From 3a344db94197c1d0215f2c4d0ed88183a91cdf87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: gerchowl Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 01:39:57 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?feat(data):=20add=205=20specialty=20metals=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=94=20Kovar,=20Mu-metal,=20OFHC=20Cu,=20Be,=20Ta?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Closes #127, #128, #129, #130, #131. Detector-physics oriented batch: glass-sealing, magnetic-shielding, UHV/cryo, X-ray-window, and high-Z shielding metals each get a fully-cited entry in metals.toml. Properties populated per material (subset; see _sources for per-property provenance): - kovar (#127, ASTM F15, Fe-29Ni-17Co): density 8.36, E=138 GPa, σu=517, k=17.3, Cp=439, α(30-450°C)=5.86e-6 (the glass-sealing match), ρe=4.9e-7, μr~5000, Bs=1.6 T. Curie 435°C noted in _sources. - mu_metal (#128, ASTM A753 Type 4, 80Ni-15Fe-5Mo): density 8.7, E=215 GPa, σu=540, k=19, Cp=460, α=12.7e-6, ρe=6.0e-7, μr_max=100000, Bs=0.74 T. Hydrogen-anneal condition documented in _sources. - copper.OFHC (#129, expanded existing minimal entry, UNS C10100): full RT mechanical/thermal/electrical including k=391 W/(m·K), ρe=1.71e-8. Cryogenic enhancement noted, T-curve left for future PR. - beryllium (#130, S-200F vacuum hot-pressed): density 1.848, E=287 GPa, ν=0.032, k=200, Cp=1825, α=11.0e-6, ρe=3.6e-8. PDG nuclear: X0=35.28 cm, λI=42.10 cm, I=63.7 eV, Z=4. CBD hazard called out in TOML comment. - tantalum (#131, CP / ASTM B708 annealed): density 16.65, E=186 GPa, k=57.5, Cp=140, α=6.3e-6, ρe=1.31e-7. PDG nuclear: X0=0.4094 cm, λI=11.47 cm, I=718 eV, Z=73. Ta-2.5W noted as alternative in _sources. Primary citations: - NIST Cryogenic Material Properties (PD-USGov) — OFHC Cu thermal. - PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties (PD-USGov) — Be/Ta nuclear & density. - Wikipedia / CRC Handbook (CC-BY-SA-4.0) — element-handbook scalars. LICENSES-DATA.md regenerated with the 6 new attribution rows. - Carpenter Technology Kovar datasheet, Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL, Materion S-200F, Plansee Tantalum (proprietary-reference-only) — vendor-specific mechanical properties. - ASTM F15 (Kovar), A753 (Mu-metal), B170/B187 (OFHC Cu), B708 (Ta) — compositional bounds, paywalled, cited as proprietary-reference-only. _CATEGORY_BASES["metals"] extended with kovar, mu_metal, OFHC, beryllium, tantalum so the lazy-loader resolves them. Full test suite (627 passed, 25 skipped) plus license check pass. --- LICENSES-DATA.md | 9 +- src/pymat/__init__.py | 5 + src/pymat/data/metals.toml | 843 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 3 files changed, 851 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/LICENSES-DATA.md b/LICENSES-DATA.md index a3a4785..0b11057 100644 --- a/LICENSES-DATA.md +++ b/LICENSES-DATA.md @@ -6,4 +6,11 @@ Do not edit by hand — re-run the script and commit the result. This file lists every CC-BY and CC-BY-SA source whose values appear in the py-materials data corpus. Per the licenses, attribution is required. -_(no CC-BY sources currently in use)_ +| Citation | License | Reference | +|---|---|---| +| `Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Beryllium | +| `Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Beryllium | +| `Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Copper | +| `Wikipedia: Kovar (Carpenter datasheet, CC-BY-SA-4.0)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Kovar | +| `Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Tantalum | +| `Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Tantalum | diff --git a/src/pymat/__init__.py b/src/pymat/__init__.py index 5c87d98..430cfb0 100644 --- a/src/pymat/__init__.py +++ b/src/pymat/__init__.py @@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ "brass", "inconel625", "inconel718", + "kovar", + "mu_metal", + "OFHC", + "beryllium", + "tantalum", ], "scintillators": [ "lyso", diff --git a/src/pymat/data/metals.toml b/src/pymat/data/metals.toml index db38019..95a6f0f 100644 --- a/src/pymat/data/metals.toml +++ b/src/pymat/data/metals.toml @@ -292,18 +292,43 @@ polished = { source = "ambientcg", id = "Metal043A" } oxidized = { source = "ambientcg", id = "Metal043B" } aged = { source = "ambientcg", id = "Metal026" } +# OFHC Copper — UNS C10100 / C10200, Oxygen-Free High Conductivity (#129) +# UHV / cryogenic / low-bg use. Distinct from generic copper because RT +# conductivity is enhanced (≥101% IACS) and the cryogenic enhancement is +# dramatic (k(20K) ≈ 1500 W/(m·K), k(4K) ≈ 10000 W/(m·K) for RRR=300+; +# do NOT extrapolate