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serial_tree_learner.cpp
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serial_tree_learner.cpp
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/*!
* Copyright (c) 2016 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE file in the project root for license information.
*/
#include "serial_tree_learner.h"
#include <LightGBM/network.h>
#include <LightGBM/objective_function.h>
#include <LightGBM/utils/array_args.h>
#include <LightGBM/utils/common.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <utility>
#include "cost_effective_gradient_boosting.hpp"
namespace LightGBM {
SerialTreeLearner::SerialTreeLearner(const Config* config)
: config_(config), col_sampler_(config) {
gradient_discretizer_ = nullptr;
}
SerialTreeLearner::~SerialTreeLearner() {
}
void SerialTreeLearner::Init(const Dataset* train_data, bool is_constant_hessian) {
train_data_ = train_data;
num_data_ = train_data_->num_data();
num_features_ = train_data_->num_features();
int max_cache_size = 0;
// Get the max size of pool
if (config_->histogram_pool_size <= 0) {
max_cache_size = config_->num_leaves;
} else {
size_t total_histogram_size = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < train_data_->num_features(); ++i) {
total_histogram_size += kHistEntrySize * train_data_->FeatureNumBin(i);
}
max_cache_size = static_cast<int>(config_->histogram_pool_size * 1024 * 1024 / total_histogram_size);
}
// at least need 2 leaves
max_cache_size = std::max(2, max_cache_size);
max_cache_size = std::min(max_cache_size, config_->num_leaves);
// push split information for all leaves
best_split_per_leaf_.resize(config_->num_leaves);
constraints_.reset(LeafConstraintsBase::Create(config_, config_->num_leaves, train_data_->num_features()));
// initialize splits for leaf
smaller_leaf_splits_.reset(new LeafSplits(train_data_->num_data(), config_));
larger_leaf_splits_.reset(new LeafSplits(train_data_->num_data(), config_));
// initialize data partition
data_partition_.reset(new DataPartition(num_data_, config_->num_leaves));
col_sampler_.SetTrainingData(train_data_);
// initialize ordered gradients and hessians
ordered_gradients_.resize(num_data_);
ordered_hessians_.resize(num_data_);
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
gradient_discretizer_.reset(new GradientDiscretizer(config_->num_grad_quant_bins, config_->num_iterations, config_->seed, is_constant_hessian, config_->stochastic_rounding));
gradient_discretizer_->Init(num_data_, config_->num_leaves, num_features_, train_data_);
}
GetShareStates(train_data_, is_constant_hessian, true);
histogram_pool_.DynamicChangeSize(train_data_,
share_state_->num_hist_total_bin(),
share_state_->feature_hist_offsets(),
config_, max_cache_size, config_->num_leaves);
Log::Info("Number of data points in the train set: %d, number of used features: %d", num_data_, num_features_);
if (CostEfficientGradientBoosting::IsEnable(config_)) {
cegb_.reset(new CostEfficientGradientBoosting(this));
cegb_->Init();
}
}
void SerialTreeLearner::GetShareStates(const Dataset* dataset,
bool is_constant_hessian,
bool is_first_time) {
if (is_first_time) {
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
share_state_.reset(dataset->GetShareStates<true, 32>(
reinterpret_cast<score_t*>(gradient_discretizer_->ordered_int_gradients_and_hessians()), nullptr,
col_sampler_.is_feature_used_bytree(), is_constant_hessian,
config_->force_col_wise, config_->force_row_wise, config_->num_grad_quant_bins));
} else {
share_state_.reset(dataset->GetShareStates<false, 0>(
ordered_gradients_.data(), ordered_hessians_.data(),
col_sampler_.is_feature_used_bytree(), is_constant_hessian,
config_->force_col_wise, config_->force_row_wise, config_->num_grad_quant_bins));
}
} else {
CHECK_NOTNULL(share_state_);
// cannot change is_hist_col_wise during training
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
share_state_.reset(dataset->GetShareStates<true, 32>(
reinterpret_cast<score_t*>(gradient_discretizer_->ordered_int_gradients_and_hessians()), nullptr,
col_sampler_.is_feature_used_bytree(), is_constant_hessian,
share_state_->is_col_wise, !share_state_->is_col_wise, config_->num_grad_quant_bins));
} else {
share_state_.reset(dataset->GetShareStates<false, 0>(
ordered_gradients_.data(), ordered_hessians_.data(), col_sampler_.is_feature_used_bytree(),
is_constant_hessian, share_state_->is_col_wise,
!share_state_->is_col_wise, config_->num_grad_quant_bins));
}
}
CHECK_NOTNULL(share_state_);
}
void SerialTreeLearner::ResetTrainingDataInner(const Dataset* train_data,
bool is_constant_hessian,
bool reset_multi_val_bin) {
train_data_ = train_data;
num_data_ = train_data_->num_data();
CHECK_EQ(num_features_, train_data_->num_features());
// initialize splits for leaf
smaller_leaf_splits_->ResetNumData(num_data_);
larger_leaf_splits_->ResetNumData(num_data_);
// initialize data partition
data_partition_->ResetNumData(num_data_);
if (reset_multi_val_bin) {
col_sampler_.SetTrainingData(train_data_);
GetShareStates(train_data_, is_constant_hessian, false);
}
// initialize ordered gradients and hessians
ordered_gradients_.resize(num_data_);
ordered_hessians_.resize(num_data_);
if (cegb_ != nullptr) {
cegb_->Init();
}
}
