diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index cc1a2a41..dacfbf2c 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
 
-S3method(as_gt,fixed_design)
-S3method(as_gt,gs_design)
+S3method(as_gt,fixed_design_summary)
+S3method(as_gt,gs_design_summary)
 S3method(as_gt,simtrial_gs_wlr)
-S3method(as_rtf,fixed_design)
-S3method(as_rtf,gs_design)
+S3method(as_rtf,fixed_design_summary)
+S3method(as_rtf,gs_design_summary)
 S3method(summary,fixed_design)
 S3method(summary,gs_design)
 S3method(to_integer,fixed_design)
diff --git a/R/as_gt.R b/R/as_gt.R
index 160479b8..b925d6f2 100644
--- a/R/as_gt.R
+++ b/R/as_gt.R
@@ -78,60 +78,22 @@ as_gt <- function(x, ...) {
 #' ) |>
 #'   summary() |>
 #'   as_gt()
-as_gt.fixed_design <- function(x, title = NULL, footnote = NULL, ...) {
-  method <- fd_method(x)
-  ans <- gt::gt(x) |>
-    gt::tab_header(title = title %||% fd_title(method))
-  if (!isFALSE(footnote)) ans <- ans |>
-    gt::tab_footnote(
-      footnote = footnote %||% fd_footnote(x, method),
-      locations = gt::cells_title(group = "title")
-    )
-  return(ans)
-}
-
-get_method <- function(x, methods) intersect(methods, class(x))[1]
+as_gt.fixed_design_summary <- function(x, title = NULL, footnote = NULL, ...) {
+  if (is.null(title)) title <- attr(x, "title")
+  if (is.null(footnote)) footnote <- attr(x, "footnote")
 
-# get the fixed design method
-fd_method <- function(x) {
-  get_method(x, c("ahr", "fh", "mb", "lf", "rd", "maxcombo", "milestone", "rmst"))
-}
+  ans <- gt::gt(x) |>
+    gt::tab_header(title = title)
 
-# get the default title
-fd_title <- function(method) {
-  sprintf("Fixed Design %s Method", switch(
-    method,
-    ahr = "under AHR", fh = "under Fleming-Harrington", mb = "under Magirr-Burman",
-    lf = "under Lachin and Foulkes", maxcombo = "under MaxCombo",
-    milestone = "under Milestone", rmst = "under Restricted Mean Survival Time",
-    rd = "of Risk Difference under Farrington-Manning"
-  ))
-}
+  if (!isFALSE(footnote)) {
+    ans <- ans |>
+      gt::tab_footnote(
+        footnote = footnote,
+        locations = gt::cells_title(group = "title")
+      )
+  }
 
-# get the default footnote
-fd_footnote <- function(x, method) {
-  switch(
-    method,
-    ahr = "Power computed with average hazard ratio method.",
-    fh = paste(
-      "Power for Fleming-Harrington test", substring(x$Design, 19),
-      "using method of Yung and Liu."
-    ),
-    lf = paste(
-      "Power using Lachin and Foulkes method applied using expected",
-      "average hazard ratio (AHR) at time of planned analysis."
-    ),
-    rd = paste(
-      "Risk difference power without continuity correction using method of",
-      "Farrington and Manning."
-    ),
-    maxcombo = paste0(
-      "Power for MaxCombo test with Fleming-Harrington tests ",
-      substring(x$Design, 9), "."
-    ),
-    # for mb, milestone, and rmst
-    paste("Power for", x$Design, "computed with method of Yung and Liu.")
-  )
+  return(ans)
 }
 
