diff --git a/docs/.gitignore b/docs/.gitignore
index 3a1fe66a79e..94f516c74b4 100644
--- a/docs/.gitignore
+++ b/docs/.gitignore
@@ -18,34 +18,3 @@ src/code/hss.svg
 src/code/hss_es.svg
 src/code/task-state-transitions.svg
 src/code/task-state-transitions_es.svg
-
-# Troff manpages generated from .adoc by the asciidoctor manpage backend.
-man/man1/
-man/man3/
-man/man9/
-
-# po4a-translated man trees.
-man/ar/*
-man/bg/*
-man/ckb/*
-man/cs/*
-man/da/*
-man/de/*
-man/es/*
-man/fr/*
-man/hu/*
-man/it/*
-man/ka/*
-man/nb/*
-man/pl/*
-man/pt/*
-man/pt_BR/*
-man/ro/*
-man/ru/*
-man/sai/*
-man/sk/*
-man/sv/*
-man/tr/*
-man/uk/*
-man/vi/*
-man/zh_CN/*
diff --git a/docs/man/an-old-fixed.tmac b/docs/man/an-old-fixed.tmac
deleted file mode 100644
index 38c27813e55..00000000000
--- a/docs/man/an-old-fixed.tmac
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,838 +0,0 @@
-.\" an-old.tmac
-.\"
-.\" Copyright (C) 1989-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.\"      Written by James Clark (jjc@jclark.com)
-.\"
-.\" This file is part of groff.
-.\"
-.\" groff is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-.\" under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-.\" the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-.\" (at your option) any later version.
-.\"
-.\" groff is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-.\" ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
-.\" or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public
-.\" License for more details.
-.\"
-.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-.\" along with this program.  If not, see
-.\" <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-.
-.
-.\" The file man.local is loaded at the end.  Put local additions there.
-.\" If you need to add things to TH, use '.am1 TH'.
-.
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-.
-.do mso devtag.tmac
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-.  nr CT 0
-.
-.\" double-sided layout
-.ie !r D \
-.  nr D 0
-.el \
-.  if \n[D] \
-.    if \n[an-html] \{\
-.       tm \*[an-old]: ignoring double-sided layout in HTML output
-.       nr D 0
-.    \}
-.
-.\" footer distance
-.if !r FT \
-.  nr FT (-.5i)
-.
-.\" hyphenation mode
-.if !r HY \{\
-.  \" No page breaks occur in continuous rendering.
-.  ie \n[cR] \
-.    nr HY 4
-.  el \
-.    nr HY 6
-.\}
-.
-.\" standard indentation
-.if !r IN \{\
-.  \" We must select an integer indentation value for nroff; see comment
-.  \" in an-do-tag.
-.  ie t \
-.    nr IN 7.2n
-.  el \
-.    nr IN 7n
-.\}
-.
-.\" line length
-.if !r LL \{\
-.  \" If in troff mode, respect device default.
-.  ie t \
-.    nr LL \n[.l]
-.  \" Otherwise, override nroff mode default of 65n.
-.  el \
-.    nr LL 78n
-.\}
-.
-.\" title (header, footer) length
-.if !r LT \
-.  nr LT \n[LL]u
-.
-.\" starting page number
-.\"
-.\" Unlike most of these parameters, we do not set a default for P;
-.\" groff supplies a default starting page number (1).  Also, when
-.\" rendering for the HTML output device, page numbers are concealed and
-.\" used for internal purposes like image embedding.
-.\"
-.if r P \
-.  if \n[an-html] \
-.    if !(\n[P] = 1) \{\
-.       tm \*[an-old]: ignoring starting page number in HTML output
-.       rr P
-.    \}
-.
-.if !r ps4html \
-.  if r P \
-.    pn 0\n[P]
-.
-.\" point size
-.if !r S \{\
-.  nr S 10
-.  if '\*[.T]'X75-12' \
-.    nr S 12
-.  if '\*[.T]'X100-12' \
-.    nr S 12
-.\}
-.
-.\" subsection indentation
-.if !r SN \
-.  nr SN 3n
-.
-.\" page number after which to apply letter suffixes
-.\"
-.\" Unlike most of these parameters, we do not set a default for X; only
-.\" the macro an-p-footer uses it.
-.if r X \
-.  if \n[an-html] \{\
-.     tm \*[an-old]: ignoring page letter suffixing in HTML output
-.     rr X
-.  \}
-.
-.\" adjustment mode
-.if !d AD \
-.  ds AD b\"
-.
-.\" (sub)section heading font
-.if !d HF \
-.  ds HF B\"
-.
-.if \n[cR] \
-.  an-set-up-continuous-rendering
-.
-.cp \n[*groff_an-old_tmac_C]
-.
-.\" Local Variables:
-.\" mode: nroff
-.\" fill-column: 72
-.\" End:
-.\" vim: set filetype=groff textwidth=72:
diff --git a/docs/man/images/Images_info.adoc b/docs/man/images/Images_info.adoc
deleted file mode 100644
index b8461c51656..00000000000
--- a/docs/man/images/Images_info.adoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# Images in man pages
-
-Images in man pages are not recommended. It's better to use an ASCII representation (ASCII art) if possible.
-
-## Timing diagrams
-
-Timing diagrams can be created using link:https://wavedrom.com/editor.html[Wavedrom]. +
-To use them in a man page as ASCII art folloe these steps:
-
-1. Save in a text file
-2. Use link:https://github.com/Wren6991/asciiwave[asciiwave] to create the ascii output
-3. Copy into the man page using `.br` as line separator
-
-Here an example:
-
-.toggle2nist: Timing diagram source code
-----
-{'signal': [
-  {name: 'in', wave:  'lHx.l.Hx.l'},
-  {name: 'on', wave: 'lh.l......' }, 
-  {name: 'off', wave: 'l.....h.l.' }, 
-  {name: 'is-on', wave: 'l..h....l.' }, 
-]}
-----
-
-
-
-.toggle2nist: ASCII art generated by asciiwave
-----
-       ┐     ┏─────xxxxxxxxxxxx┐           ┏─────xxxxxxxxxxxx┐     
-.br
-in   : └─────┛     xxxxxxxxxxxx└───────────┛     xxxxxxxxxxxx└─────
-.br
-       ┐     ┌───────────┐                                         
-.br
-on   : └─────┘           └─────────────────────────────────────────
-       ┐                                   ┌───────────┐           
-.br
-off  : └───────────────────────────────────┘           └───────────
-.br
-       ┐                 ┌─────────────────────────────┐           
-.br
-is-on: └─────────────────┘                             └───────────
-
-----
-
-
-## Diagrams
-
-ASCII art diagrams can be drawn e.g., with link:https://asciiflow.com/[asciiflow]
-
-.toggle2nist: Diagram drawn with asciiflow
-----
-    toggle2nist
-   ┌───────────┐
- ──┤in       on├──
-   │           │
- ──┤is-on   off├──
-   └───────────┘
-----
diff --git a/docs/man/images/toggle.json b/docs/man/images/toggle.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 08c2f3e5b59..00000000000
--- a/docs/man/images/toggle.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-{signal: [
-  {name: 'in', wave:  'lPlP'},
-  {name: 'out', wave: 'lh.l' }, 
-]}
diff --git a/docs/man/images/toggle.ps b/docs/man/images/toggle.ps
deleted file mode 100644
index a9b5d70cbd0..00000000000
Binary files a/docs/man/images/toggle.ps and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/docs/man/images/toggle2nist.json b/docs/man/images/toggle2nist.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 32d68278a02..00000000000
--- a/docs/man/images/toggle2nist.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-{'signal': [
-  {name: 'in', wave:  'lHx.l.Hx.l'},
-  {name: 'on', wave: 'lh.l......' }, 
-  {name: 'off', wave: 'l.....h.l.' }, 
-  {name: 'is-on', wave: 'l..h....l.' }, 
-]}
diff --git a/docs/man/images/toggle2nist.ps b/docs/man/images/toggle2nist.ps
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ed194d8825..00000000000
Binary files a/docs/man/images/toggle2nist.ps and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/docs/man/stylesheet.9 b/docs/man/stylesheet.9
deleted file mode 100644
index 461245f921d..00000000000
--- a/docs/man/stylesheet.9
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-.HEAD "<link rel=""stylesheet"" href=""../../asciidoc.css"" type=""text/css"" /> <link rel=""stylesheet"" href=""../../linuxcnc.css"" type=""text/css"" />" \
-<style type="text/css"> h2 {font-size: 1.2em;} </style>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/po4a.cfg b/docs/po4a.cfg
index 3d9c8a1b29e..dfe73958541 100644
--- a/docs/po4a.cfg
+++ b/docs/po4a.cfg
@@ -371,122 +371,122 @@
 
