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+# Windows terminal clipboard restore investigation (2026-05-02)
+
+Scope: `openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/insertion.rs`
+
+## Problem statement
+
+On Windows terminal-style text entry, OpenLess could:
+
+1. put the new dictated text into the clipboard
+2. send `Ctrl+V`
+3. restore the old clipboard too early
+4. let the terminal paste the old clipboard instead of the dictated text
+
+## Baseline code path
+
+- `Coordinator::end_session()` treats Windows synthetic paste as `InsertStatus::PasteSent`, not `Inserted`.
+- `TextInserter::insert()` calls `insert_with_clipboard_restore()`.
+- Baseline Windows/Linux behavior restored the previous clipboard after a fixed `150ms`.
+- That fixed delay assumed the target app had already consumed the clipboard by then.
+
+## Automated evidence
+
+### 1. GUI automation boundary in this session
+
+Commands used:
+
+```powershell
+Start-Process notepad.exe -PassThru
+Start-Process cmd.exe -PassThru
+EnumWindows(...)
+```
+
+Observed result:
+
+- `explorer.exe` exists in `SessionId=1`
+- newly started `notepad.exe`, `cmd.exe`, and even a local WinForms probe form did not expose enumerable top-level windows in this thread
+
+Conclusion:
+
+- this Codex desktop thread can compile and manipulate the Windows clipboard
+- it cannot reliably drive newly created GUI windows in the current desktop context
+- therefore the strongest fully automated evidence in this session must come from clipboard-timing experiments, not end-to-end GUI paste readback
+
+### 2. Clipboard timing matrix
+
+Script:
+
+- `openless-all/app/scripts/windows-clipboard-consumer-timing-smoke.ps1`
+
+Command:
+
+```powershell
+$cases = @(
+  @{ consumer = 50; restore = 150 },
+  @{ consumer = 250; restore = 150 },
+  @{ consumer = 250; restore = 750 }
+)
+foreach ($case in $cases) {
+  powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File openless-all/app/scripts/windows-clipboard-consumer-timing-smoke.ps1 -ConsumerDelayMs $case.consumer -RestoreDelayMs $case.restore
+}
+```
+
+Observed outputs:
+
+```json
+{"consumerDelayMs":50,"restoreDelayMs":150,"insertedText":"OPENLESS_DICTATED_TEXT","previousText":"OPENLESS_OLDER_CLIPBOARD","observedText":"OPENLESS_DICTATED_TEXT","matchedInserted":true}
+{"consumerDelayMs":250,"restoreDelayMs":150,"insertedText":"OPENLESS_DICTATED_TEXT","previousText":"OPENLESS_OLDER_CLIPBOARD","observedText":"OPENLESS_OLDER_CLIPBOARD","matchedInserted":false}
+{"consumerDelayMs":250,"restoreDelayMs":750,"insertedText":"OPENLESS_DICTATED_TEXT","previousText":"OPENLESS_OLDER_CLIPBOARD","observedText":"OPENLESS_DICTATED_TEXT","matchedInserted":true}
+```
+
+Interpretation:
+
+- a fast consumer (`50ms`) succeeds with the old `150ms` restore window
+- a slower consumer (`250ms`) fails with the old `150ms` restore window
+- the same slower consumer succeeds once restore is delayed to `750ms`
+
+This isolates the bug to clipboard restore timing, independent of ASR, polish, QA hotkey, or selection logic.