 #' @rdname as_gt
@@ -243,7 +205,7 @@ fd_footnote <- function(x, method) {
 #'   summary() |>
 #'   as_gt(display_columns = c("Analysis", "Bound", "Nominal p", "Z", "Probability"))
 #' }
-as_gt.gs_design <- function(
+as_gt.gs_design_summary <- function(
     x,
     title = NULL,
     subtitle = NULL,
@@ -355,7 +317,7 @@ gsd_footnote <- function(method, columns) {
 # footnote for non-binding designs
 gsd_footnote_nb <- function(x, x_alpha) {
   full_alpha <- attr(x, "full_alpha")
-  if (!inherits(x, "non_binding") || x_alpha >= full_alpha) return()
+  if (attr(x, "binding") || x_alpha >= full_alpha) return()
   a1 <- format(x_alpha, scientific = FALSE)
   a2 <- format(full_alpha, scientific = FALSE)
   a3 <- format(full_alpha - x_alpha, scientific = FALSE)
@@ -387,7 +349,7 @@ gsd_parts <- function(
   x, title, subtitle, spannersub, footnote, bound, columns, inf_bound,
   transform = identity
 ) {
-  method <- intersect(c("ahr", "wlr", "combo", "rd"), class(x))[1]
+  method <- attr(x, "design")
   if (!inf_bound) x <- filter(x, !is.infinite(Z))
   # `x` needs a custom transformation in as_rtf()
   x2 <- transform(x)
diff --git a/R/as_rtf.R b/R/as_rtf.R
index fd8eb040..a8bc18e8 100644
--- a/R/as_rtf.R
+++ b/R/as_rtf.R
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ as_rtf <- function(x, ...) {
 #' ) |>
 #'   summary() |>
 #'   as_rtf(file = tempfile(fileext = ".rtf"))
-as_rtf.fixed_design <- function(
+as_rtf.fixed_design_summary <- function(
     x,
     title = NULL,
     footnote = NULL,
@@ -100,9 +100,10 @@ as_rtf.fixed_design <- function(
     file,
     ...) {
   orientation <- match.arg(orientation)
-  method <- fd_method(x)
-  title <- title %||% paste(fd_title(method), "{^a}")
-  footnote <- footnote %||% paste("{^a}", fd_footnote(x, method))
+  if (is.null(title)) title <- attr(x, "title")
+  if (is.null(footnote)) footnote <- attr(x, "footnote")
+  title <- paste(title, "{^a}")
+  footnote <- paste("{^a}", footnote)
 