 [type: Text_def] src/gui/panelui_handler.py $lang:build/adoc/$lang/gui/panelui_handler.py
 
-[type: man_def] man/man1/pi500_vfd.1 $lang:man/$lang/man1/pi500_vfd.1
-[type: man_def] man/man1/thermistor.1 $lang:man/$lang/man1/thermistor.1
-[type: man_def] man/man1/wj200_vfd.1 $lang:man/$lang/man1/wj200_vfd.1
-[type: man_def] man/man9/abs.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/abs.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/abs_s32.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/abs_s32.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/and2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/and2.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/axistest.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/axistest.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/bin2gray.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/bin2gray.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/biquad.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/biquad.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/bitslice.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/bitslice.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/bitwise.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/bitwise.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/bldc.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/bldc.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/blend.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/blend.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/carousel.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/carousel.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/charge_pump.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/charge_pump.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/clarke2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/clarke2.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/clarke3.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/clarke3.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/clarkeinv.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/clarkeinv.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/comp.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/comp.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_bit_float.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_bit_float.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_bit_s32.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_bit_s32.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_bit_u32.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_bit_u32.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_float_s32.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_float_s32.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_float_u32.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_float_u32.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_s32_bit.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_s32_bit.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_s32_float.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_s32_float.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_s32_u32.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_s32_u32.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_u32_bit.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_u32_bit.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_u32_float.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_u32_float.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/conv_u32_s32.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/conv_u32_s32.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/corexy_by_hal.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/corexy_by_hal.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/dbounce.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/dbounce.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/ddt.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/ddt.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/deadzone.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/deadzone.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/demux.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/demux.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/differential.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/differential.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/edge.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/edge.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/eoffset_per_angle.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/eoffset_per_angle.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/estop_latch.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/estop_latch.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/feedcomp.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/feedcomp.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/filter_kalman.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/filter_kalman.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/flipflop.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/flipflop.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/gantry.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/gantry.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/gearchange.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/gearchange.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/gray2bin.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/gray2bin.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/histobins.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/histobins.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/hypot.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/hypot.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/ilowpass.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/ilowpass.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/integ.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/integ.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/invert.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/invert.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/joyhandle.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/joyhandle.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/knob2float.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/knob2float.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/latencybins.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/latencybins.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/limit1.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/limit1.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/limit2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/limit2.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/limit3.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/limit3.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/lincurve.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/lincurve.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/logic.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/logic.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/lowpass.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/lowpass.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/lut5.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/lut5.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/maj3.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/maj3.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/match8.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/match8.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/matrix_kb.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/matrix_kb.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/max31855.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/max31855.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mesa_7i65.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mesa_7i65.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mesa_pktgyro_test.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mesa_pktgyro_test.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/message.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/message.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/millturn.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/millturn.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/minmax.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/minmax.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/moveoff.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/moveoff.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mult2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mult2.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/multiclick.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/multiclick.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/multiswitch.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/multiswitch.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mux16.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mux16.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mux2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mux2.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mux4.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mux4.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mux8.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mux8.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/mux_generic.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/mux_generic.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/near.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/near.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/not.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/not.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/offset.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/offset.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/ohmic.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/ohmic.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/oneshot.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/oneshot.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/or2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/or2.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/orient.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/orient.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/pid.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/pid.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/plasmac.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/plasmac.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/pwmgen.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/pwmgen.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sample_hold.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sample_hold.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/scale.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/scale.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/select8.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/select8.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/serport.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/serport.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sim_axis_hardware.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sim_axis_hardware.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sim_encoder.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sim_encoder.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sim_home_switch.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sim_home_switch.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sim_matrix_kb.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sim_matrix_kb.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sim_parport.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sim_parport.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/simple_tp.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/simple_tp.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sim_spindle.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sim_spindle.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sphereprobe.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sphereprobe.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/spindle.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/spindle.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/spindle_monitor.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/spindle_monitor.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/steptest.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/steptest.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/sum2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/sum2.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/thc.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/thc.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/thcud.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/thcud.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/threadtest.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/threadtest.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/time.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/time.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/timedelay.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/timedelay.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/timedelta.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/timedelta.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/toggle2nist.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/toggle2nist.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/toggle.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/toggle.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/tristate_bit.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/tristate_bit.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/tristate_float.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/tristate_float.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/updown.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/updown.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/userkins.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/userkins.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/wcomp.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/wcomp.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/xhc_hb04_util.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/xhc_hb04_util.9
-[type: man_def] man/man9/xor2.9 $lang:man/$lang/man9/xor2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man1/pi500_vfd.1 $lang:build/man/$lang/man1/pi500_vfd.1
+[type: man_def] build/man/man1/thermistor.1 $lang:build/man/$lang/man1/thermistor.1
+[type: man_def] build/man/man1/wj200_vfd.1 $lang:build/man/$lang/man1/wj200_vfd.1