void SerialTreeLearner::ResetConfig(const Config* config) {
if (config_->num_leaves != config->num_leaves) {
config_ = config;
int max_cache_size = 0;
// Get the max size of pool
if (config->histogram_pool_size <= 0) {
max_cache_size = config_->num_leaves;
} else {
size_t total_histogram_size = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < train_data_->num_features(); ++i) {
total_histogram_size += kHistEntrySize * train_data_->FeatureNumBin(i);
}
max_cache_size = static_cast<int>(config_->histogram_pool_size * 1024 * 1024 / total_histogram_size);
}
// at least need 2 leaves
max_cache_size = std::max(2, max_cache_size);
max_cache_size = std::min(max_cache_size, config_->num_leaves);
histogram_pool_.DynamicChangeSize(train_data_,
share_state_->num_hist_total_bin(),
share_state_->feature_hist_offsets(),
config_, max_cache_size, config_->num_leaves);
// push split information for all leaves
best_split_per_leaf_.resize(config_->num_leaves);
data_partition_->ResetLeaves(config_->num_leaves);
} else {
config_ = config;
}
col_sampler_.SetConfig(config_);
histogram_pool_.ResetConfig(train_data_, config_);
if (CostEfficientGradientBoosting::IsEnable(config_)) {
if (cegb_ == nullptr) {
cegb_.reset(new CostEfficientGradientBoosting(this));
}
cegb_->Init();
}
constraints_.reset(LeafConstraintsBase::Create(config_, config_->num_leaves, train_data_->num_features()));
}
Tree* SerialTreeLearner::Train(const score_t* gradients, const score_t *hessians, bool /*is_first_tree*/) {
Common::FunctionTimer fun_timer("SerialTreeLearner::Train", global_timer);
gradients_ = gradients;
hessians_ = hessians;
int num_threads = OMP_NUM_THREADS();
if (share_state_->num_threads != num_threads && share_state_->num_threads > 0) {
Log::Warning(
"Detected that num_threads changed during training (from %d to %d), "
"it may cause unexpected errors.",
share_state_->num_threads, num_threads);
}
share_state_->num_threads = num_threads;
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
gradient_discretizer_->DiscretizeGradients(num_data_, gradients_, hessians_);
}
// some initial works before training
BeforeTrain();
bool track_branch_features = !(config_->interaction_constraints_vector.empty());
auto tree = std::unique_ptr<Tree>(new Tree(config_->num_leaves, track_branch_features, false));
auto tree_ptr = tree.get();
constraints_->ShareTreePointer(tree_ptr);
// root leaf
int left_leaf = 0;
int cur_depth = 1;
// only root leaf can be splitted on first time
int right_leaf = -1;
int init_splits = ForceSplits(tree_ptr, &left_leaf, &right_leaf, &cur_depth);
for (int split = init_splits; split < config_->num_leaves - 1; ++split) {
// some initial works before finding best split
if (BeforeFindBestSplit(tree_ptr, left_leaf, right_leaf)) {
// find best threshold for every feature
FindBestSplits(tree_ptr);
}
// Get a leaf with max split gain
int best_leaf = static_cast<int>(ArrayArgs<SplitInfo>::ArgMax(best_split_per_leaf_));
// Get split information for best leaf
const SplitInfo& best_leaf_SplitInfo = best_split_per_leaf_[best_leaf];
// cannot split, quit
if (best_leaf_SplitInfo.gain <= 0.0) {
Log::Warning("No further splits with positive gain, best gain: %f", best_leaf_SplitInfo.gain);
break;
}
// split tree with best leaf
Split(tree_ptr, best_leaf, &left_leaf, &right_leaf);
cur_depth = std::max(cur_depth, tree->leaf_depth(left_leaf));
}
if (config_->use_quantized_grad && config_->quant_train_renew_leaf) {
gradient_discretizer_->RenewIntGradTreeOutput(tree.get(), config_, data_partition_.get(), gradients_, hessians_,
[this] (int leaf_index) { return GetGlobalDataCountInLeaf(leaf_index); });
}
Log::Debug("Trained a tree with leaves = %d and depth = %d", tree->num_leaves(), cur_depth);
return tree.release();
}
Tree* SerialTreeLearner::FitByExistingTree(const Tree* old_tree, const score_t* gradients, const score_t *hessians) const {
auto tree = std::unique_ptr<Tree>(new Tree(*old_tree));
CHECK_GE(data_partition_->num_leaves(), tree->num_leaves());
OMP_INIT_EX();
#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(OMP_NUM_THREADS()) schedule(static)
for (int i = 0; i < tree->num_leaves(); ++i) {
OMP_LOOP_EX_BEGIN();
data_size_t cnt_leaf_data = 0;
auto tmp_idx = data_partition_->GetIndexOnLeaf(i, &cnt_leaf_data);
double sum_grad = 0.0f;
double sum_hess = kEpsilon;
for (data_size_t j = 0; j < cnt_leaf_data; ++j) {
auto idx = tmp_idx[j];
sum_grad += gradients[idx];
sum_hess += hessians[idx];
}
double output;
if ((config_->path_smooth > kEpsilon) & (i > 0)) {
output = FeatureHistogram::CalculateSplittedLeafOutput<true, true, true>(
sum_grad, sum_hess, config_->lambda_l1, config_->lambda_l2,
config_->max_delta_step, config_->path_smooth, cnt_leaf_data, tree->leaf_parent(i));
} else {
output = FeatureHistogram::CalculateSplittedLeafOutput<true, true, false>(
sum_grad, sum_hess, config_->lambda_l1, config_->lambda_l2,
config_->max_delta_step, config_->path_smooth, cnt_leaf_data, 0);
}
auto old_leaf_output = tree->LeafOutput(i);
auto new_leaf_output = output * tree->shrinkage();
tree->SetLeafOutput(i, config_->refit_decay_rate * old_leaf_output + (1.0 - config_->refit_decay_rate) * new_leaf_output);
OMP_LOOP_EX_END();
}
OMP_THROW_EX();
return tree.release();
}
Tree* SerialTreeLearner::FitByExistingTree(const Tree* old_tree, const std::vector<int>& leaf_pred,
