ldac:depositor	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant responsible for depositing the resource in an archive.
ldac:developer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant developed the methodology or tools (including software) that constitute the resource, or that were used to create the resource.
ldac:editor	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant reviewed, corrected, and/or tested the resource.
ldac:illustrator	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant contributed drawings or other illustrations to the resource.
ldac:interpreter	MAY	Person, Organization	The contributor renders the discourse recorded in the resource into another language in real time, or the contributor explains the discourse recorded in the resource.
ldac:interviewee	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant was a respondent in an interview.
ldac:interviewer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant conducted an interview that forms part of the resource.
ldac:itemLocation	MAY	Place, Organization	Current location of the item, e.g. where a set of audio tapes are stored.
ldac:participant	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant was present during the creation of the resource, but did not contribute substantially to its content.
ldac:performer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant performed some portion of a recorded, filmed, or transcribed resource. It is recommended that this term be used only for creative participants whose role is not better indicated by a more specific term, such as 'speaker', 'signer', or 'singer'.
ldac:photographer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant took the photograph, or shot the film, that appears in or constitutes the resource.
ldac:recorder	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant operated the recording machinery used to create the resource.
ldac:researcher	MAY	Person, Organization	The resource was created as part of the participant's research, or the research presents interim or final results from the participant's research.
ldac:researchParticipant	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant acted as a research subject or responded to a questionnaire, the results of which study form the basis of the resource.
ldac:responder	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant was an interlocutor in some sort of discourse event, but only reacted to the contributions of others.
ldac:signer	MAY	Person, Organization	The contributor was a principal signer in a resource that consists of a recording, a film, or a transcription of a recorded resource. Signers are those whose gestures predominate in a recorded or filmed resource. (The resource may be a transcription of that recording).
ldac:singer	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant sang, either individually or as part of a group, in a resource that consists of a recording, a film, or a transcription of a recorded resource.
ldac:speaker	MAY	Person, Organization	The contributor was a principal speaker in a resource that consists of a recording, a film, or a transcription of a recorded resource. Speakers are those whose voices predominate in a recorded or filmed resource. (The resource may be a transcription of that recording).
ldac:sponsor	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant contributed financial support to the creation of the resource.
ldac:transcriber	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant produced a transcription of this or a related resource.
ldac:translator	MAY	Person, Organization	The participant produced a translation of this or a related resource.
identifier	MAY	PropertyValue, Text, URL	The identifier property represents any kind of identifier for any kind of [[Thing]], such as ISBNs, GTIN codes, UUIDs etc. Schema.org provides dedicated properties for representing many of these, either as textual strings or as URL (URI) links. See [background notes](/docs/datamodel.html#identifierBg) for more details.

Files

There are three important types of files (or references to other works) that may be included: ldac:PrimaryMaterial which is a recording or original text, or a citation of or proxy for it, ldac:DerivedMaterial which has been generated or sampled from primary material by a process such as format conversion or digitization, and ldac:Annotation, which contains one or more types of analysis of the ldac:PrimaryMaterial or ldac:DerivedMaterial.

A File:

Property	Required?	Expected value range	Descriptions
encodingFormat	MAY	Text, WebPage, Standard	The media type typically expressed using a MIME format.
ldac:communicationMode	MAY	ldac:Gesture, ldac:SignedLanguage, ldac:Song, ldac:SpokenLanguage, ldac:WhistledLanguage, ldac:WrittenLanguage	The mode(s) (spoken, written, signed, etc.) used in the interaction represented by this resource.
name	MAY	Text	The name of the item.
license	MAY	ldac:DataReuseLicense	A license document that applies to this content, typically indicated by URL.
ldac:linguisticGenre	MAY	ldac:Dialogue, ldac:Drama, ldac:Formulaic, ldac:Informational, ldac:Interview, ldac:Lexicon, ldac:Ludic, ldac:Narrative, ldac:Oratory, ldac:Procedural, ldac:Report, ldac:Thesaurus	A linguistic classification of the genre of this resource.
contentSize	MAY	Text	File size in (mega/kilo)bytes.
hasPart	MAY	CreativeWork, File	An item or CreativeWork that is part of this item, or CreativeWork (in some sense).
publisher	MAY	Organization	The publisher of the creative work.
creator	MAY	Person	The creator/author of this CreativeWork. This is the same as the Author property for CreativeWork.
datePublished	MAY	DateTime, Date	The (earliest) date this work was created.
temporalCoverage	MAY	Text	The temporalCoverage of a CreativeWork indicates the period that the content applies to, i.e. that it describes, either as a DateTime or as a textual string indicating a time period in [ISO 8601 time interval format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Time_intervals). In the case of a Dataset it will typically indicate the relevant time period in a precise notation (e.g. for a 2011 census dataset, the year 2011 would be written "2011/2012"). Other forms of content, e.g. ScholarlyArticle, Book, TVSeries or TVEpisode, may indicate their temporalCoverage in broader terms - textually or via well-known URL. Written works such as books may sometimes have precise temporal coverage too, e.g. a work set in 1939 - 1945 can be indicated in ISO 8601 interval format format via "1939/1945". Open-ended date ranges can be written with ".." in place of the end date. For example, "2015-11/.." indicates a range beginning in November 2015 and with no specified final date. This is tentative and might be updated in future when ISO 8601 is officially updated.
inLanguage	MAY	Language	The language in which the resource is written.
ldac:subjectLanguage	MAY	Language	The languages that the materials in the collection are about (not the language that it is in).
dateCreated	MAY	Text	The date on which the CreativeWork was created or the item was added to a DataFeed.
ldac:materialType	MAY	ldac:PrimaryMaterial, ldac:Annotation, ldac:DerivedMaterial	Indicates whether the material in a file is the original (primary) source or is derived from it or describes it via annotation.
ldac:derivationOf	MAY	ldac:Annotation, ldac:PrimaryMaterial	This property references another resource from which the current resource is derived, e.g. downsampling audio or video files, or extracting text from a PDF.
ldac:hasDerivation	MAY	ldac:DerivedMaterial	This property references another resource that is derived from it, such as a downsampled audio or video file, or text extracted from a PDF.