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/abs.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/abs.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/abs_s32.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/abs_s32.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/and2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/and2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/axistest.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/axistest.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/bin2gray.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/bin2gray.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/biquad.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/biquad.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/bitslice.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/bitslice.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/bitwise.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/bitwise.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/bldc.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/bldc.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/blend.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/blend.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/carousel.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/carousel.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/charge_pump.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/charge_pump.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/clarke2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/clarke2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/clarke3.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/clarke3.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/clarkeinv.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/clarkeinv.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/comp.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/comp.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_bit_float.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_bit_float.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_bit_s32.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_bit_s32.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_bit_u32.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_bit_u32.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_float_s32.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_float_s32.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_float_u32.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_float_u32.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_s32_bit.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_s32_bit.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_s32_float.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_s32_float.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_s32_u32.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_s32_u32.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_u32_bit.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_u32_bit.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_u32_float.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_u32_float.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/conv_u32_s32.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/conv_u32_s32.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/corexy_by_hal.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/corexy_by_hal.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/dbounce.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/dbounce.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/ddt.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/ddt.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/deadzone.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/deadzone.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/demux.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/demux.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/differential.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/differential.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/edge.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/edge.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/eoffset_per_angle.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/eoffset_per_angle.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/estop_latch.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/estop_latch.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/feedcomp.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/feedcomp.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/filter_kalman.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/filter_kalman.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/flipflop.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/flipflop.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/gantry.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/gantry.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/gearchange.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/gearchange.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/gray2bin.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/gray2bin.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/histobins.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/histobins.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/hypot.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/hypot.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/ilowpass.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/ilowpass.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/integ.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/integ.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/invert.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/invert.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/joyhandle.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/joyhandle.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/knob2float.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/knob2float.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/latencybins.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/latencybins.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/limit1.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/limit1.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/limit2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/limit2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/limit3.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/limit3.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/lincurve.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/lincurve.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/logic.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/logic.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/lowpass.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/lowpass.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/lut5.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/lut5.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/maj3.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/maj3.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/match8.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/match8.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/matrix_kb.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/matrix_kb.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/max31855.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/max31855.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mesa_7i65.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mesa_7i65.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mesa_pktgyro_test.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mesa_pktgyro_test.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/message.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/message.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/millturn.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/millturn.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/minmax.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/minmax.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/moveoff.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/moveoff.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mult2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mult2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/multiclick.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/multiclick.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/multiswitch.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/multiswitch.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mux16.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mux16.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mux2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mux2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mux4.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mux4.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mux8.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mux8.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/mux_generic.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/mux_generic.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/near.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/near.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/not.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/not.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/offset.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/offset.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/ohmic.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/ohmic.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/oneshot.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/oneshot.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/or2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/or2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/orient.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/orient.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/pid.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/pid.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/plasmac.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/plasmac.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/pwmgen.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/pwmgen.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sample_hold.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sample_hold.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/scale.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/scale.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/select8.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/select8.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/serport.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/serport.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sim_axis_hardware.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sim_axis_hardware.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sim_encoder.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sim_encoder.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sim_home_switch.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sim_home_switch.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sim_matrix_kb.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sim_matrix_kb.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sim_parport.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sim_parport.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/simple_tp.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/simple_tp.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sim_spindle.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sim_spindle.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sphereprobe.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sphereprobe.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/spindle.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/spindle.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/spindle_monitor.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/spindle_monitor.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/steptest.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/steptest.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/sum2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/sum2.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/thc.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/thc.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/thcud.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/thcud.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/threadtest.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/threadtest.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/time.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/time.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/timedelay.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/timedelay.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/timedelta.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/timedelta.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/toggle2nist.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/toggle2nist.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/toggle.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/toggle.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/tristate_bit.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/tristate_bit.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/tristate_float.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/tristate_float.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/updown.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/updown.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/userkins.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/userkins.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/wcomp.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/wcomp.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/xhc_hb04_util.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/xhc_hb04_util.9
+[type: man_def] build/man/man9/xor2.9 $lang:build/man/$lang/man9/xor2.9
diff --git a/docs/src/Submakefile b/docs/src/Submakefile
index 7611b346612..50aa2061f32 100644
--- a/docs/src/Submakefile
+++ b/docs/src/Submakefile
@@ -44,11 +44,26 @@ DOC_SRCDIR=../docs/src
 #	docs/build/html/<lang>/pdf/LinuxCNC_*_<lang>.pdf
 #	docs/build/adoc/<lang>/...	# po4a-translated source tree
 #
-# Manpage troff stays at docs/man/ (input to docs build; also written by
-# halcompile and consumed by install-man).
+# Manpage troff is generated under build/, not committed to the source tree.
+# Written by halcompile and the docs build; consumed by install-man and the
+# run-in-place MANPATH.
+#
+# Layout follows the /usr/share/man hierarchy, NOT the build/html/<lang> and
+# build/adoc/<lang> convention used everywhere else in this tree:
+#
+#	docs/build/man/manN		# English (the C / default locale)
+#	docs/build/man/<lang>/manN	# translations, keyed by locale
+#
+# This asymmetry is deliberate.  man(1) resolves a MANPATH entry by locale,
+# reading <path>/<locale>/manN for a translation and falling back to
+# <path>/manN for the default locale; putting English under an en/ subdir
+# would break a plain `MANPATH=.../build/man` under LANG=C.  The cost is that
+# the English man tree is special-cased below (top-level manN, no en/ prefix),
+# unlike html/adoc which key every language including English under <lang>/.
 DOC_BUILD     := $(DOC_DIR)/build
 DOC_OUT_HTML  := $(DOC_BUILD)/html
 DOC_OUT_ADOC  := $(DOC_BUILD)/adoc
+DOC_MAN       := $(DOC_BUILD)/man
 # PDFs live under the html tree (docs/build/html/<lang>/pdf/) so the html
 # subtree is self-contained and can link them with relative paths.
 