const score_t* gradients, const score_t *hessians) const {
data_partition_->ResetByLeafPred(leaf_pred, old_tree->num_leaves());
return FitByExistingTree(old_tree, gradients, hessians);
}
void SerialTreeLearner::BeforeTrain() {
Common::FunctionTimer fun_timer("SerialTreeLearner::BeforeTrain", global_timer);
// reset histogram pool
histogram_pool_.ResetMap();
col_sampler_.ResetByTree();
train_data_->InitTrain(col_sampler_.is_feature_used_bytree(), share_state_.get());
// initialize data partition
data_partition_->Init();
constraints_->Reset();
// reset the splits for leaves
for (int i = 0; i < config_->num_leaves; ++i) {
best_split_per_leaf_[i].Reset();
}
// Sumup for root
if (data_partition_->leaf_count(0) == num_data_) {
// use all data
if (!config_->use_quantized_grad) {
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(gradients_, hessians_);
} else {
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(
gradient_discretizer_->discretized_gradients_and_hessians(),
gradient_discretizer_->grad_scale(),
gradient_discretizer_->hess_scale());
}
} else {
// use bagging, only use part of data
if (!config_->use_quantized_grad) {
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(0, data_partition_.get(), gradients_, hessians_);
} else {
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(
0, data_partition_.get(),
gradient_discretizer_->discretized_gradients_and_hessians(),
static_cast<score_t>(gradient_discretizer_->grad_scale()),
static_cast<score_t>(gradient_discretizer_->hess_scale()));
}
}
larger_leaf_splits_->Init();
if (cegb_ != nullptr) {
cegb_->BeforeTrain();
}
if (config_->use_quantized_grad && config_->tree_learner != std::string("data")) {
gradient_discretizer_->SetNumBitsInHistogramBin<false>(0, -1, data_partition_->leaf_count(0), 0);
}
}
bool SerialTreeLearner::BeforeFindBestSplit(const Tree* tree, int left_leaf, int right_leaf) {
Common::FunctionTimer fun_timer("SerialTreeLearner::BeforeFindBestSplit", global_timer);
// check depth of current leaf
if (config_->max_depth > 0) {
// only need to check left leaf, since right leaf is in same level of left leaf
if (tree->leaf_depth(left_leaf) >= config_->max_depth) {
best_split_per_leaf_[left_leaf].gain = kMinScore;
if (right_leaf >= 0) {
best_split_per_leaf_[right_leaf].gain = kMinScore;
}
return false;
}
}
data_size_t num_data_in_left_child = GetGlobalDataCountInLeaf(left_leaf);
data_size_t num_data_in_right_child = GetGlobalDataCountInLeaf(right_leaf);
// no enough data to continue
if (num_data_in_right_child < static_cast<data_size_t>(config_->min_data_in_leaf * 2)
&& num_data_in_left_child < static_cast<data_size_t>(config_->min_data_in_leaf * 2)) {
best_split_per_leaf_[left_leaf].gain = kMinScore;
if (right_leaf >= 0) {
best_split_per_leaf_[right_leaf].gain = kMinScore;
}
return false;
}
parent_leaf_histogram_array_ = nullptr;
// only have root
if (right_leaf < 0) {
histogram_pool_.Get(left_leaf, &smaller_leaf_histogram_array_);
larger_leaf_histogram_array_ = nullptr;
} else if (num_data_in_left_child < num_data_in_right_child) {
// put parent(left) leaf's histograms into larger leaf's histograms
if (histogram_pool_.Get(left_leaf, &larger_leaf_histogram_array_)) { parent_leaf_histogram_array_ = larger_leaf_histogram_array_; }
histogram_pool_.Move(left_leaf, right_leaf);
histogram_pool_.Get(left_leaf, &smaller_leaf_histogram_array_);
} else {
// put parent(left) leaf's histograms to larger leaf's histograms
if (histogram_pool_.Get(left_leaf, &larger_leaf_histogram_array_)) { parent_leaf_histogram_array_ = larger_leaf_histogram_array_; }
histogram_pool_.Get(right_leaf, &smaller_leaf_histogram_array_);
}
return true;
}
void SerialTreeLearner::FindBestSplits(const Tree* tree) {
FindBestSplits(tree, nullptr);
}
void SerialTreeLearner::FindBestSplits(const Tree* tree, const std::set<int>* force_features) {
std::vector<int8_t> is_feature_used(num_features_, 0);
#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(OMP_NUM_THREADS()) schedule(static, 256) if (num_features_ >= 512)
for (int feature_index = 0; feature_index < num_features_; ++feature_index) {
if (!col_sampler_.is_feature_used_bytree()[feature_index] && (force_features == nullptr || force_features->find(feature_index) == force_features->end())) continue;
if (parent_leaf_histogram_array_ != nullptr
&& !parent_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].is_splittable()) {
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].set_is_splittable(false);
continue;
}
is_feature_used[feature_index] = 1;
}
bool use_subtract = parent_leaf_histogram_array_ != nullptr;
ConstructHistograms(is_feature_used, use_subtract);
FindBestSplitsFromHistograms(is_feature_used, use_subtract, tree);
}
void SerialTreeLearner::ConstructHistograms(
const std::vector<int8_t>& is_feature_used, bool use_subtract) {
Common::FunctionTimer fun_timer("SerialTreeLearner::ConstructHistograms",
global_timer);
// construct smaller leaf
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
const uint8_t smaller_leaf_num_bits = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(smaller_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
hist_t* ptr_smaller_leaf_hist_data =
smaller_leaf_num_bits <= 16 ?