   # set default column width
   n_row <- nrow(x)
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@ check_rel_width <- function(width, n_col) {
 #'     file = tempfile(fileext = ".rtf")
 #'   )
 #' }
-as_rtf.gs_design <- function(
+as_rtf.gs_design_summary <- function(
     x,
     title = NULL,
     subtitle = NULL,
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_ahr.R b/R/fixed_design_ahr.R
index a5dce740..f506e075 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_ahr.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_ahr.R
@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ fixed_design_ahr <- function(
       info_scale = info_scale
     )
   }
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "ahr",
     n = d$analysis$n,
@@ -132,10 +134,16 @@ fixed_design_ahr <- function(
     alpha = alpha,
     power = (d$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate,
-    fail_rate = d$fail_rate, analysis = ans, design = "ahr"
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans, design = "ahr"
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = "Average hazard ratio",
+    title = "Fixed Design under AHR Method",
+    footnote = "Power computed with average hazard ratio method."
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_fh.R b/R/fixed_design_fh.R
index 95fe6dbe..52df87a1 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_fh.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_fh.R
@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ fixed_design_fh <- function(
       info_scale = info_scale
     )
   }
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "fh",
     n = d$analysis$n,
@@ -131,11 +133,23 @@ fixed_design_fh <- function(
     alpha = alpha,
     power = (d$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
-    analysis = ans,
-    design = "fh", design_par = list(rho = rho, gamma = gamma)
+  design_display <- paste0(
+    "Fleming-Harrington FH(", rho, ", ", gamma, ")",
+    if (rho == 0 && gamma == 0) " (logrank)"
+  )
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans, design = "fh", design_par = list(rho = rho, gamma = gamma)
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = design_display,
+    title = "Fixed Design under Fleming-Harrington Method",
+    footnote = paste(
+      "Power for Fleming-Harrington test", substring(design_display, 19),
+      "using method of Yung and Liu."
+    )
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_lf.R b/R/fixed_design_lf.R
index d4805625..fa8510bf 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_lf.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_lf.R
@@ -172,6 +172,8 @@ fixed_design_lf <- function(
       rr[, 1]
     })
   )
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "lf",
     n = d$n,
@@ -181,13 +183,22 @@ fixed_design_lf <- function(
     alpha = d$alpha,
     power = d$power
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * d$n / sum(enroll_rate$duration * enroll_rate$rate)),
-    fail_rate = fail_rate,
-    analysis = ans,
-    design = "lf"
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input,
+      enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * d$n / sum(enroll_rate$duration * enroll_rate$rate)),
+      fail_rate = fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans,
+      design = "lf"
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = "Lachin and Foulkes",
+    title = "Fixed Design under Lachin and Foulkes Method",
+    footnote = paste(
+      "Power using Lachin and Foulkes method applied using expected",
+      "average hazard ratio (AHR) at time of planned analysis."
+    )
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_maxcombo.R b/R/fixed_design_maxcombo.R
index 36ce20cf..99bacebd 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_maxcombo.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_maxcombo.R
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ fixed_design_maxcombo <- function(
       lower = gs_b, lpar = -Inf
     )
   }
-  # get the output of MaxCombo
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "maxcombo",
     n = d$analysis$n,
@@ -126,11 +127,30 @@ fixed_design_maxcombo <- function(
     alpha = alpha,
     power = (d$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate, analysis = ans,
-    design = "maxcombo", design_par = list(rho = rho, gamma = gamma, tau = tau)
+  design_display <- gsub(
+    "FH(0, 0)", "logrank", paste(
+      "MaxCombo:", paste0(
+        "FHC(", rho, ", ", gamma, ")",
+        collapse = ", "
+      )
+    ),
+    fixed = TRUE
+  )
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans, design = "maxcombo",
+      design_par = list(rho = rho, gamma = gamma, tau = tau)
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = design_display,
+    title = "Fixed Design under MaxCombo Method",
+    footnote = paste0(
+      "Power for MaxCombo test with Fleming-Harrington tests ",
+      substring(design_display, 9),
+      "."
+    )
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_mb.R b/R/fixed_design_mb.R
index c4c66cdf..fafc4d35 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_mb.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_mb.R
@@ -118,7 +118,8 @@ fixed_design_mb <- function(
       info_scale = info_scale
     )
   }
-  # get the output of MB
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "mb",
     n = d$analysis$n,
@@ -129,10 +130,20 @@ fixed_design_mb <- function(
     alpha = alpha,
     power = (d$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate, analysis = ans,
-    design = "mb", design_par = list(tau = tau, w_max = w_max)
+  design_display <- paste0("Modestly weighted LR: tau = ", tau)
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans, design = "mb", design_par = list(tau = tau, w_max = w_max)
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = design_display,
+    title = "Fixed Design under Magirr-Burman Method",
+    footnote = paste(
+      "Power for", design_display,
+      "computed with method of Yung and Liu."
+    )
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_milestone.R b/R/fixed_design_milestone.R
index 4ecea03e..6b5e7186 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_milestone.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_milestone.R
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ fixed_design_milestone <- function(
       tau = tau
     )
   }
-  # get the output of MaxCombo
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "milestone",
     n = d$analysis$n,
@@ -114,11 +115,20 @@ fixed_design_milestone <- function(
     alpha = alpha,
     power = (d$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate, analysis = ans,
-    design = "milestone", design_par = list(tau = tau)
+  design_display <- paste("Milestone: tau =", tau)
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans, design = "milestone", design_par = list(tau = tau)
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = design_display,
+    title = "Fixed Design under Milestone Method",
+    footnote = paste(
+      "Power for", design_display,
+      "computed with method of Yung and Liu."
+    )
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_rd.R b/R/fixed_design_rd.R
index 8ad69fac..256a24f5 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_rd.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_rd.R
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ fixed_design_rd <- function(
       info_scale = info_scale
     )
   }
-  # get the output of MaxCombo
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "rd",
     n = d$analysis$n,
@@ -108,10 +109,19 @@ fixed_design_rd <- function(
     alpha = alpha,
     power = (d$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate, analysis = ans, design = "rd"
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans, design = "rd"
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = "Risk difference",
+    title = "Fixed Design of Risk Difference under Farrington-Manning Method",
+    footnote = paste(
+      "Risk difference power without continuity correction using method of",
+      "Farrington and Manning."
+    )
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/fixed_design_rmst.R b/R/fixed_design_rmst.R
index f514f09b..6c7c883e 100644
--- a/R/fixed_design_rmst.R
+++ b/R/fixed_design_rmst.R
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ fixed_design_rmst <- function(
       tau = tau
     )
   }
-  # get the output
+
+  # Prepare output ----
   ans <- tibble(
     design = "rmst",
     n = d$analysis$n,
@@ -113,11 +114,21 @@ fixed_design_rmst <- function(
     alpha = alpha,
     power = (d$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
   )
-  y <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate, analysis = ans,
-    design = "rmst", design_par = list(tau = tau), study_duration
+  design_display <- paste("RMST: tau =", tau)
+  y <- structure(
+    list(
+      input = input, enroll_rate = d$enroll_rate, fail_rate = d$fail_rate,
+      analysis = ans, design = "rmst", design_par = list(tau = tau),
+      study_duration
+    ),
+    class = "fixed_design",
+    design_display = design_display,
+    title = "Fixed Design under Restricted Mean Survival Time Method",
+    footnote = paste(
+      "Power for", design_display,
+      "computed with method of Yung and Liu."
+    )
   )
-  class(y) <- c("fixed_design", class(y))
+
   return(y)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_bound_summary.R b/R/gs_bound_summary.R
index b388c9d1..72f8b9c6 100644
--- a/R/gs_bound_summary.R
+++ b/R/gs_bound_summary.R
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ gs_bound_summary <- function(x, digits = 4, ddigits = 2, tdigits = 0, timename =
                                    tdigits = tdigits, timename = timename)
     return(out)
   }
-  if (!inherits(x, "ahr")) stop("The argument `alpha` is only supported for AHR design objects")
+  if (!x$design == "ahr") stop("The argument `alpha` is only supported for AHR design objects")
   if (!is.numeric(alpha)) stop("The argument `alpha` must be a numeric vector")
 