@@ -59,13 +74,13 @@ ASCIIDOCTOR_DEFAULT_CSS := $(shell ruby -e 'require "asciidoctor"; print Asciido
 LANGUAGES := $(strip $(shell sed -e's/#.*//' < $(DOC_DIR)/po4a.cfg | grep '^\[po4a_langs\]' | cut -d" " -f2-))
 LANGUAGES_MATCH := $(shell echo $(LANGUAGES) | tr " " "|")
 
-GENERATED_MANPAGES += ../docs/man/man1/linuxcnc.1
-GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(patsubst ../docs/src/man/%.adoc, ../docs/man/%, $(wildcard ../docs/src/man/*/*.adoc))
+GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(DOC_MAN)/man1/linuxcnc.1
+GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(patsubst ../docs/src/man/%.adoc, $(DOC_MAN)/%, $(wildcard ../docs/src/man/man?/*.adoc))
 
 MAN_SRCS = $(sort \
-	$(wildcard $(DOC_DIR)/man/man1/*.1) \
-	$(wildcard $(DOC_DIR)/man/man3/*.3) \
-	$(wildcard $(DOC_DIR)/man/man9/*.9) \
+	$(wildcard $(DOC_MAN)/man1/*.1) \
+	$(wildcard $(DOC_MAN)/man3/*.3) \
+	$(wildcard $(DOC_MAN)/man9/*.9) \
 	$(GENERATED_MANPAGES))
 
 $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/en/man/man1/linuxcnc.1.adoc: $(DOC_SRCDIR)/man/man1/linuxcnc.1.adoc.in $(SRCDIR)/config.status
@@ -75,7 +90,7 @@ $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/en/man/man1/linuxcnc.1.adoc: $(DOC_SRCDIR)/man/man1/linuxcnc.1.a
 # linuxcnc.1 troff comes from the build-tree-generated .adoc above; the
 # generic pattern rule at the end of this file expects sources under
 # $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/, so override with an explicit rule.
-../docs/man/man1/linuxcnc.1: $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/en/man/man1/linuxcnc.1.adoc
+$(DOC_MAN)/man1/linuxcnc.1: $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/en/man/man1/linuxcnc.1.adoc
 	$(ECHO) Making manpage $(notdir $@)
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(Q)asciidoctor --doctype=manpage \
@@ -248,7 +263,7 @@ endef
 GENERATED_TRANSLATED = $(foreach l, $(LANGUAGES), \
 	$(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/$(l) \
 	$(DOC_OUT_HTML)/$(l) \
-	$(DOC_DIR)/man/$(l) \
+	$(DOC_MAN)/$(l) \
 )
 
 # Time how long po4a takes to run if the system has the `time` command
@@ -270,7 +285,7 @@ endif
 # auto-generated from the English manpages by gen_complist.py.  It must
 # exist before po4a is invoked, otherwise po4a aborts with "master file
 # does not exist".  gen_complist.py reads the manpage source list from
-# $(DOC_DIR)/man/, so changes to that set must invalidate the file --
+# $(DOC_MAN)/, so changes to that set must invalidate the file --
 # hence $(MAN_SRCS) as a real prereq (the script is content-stable via
 # write_if_changed, so re-running over the same set is a no-op for
 # mtime, which keeps downstream po4a from re-firing every build).
@@ -333,9 +348,14 @@ endif
 
 $(foreach L,en $(LANGUAGES),\
   $(eval DOC_SRCS_$(call toUC,$(L))_SMALL := \
-    $(filter-out Master_%,$(DOC_SRCS_$(call toUC,$(L))))))
+    $(filter-out Master_% man/% $(L)/man/%,$(DOC_SRCS_$(call toUC,$(L))))))
 
-DOC_SRCS_HTML = $(patsubst %.adoc, %.html, $(foreach p, $(DOC_SRCS), $(if $(findstring Master_, $(p)),, $p)))
+# Manpages are produced by the translated-manpage pipeline further
+# down (asciidoctor --doctype=manpage), not the generic adoc-to-html
+# rule.  Filter them out so DOC_TARGETS_HTML_<L> does not claim the
+# same html/<L>/man/... output paths.
+DOC_SRCS_HTML = $(patsubst %.adoc, %.html, $(foreach p, $(DOC_SRCS), \
+    $(if $(findstring Master_, $(p)),, $(if $(findstring /man/, /$(p)),, $(p)))))
 
 # Per-language HTML target lists.  English files have no lang/ prefix in
 # their source path; translated files already include $(L)/ in DOC_SRCS_$L.
@@ -349,7 +369,8 @@ $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES), \
 	$(eval DOC_TARGETS_HTML_$(call toUC,$(L)) := \
 		$$(addprefix $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/, \
 		$$(patsubst %.adoc,%.html, \
-		$$(filter-out $(L)/Master_%, $$(DOC_SRCS_$(call toUC,$(L))))))))
+		$$(filter-out $(L)/Master_% $(L)/man/%, \
+		$$(DOC_SRCS_$(call toUC,$(L))))))))
 DOC_TARGETS_HTML = $(DOC_TARGETS_HTML_EN)
 ifeq ($(BUILD_DOCS_TRANSLATED),yes)
 DOC_TARGETS_HTML += $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES),$(DOC_TARGETS_HTML_$(call toUC,$(L))))
@@ -365,15 +386,33 @@ DOC_TARGETS_XML += $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES),$(DOC_TARGETS_XML_$(call toUC,$(L)))
 endif
 