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[0].RawDataInt16() - kHistOffset) :
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[0].RawDataInt32() - kHistOffset);
#define SMALLER_LEAF_ARGS \
is_feature_used, smaller_leaf_splits_->data_indices(), \
smaller_leaf_splits_->num_data_in_leaf(), \
reinterpret_cast<const score_t*>(gradient_discretizer_->discretized_gradients_and_hessians()), \
nullptr, \
reinterpret_cast<score_t*>(gradient_discretizer_->ordered_int_gradients_and_hessians()), \
nullptr, \
share_state_.get(), \
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(ptr_smaller_leaf_hist_data)
if (smaller_leaf_num_bits <= 16) {
train_data_->ConstructHistograms<true, 16>(SMALLER_LEAF_ARGS);
} else {
train_data_->ConstructHistograms<true, 32>(SMALLER_LEAF_ARGS);
}
#undef SMALLER_LEAF_ARGS
if (larger_leaf_histogram_array_ && !use_subtract) {
const uint8_t larger_leaf_num_bits = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
hist_t* ptr_larger_leaf_hist_data =
larger_leaf_num_bits <= 16 ?
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(larger_leaf_histogram_array_[0].RawDataInt16() - kHistOffset) :
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(larger_leaf_histogram_array_[0].RawDataInt32() - kHistOffset);
#define LARGER_LEAF_ARGS \
is_feature_used, larger_leaf_splits_->data_indices(), \
larger_leaf_splits_->num_data_in_leaf(), \
reinterpret_cast<const score_t*>(gradient_discretizer_->discretized_gradients_and_hessians()), \
nullptr, \
reinterpret_cast<score_t*>(gradient_discretizer_->ordered_int_gradients_and_hessians()), \
nullptr, \
share_state_.get(), \
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(ptr_larger_leaf_hist_data)
if (larger_leaf_num_bits <= 16) {
train_data_->ConstructHistograms<true, 16>(LARGER_LEAF_ARGS);
} else {
train_data_->ConstructHistograms<true, 32>(LARGER_LEAF_ARGS);
}
#undef LARGER_LEAF_ARGS
}
} else {
hist_t* ptr_smaller_leaf_hist_data =
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[0].RawData() - kHistOffset;
train_data_->ConstructHistograms<false, 0>(
is_feature_used, smaller_leaf_splits_->data_indices(),
smaller_leaf_splits_->num_data_in_leaf(), gradients_, hessians_,
ordered_gradients_.data(), ordered_hessians_.data(), share_state_.get(),
ptr_smaller_leaf_hist_data);
if (larger_leaf_histogram_array_ != nullptr && !use_subtract) {
// construct larger leaf
hist_t* ptr_larger_leaf_hist_data =
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[0].RawData() - kHistOffset;
train_data_->ConstructHistograms<false, 0>(
is_feature_used, larger_leaf_splits_->data_indices(),
larger_leaf_splits_->num_data_in_leaf(), gradients_, hessians_,
ordered_gradients_.data(), ordered_hessians_.data(), share_state_.get(),
ptr_larger_leaf_hist_data);
}
}
}
void SerialTreeLearner::FindBestSplitsFromHistograms(
const std::vector<int8_t>& is_feature_used, bool use_subtract, const Tree* tree) {
Common::FunctionTimer fun_timer(
"SerialTreeLearner::FindBestSplitsFromHistograms", global_timer);
std::vector<SplitInfo> smaller_best(share_state_->num_threads);
std::vector<SplitInfo> larger_best(share_state_->num_threads);
std::vector<int8_t> smaller_node_used_features = col_sampler_.GetByNode(tree, smaller_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
std::vector<int8_t> larger_node_used_features;
double smaller_leaf_parent_output = GetParentOutput(tree, smaller_leaf_splits_.get());
double larger_leaf_parent_output = 0;
if (larger_leaf_splits_ != nullptr && larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index() >= 0) {
larger_leaf_parent_output = GetParentOutput(tree, larger_leaf_splits_.get());
}
if (larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index() >= 0) {
larger_node_used_features = col_sampler_.GetByNode(tree, larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
}
if (use_subtract && config_->use_quantized_grad) {
const int parent_index = std::min(smaller_leaf_splits_->leaf_index(), larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
const uint8_t parent_hist_bits = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInNode<false>(parent_index);
const uint8_t larger_hist_bits = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
if (parent_hist_bits > 16 && larger_hist_bits <= 16) {
OMP_INIT_EX();
#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static) num_threads(share_state_->num_threads)
for (int feature_index = 0; feature_index < num_features_; ++feature_index) {
OMP_LOOP_EX_BEGIN();
if (!is_feature_used[feature_index]) {
continue;
}
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].CopyToBuffer(gradient_discretizer_->GetChangeHistBitsBuffer(feature_index));
OMP_LOOP_EX_END();
}
OMP_THROW_EX();
}
}
OMP_INIT_EX();
// find splits
#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static) num_threads(share_state_->num_threads)
for (int feature_index = 0; feature_index < num_features_; ++feature_index) {
OMP_LOOP_EX_BEGIN();
if (!is_feature_used[feature_index]) {
continue;
}
const int tid = omp_get_thread_num();