   # Support multiple alphas
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ gs_bound_summary_single <- function(x, col_efficacy_name = "Efficacy", digits,
     hr <- round(hr, ddigits)
     hr_label <- "HR"
     # logrank test (gs_xxx_ahr): HR -> AHR
-    if (inherits(x, "ahr")) hr_label <- "AHR"
+    if (x$design == "ahr") hr_label <- "AHR"
     # weighted logrank test (gs_xxx_wlr): HR -> wAHR
-    if (inherits(x, "wlr")) hr_label <- "wAHR"
+    if (x$design == "wlr") hr_label <- "wAHR"
     col_value <- c(
       col_value,
       "Z", "p (1-sided)", "~HR at bound", "P(Cross) if HR=1",
diff --git a/R/gs_design_ahr.R b/R/gs_design_ahr.R
index f9cc7bc0..a8e29324 100644
--- a/R/gs_design_ahr.R
+++ b/R/gs_design_ahr.R
@@ -396,16 +396,19 @@ gs_design_ahr <- function(
   )
 
   # Return the output ----
-  ans <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * inflac_fct),
-    fail_rate = fail_rate,
-    bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
-    analysis = analysis
+  ans <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "ahr",
+      input = input,
+      enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * inflac_fct),
+      fail_rate = fail_rate,
+      bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding,
+    uninteger_is_from = "gs_design_ahr"
   )
 
-  ans <- add_class(ans, if (!binding) "non_binding", "ahr", "gs_design")
-  attr(ans, 'uninteger_is_from') <- "gs_design_ahr"
-
   return(ans)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_design_combo.R b/R/gs_design_combo.R
index f60f42ca..24d7b78b 100644
--- a/R/gs_design_combo.R
+++ b/R/gs_design_combo.R
@@ -316,17 +316,17 @@ gs_design_combo <- function(
     arrange(analysis)
 
   # Output ----
-  output <- list(
-    enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * max(analysis$n) / sum(rate * duration)),
-    fail_rate = fail_rate,
-    bounds = bounds,
-    analysis = analysis
+  output <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "combo",
+      enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * max(analysis$n) / sum(rate * duration)),
+      fail_rate = fail_rate,
+      bounds = bounds,
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding
   )
 
-  class(output) <- c("combo", "gs_design", class(output))
-  if (!binding) {
-    class(output) <- c("non_binding", class(output))
-  }
-
   return(output)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_design_rd.R b/R/gs_design_rd.R
index b4f425e3..0f76f13b 100644
--- a/R/gs_design_rd.R
+++ b/R/gs_design_rd.R
@@ -271,14 +271,17 @@ gs_design_rd <- function(p_c = tibble::tibble(stratum = "All", rate = .2),
     select(analysis, n, rd, rd0, info, info0, info_frac, info_frac0)
 
   # Return the output ----
-  ans <- list(
-    input = input,
-    bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
-    analysis = analysis
+  ans <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "rd",
+      input = input,
+      bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding,
+    uninteger_is_from = "gs_design_rd"
   )
 