 # Manpage HTML.  English manpages live at docs/build/html/en/man/manN/X.html;
-# translated manpages mirror the layout under their own lang dir.
-MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN := $(patsubst $(DOC_DIR)/man/%, $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/%.html, \
-	$(filter-out $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES),$(DOC_DIR)/man/$(L)/%), $(MAN_SRCS)))
+# translated manpages mirror the layout under their own lang dir.  The
+# per-lang list is derived from po4a.cfg (authoritative source of which
+# manpages have a translated counterpart) rather than MAN_SRCS, which
+# would close a cycle through components_gen.adoc and over-include.
+# Every language renders the FULL English manpage set so the docs stay
+# uniform: translated where a po4a leg provides it, English fallback
+# otherwise (the per-page banner shows the completeness).
+MAN_EN_STEMS := $(patsubst $(DOC_MAN)/%, %, $(MAN_SRCS))
+MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN := $(addprefix $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/, $(addsuffix .html, $(MAN_EN_STEMS)))
+# Stems that get a po4a-built per-language troff: AsciiDoc_def (committed
+# src/man/*.adoc, rendered per-lang via TRANSLATED_TROFF_RULE) and man_def
+# (the comp manpages, translated troff direct).  Everything else is
+# English-only and gets an English troff copy per language (rule below) so
+# the per-language target set can be the full English set.
+PO4A_MANPAGE_STEMS := $(shell sed -ne 's|^\[type: AsciiDoc_def\] src/man/\([^ ]*\)\.adoc .*|\1|p' $(DOC_DIR)/po4a.cfg)
+PO4A_MANPAGE_STEMS += $(shell sed -ne 's|^\[type: man_def\] build/man/\([^ ]*\) .*|\1|p' $(DOC_DIR)/po4a.cfg)
+MAN_ENONLY_STEMS := $(filter-out $(sort $(PO4A_MANPAGE_STEMS)), $(MAN_EN_STEMS))
 $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES), \
 	$(eval MAN_HTML_TARGETS_$(call toUC,$(L)) := \
-		$$(patsubst $(DOC_DIR)/man/$(L)/%, $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/$(L)/man/%.html, \
-		$$(filter $(DOC_DIR)/man/$(L)/%, $$(MAN_SRCS)))))
+		$$(addprefix $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/$(L)/man/, \
+		$$(addsuffix .html, $$(MAN_EN_STEMS)))))
+ifeq ($(BUILD_DOCS_TRANSLATED),yes)
 MAN_HTML_TARGETS = $(MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN) \
 	$(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES),$(MAN_HTML_TARGETS_$(call toUC,$(L))))
+else
+MAN_HTML_TARGETS = $(MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN)
+endif
 
 # PDFs live in their own subtree alongside html/ and adoc/ so the html
 # tree zips up cleanly without PDF bloat, matching the rest of the
@@ -421,7 +460,7 @@ clean: clean-manpages clean-translated
 clean-manpages:
 	-rm -f $(GENERATED_MANPAGES)
 	# Remove generated alias man pages too.
-	$(RM) $$(grep -lr '^\.so ' $(DOC_DIR)/man/man*)
+	$(RM) $$(grep -lr '^\.so ' $(DOC_MAN)/man*)
 clean-translated:
 	-$(RM) -r $(GENERATED_TRANSLATED)
 
@@ -553,7 +592,7 @@ $(DOC_DIR)/.checkref-%-stamp: $$(DOC_TARGETS_HTML_$$(call uc,$$*)) \
 	@touch $@
 
 
-MAN_SRCS_NOSO = $(patsubst $(DOC_DIR)/man/%,%, \
+MAN_SRCS_NOSO = $(patsubst $(DOC_MAN)/%,%, \
 			$(shell grep -s -L '^\.so ' $(MAN_SRCS)))
 
 PDF_MAN_ORDER := man1/linuxcnc.1 $(filter-out %/linuxcnc.1, $(filter man1/%, $(MAN_SRCS_NOSO))) \
@@ -603,8 +642,8 @@ $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES), \
 
 
 # Manpage HTML rule, parameterised over language tag (en / de / ...).  The
-# English bucket reads troff from docs/man/manN; translated buckets read
-# from docs/man/<lang>/manN.  cssrel is ../../../ for both: each output
+# English bucket reads troff from docs/build/man/manN; translated buckets read
+# from docs/build/man/<lang>/manN.  cssrel is ../../../ for both: each output
 # sits at docs/build/html/<lang>/man/manN/X.html (4 levels under html/).
 define MAN_HTML_RULE
 $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/$(1)/man/%.html: $(2)/% $(DOC_SRCDIR)/docinfo.html
@@ -622,6 +661,10 @@ $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/$(1)/man/%.html: $(2)/% $(DOC_SRCDIR)/docinfo.html
 			F="$(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/$(1)/man/$$$$S/$$$$N"; \
 		elif [ -r "objects/man/$$$$S/$$$$N" ]; then \
 			F="objects/man/$$$$S/$$$$N"; \
+		elif [ -r "$(DOC_SRCDIR)/man/$$$$S/$$$$N" ]; then \
+			F="$(DOC_SRCDIR)/man/$$$$S/$$$$N"; \
+		elif [ -r "$(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/en/man/$$$$S/$$$$N" ]; then \
+			F="$(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/en/man/$$$$S/$$$$N"; \
 		else \
 			echo "Error: Cannot find manpage '$$<' in adoc format"; \
 			exit 1; \
@@ -648,9 +691,9 @@ $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/$(1)/man/%.html: $(2)/% $(DOC_SRCDIR)/docinfo.html
 			; \
 	fi;
 endef
-$(eval $(call MAN_HTML_RULE,en,$(DOC_DIR)/man,$(DOC_SRCDIR)))
+$(eval $(call MAN_HTML_RULE,en,$(DOC_MAN),$(DOC_SRCDIR)))
 $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES), \
-	$(eval $(call MAN_HTML_RULE,$(L),$(DOC_DIR)/man/$(L),$(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/$(L))))
+	$(eval $(call MAN_HTML_RULE,$(L),$(DOC_MAN)/$(L),$(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/$(L))))
 
 #
 # This function appends a section to the "manpages" HTML fragment called
@@ -671,7 +714,10 @@ ADD_HTML_MANPAGES = \
 	echo "</ul></div></details>" >> objects/index.incl; \
 
 
-objects/index.incl: $(GENERATED_MANPAGES) objects/var-MAN_HTML_TARGETS $(DOC_SRCDIR)/Submakefile
+# Depends on the English target list only (the index is built from it); the
+# full 9-language MAN_HTML_TARGETS would overflow a single bash arg
+# (MAX_ARG_STRLEN) once every language renders the whole manpage set.
+objects/index.incl: $(GENERATED_MANPAGES) objects/var-MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN $(DOC_SRCDIR)/Submakefile
 	rm -f $@
 	$(call ADD_HTML_MANPAGES, 1, Commands and userspace components, $(filter $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man1/%.html, $(MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN))) \
 	$(call ADD_HTML_MANPAGES, 9, Realtime components and kernel modules, $(filter $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man9/%.html, $(MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN))) \
@@ -681,7 +727,7 @@ objects/index.incl: $(GENERATED_MANPAGES) objects/var-MAN_HTML_TARGETS $(DOC_SRC
 	$(call ADD_HTML_MANPAGES, 3, API: General,  $(filter-out $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man3/hal%.html, $(filter-out $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man3/rtapi%.html, $(filter-out $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man3/hm2%.html, $(filter $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man3/%.html, $(MAN_HTML_TARGETS_EN)))))) \
 	# now make sure all English manpages made it into the html index
 	FAIL=0; \
-	for F in $$(find $(DOC_DIR)/man/man* -maxdepth 2 -type f); do \
+	for F in $$(find $(DOC_MAN)/man* -maxdepth 2 -type f); do \
 		B=$$(basename $$F); \
 		if ! grep -q $$B $@; then \
 			FAIL=1; \
@@ -694,9 +740,12 @@ objects/index.incl: $(GENERATED_MANPAGES) objects/var-MAN_HTML_TARGETS $(DOC_SRC
 	done; \
 	if [ $$FAIL -ne 0 ]; then exit 1; fi
 	mkdir -p $(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man/images/
-	find $(DOC_DIR)/man -maxdepth 3 -name "*.png" ! -name "grohtml*" -exec mv {} "$(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man/images/" \;
+	find $(DOC_MAN) -maxdepth 3 -name "*.png" ! -name "grohtml*" -exec mv {} "$(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/man/images/" \;
 