the RT scalar for cryo design — the curve schema +# (#148) tracks T-dependence and is intentionally left empty here). [copper.OFHC] name = "OFHC Copper (Oxygen-Free High Conductivity)" -grade = "OFHC" +grade = "C10100" +formula = "Cu" [copper.OFHC.mechanical] density_value = 8.94 density_unit = "g/cm^3" +youngs_modulus_value = 115 +youngs_modulus_unit = "GPa" +poissons_ratio = 0.34 +yield_strength_value = 70 +yield_strength_unit = "MPa" +tensile_strength_value = 220 +tensile_strength_unit = "MPa" +elongation = 45 + +[copper.OFHC.thermal] +melting_point_value = 1083 +melting_point_unit = "degC" +thermal_conductivity_value = 391 +thermal_conductivity_unit = "W/(m*K)" +specific_heat_value = 385 +specific_heat_unit = "J/(kg*K)" +thermal_expansion_value = 16.5e-6 +thermal_expansion_unit = "1/K" [copper.OFHC.electrical] -resistivity_value = 1.68e-8 +resistivity_value = 1.71e-8 resistivity_unit = "ohm*m" -conductivity_value = 5.96e7 +conductivity_value = 5.85e7 conductivity_unit = "S/m" @@ -957,6 +982,244 @@ metallic = 1.0 roughness = 0.3 transmission = 0.0 + +# ============================================================================ +# BERYLLIUM (#130) +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# X-ray window metal, low-Z phantoms. Hazard: respirable Be dust/fume causes +# chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Do NOT machine, grind, or polish without +# proper engineering controls (HEPA, wet-cut). Solid stock and finished +# windows are safe to handle. Grade S-200F (vacuum hot-pressed) is the +# canonical bulk grade quoted by Materion; pure-element scalars below match +# both the element data (Wikipedia/CRC) and Materion S-200F datasheet to +# within rounding. +# ============================================================================ + +[beryllium] +name = "Beryllium" +formula = "Be" +grade = "S-200F" + +[beryllium.mechanical] +density_value = 1.848 +density_unit = "g/cm^3" +youngs_modulus_value = 287 +youngs_modulus_unit = "GPa" +shear_modulus_value = 132 +shear_modulus_unit = "GPa" +poissons_ratio = 0.032 +yield_strength_value = 207 +yield_strength_unit = "MPa" +tensile_strength_value = 324 +tensile_strength_unit = "MPa" + +[beryllium.thermal] +melting_point_value = 1287 +melting_point_unit = "degC" +thermal_conductivity_value = 200 +thermal_conductivity_unit = "W/(m*K)" +specific_heat_value = 1825 +specific_heat_unit = "J/(kg*K)" +thermal_expansion_value = 11.0e-6 +thermal_expansion_unit = "1/K" + +[beryllium.electrical] +resistivity_value = 3.6e-8 +resistivity_unit = "ohm*m" + +[beryllium.nuclear] +radiation_length_value = 35.28 +radiation_length_unit = "cm" +interaction_length_value = 42.10 +interaction_length_unit = "cm" +mean_excitation_energy_eV = 63.7 +Z_eff = 4 + +[beryllium.vis] +base_color = [0.78, 0.79, 0.78, 1.0] +metallic = 1.0 +roughness = 0.5 +transmission = 0.0 + + +# ============================================================================ +# TANTALUM (#131) +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# High-Z gamma-shielding alternative to W/Pb in compact geometries; ductile +# (unlike W) and biocompatible (unlike Pb). Canonical entry is Ta CP +# (commercially pure, ASTM B708, annealed). Ta-2.5W is the common solid- +# solution variant for higher strength — not modeled here, but the same +# top-level Ta is a safe density/X0 stand-in. +# ============================================================================ + +[tantalum] +name = "Tantalum" +formula = "Ta" +grade = "CP" + +[tantalum.mechanical] +density_value = 16.65 +density_unit = "g/cm^3" +youngs_modulus_value = 186 +youngs_modulus_unit = "GPa" +shear_modulus_value = 69 +shear_modulus_unit = "GPa" +poissons_ratio = 0.34 +yield_strength_value = 138 +yield_strength_unit = "MPa" +tensile_strength_value = 207 +tensile_strength_unit = "MPa" +hardness_vickers = 110 + +[tantalum.thermal] +melting_point_value = 3017 +melting_point_unit = "degC" +thermal_conductivity_value = 57.5 +thermal_conductivity_unit = "W/(m*K)" +specific_heat_value = 140 +specific_heat_unit = "J/(kg*K)" +thermal_expansion_value = 6.3e-6 +thermal_expansion_unit = "1/K" + +[tantalum.electrical] +resistivity_value = 1.31e-7 +resistivity_unit = "ohm*m" + +[tantalum.nuclear] +radiation_length_value = 0.4094 +radiation_length_unit = "cm" +interaction_length_value = 11.47 +interaction_length_unit = "cm" +mean_excitation_energy_eV = 718.0 +Z_eff = 73 + +[tantalum.vis] +base_color = [0.65, 0.66, 0.69, 1.0] +metallic = 1.0 +roughness = 0.35 +transmission = 0.0 + + +# ============================================================================ +# KOVAR (#127) +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# ASTM F15 / Carpenter Kovar® — Fe-29Ni-17Co glass-sealing alloy. Designed +# to match the thermal expansion of borosilicate (Corning 7052) and +# alumina-borosilicate sealing glasses across 30-450 °C. CTE quoted here is +# the mean linear expansion 30-450 °C, NOT the local α at 25 °C — the +# matching curve is what makes the alloy useful, not any single point. +# Curie temperature ~435 °C is the upper bound on glass-seal service. +# ============================================================================ + +[kovar] +name = "Kovar" +grade = "ASTM F15" +# Carpenter Kovar® nominal mass fractions; balance Fe. +composition = {Fe = 0.535, Ni = 0.29, Co = 0.17, Mn = 0.003, Si = 0.002} + +[kovar.mechanical] +density_value = 8.36 +density_unit = "g/cm^3" +youngs_modulus_value = 138 +youngs_modulus_unit = "GPa" +poissons_ratio = 0.317 +yield_strength_value = 345 +yield_strength_unit = "MPa" +tensile_strength_value = 517 +tensile_strength_unit = "MPa" +elongation = 30 +hardness_vickers = 160 + +[kovar.thermal] +melting_point_value = 1450 +melting_point_unit = "degC" +thermal_conductivity_value = 17.3 +thermal_conductivity_unit = "W/(m*K)" +specific_heat_value = 439 +specific_heat_unit = "J/(kg*K)" +# Mean linear thermal expansion 30-450 °C — the glass-sealing matching +# value. RT-only α is lower (~5.5e-6/K, 25-200 °C); see _sources note. +thermal_expansion_value = 5.86e-6 +thermal_expansion_unit = "1/K" + +[kovar.electrical] +resistivity_value = 4.9e-7 +resistivity_unit = "ohm*m" + +[kovar.magnetic] +# Kovar is ferromagnetic up to its Curie point (~435 °C). μr at low field +# is moderate (~5000-10000 typical for annealed strip); not the "high-μ" +# class — use mu_metal for shielding. +permeability_relative = 5000.0 +saturation_field = 1.6 +saturation_field_unit = "T" + +[kovar.vis] +base_color = [0.62, 0.63, 0.66, 1.0] +metallic = 1.0 +roughness = 0.4 +transmission = 0.0 + + +# ============================================================================ +# MU-METAL (#128) +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# 80Ni-15Fe-5Mo soft-magnetic shielding alloy (ASTM A753 Type 4). All +# magnetic values below assume the canonical hydrogen anneal (~1100-1175 +# °C, dry H₂ atmosphere, slow cool) — the "as-fabricated" permeability is +# 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. After cold-working the part (forming, +# stamping) the anneal must be repeated in the final geometry. μr_max is +# the peak DC permeability at ~B = 0.4 T; initial μr ≈ 20 000. +# ============================================================================ + +[mu_metal] +name = "Mu-metal" +grade = "ASTM A753 Type 4" +# Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL® / Carpenter HyMu80® nominal composition. +composition = {Ni = 0.80, Fe = 0.145, Mo = 0.05, Cu = 0.005} + +[mu_metal.mechanical] +density_value = 8.7 +density_unit = "g/cm^3" +youngs_modulus_value = 215 +youngs_modulus_unit = "GPa" +poissons_ratio = 0.30 +yield_strength_value = 250 +yield_strength_unit = "MPa" +tensile_strength_value = 540 +tensile_strength_unit = "MPa" +elongation = 40 +hardness_vickers = 120 + +[mu_metal.thermal] +melting_point_value = 1430 +melting_point_unit = "degC" +thermal_conductivity_value = 19.0 +thermal_conductivity_unit = "W/(m*K)" +specific_heat_value = 460 +specific_heat_unit = "J/(kg*K)" +thermal_expansion_value = 12.7e-6 +thermal_expansion_unit = "1/K" + +[mu_metal.electrical] +resistivity_value = 6.0e-7 +resistivity_unit = "ohm*m" + +[mu_metal.magnetic] +# Annealed in dry H₂ at ~1150 °C. μr_max ≈ 100 000 (DC, peak); initial +# μr ≈ 20 000. Saturation flux density Bs ≈ 0.74 T (low Bs is a tradeoff +# of the high-μ regime — easy to saturate near strong magnets). +permeability_relative = 100000.0 +saturation_field = 0.74 +saturation_field_unit = "T" + +[mu_metal.vis] +base_color = [0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 1.0] +metallic = 1.0 +roughness = 0.45 +transmission = 0.0 + + # ============================================================================ # Provenance (#175 audit) # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -1123,11 +1386,102 @@ kind = "handbook" ref = "py-mat curation history; values from handbook/vendor/Wikidata aggregate (pre-#175 audit)" license = "proprietary-reference-only" +# OFHC Copper provenance (#129). Mechanical scalars are typical annealed +# values for C10100 wrought rod (NIST cryogenics + element handbooks); +# thermal scalars at RT are the well-established pure-Cu values which OFHC +# matches to within rounding. NIST Cryogenic Material Properties Database +# is the gold standard for the