-  ans <- add_class(ans, if (!binding) "non_binding", "rd", "gs_design")
-  attr(ans, 'uninteger_is_from') <- "gs_design_rd"
-
   return(ans)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_design_wlr.R b/R/gs_design_wlr.R
index 6423dd22..a208302c 100644
--- a/R/gs_design_wlr.R
+++ b/R/gs_design_wlr.R
@@ -329,15 +329,19 @@ gs_design_wlr <- function(
     info_scale = info_scale, r = r, tol = tol)
 
   # final output
-  ans <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * inflac_fct),
-    fail_rate = fail_rate,
-    bounds = bounds |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
-    analysis = analysis)
-
-  ans <- add_class(ans, if (!binding) "non_binding", "wlr", "gs_design")
-  attr(ans, 'uninteger_is_from') <- "gs_design_wlr"
+  ans <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "wlr",
+      input = input,
+      enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * inflac_fct),
+      fail_rate = fail_rate,
+      bounds = bounds |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding,
+    uninteger_is_from = "gs_design_wlr"
+  )
 
   return(ans)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_power_ahr.R b/R/gs_power_ahr.R
index 3da9b98c..16e37158 100644
--- a/R/gs_power_ahr.R
+++ b/R/gs_power_ahr.R
@@ -291,16 +291,19 @@ gs_power_ahr <- function(
     info_scale = info_scale, r = r, tol = tol
   )
 
-  ans <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = enroll_rate,
-    fail_rate = fail_rate,
-    bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
-    analysis = analysis
+  ans <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "ahr",
+      input = input,
+      enroll_rate = enroll_rate,
+      fail_rate = fail_rate,
+      bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding,
+    uninteger_is_from = "gs_power_ahr"
   )
 
-  ans <- add_class(ans, if (!binding) "non_binding", "ahr", "gs_design")
-  attr(ans, 'uninteger_is_from') <- "gs_power_ahr"
-
   return(ans)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_power_combo.R b/R/gs_power_combo.R
index 7ba2f33c..c22429c9 100644
--- a/R/gs_power_combo.R
+++ b/R/gs_power_combo.R
@@ -238,17 +238,17 @@ gs_power_combo <- function(
     arrange(analysis)
 
   # Output ----
-  output <- list(
-    enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * max(analysis$n) / sum(rate * duration)),
-    fail_rate = fail_rate,
-    bound = bound,
-    analysis = analysis
+  output <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "combo",
+      enroll_rate = enroll_rate |> mutate(rate = rate * max(analysis$n) / sum(rate * duration)),
+      fail_rate = fail_rate,
+      bound = bound,
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding
   )
 
-  class(output) <- c("combo", "gs_design", class(output))
-  if (!binding) {
-    class(output) <- c("non_binding", class(output))
-  }
-
   return(output)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_power_rd.R b/R/gs_power_rd.R
index 057e6721..4bfc3910 100644
--- a/R/gs_power_rd.R
+++ b/R/gs_power_rd.R
@@ -343,13 +343,16 @@ gs_power_rd <- function(
       select(analysis, n, rd, rd0, theta1, theta0, info, info0, info_frac, info_frac0)
   )
 
-  ans <- list(
-    bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
-    analysis = analysis
+  ans <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "rd",
+      bound = bound |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding,
+    uninteger_is_from = "gs_power_rd"
   )
 
-  ans <- add_class(ans, if (!binding) "non_binding", "rd", "gs_design")
-  attr(ans, 'uninteger_is_from') <- "gs_power_rd"
-
   return(ans)
 }
diff --git a/R/gs_power_wlr.R b/R/gs_power_wlr.R
index f47b2c24..93c7d80e 100644
--- a/R/gs_power_wlr.R
+++ b/R/gs_power_wlr.R
@@ -308,17 +308,20 @@ gs_power_wlr <- function(enroll_rate = define_enroll_rate(duration = c(2, 2, 10)
   )
 
   # Return the output ----
-  ans <- list(
-    input = input,
-    enroll_rate = enroll_rate,
-    fail_rate = fail_rate,
-    bounds = bounds |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
-    analysis = analysis
+  ans <- structure(
+    list(
+      design = "wlr",
+      input = input,
+      enroll_rate = enroll_rate,
+      fail_rate = fail_rate,
+      bounds = bounds |> filter(!is.infinite(z)),
+      analysis = analysis
+    ),
+    class = "gs_design",
+    binding = binding,
+    uninteger_is_from = "gs_power_wlr"
   )
 