-$(DOC_OUT_HTML)/%/index.html: $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/%/index.tmpl ../VERSION $(DOC_SRCDIR)/index.foot
+# Translated landing pages append the same manpage index English uses; every
+# language now renders the full manpage set, so the relative man/ hrefs all
+# resolve under <lang>/man/ (no dead links).
+$(DOC_OUT_HTML)/%/index.html: $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/%/index.tmpl objects/index.incl ../VERSION $(DOC_SRCDIR)/index.foot
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	cat $(filter-out ../VERSION, $^) | \
 		sed "s/@VERSION@/`cat ../VERSION`/" | \
@@ -1086,12 +1135,12 @@ docclean:
 	-rm -f $(DOTFILES:.dot=.svg)
 
 
-MAN_DEPS := $(patsubst $(DOC_DIR)/man/%, depends/%.d, $(MAN_SRCS))
-$(MAN_DEPS): depends/%.d: $(DOC_DIR)/man/%
+MAN_DEPS := $(patsubst $(DOC_MAN)/%, depends/%.d, $(MAN_SRCS))
+$(MAN_DEPS): depends/%.d: $(DOC_MAN)/%
 	@echo Depending $(notdir $<)
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(Q)echo -n "$(DOC_OUT_HTML)/en/man/$*.html: $<" > $@.tmp
-	$(Q)grep '^\.so ' $< | awk '{ if ($$2 ~ /\//) printf " \\\n\t$(DOC_DIR)/man/%s", $$2; else printf " \\\n\t$(DOC_DIR)/man/$(*D)/%s", $$2 }' >> $@.tmp
+	$(Q)grep '^\.so ' $< | awk '{ if ($$2 ~ /\//) printf " \\\n\t$(DOC_MAN)/%s", $$2; else printf " \\\n\t$(DOC_MAN)/$(*D)/%s", $$2 }' >> $@.tmp
 	$(Q)echo >> $@.tmp
 	$(Q)mv -f $@.tmp $@
 
@@ -1127,8 +1176,8 @@ manpages: $(GENERATED_MANPAGES)
 TARGETS += manpages
 
 # make manpages from all the asciidoc manpage-sources
-GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(patsubst $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/%.adoc, $(DOC_DIR)/man/%, $(wildcard $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/man?/*.adoc))
-$(DOC_DIR)/man/%: $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/%.adoc
+GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(patsubst $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/%.adoc, $(DOC_MAN)/%, $(wildcard $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/man?/*.adoc))
+$(DOC_MAN)/%: $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/%.adoc
 	$(ECHO) Making manpage $(notdir $@)
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(Q)asciidoctor --doctype=manpage \
@@ -1138,3 +1187,51 @@ $(DOC_DIR)/man/%: $(DOC_DIR)/src/man/%.adoc
 		-a mansource=LinuxCNC \
 		-a manmanual='LinuxCNC Documentation' \
 		$<
+
+# Translated manpages.  po4a writes per-lang adocs under
+# $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/<L>/man/manN/X.adoc; generate troff under
+# $(DOC_MAN)/<L>/manN/X (the path MAN_HTML_RULE expects for translations,
+# alongside the English tree at $(DOC_MAN)/manN).  The MAN_HTML_TARGETS_<L>
+# list is already populated by the general logic earlier in this file once
+# GENERATED_MANPAGES carries the translated paths, so HTML generation reuses
+# MAN_HTML_RULE and avoids duplicate recipes.
+ifeq ($(BUILD_DOCS_TRANSLATED),yes)
+define TRANSLATED_TROFF_RULE
+$$(DOC_MAN)/$1/%: $$(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/$1/man/%.adoc | $$(DOC_DIR)/.translateddocs-stamp
+	$$(ECHO) Making translated manpage $1 $$(notdir $$@)
+	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@)
+	$$(Q)asciidoctor --doctype=manpage \
+		--backend=manpage \
+		--destination-dir="$$(dir $$@)" \
+		-a compat-mode \
+		-a mansource=LinuxCNC \
+		-a manmanual='LinuxCNC Documentation' \
+		$$<
+endef
+$(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES),$(eval $(call TRANSLATED_TROFF_RULE,$(L))))
+
+# English-only manpages (no po4a entry on either leg: man3 API reference,
+# some man1/man9) have no translated troff.  Copy the English troff into
+# each language so every language can render the full manpage set, English
+# where untranslated.  Static-pattern targets, so this takes precedence
+# over TRANSLATED_TROFF_RULE's pattern rule (whose translated-adoc prereq
+# does not exist for these stems).  HTML still routes through MAN_HTML_RULE,
+# which resolves the adoc to the committed/objects English source.
+define MAN_ENONLY_TROFF_RULE
+$(addprefix $(DOC_MAN)/$(1)/,$(MAN_ENONLY_STEMS)): $(DOC_MAN)/$(1)/%: $(DOC_MAN)/% | $(DOC_DIR)/.translateddocs-stamp
+	@mkdir -p $$(dir $$@)
+	$(Q)cp $$< $$@
+endef
+$(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES),$(eval $(call MAN_ENONLY_TROFF_RULE,$(L))))
+
+# Wire translated manpages into `docs` only (not `manpages`).  Pulling
+# them into `manpages` would create a cycle: the troff rule's order-only
+# dep on .translateddocs-stamp resolves through po4a -> manpages, and
+# adding the translated manpages back to that node closes the loop.
+TRANSLATED_MAN_HTML_TARGETS := $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES),$(MAN_HTML_TARGETS_$(call toUC,$(L))))
+TRANSLATED_GENERATED_MANPAGES := $(foreach L,$(LANGUAGES), \
+    $(patsubst $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/$(L)/man/%.adoc, $(DOC_MAN)/$(L)/%, \
+        $(wildcard $(DOC_OUT_ADOC)/$(L)/man/man?/*.adoc)))
+docs: $(TRANSLATED_MAN_HTML_TARGETS)
+.SECONDARY: $(TRANSLATED_MAN_HTML_TARGETS) $(TRANSLATED_GENERATED_MANPAGES)
+endif
diff --git a/docs/src/gen_complist.py b/docs/src/gen_complist.py
index 7a7f4df6374..7b47a56654d 100644
--- a/docs/src/gen_complist.py
+++ b/docs/src/gen_complist.py
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ def write_if_changed(path, content):
         f.write(content)
     return True
 