ldac:PrimaryMaterial

ldac:PrimaryMaterial may be a video or audio file if it is available, or may be a ContextualEntity referencing a primary text such as a book.

ldac:DerivedMaterial

ldac:DerivedMaterial is a non-analytical derivation from ldac:PrimaryMaterial, for example, downsampled video or excerpted text.

ldac:Annotation

ldac:Annotation is a description or analysis of other material. More than one type of annotation may be present in a file.

Describing the columns in CSV or other tabular data

CSV or similar tabular files are often used to represent transcribed speech or sign language data, sometimes also with time codes. To enable automated location of which column is which, use a frictionless Table Schema described by a File entity in the crate.

For example:

{
  "@id": "art_schema.json",
  "@type": "File",
  "name": "Frictionless Data Schema for CSV transcript files",
  "encodingFormat": "application/json",
  "conformsTo": {
    "@id": "https://specs.frictionlessdata.io/table-schema/"
  }
}

source

Places

The place in which data was collected may be indicated using the contentLocation property.

{
  "@id": "./",
  "@type": [
    "Dataset",
    "RepositoryObject"
  ],
  "additionalType": "item",
  "bornDigital": 0,
  "collector": {
    "@id": "http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-479603"
  },
  "contentLanguages": [
    {
      "@id": "https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bisl1239"
    },
    {
      "@id": "https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout2856"
    }
  ],
  "dateCreated": "2012-09-27T10:08:00.000Z",
  "dateModified": "2019-09-25T23:52:02.000Z",
  "depositor": {
    "@id": "http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-479603"
  },
  "description": "Elicitation with Silas Alban at Eratap village, Efate. (side B) 11/10/1995. Reading a wordlist in Nafsan.",
  "digitisedOn": "Mon Jan 01 2001 00:00:00 GMT+1100 (Australian Eastern Daylight Time)",
  "external": 0,
  "hasPart": [
    {
      "@id": "NT1-001-001A.wav"
    },
    {
      "@id": "NT1-001-001B.mp3"
    },
    {
      "@id": "NT1-001-001B.wav"
    },
    {
      "@id": "NT1-001-001A.mp3"
    }
  ],
  "identifier": [
    {
      "@id": "#identifier_domain"
    },
    {
      "@id": "#identifier_id"
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  "name": "Geographical coverage for Vanuatu"
}

source

Identifiers

Identifiers for Objects and Collections MUST be URIs.

Internally, identifiers for all entities that do not have their own URIs may use the Archive and Packaging identifier scheme (ARCP), which allows for a DNS-like namespacing of identifiers. For example, the Sydney Speaks corpus top-level collection would have the ID:

arcp://name,http://www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au/sydney-speaks/corpus/

A sub-corpus (collection) would have an ID like:

arcp://name,http://www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au/sydney-speaks/corpus/collection/SSP

An object:

arcp://name,http://www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au/sydney-speaks/corpus/object/331

A person:

arcp://name,http://www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au/sydney-speaks/corpus/person/54

How to record people's contributions

Some corpora express ages and other demographics of participants - this presents a data modelling challenge, as age and some other variables change over time, so if the same person appears over time then we need to have a base Person with date of birth etc. as well as time-based instances of the person with an age, social status, gender etc. at that time.

There are three levels at which contributions to an object can be modelled:

1. Include one or more Person items as context in a crate and reference them with properties such as creator or the Language Data Commons Vocabulary properties such as ldac:compiler or ldac:depositor. The @id of the person MUST be a URI and SHOULD be re-used where the same person appears in multiple objects in a collection or repository.

2. For longitudinal studies where it is important to record changing demographic information for a Person, or where precision is required in listing contributions to a work use ldac:PersonSnapshot.

3. If it is important to record lots of contributions to a work (e.g. in analysis of a joint work) use Action. If more precision is required in describing the provenance of items, e.g. this work on The Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Lorber-Kasunic & Sweetapple).

   NOTE: If this approach is used, special care will have to be taken in developing user interfaces and/or training communities to use this way of modelling metadata; the user need not see the underlying structure. This profile does not give advice about how to do this as we have not seen a use case that requires it.

Collection events such as "Sessions"

Where data is collected from participants in a speech study with elicitation tasks such as "sessions" (see this IMDI document) or field interviews, this can be recorded in metadata via the CollectionEvent class.

The indirection in this conforms-to relationship is to allow multiple objects to have a conformsTo property which indicates that they conform to the same schema while having a local copy of the schema, as per RO-Crate best practice of having all local context to use a data packages in the package where possible.

References

Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2012. Linguistic data types and the interface between language documentation and description. Language documentation & conservation. University of Hawai'i Press 6. 187--207.

Paterson, Hugh Joseph. 2021. Language Archive Records: Interoperability of Referencing Practices and Metadata Models. United States -- North Dakota: The University of North Dakota M.A. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2550236802/abstract/22686A0E508D4E5CPQ/1 (3 May 2022).

Examples

https://www.mpi.nl/ISLE/documents/docs_frame.html