-  ans <- add_class(ans, if (!binding) "non_binding", "wlr", "gs_design")
-  attr(ans, 'uninteger_is_from') <- "gs_power_wlr"
-
   return(ans)
 }
 
diff --git a/R/gs_update_ahr.R b/R/gs_update_ahr.R
index 63aea17f..023bc07f 100644
--- a/R/gs_update_ahr.R
+++ b/R/gs_update_ahr.R
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ gs_update_ahr <- function(
     stop("gs_update_ahr(): please input the original design created either by gs_design_ahr or gs_power_ahr.")
   }
 
-  if (!any((c("ahr", "wlr") %in% class(x)))) {
+  if (!x$design %in% c("ahr", "wlr")) {
     stop("gs_update_ahr(): the original design must be created either by gs_design_ahr, gs_power_ahr, gs_design_wlr, or gs_power_wlr.")
   }
 
@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@ gs_update_ahr <- function(
   # ----------------------------------- #
   ans <- list()
 
+  ans$design <- x$design
+
   ans$enroll_rate <- x$enroll_rate
 
   ans$fail_rate <- x$fail_rate
@@ -359,7 +361,10 @@ gs_update_ahr <- function(
     }
   )
 
-  class(ans) <- c(class(x), "updated_design")
+  class(ans) <- "gs_design"
+  attr(ans, "binding") <- attr(x, "binding")
+  attr(ans, "uninteger_is_from") <- attr(x, "uninteger_is_from")
+  attr(ans, "updated_design") <- TRUE
 
   return(ans)
 }
diff --git a/R/summary.R b/R/summary.R
index 433bc564..f6ebe77e 100644
--- a/R/summary.R
+++ b/R/summary.R
@@ -77,29 +77,16 @@
 #' ) |> summary()
 #'
 summary.fixed_design <- function(object, ...) {
-  x <- object
-  p <- x$design_par
-  ans <- x$analysis
-  ans$design <- switch(
-    x$design,
-    ahr = "Average hazard ratio",
-    lf = "Lachin and Foulkes",
-    rd = "Risk difference",
-    milestone = paste0("Milestone: tau = ", p$tau),
-    rmst = paste0("RMST: tau = ", p$tau),
-    mb = paste0("Modestly weighted LR: tau = ", p$tau),
-    fh = paste0(
-      "Fleming-Harrington FH(", p$rho, ", ", p$gamma, ")",
-      if (p$rho == 0 && p$gamma == 0) " (logrank)"
-    ),
-    maxcombo = gsub("FH(0, 0)", "logrank", paste(
-      "MaxCombo:", paste0("FHC(", p[[1]], ", ", p[[2]], ")", collapse = ", ")
-    ), fixed = TRUE)
-  )
+  ans <- object$analysis
+  ans$design <- attr(object, "design_display")
 
   # capitalize names
   ans <- cap_names(ans)
-  ans <- add_class(ans, "fixed_design", x$design)
+  # Propagate attributes for as_gt()/as_rtf() tables
+  attr(ans, "title") <- attr(object, "title")
+  attr(ans, "footnote") <- attr(object, "footnote")
+
+  ans <- add_class(ans, "fixed_design_summary")
   return(ans)
 }
 
@@ -273,7 +260,7 @@ summary.gs_design <- function(object,
   x <- object
   x_bound <- x$bound
   x_analysis <- x$analysis
-  method <- get_method(x, c("ahr", "wlr", "combo", "rd"))
+  method <- x$design
 
   # Prepare the analysis summary row ----
   # get the
@@ -351,9 +338,9 @@ summary.gs_design <- function(object,
   # Set the decimals to display ----
   for (j in col_vars) output[[j]] <- round2(output[[j]], col_decimals[j])
 
-  output <- add_class(
-    output, method, intersect("non_binding", class(object)), method, "gs_design"
-  )
+  output <- add_class(output, "gs_design_summary")
+  attr(output, "binding") <- attr(x, "binding")
+  attr(output, "design") <- x$design
 
   # Save the full alpha as an attribute of the output summary table
   # Use input$alpha when given power to calculate sample size
diff --git a/R/to_integer.R b/R/to_integer.R
index fdb06b90..8d19467b 100644
--- a/R/to_integer.R
+++ b/R/to_integer.R
@@ -178,12 +178,16 @@ to_integer.fixed_design <- function(x, round_up_final = TRUE, ratio = x$input$ra
       power = (x_new$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
     )
 