-man1_path = '../docs/man/man1'
+man1_path = '../docs/build/man/man1'
 man1_files = {f for f in os.listdir(man1_path) if f[0] != '.' and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(man1_path, f))}
-man9_path = '../docs/man/man9'
+man9_path = '../docs/build/man/man9'
 man9_files = {f for f in os.listdir(man9_path) if f[0] != '.' and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(man9_path, f))}
 man_files = man1_files.union(man9_files)
 complist_doc = set()
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def add_links(lines, add_descr):
                     line = line.replace(comp_man, 'link:../man/man'+man+'/'+comp_man+'.html['+comp+']', 1)
                     if add_descr:
                         splitted = line.split('|')
-                        splitted[2] = extract_descr('../docs/man/man'+man+'/'+comp_man)\
+                        splitted[2] = extract_descr('../docs/build/man/man'+man+'/'+comp_man)\
                             .replace(comp + ' ', ' ', 1).strip('\n -')
                         line = '|'.join(splitted)
         result.append(line)
diff --git a/docs/src/hal/tutorial.adoc b/docs/src/hal/tutorial.adoc
index cacd61d7c55..87dcfa00d74 100644
--- a/docs/src/hal/tutorial.adoc
+++ b/docs/src/hal/tutorial.adoc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ man page is not installed but is accessible in the LinuxCNC main directory
 with the following command:
 
 ----
-$ man -M docs/man halcmd
+$ man -M docs/build/man halcmd
 ----
 
 === Notation
diff --git a/scripts/rip-environment.in b/scripts/rip-environment.in
index 0f3ade3d596..13da69e22e8 100644
--- a/scripts/rip-environment.in
+++ b/scripts/rip-environment.in
@@ -93,12 +93,12 @@ fi
 
 if [ -z "$MANPATH" ]; then
     if type -path manpath > /dev/null 2>&1; then
-	MANPATH=$EMC2_HOME/docs/man:"$(manpath)"
+	MANPATH=$EMC2_HOME/docs/build/man:"$(manpath)"
     else
-	MANPATH=$EMC2_HOME/docs/man:/usr/local/man:/usr/local/share/man:/usr/share/man
+	MANPATH=$EMC2_HOME/docs/build/man:/usr/local/man:/usr/local/share/man:/usr/share/man
     fi
 else
-    MANPATH=$EMC2_HOME/docs/man:"$MANPATH"
+    MANPATH=$EMC2_HOME/docs/build/man:"$MANPATH"
 fi
 
 if [ -z "$GLADE_CATALOG_SEARCH_PATH" ]; then
diff --git a/src/Doxyfile b/src/Doxyfile
index 6e210be5a76..ba7e4cc6865 100644
--- a/src/Doxyfile
+++ b/src/Doxyfile
@@ -2095,7 +2095,7 @@ GENERATE_MAN           = NO
 # The default directory is: man.
 # This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_MAN is set to YES.
 
-MAN_OUTPUT             = ../docs/man
+MAN_OUTPUT             = ../docs/build/man
 
 # The MAN_EXTENSION tag determines the extension that is added to the generated
 # man pages. In case the manual section does not start with a number, the number
diff --git a/src/Makefile b/src/Makefile
index 482d453198c..4b221e6546b 100644
--- a/src/Makefile
+++ b/src/Makefile
@@ -679,9 +679,9 @@ install-dirs:
 		$(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/linuxcnc/hallib
 
 install-kernel-indep: install-dirs
-	$(FILE) ../docs/man/man1/*.1 $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1
-	$(FILE) $(wildcard ../docs/man/man3/*.3) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man3
-	$(FILE) $(wildcard ../docs/man/man9/*.9) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man9
+	$(FILE) ../docs/build/man/man1/*.1 $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1
+	$(FILE) $(wildcard ../docs/build/man/man3/*.3) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man3
+	$(FILE) $(wildcard ../docs/build/man/man9/*.9) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man9
 	$(FILE) objects/*.msg $(DESTDIR)$(tcldir)/msgs
 	$(EXE) ../scripts/realtime $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/lib/linuxcnc
 	$(EXE) ../scripts/halrun $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)
@@ -1461,7 +1461,7 @@ swish:
 		$(dir $(BASEPWD))scripts \
 		$(dir $(BASEPWD))configs \
 		$(dir $(BASEPWD))docs/src \
-		$(dir $(BASEPWD))docs/man/man1
+		$(dir $(BASEPWD))docs/build/man/man1
 