cryogenic curve (left as future work via +# the #148 curve schema). Verified 2026-05-07. [copper.OFHC._sources._default] -citation = "py-mat-curation-3.x" +citation = "NIST Cryogenic Material Properties: OFHC Copper" kind = "handbook" -ref = "py-mat curation history; values from handbook/vendor/Wikidata aggregate (pre-#175 audit)" +ref = "nist:cryogenics/ofhc-copper" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "OFHC Copper UNS C10100/C10200; RT scalars from NIST cryogenic database (PD-USGov, https://trc.nist.gov/cryogenics/materials/) plus element-handbook values (Wikipedia/CRC, mechanical properties of annealed wrought Cu); see per-property entries; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."mechanical.density"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Copper" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Pure Cu density 8.935 g/cm^3 at 20 °C; OFHC C10100 nominal density quoted at 8.94 g/cm^3 (rounded for canonical wrought rod); verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."mechanical.youngs_modulus"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Copper" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Pure-Cu E range 110-128 GPa; annealed C10100 E ≈ 115 GPa is the conventional wrought-rod value; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."mechanical.poissons_ratio"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Copper" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Pure-Cu Poisson's ratio 0.34; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."mechanical.yield_strength"] +citation = "ASTM B187 / B188 wrought-Cu rod, annealed (O60 temper)" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "astm:B187-19" license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "OFHC C10100 annealed (O60) σy ≈ 70 MPa, σu ≈ 220 MPa, elongation ≥ 45% are the conventional rod-stock values consistent with ASTM B187 mill-annealed bar/rod; ASTM specs are paywalled but compositionally bound to UNS C10100; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."mechanical.tensile_strength"] +citation = "ASTM B187 / B188 wrought-Cu rod, annealed (O60 temper)" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "astm:B187-19" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "OFHC C10100 annealed (O60) σu ≈ 220 MPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."mechanical.elongation"] +citation = "ASTM B187 / B188 wrought-Cu rod, annealed (O60 temper)" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "astm:B187-19" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "OFHC C10100 annealed elongation 45% at break; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."thermal.melting_point"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Copper" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Pure Cu melting point 1357.77 K = 1084.62 °C; OFHC unchanged from pure Cu; TOML rounds to 1083 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."thermal.thermal_conductivity"] +citation = "NIST Cryogenic Material Properties: OFHC Copper" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "nist:cryogenics/ofhc-copper" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "RT k = 391 W/(m*K) at 300 K from NIST OFHC fit (RRR-50 grade) and consistent with Wikipedia/CRC Cu element value 401 W/(m*K) (TOML quotes the OFHC-RRR50 number conservatively). Cryogenic enhancement: k(20K) ≈ 1500 W/(m*K), k(4K) ≈ 10000 W/(m*K) for RRR-300; populate via #148 curve schema in a future PR; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."thermal.specific_heat"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Copper" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Pure Cu Cp = 384.6 J/(kg*K) at 25 °C; TOML rounds to 385; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."thermal.thermal_expansion"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Copper" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Pure Cu α = 16.64e-6 /K at 20 °C; TOML rounds to 16.5e-6 /K (OFHC matches pure Cu); verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."electrical.resistivity"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Copper" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Pure Cu ρe = 16.78 nOhm*m at 20 °C; OFHC C10100 specified as ≥ 101% IACS, giving ρe ≈ 1.71e-8 Ohm*m; verified 2026-05-07." + +[copper.OFHC._sources."electrical.conductivity"] +citation = "ASTM B170 (OFHC, IACS conductivity spec)" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "astm:B170-99" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "OFHC C10100 specified ≥ 101% IACS = 5.85e7 S/m at 20 °C; ASTM B170 is the compositional