-    ans <- list(
-      input = x$input, enroll_rate = x_new$enroll_rate, fail_rate = x_new$fail_rate,
-      analysis = analysis, design = "ahr"
+    ans <- structure(
+      list(
+        input = x$input, enroll_rate = x_new$enroll_rate, fail_rate = x_new$fail_rate,
+        analysis = analysis, design = "ahr"
+      ),
+      class = "fixed_design",
+      design_display = attr(x, "design_display"),
+      title = attr(x, "title"),
+      footnote = attr(x, "footnote")
     )
-
-    ans <- add_class(ans, "fixed_design")
   } else if ((x$design == "fh") && (input_n != output_n)) {
     x_new <- gs_power_wlr(
       enroll_rate = enroll_rate_new,
@@ -207,12 +211,16 @@ to_integer.fixed_design <- function(x, round_up_final = TRUE, ratio = x$input$ra
       power = (x_new$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
     )
 
-    ans <- list(
-      input = x$input, enroll_rate = x_new$enroll_rate, fail_rate = x_new$fail_rate,
-      analysis = analysis, design = "fh", design_par = x$design_par
+    ans <- structure(
+      list(
+        input = x$input, enroll_rate = x_new$enroll_rate, fail_rate = x_new$fail_rate,
+        analysis = analysis, design = "fh", design_par = x$design_par
+      ),
+      class = "fixed_design",
+      design_display = attr(x, "design_display"),
+      title = attr(x, "title"),
+      footnote = attr(x, "footnote")
     )
-
-    ans <- add_class(ans, "fixed_design")
   } else if ((x$design == "mb") && (input_n != output_n)) {
     x_new <- gs_power_wlr(
       enroll_rate = enroll_rate_new,
@@ -236,12 +244,16 @@ to_integer.fixed_design <- function(x, round_up_final = TRUE, ratio = x$input$ra
       power = (x_new$bound |> filter(bound == "upper"))$probability
     )
 
-    ans <- list(
-      input = x$input, enroll_rate = x_new$enroll_rate, fail_rate = x_new$fail_rate,
-      analysis = analysis, design = "mb", design_par = x$design_par
+    ans <- structure(
+      list(
+        input = x$input, enroll_rate = x_new$enroll_rate, fail_rate = x_new$fail_rate,
+        analysis = analysis, design = "mb", design_par = x$design_par
+      ),
+      class = "fixed_design",
+      design_display = attr(x, "design_display"),
+      title = attr(x, "title"),
+      footnote = attr(x, "footnote")
     )
-
-    ans <- add_class(ans, "fixed_design")
   } else {
     message("The input object is not applicable to get an integer sample size.")
     ans <- x
@@ -320,9 +332,9 @@ to_integer.fixed_design <- function(x, round_up_final = TRUE, ratio = x$input$ra
 #' gsDesign::sfLDOF(alpha = 0.025, t = 18 / 30)$spend
 #' }
 to_integer.gs_design <- function(x, round_up_final = TRUE, ratio = x$input$ratio, ...) {
-  is_ahr <- inherits(x, "ahr")
-  is_wlr <- inherits(x, "wlr")
-  is_rd  <- inherits(x, "rd")
+  is_ahr <- x$design == "ahr"
+  is_wlr <- x$design == "wlr"
+  is_rd  <- x$design == "rd"
   if (!(is_ahr || is_wlr || is_rd)) {
     message("The input object is not applicable to get an integer sample size.")
     return(x)
diff --git a/R/utils.R b/R/utils.R
index db748f61..f8991b56 100644
--- a/R/utils.R
+++ b/R/utils.R
@@ -103,3 +103,6 @@ prune_hash <- function(h, size = 2^23) {
     n <- object.size(h)
   }
 }
+
+# Require exact matching by default when retrieving attributes
+attr = function(...) base::attr(..., exact = TRUE)
diff --git a/_pkgdown.yml b/_pkgdown.yml
index c185ce9a..59f7f563 100644
--- a/_pkgdown.yml
+++ b/_pkgdown.yml
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ reference:
     - summary.gs_design
     - text_summary
     - as_gt
-    - as_gt.fixed_design
-    - as_gt.gs_design
+    - as_gt.fixed_design_summary
+    - as_gt.gs_design_summary
     - as_rtf
-    - as_rtf.fixed_design
-    - as_rtf.gs_design
+    - as_rtf.fixed_design_summary
+    - as_rtf.gs_design_summary
     - gs_bound_summary
     - to_integer
     - to_integer.fixed_design
diff --git a/man/as_gt.Rd b/man/as_gt.Rd
index c60c9070..4912d73d 100644
--- a/man/as_gt.Rd
+++ b/man/as_gt.Rd
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 % Please edit documentation in R/as_gt.R
 \name{as_gt}
 \alias{as_gt}
-\alias{as_gt.fixed_design}
-\alias{as_gt.gs_design}
+\alias{as_gt.fixed_design_summary}
+\alias{as_gt.gs_design_summary}
 \title{Convert summary table of a fixed or group sequential design object to a gt object}
 \usage{
 as_gt(x, ...)
 