 # When you depend on objects/var-ZZZ you are depending on the contents of the
 # variable ZZZ, which is assumed to depend on a Makefile, a Submakefile, or
diff --git a/src/hal/components/Submakefile b/src/hal/components/Submakefile
index 2c37b2043f8..718ed39d1a6 100644
--- a/src/hal/components/Submakefile
+++ b/src/hal/components/Submakefile
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ CONVERTERS :=  \
     conv_u64_u32.comp \
     conv_u64_s64.comp
 COMPS := $(filter-out hal/components/tpcomp.comp hal/components/homecomp.comp, $(sort $(wildcard hal/components/*.comp) $(addprefix hal/components/, $(CONVERTERS))))
-COMP_MANPAGES := $(patsubst hal/components/%.comp, ../docs/man/man9/%.9, $(COMPS)) ../docs/man/man9/tpcomp.9 ../docs/man/man9/homecomp.9
+COMP_MANPAGES := $(patsubst hal/components/%.comp, ../docs/build/man/man9/%.9, $(COMPS)) ../docs/build/man/man9/tpcomp.9 ../docs/build/man/man9/homecomp.9
 ifeq ($(BUILD_SYS),uspace)
 COMP_DRIVERS += hal/drivers/serport.comp
 COMP_DRIVERS += hal/drivers/mesa_7i65.comp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ COMP_DRIVERS += hal/drivers/mesa_uart.comp
 else
 COMP_DRIVERS := $(wildcard hal/drivers/*.comp)
 endif
-COMP_DRIVER_MANPAGES := $(patsubst hal/drivers/%.comp, ../docs/man/man9/%.9, $(COMP_DRIVERS))
+COMP_DRIVER_MANPAGES := $(patsubst hal/drivers/%.comp, ../docs/build/man/man9/%.9, $(COMP_DRIVERS))
 TARGETS += manpages
 GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(COMP_MANPAGES)
 GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(COMP_DRIVER_MANPAGES)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ $(COMP_DRIVER_MANPAGE_ADOCS): objects/man/man9/%.9.adoc: hal/drivers/%.comp ../b
 # emitting troff directly with sed post-processing to escape .als / .URL
 # directives that the old dblatex-based PDF pipeline choked on; with the
 # asciidoctor toolchain reading adoc straight through, that hack is gone.
-$(COMP_MANPAGES) $(COMP_DRIVER_MANPAGES): ../docs/man/man9/%.9: objects/man/man9/%.9.adoc
+$(COMP_MANPAGES) $(COMP_DRIVER_MANPAGES): ../docs/build/man/man9/%.9: objects/man/man9/%.9.adoc
 	$(ECHO) Making halcompile manpage $(notdir $@)
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(Q)asciidoctor --doctype=manpage \
diff --git a/src/hal/components/stylesheet.9 b/src/hal/components/stylesheet.9
deleted file mode 100644
index e313077c576..00000000000
--- a/src/hal/components/stylesheet.9
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.HEAD "<link rel=""stylesheet"" href=""../../asciidoc.css"" type=""text/css"" /> <link rel=""stylesheet"" href=""../../linuxcnc.css"" type=""text/css"" />"
diff --git a/src/hal/user_comps/Submakefile b/src/hal/user_comps/Submakefile
index 42a52579cee..3dd1fe725b9 100644
--- a/src/hal/user_comps/Submakefile
+++ b/src/hal/user_comps/Submakefile
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ USER_COMP_PY = pyvcp hal_input gladevcp scorbot-er-3 mitsub_vfd pmx485 sim-torch
 
 USER_COMPS := $(sort $(wildcard hal/user_comps/*.comp))
 USER_COMP_BINS := $(patsubst hal/user_comps/%.comp, ../bin/%, $(USER_COMPS))
-USER_COMP_MANPAGES := $(patsubst hal/user_comps/%.comp, ../docs/man/man1/%.1, $(USER_COMPS))
+USER_COMP_MANPAGES := $(patsubst hal/user_comps/%.comp, ../docs/build/man/man1/%.1, $(USER_COMPS))
 USER_COMP_SRCS := $(patsubst %.comp, objects/%.c, $(USER_COMPS))
 GENERATED_MANPAGES += $(USER_COMP_MANPAGES)
 USERSRCS += $(USER_COMP_SRCS)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ USERSRCS += $(SENDKEYS_SRC)
 	$(Q)$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^
 TARGETS += ../bin/sendkeys
 
-$(USER_COMP_MANPAGES): ../docs/man/man1/%.1: hal/user_comps/%.comp ../bin/halcompile
+$(USER_COMP_MANPAGES): ../docs/build/man/man1/%.1: hal/user_comps/%.comp ../bin/halcompile
 	$(ECHO) Making halcompile manpage $(notdir $@)
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@) objects/man/man1
 	$(Q)../bin/halcompile -U --userspace --document --keep-adoc=$@.adoc -o $@ $<
diff --git a/src/hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/Submakefile b/src/hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/Submakefile
index 18c31a6249c..231c34aa085 100644
--- a/src/hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/Submakefile
+++ b/src/hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/Submakefile
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/pi500_vfd.c: hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/pi500_vfd.comp ..
 	$(ECHO) "Preprocessing pi500_vfd.comp"
 	$(Q)../bin/halcompile -U --preprocess $<
 
-../docs/man/man1/pi500_vfd.1: hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/pi500_vfd.comp ../bin/halcompile
+../docs/build/man/man1/pi500_vfd.1: hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/pi500_vfd.comp ../bin/halcompile
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@) objects/man/man1
 	$(Q)../bin/halcompile -U -u --document --keep-adoc=$@.adoc -o $@ $<
 	$(Q)sed -i -e's/^\.als /.\\" .als /' $@
@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ pi500_clean:
 	-rm -f hal/user_comps/pi500_vfd/pi500_vfd.1
 
 TARGETS += ../bin/pi500_vfd
-GENERATED_MANPAGES += ../docs/man/man1/pi500_vfd.1
+GENERATED_MANPAGES += ../docs/build/man/man1/pi500_vfd.1
 endif
 
diff --git a/src/hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/Submakefile b/src/hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/Submakefile
index a8b582a3e38..81a41e6442c 100644
--- a/src/hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/Submakefile
+++ b/src/hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/Submakefile
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/wj200_vfd.c: hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/wj200_vfd.comp ..
 	$(ECHO) "Preprocessing wj200_vfd.comp"
 	$(Q)../bin/halcompile -U --preprocess $<
 
-../docs/man/man1/wj200_vfd.1: hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/wj200_vfd.comp ../bin/halcompile
+../docs/build/man/man1/wj200_vfd.1: hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/wj200_vfd.comp ../bin/halcompile
 	@mkdir -p $(dir $@) objects/man/man1
 	$(Q)../bin/halcompile -U -u --document --keep-adoc=$@.adoc -o $@ $<
 	$(Q)sed -i -e's/^\.als /.\\" .als /' $@
@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ wj200_clean:
 	-rm -f hal/user_comps/wj200_vfd/wj200_vfd.1
 
 TARGETS += ../bin/wj200_vfd
-GENERATED_MANPAGES += ../docs/man/man1/wj200_vfd.1
+GENERATED_MANPAGES += ../docs/build/man/man1/wj200_vfd.1
 endif
 
diff --git a/src/hal/utils/halcompile.g b/src/hal/utils/halcompile.g
index fcce8c63297..ab5a38310ed 100644
--- a/src/hal/utils/halcompile.g
+++ b/src/hal/utils/halcompile.g
@@ -1308,7 +1308,7 @@ def main():
                     manpath = os.path.join(BASE, "share/man/man" + section)
                     sharepath = manpath
                     if not os.path.isdir(manpath):
-                        manpath = os.path.join(BASE, "docs/man/man" + section)
+                        manpath = os.path.join(BASE, "docs/build/man/man" + section)
                         if not os.path.isdir(manpath):
                             raise SystemExit("Error: directory '%s' (nor alternative '%s') found" % (sharepath, manpath))
                     outfile = os.path.join(manpath, basename + "." + section)