spec (paywalled, ref-only); verified 2026-05-07." [tungsten._sources._default] citation = "py-mat-curation-3.x" @@ -1461,3 +1815,482 @@ citation = "py-mat-curation-3.x" kind = "handbook" ref = "py-mat curation history; values from handbook/vendor/Wikidata aggregate (pre-#175 audit)" license = "proprietary-reference-only" + + +# ============================================================================ +# Beryllium provenance (#130). Pure-element scalars from Wikipedia / CRC +# Handbook (CC-BY-SA-4.0); nuclear scalars from PDG Atomic & Nuclear +# Properties (open access, public-domain US Government work). Mechanical +# properties of bulk grade S-200F (vacuum hot-pressed) match the Materion +# vendor datasheet to within rounding — Materion datasheets are paywalled +# behind a registration wall, so the citation is reference-only. +# ============================================================================ + +[beryllium._sources._default] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be S-200F vacuum-hot-pressed grade; element scalars from Wikipedia/CRC, mechanical from Materion S-200F technical bulletin (proprietary-reference-only) cross-checked against PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties; nuclear scalars from PDG (PD-USGov, https://pdg.lbl.gov/2024/AtomicNuclearProperties/HTML/beryllium_Be.html); see per-property entries; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."mechanical.density"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Beryllium" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:beryllium" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Be density 1.848 g/cm^3 from PDG (matches Wikipedia/CRC 1.845 to within 0.2%); verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."mechanical.youngs_modulus"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be E = 287 GPa (~35% greater than steel — distinguishing property); verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."mechanical.shear_modulus"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be shear modulus G = 132 GPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."mechanical.poissons_ratio"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be Poisson's ratio 0.032 — anomalously low among metals, an unusual fingerprint of Be's hcp lattice; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."mechanical.yield_strength"] +citation = "Materion S-200F Beryllium Technical Bulletin" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "materion.com:s-200f" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "S-200F vacuum-hot-pressed Be, σy ≈ 207 MPa (30 ksi), σu ≈ 324 MPa (47 ksi) longitudinal; values from Materion technical bulletin; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."mechanical.tensile_strength"] +citation = "Materion S-200F Beryllium Technical Bulletin" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "materion.com:s-200f" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "S-200F σu ≈ 324 MPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."thermal.melting_point"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Beryllium" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:beryllium" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Be melting point 1560 K = 1287 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."thermal.thermal_conductivity"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be k = 200 W/(m*K) at room temperature; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."thermal.specific_heat"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be Cp = 1825 J/(kg*K) at 25 °C — exceptionally high among metals due to low atomic mass; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."thermal.thermal_expansion"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be α = 11.0e-6 /K at 20 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."electrical.resistivity"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Beryllium" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Be ρe = 36 nOhm*m = 3.6e-8 Ohm*m at 20 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."nuclear.radiation_length"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Beryllium" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:beryllium" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Be X0 = 65.19 g/cm^2 = 35.28 cm at ρ = 1.848 g/cm^3; verified 2026-05-07 from https://pdg.lbl.gov/2024/AtomicNuclearProperties/HTML/beryllium_Be.html." + +[beryllium._sources."nuclear.interaction_length"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Beryllium" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:beryllium" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Be