-\method{as_gt}{fixed_design}(x, title = NULL, footnote = NULL, ...)
+\method{as_gt}{fixed_design_summary}(x, title = NULL, footnote = NULL, ...)
 
-\method{as_gt}{gs_design}(
+\method{as_gt}{gs_design_summary}(
   x,
   title = NULL,
   subtitle = NULL,
diff --git a/man/as_rtf.Rd b/man/as_rtf.Rd
index cba82a1e..b66ef174 100644
--- a/man/as_rtf.Rd
+++ b/man/as_rtf.Rd
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 % Please edit documentation in R/as_rtf.R
 \name{as_rtf}
 \alias{as_rtf}
-\alias{as_rtf.fixed_design}
-\alias{as_rtf.gs_design}
+\alias{as_rtf.fixed_design_summary}
+\alias{as_rtf.gs_design_summary}
 \title{Write summary table of a fixed or group sequential design object to an RTF file}
 \usage{
 as_rtf(x, ...)
 
-\method{as_rtf}{fixed_design}(
+\method{as_rtf}{fixed_design_summary}(
   x,
   title = NULL,
   footnote = NULL,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ as_rtf(x, ...)
   ...
 )
 
-\method{as_rtf}{gs_design}(
+\method{as_rtf}{gs_design_summary}(
   x,
   title = NULL,
   subtitle = NULL,
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_footnote.rtf b/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_footnote.rtf
index 3994c76b..08d3539e 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_footnote.rtf
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_footnote.rtf
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 \intbl\row\pard
 \trowd\trgaph108\trleft0\trqc
 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\clbrdrt\brdrw15\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\clbrdrb\brdrdb\brdrw15\clvertalt\cellx9000
-\pard\hyphpar0\sb15\sa15\fi0\li0\ri0\ql\fs18{\f0 Power computed with average hazard ratio method given the sample size}\cell
+\pard\hyphpar0\sb15\sa15\fi0\li0\ri0\ql\fs18{\f0 {\super a} Power computed with average hazard ratio method given the sample size}\cell
 \intbl\row\pard
 
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_title.rtf b/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_title.rtf
index 49301765..4f75ba97 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_title.rtf
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/independent_as_rtf/fixed_design_ahr_title.rtf
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 \margl1800\margr1440\margt2520\margb1800\headery2520\footery1449
 
-{\pard\hyphpar\sb180\sa180\fi0\li0\ri0\qc\fs24{\f0 Fixed design under non-proportional hazards}\par}
+{\pard\hyphpar\sb180\sa180\fi0\li0\ri0\qc\fs24{\f0 Fixed design under non-proportional hazards {\super a}}\par}
 
 
 \trowd\trgaph108\trleft0\trqc
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-developer-as_gt.R b/tests/testthat/test-developer-as_gt.R
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd0b4b2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-developer-as_gt.R
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+test_that("footnote=FALSE removes footnote", {
+
+  # fixed design
+  x <- fixed_design_ahr(
+    enroll_rate = define_enroll_rate(duration = 18, rate = 1),
+    fail_rate = define_fail_rate(duration = 18, fail_rate = 0.1, dropout_rate = 0.001)
+  )
+  y <- summary(x)
+  z1 <- as_gt(y)
+  expect_equal(nrow(z1$`_footnotes`), 1)
+  z2 <- as_gt(y, footnote = FALSE)
+  expect_equal(nrow(z2$`_footnotes`), 0)
+
+  # gs design
+  x <- gs_design_ahr()
+  y <- summary(x)
+  z1 <- as_gt(y)
+  expect_equal(nrow(z1$`_footnotes`), 2)
+  z2 <- as_gt(y, footnote = FALSE)
+  expect_equal(nrow(z2$`_footnotes`), 0)
+
+})