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
const uint8_t hist_bits_bin = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(smaller_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
const int64_t int_sum_gradient_and_hessian = smaller_leaf_splits_->int_sum_gradients_and_hessians();
if (hist_bits_bin <= 16) {
train_data_->FixHistogramInt<int32_t, int32_t, 16, 16>(
feature_index, int_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].RawDataInt16()));
} else {
train_data_->FixHistogramInt<int64_t, int64_t, 32, 32>(
feature_index, int_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].RawDataInt32()));
}
} else {
train_data_->FixHistogram(
feature_index, smaller_leaf_splits_->sum_gradients(),
smaller_leaf_splits_->sum_hessians(),
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].RawData());
}
int real_fidx = train_data_->RealFeatureIndex(feature_index);
ComputeBestSplitForFeature(smaller_leaf_histogram_array_, feature_index,
real_fidx,
smaller_node_used_features[feature_index],
smaller_leaf_splits_->num_data_in_leaf(),
smaller_leaf_splits_.get(), &smaller_best[tid],
smaller_leaf_parent_output);
// only has root leaf
if (larger_leaf_splits_ == nullptr ||
larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index() < 0) {
continue;
}
if (use_subtract) {
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
const int parent_index = std::min(smaller_leaf_splits_->leaf_index(), larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
const uint8_t parent_hist_bits = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInNode<false>(parent_index);
const uint8_t smaller_hist_bits = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(smaller_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
const uint8_t larger_hist_bits = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
if (parent_hist_bits <= 16) {
CHECK_LE(smaller_hist_bits, 16);
CHECK_LE(larger_hist_bits, 16);
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].Subtract<true, int32_t, int32_t, int32_t, 16, 16, 16>(
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index]);
} else if (larger_hist_bits <= 16) {
CHECK_LE(smaller_hist_bits, 16);
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].Subtract<true, int64_t, int32_t, int32_t, 32, 16, 16>(
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index], gradient_discretizer_->GetChangeHistBitsBuffer(feature_index));
} else if (smaller_hist_bits <= 16) {
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].Subtract<true, int64_t, int32_t, int64_t, 32, 16, 32>(
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index]);
} else {
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].Subtract<true, int64_t, int64_t, int64_t, 32, 32, 32>(
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index]);
}
} else {
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].Subtract<false>(
smaller_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index]);
}
} else {
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
const int64_t int_sum_gradient_and_hessian = larger_leaf_splits_->int_sum_gradients_and_hessians();
const uint8_t hist_bits_bin = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index());
if (hist_bits_bin <= 16) {
train_data_->FixHistogramInt<int32_t, int32_t, 16, 16>(
feature_index, int_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].RawDataInt16()));
} else {
train_data_->FixHistogramInt<int64_t, int64_t, 32, 32>(
feature_index, int_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
reinterpret_cast<hist_t*>(larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].RawDataInt32()));
}
} else {
train_data_->FixHistogram(
feature_index, larger_leaf_splits_->sum_gradients(),
larger_leaf_splits_->sum_hessians(),
larger_leaf_histogram_array_[feature_index].RawData());
}
}
ComputeBestSplitForFeature(larger_leaf_histogram_array_, feature_index,
real_fidx,
larger_node_used_features[feature_index],
larger_leaf_splits_->num_data_in_leaf(),
larger_leaf_splits_.get(), &larger_best[tid],
larger_leaf_parent_output);
OMP_LOOP_EX_END();
}
OMP_THROW_EX();
auto smaller_best_idx = ArrayArgs<SplitInfo>::ArgMax(smaller_best);
int leaf = smaller_leaf_splits_->leaf_index();
best_split_per_leaf_[leaf] = smaller_best[smaller_best_idx];
if (larger_leaf_splits_ != nullptr &&
larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index() >= 0) {
leaf = larger_leaf_splits_->leaf_index();
auto larger_best_idx = ArrayArgs<SplitInfo>::ArgMax(larger_best);
best_split_per_leaf_[leaf] = larger_best[larger_best_idx];
}
}
int32_t SerialTreeLearner::ForceSplits(Tree* tree, int* left_leaf,
int* right_leaf, int *cur_depth) {
bool abort_last_forced_split = false;
if (forced_split_json_ == nullptr) {
return 0;
}
int32_t result_count = 0;
// start at root leaf
*left_leaf = 0;
std::queue<std::pair<Json, int>> q;
Json left = *forced_split_json_;
Json right;
bool left_smaller = true;
std::unordered_map<int, SplitInfo> forceSplitMap;
q.push(std::make_pair(left, *left_leaf));
// Histogram construction require parent features.