λI = 77.8 g/cm^2 = 42.10 cm; verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."nuclear.mean_excitation_energy_eV"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Beryllium" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:beryllium" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Be mean excitation energy I = 63.7 eV (Bethe-Bloch); verified 2026-05-07." + +[beryllium._sources."nuclear.Z_eff"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Beryllium" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:beryllium" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Be Z = 4 (atomic number — pure element, Z_eff trivially equals Z); verified 2026-05-07." + + +# ============================================================================ +# Tantalum provenance (#131). Pure-element scalars from Wikipedia / CRC +# Handbook; nuclear scalars from PDG (open access, US-Government work). +# Mechanical scalars are typical annealed Ta CP (commercially pure, ASTM +# B708 sheet/plate) values that match Plansee and H.C. Starck public +# datasheets to within rounding. +# ============================================================================ + +[tantalum._sources._default] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta CP (commercially pure, ASTM B708) annealed; element scalars from Wikipedia/CRC; nuclear scalars from PDG (PD-USGov, https://pdg.lbl.gov/2024/AtomicNuclearProperties/HTML/tantalum_Ta.html); mechanical from Plansee public datasheet, RT, annealed; alternative grade Ta-2.5W has higher σy (~345 MPa) and similar density — same X0/λI within 1%; see per-property entries; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."mechanical.density"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Tantalum" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:tantalum" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Ta density 16.65 g/cm^3 from PDG (matches Wikipedia/CRC 16.678); verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."mechanical.youngs_modulus"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta E = 186 GPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."mechanical.shear_modulus"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta shear modulus G = 69 GPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."mechanical.poissons_ratio"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta Poisson's ratio 0.34; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."mechanical.yield_strength"] +citation = "Plansee Tantalum public datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "plansee.com:tantalum" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Ta CP annealed σy ≈ 138 MPa (20 ksi), σu ≈ 207 MPa (30 ksi) — typical sheet/plate values; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."mechanical.tensile_strength"] +citation = "Plansee Tantalum public datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "plansee.com:tantalum" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Ta CP annealed σu ≈ 207 MPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."mechanical.hardness_vickers"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta Vickers hardness range 870-1200 MPa = HV 89-122; TOML quotes the typical annealed midpoint HV 110; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."thermal.melting_point"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta melting point 3290 K = 3017 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."thermal.thermal_conductivity"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta k = 57.5 W/(m*K) at room temperature; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."thermal.specific_heat"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta Cp = 140.149 J/(kg*K) at 25 °C; TOML rounds to 140; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."thermal.thermal_expansion"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta α = 6.3e-6 /K at 25 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."electrical.resistivity"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Tantalum" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Ta ρe = 131 nOhm*m = 1.31e-7 Ohm*m at 20 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."nuclear.radiation_length"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Tantalum" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:tantalum" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Ta X0 = 6.82 g/cm^2 = 0.4094 cm at ρ = 16.65 g/cm^3; verified 2026-05-07 from https://pdg.lbl.gov/2024/AtomicNuclearProperties/HTML/tantalum_Ta.html." + +[tantalum._sources."nuclear.interaction_length"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Tantalum" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:tantalum" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Ta λI = 191.0 g/cm^2 = 11.47 cm; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."nuclear.mean_excitation_energy_eV"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Tantalum" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:tantalum" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Ta mean excitation energy I = 718 eV; verified 2026-05-07." + +[tantalum._sources."nuclear.Z_eff"] +citation = "PDG Atomic & Nuclear Properties: Tantalum" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "pdg:tantalum" +license = "PD-USGov" +note = "Ta Z = 73; verified 2026-05-07." + + +# ============================================================================ +# Kovar provenance (#127). Compositional bounds from ASTM F15 +# (paywalled, ref-only). Physical/mechanical scalars match the public +# Carpenter Technology Kovar® datasheet (vendor PDF, ref-only) and are +# corroborated by Wikipedia (CC-BY-SA-4.0). Curie temperature 435 °C and +# CTE 5.86e-6 /K (30-450 °C mean) are the canonical glass-sealing values. +# ============================================================================ + +[kovar._sources._default] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet + ASTM F15" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar (ASTM F15, Fe-29Ni-17Co); compositional bounds from ASTM F15; physical/mechanical scalars from Carpenter Kovar® public datasheet and Wikipedia (CC-BY-SA-4.0); see per-property entries; CTE quoted is the mean linear expansion 30-450 °C (the glass-sealing matching value), NOT the local α at 25 °C (~5.5e-6 /K, 25-200 °C); Curie temperature 435 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."mechanical.density"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar density 8.36 g/cm^3 (0.302 lb/in^3); verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."mechanical.youngs_modulus"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar E = 138 GPa (20.0e6 psi) at RT; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."mechanical.poissons_ratio"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar Poisson's ratio 0.317 at RT; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."mechanical.yield_strength"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar annealed σy(0.2%) ≈ 50 ksi = 345 MPa, σu ≈ 75 ksi = 517 MPa, elongation 30%; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."mechanical.tensile_strength"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar annealed σu ≈ 517 MPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."mechanical.elongation"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar annealed elongation 30%; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."mechanical.hardness_vickers"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar annealed HRB ~80 ≈ HV 160 (converted via ISO 18265); verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."thermal.melting_point"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar melting point ~1450 °C (2640 °F); verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."thermal.thermal_conductivity"] +citation = "Wikipedia: Kovar (Carpenter datasheet, CC-BY-SA-4.0)" +kind = "handbook" +ref = "wikipedia:Kovar" +license = "CC-BY-SA-4.0" +note = "Kovar k = 17.3 W/(m*K) at RT (Wikipedia cites 17 W/(m*K), Carpenter datasheet 17.3 W/(m*K) at 23-100 °C mean); verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."thermal.specific_heat"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar Cp = 0.105 BTU/(lb*°F) = 439 J/(kg*K) at RT; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."thermal.thermal_expansion"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet (ASTM E831)" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar mean linear expansion 30-450 °C = 5.86e-6 /K (the glass-sealing matching curve — Corning 7052 borosilicate). Local α at 25 °C is lower (~5.5e-6 /K, 25-200 °C); above the ferromagnetic→paramagnetic transition at the Curie point ~435 °C the lattice expansion accelerates sharply and Kovar is no longer CTE-matched to glass; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."electrical.resistivity"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar ρe = 49 microohm*cm = 4.9e-7 Ohm*m at RT; verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."magnetic.permeability_relative"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar is ferromagnetic up to its Curie point (~435 °C); μr_DC ~5000 typical for annealed strip at low field — moderate, not in the high-permeability shielding class (use mu_metal for shielding); verified 2026-05-07." + +[kovar._sources."magnetic.saturation_field"] +citation = "Carpenter Technology Kovar Alloy Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "carpentertechnology.com:kovar" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Kovar saturation flux density Bs ≈ 1.6 T at RT (Fe-Ni-Co alloy in the moderate-Bs regime); verified 2026-05-07." + + +# ============================================================================ +# Mu-metal provenance (#128). Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL® and Carpenter +# HyMu80® are the canonical commercial brands; both are ASTM A753 Type 4 +# (80Ni-15Fe-5Mo). All magnetic values assume the canonical hydrogen +# anneal (~1100-1175 °C, dry H₂, slow cool); without anneal, μr drops +# 1-2 orders of magnitude. IEC 60404-8-6 is the international magnetic +# spec but is paywalled; vendor datasheets are the public reference. +# ============================================================================ + +[mu_metal._sources._default] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet + ASTM A753" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal (ASTM A753 Type 4 / Carpenter HyMu80®, 80Ni-15Fe-5Mo); compositional bounds from ASTM A753; physical/mechanical scalars from Magnetic Shield Corp public datasheet (proprietary-reference-only); magnetic scalars assume the canonical hydrogen anneal at ~1150 °C in dry H₂ atmosphere with slow cool — without anneal, μr drops 1-2 orders of magnitude; cold-working (forming/stamping) requires re-anneal in final geometry; see per-property entries; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."mechanical.density"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal density 8.7 g/cm^3 (0.314 lb/in^3) — typical 80Ni-15Fe-5Mo permalloy; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."mechanical.youngs_modulus"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal E ≈ 215 GPa (31e6 psi) at RT, annealed; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."mechanical.poissons_ratio"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal Poisson's ratio ~0.30 typical for Ni-Fe permalloys; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."mechanical.yield_strength"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal annealed σy(0.2%) ≈ 250 MPa, σu ≈ 540 MPa, elongation ≥ 40%; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."mechanical.tensile_strength"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal annealed σu ≈ 540 MPa; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."mechanical.elongation"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal annealed elongation 40% at break; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."mechanical.hardness_vickers"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal annealed HV ~120 (Rockwell B ~70); verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."thermal.melting_point"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal solidus ~1430 °C (2600 °F); verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."thermal.thermal_conductivity"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal k ≈ 19 W/(m*K) at RT; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."thermal.specific_heat"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal Cp ≈ 460 J/(kg*K) at RT; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."thermal.thermal_expansion"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal mean linear α = 12.7e-6 /K (25-300 °C); verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."electrical.resistivity"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal ρe ≈ 60 microohm*cm = 6.0e-7 Ohm*m at 20 °C; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."magnetic.permeability_relative"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet (ASTM A753)" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal μr_max ≈ 100 000 at peak DC permeability (B ≈ 0.4 T) after dry-H₂ anneal at ~1150 °C; initial μr ≈ 20 000; without anneal μr drops to ~2000; Wikipedia (CC-BY-SA-4.0) corroborates 80 000-100 000 typical range; verified 2026-05-07." + +[mu_metal._sources."magnetic.saturation_field"] +citation = "Magnetic Shield Corp MuMETAL Datasheet" +kind = "vendor" +ref = "magnetic-shield.com:mumetal" +license = "proprietary-reference-only" +note = "Mu-metal saturation flux density Bs ≈ 0.74 T (low Bs is the cost of high μr — easy to saturate near strong magnets, design shields with adequate cross-section); verified 2026-05-07."