std::set<int> force_split_features = FindAllForceFeatures(*forced_split_json_);
while (!q.empty()) {
if (BeforeFindBestSplit(tree, *left_leaf, *right_leaf)) {
FindBestSplits(tree, &force_split_features);
}
// then, compute own splits
SplitInfo left_split;
SplitInfo right_split;
if (!left.is_null()) {
const int left_feature = left["feature"].int_value();
const double left_threshold_double = left["threshold"].number_value();
const int left_inner_feature_index = train_data_->InnerFeatureIndex(left_feature);
const uint32_t left_threshold = train_data_->BinThreshold(
left_inner_feature_index, left_threshold_double);
auto leaf_histogram_array = (left_smaller) ? smaller_leaf_histogram_array_ : larger_leaf_histogram_array_;
auto left_leaf_splits = (left_smaller) ? smaller_leaf_splits_.get() : larger_leaf_splits_.get();
leaf_histogram_array[left_inner_feature_index].GatherInfoForThreshold(
left_leaf_splits->sum_gradients(),
left_leaf_splits->sum_hessians(),
left_threshold,
left_leaf_splits->num_data_in_leaf(),
left_leaf_splits->weight(),
&left_split);
left_split.feature = left_feature;
forceSplitMap[*left_leaf] = left_split;
if (left_split.gain < 0) {
forceSplitMap.erase(*left_leaf);
}
}
if (!right.is_null()) {
const int right_feature = right["feature"].int_value();
const double right_threshold_double = right["threshold"].number_value();
const int right_inner_feature_index = train_data_->InnerFeatureIndex(right_feature);
const uint32_t right_threshold = train_data_->BinThreshold(
right_inner_feature_index, right_threshold_double);
auto leaf_histogram_array = (left_smaller) ? larger_leaf_histogram_array_ : smaller_leaf_histogram_array_;
auto right_leaf_splits = (left_smaller) ? larger_leaf_splits_.get() : smaller_leaf_splits_.get();
leaf_histogram_array[right_inner_feature_index].GatherInfoForThreshold(
right_leaf_splits->sum_gradients(),
right_leaf_splits->sum_hessians(),
right_threshold,
right_leaf_splits->num_data_in_leaf(),
right_leaf_splits->weight(),
&right_split);
right_split.feature = right_feature;
forceSplitMap[*right_leaf] = right_split;
if (right_split.gain < 0) {
forceSplitMap.erase(*right_leaf);
}
}
std::pair<Json, int> pair = q.front();
q.pop();
int current_leaf = pair.second;
// split info should exist because searching in bfs fashion - should have added from parent
if (forceSplitMap.find(current_leaf) == forceSplitMap.end()) {
abort_last_forced_split = true;
break;
}
best_split_per_leaf_[current_leaf] = forceSplitMap[current_leaf];
Split(tree, current_leaf, left_leaf, right_leaf);
left_smaller = best_split_per_leaf_[current_leaf].left_count <
best_split_per_leaf_[current_leaf].right_count;
left = Json();
right = Json();
if ((pair.first).object_items().count("left") > 0) {
left = (pair.first)["left"];
if (left.object_items().count("feature") > 0 && left.object_items().count("threshold") > 0) {
q.push(std::make_pair(left, *left_leaf));
}
}
if ((pair.first).object_items().count("right") > 0) {
right = (pair.first)["right"];
if (right.object_items().count("feature") > 0 && right.object_items().count("threshold") > 0) {
q.push(std::make_pair(right, *right_leaf));
}
}
result_count++;
*(cur_depth) = std::max(*(cur_depth), tree->leaf_depth(*left_leaf));
}
if (abort_last_forced_split) {
int best_leaf =
static_cast<int>(ArrayArgs<SplitInfo>::ArgMax(best_split_per_leaf_));
const SplitInfo& best_leaf_SplitInfo = best_split_per_leaf_[best_leaf];
if (best_leaf_SplitInfo.gain <= 0.0) {
Log::Warning("No further splits with positive gain, best gain: %f",
best_leaf_SplitInfo.gain);
return config_->num_leaves;
}
Split(tree, best_leaf, left_leaf, right_leaf);
*(cur_depth) = std::max(*(cur_depth), tree->leaf_depth(*left_leaf));
++result_count;
}
return result_count;
}
std::set<int> SerialTreeLearner::FindAllForceFeatures(Json force_split_leaf_setting) {
std::set<int> force_features;
std::queue<Json> force_split_leafs;
force_split_leafs.push(force_split_leaf_setting);
while (!force_split_leafs.empty()) {
Json split_leaf = force_split_leafs.front();
force_split_leafs.pop();
const int feature_index = split_leaf["feature"].int_value();
const int feature_inner_index = train_data_->InnerFeatureIndex(feature_index);
force_features.insert(feature_inner_index);
if (split_leaf.object_items().count("left") > 0) {
force_split_leafs.push(split_leaf["left"]);
}
if (split_leaf.object_items().count("right") > 0) {
force_split_leafs.push(split_leaf["right"]);
}
}
return force_features;
}
void SerialTreeLearner::SplitInner(Tree* tree, int best_leaf, int* left_leaf,
int* right_leaf, bool update_cnt) {
Common::FunctionTimer fun_timer("SerialTreeLearner::SplitInner", global_timer);
SplitInfo& best_split_info = best_split_per_leaf_[best_leaf];
const int inner_feature_index =
train_data_->InnerFeatureIndex(best_split_info.feature);
if (cegb_ != nullptr) {
cegb_->UpdateLeafBestSplits(tree, best_leaf, &best_split_info,
&best_split_per_leaf_);
}
*left_leaf = best_leaf;
auto next_leaf_id = tree->NextLeafId();
// update before tree split
constraints_->BeforeSplit(best_leaf, next_leaf_id,
best_split_info.monotone_type);
bool is_numerical_split =
train_data_->FeatureBinMapper(inner_feature_index)->bin_type() ==
BinType::NumericalBin;
if (is_numerical_split) {
auto threshold_double = train_data_->RealThreshold(
inner_feature_index, best_split_info.threshold);
data_partition_->Split(best_leaf, train_data_, inner_feature_index,
&best_split_info.threshold, 1,
best_split_info.default_left, next_leaf_id);
if (update_cnt) {
// don't need to update this in data-based parallel model
best_split_info.left_count = data_partition_->leaf_count(*left_leaf);
best_split_info.right_count = data_partition_->leaf_count(next_leaf_id);
}
// split tree, will return right leaf
*right_leaf = tree->Split(
best_leaf, inner_feature_index, best_split_info.feature,
best_split_info.threshold, threshold_double,
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.left_output),
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.right_output),
static_cast<data_size_t>(best_split_info.left_count),
static_cast<data_size_t>(best_split_info.right_count),
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.left_sum_hessian),
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.right_sum_hessian),
// store the true split gain in tree model
static_cast<float>(best_split_info.gain + config_->min_gain_to_split),
train_data_->FeatureBinMapper(inner_feature_index)->missing_type(),
best_split_info.default_left);
} else {
std::vector<uint32_t> cat_bitset_inner =
Common::ConstructBitset(best_split_info.cat_threshold.data(),
best_split_info.num_cat_threshold);
std::vector<int> threshold_int(best_split_info.num_cat_threshold);
for (int i = 0; i < best_split_info.num_cat_threshold; ++i) {
threshold_int[i] = static_cast<int>(train_data_->RealThreshold(
inner_feature_index, best_split_info.cat_threshold[i]));
}
std::vector<uint32_t> cat_bitset = Common::ConstructBitset(
threshold_int.data(), best_split_info.num_cat_threshold);
data_partition_->Split(best_leaf, train_data_, inner_feature_index,
cat_bitset_inner.data(),
static_cast<int>(cat_bitset_inner.size()),
best_split_info.default_left, next_leaf_id);
if (update_cnt) {
// don't need to update this in data-based parallel model
best_split_info.left_count = data_partition_->leaf_count(*left_leaf);
best_split_info.right_count = data_partition_->leaf_count(next_leaf_id);
}
*right_leaf = tree->SplitCategorical(
best_leaf, inner_feature_index, best_split_info.feature,
cat_bitset_inner.data(), static_cast<int>(cat_bitset_inner.size()),
cat_bitset.data(), static_cast<int>(cat_bitset.size()),
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.left_output),
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.right_output),
static_cast<data_size_t>(best_split_info.left_count),
static_cast<data_size_t>(best_split_info.right_count),
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.left_sum_hessian),
static_cast<double>(best_split_info.right_sum_hessian),
// store the true split gain in tree model
static_cast<float>(best_split_info.gain + config_->min_gain_to_split),
train_data_->FeatureBinMapper(inner_feature_index)->missing_type());
}
#ifdef DEBUG
CHECK(*right_leaf == next_leaf_id);
#endif
// init the leaves that used on next iteration
if (!config_->use_quantized_grad) {
if (best_split_info.left_count < best_split_info.right_count) {
CHECK_GT(best_split_info.left_count, 0);
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(*left_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.left_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.left_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.left_output);
larger_leaf_splits_->Init(*right_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.right_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.right_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.right_output);
} else {
CHECK_GT(best_split_info.right_count, 0);
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(*right_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.right_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.right_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.right_output);
larger_leaf_splits_->Init(*left_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.left_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.left_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.left_output);
}
} else {
if (best_split_info.left_count < best_split_info.right_count) {
CHECK_GT(best_split_info.left_count, 0);
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(*left_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.left_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.left_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.left_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
best_split_info.left_output);
larger_leaf_splits_->Init(*right_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.right_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.right_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.right_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
best_split_info.right_output);
} else {
CHECK_GT(best_split_info.right_count, 0);
smaller_leaf_splits_->Init(*right_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.right_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.right_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.right_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
best_split_info.right_output);
larger_leaf_splits_->Init(*left_leaf, data_partition_.get(),
best_split_info.left_sum_gradient,
best_split_info.left_sum_hessian,
best_split_info.left_sum_gradient_and_hessian,
best_split_info.left_output);
}
}
if (config_->use_quantized_grad && config_->tree_learner != std::string("data")) {
gradient_discretizer_->SetNumBitsInHistogramBin<false>(*left_leaf, *right_leaf,
data_partition_->leaf_count(*left_leaf),
data_partition_->leaf_count(*right_leaf));
}
#ifdef DEBUG
CheckSplit(best_split_info, *left_leaf, *right_leaf);
#endif
auto leaves_need_update = constraints_->Update(
is_numerical_split, *left_leaf, *right_leaf,
best_split_info.monotone_type, best_split_info.right_output,
best_split_info.left_output, inner_feature_index, best_split_info,
best_split_per_leaf_);
// update leave outputs if needed
for (auto leaf : leaves_need_update) {
RecomputeBestSplitForLeaf(tree, leaf, &best_split_per_leaf_[leaf]);
}
}
void SerialTreeLearner::RenewTreeOutput(Tree* tree, const ObjectiveFunction* obj, std::function<double(const label_t*, int)> residual_getter,
data_size_t total_num_data, const data_size_t* bag_indices, data_size_t bag_cnt, const double* /*train_score*/) const {
if (obj != nullptr && obj->IsRenewTreeOutput()) {
CHECK_LE(tree->num_leaves(), data_partition_->num_leaves());
const data_size_t* bag_mapper = nullptr;
if (total_num_data != num_data_) {
CHECK_EQ(bag_cnt, num_data_);
bag_mapper = bag_indices;
}
std::vector<int> n_nozeroworker_perleaf(tree->num_leaves(), 1);
int num_machines = Network::num_machines();
#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(OMP_NUM_THREADS()) schedule(static)
for (int i = 0; i < tree->num_leaves(); ++i) {
const double output = static_cast<double>(tree->LeafOutput(i));
data_size_t cnt_leaf_data = 0;
auto index_mapper = data_partition_->GetIndexOnLeaf(i, &cnt_leaf_data);
if (cnt_leaf_data > 0) {
// bag_mapper[index_mapper[i]]
const double new_output = obj->RenewTreeOutput(output, residual_getter, index_mapper, bag_mapper, cnt_leaf_data);
tree->SetLeafOutput(i, new_output);
} else {
CHECK_GT(num_machines, 1);
tree->SetLeafOutput(i, 0.0);
n_nozeroworker_perleaf[i] = 0;
}
}
if (num_machines > 1) {
std::vector<double> outputs(tree->num_leaves());
for (int i = 0; i < tree->num_leaves(); ++i) {
outputs[i] = static_cast<double>(tree->LeafOutput(i));
}
outputs = Network::GlobalSum(&outputs);
n_nozeroworker_perleaf = Network::GlobalSum(&n_nozeroworker_perleaf);
for (int i = 0; i < tree->num_leaves(); ++i) {
tree->SetLeafOutput(i, outputs[i] / n_nozeroworker_perleaf[i]);
}
}
}
}
void SerialTreeLearner::ComputeBestSplitForFeature(
FeatureHistogram* histogram_array_, int feature_index, int real_fidx,
int8_t is_feature_used, int num_data, const LeafSplits* leaf_splits,
SplitInfo* best_split, double parent_output) {
bool is_feature_numerical = train_data_->FeatureBinMapper(feature_index)
->bin_type() == BinType::NumericalBin;
if (is_feature_numerical & !config_->monotone_constraints.empty()) {
constraints_->RecomputeConstraintsIfNeeded(
constraints_.get(), feature_index, ~(leaf_splits->leaf_index()),
train_data_->FeatureNumBin(feature_index));
}
SplitInfo new_split;
if (config_->use_quantized_grad) {
const uint8_t hist_bits_bin = gradient_discretizer_->GetHistBitsInLeaf<false>(leaf_splits->leaf_index());
histogram_array_[feature_index].FindBestThresholdInt(
leaf_splits->int_sum_gradients_and_hessians(),
gradient_discretizer_->grad_scale(),
gradient_discretizer_->hess_scale(),
hist_bits_bin,
hist_bits_bin,
num_data,
constraints_->GetFeatureConstraint(leaf_splits->leaf_index(), feature_index), parent_output, &new_split);
} else {
histogram_array_[feature_index].FindBestThreshold(
leaf_splits->sum_gradients(), leaf_splits->sum_hessians(), num_data,
constraints_->GetFeatureConstraint(leaf_splits->leaf_index(), feature_index), parent_output, &new_split);
}
new_split.feature = real_fidx;
if (cegb_ != nullptr) {
new_split.gain -=
cegb_->DeltaGain(feature_index, real_fidx, leaf_splits->leaf_index(),
num_data, new_split);
}
if (new_split.monotone_type != 0) {
double penalty = constraints_->ComputeMonotoneSplitGainPenalty(
leaf_splits->leaf_index(), config_->monotone_penalty);
new_split.gain *= penalty;
}
// it is needed to filter the features after the above code.
// Otherwise, the `is_splittable` in `FeatureHistogram` will be wrong, and cause some features being accidentally filtered in the later nodes.
if (new_split > *best_split && is_feature_used) {
*best_split = new_split;
}
}
double SerialTreeLearner::GetParentOutput(const Tree* tree, const LeafSplits* leaf_splits) const {
double parent_output;