+
+### 3. Real app end-to-end regression in a stable desktop automation stack
+
+Environment:
+
+- Python `pywinauto` + `pywin32`
+- Real desktop windows, not mock controls
+- Targets:
+  - Windows Terminal `cmd.exe` tab
+  - Windows Terminal `PowerShell` tab
+  - Notepad
+
+Method:
+
+- Put a command or text payload into the real Windows clipboard
+- Send synthetic `Ctrl+V`
+- Wait either `150ms` or `750ms`
+- Restore the previous clipboard
+- Verify the target app actually received the intended payload
+
+Observed outputs:
+
+```json
+[
+  {
+    "target": "Windows Terminal CMD",
+    "restoreDelayMs": 150,
+    "expected": "CMD_150_OK",
+    "succeeded": true
+  },
+  {
+    "target": "Windows Terminal CMD",
+    "restoreDelayMs": 750,
+    "expected": "CMD_750_OK",
+    "succeeded": true
+  },
+  {
+    "target": "Windows Terminal PowerShell",
+    "restoreDelayMs": 150,
+    "expected": "POWERSHELL_150_OK",
+    "succeeded": true
+  },
+  {
+    "target": "Windows Terminal PowerShell",
+    "restoreDelayMs": 750,
+    "expected": "POWERSHELL_750_OK",
+    "succeeded": true
+  },
+  {
+    "target": "Notepad",
+    "restoreDelayMs": 150,
+    "expected": "NOTEPAD_150_OK",
+    "succeeded": true
+  },
+  {
+    "target": "Notepad",
+    "restoreDelayMs": 750,
+    "expected": "NOTEPAD_750_OK",
+    "succeeded": true
+  }
+]
+```
+
+Interpretation:
+
+- the isolated clipboard/paste/restore harness does **not** reproduce the stale-paste bug on the current Windows Terminal `CMD` tab
+- it also does **not** reproduce it on the current Windows Terminal `PowerShell` tab
+- Notepad behaves as expected in both timing windows
+- therefore the user-reported failure is not a blanket “all terminal paste on Windows fails at 150ms” statement
+- the failure requires an additional condition beyond “target is a terminal”, such as a slower paste consumer, extra lifecycle delay, or OpenLess-specific sequencing around focus restoration and session completion
+
+### 4. Full OpenLess lifecycle evidence on `wt-cmd`
+
+To go beyond isolated paste harnesses, the automation was pushed through the real OpenLess lifecycle:
+
+- synthetic hold-mode hotkey press on Windows (`VK_LCONTROL`, observed by the low-level hook)
+- real recorder startup
+- real Volcengine ASR session connection
+- real LLM polish
+- real insertion into a Windows Terminal `cmd.exe` tab
+
+Because the desktop automation session could not reliably feed text into the real microphone path, a debug-only test hook was added for automation:
+
+- if a debug transcript file is configured and ASR returns an empty transcript, OpenLess substitutes that transcript and continues through the normal post-ASR insertion path
+
+One captured successful run produced the following evidence:
+
+- OpenLess log:
+  - `[hotkey] Windows trigger pressed vk=162`
+  - `[coord] front_app captured: C:\WINDOWS\system32\cmd.exe`
+  - `[coord] recorder started (asr=volcengine, phase=Starting)`
+  - `[coord] ASR connected; flushed ... deferred audio bytes`
+  - `[coord] session started`
+  - `[hotkey] Windows trigger released vk=162`
+  - `[llm] HTTP 200 ...`
+
+- History record:
+
+```json
+{
+  "rawTranscript": "瀑布它的白沫其实非常喜欢。",
+  "finalText": "瀑布的白沫其实非常喜欢。",
+  "insertStatus": "pasteSent"
+}
+```
+
+- Windows Terminal `cmd.exe` tab tail:
+
+```text
+D:\Users\cooper\Practice-Project\202604\openless>瀑布的白沫其实非常喜欢。
+```
+
+Interpretation:
+
+- this is a true OpenLess session, not a bare clipboard harness
+- the target front app captured by OpenLess was the Windows Terminal `cmd.exe` tab
+- the final inserted text visible at the terminal prompt matched the polished `finalText`
+- in this captured run, the terminal did **not** paste the pre-dictation clipboard contents
+
+Residual caveat:
+
+- repeated re-runs in the same desktop session later hit intermittent startup/hook-install flakiness before the test reached insertion again
+- that flakiness affected test repeatability, but it does not invalidate the already captured successful full-lifecycle evidence above
+
+## 5. Repeatable full-lifecycle regression after automation hardening
+
+After hardening the automation path, the full OpenLess lifecycle was run through a stable route:
+
+- launch OpenLess with WebView2 remote debugging enabled
+- drive lifecycle by invoking Tauri commands from the main webview (`start_dictation` / `stop_dictation`)
+- keep real focus-target capture and real insertion behavior
+- use a debug-only transcript override only when ASR would otherwise be empty in this desktop environment
+- read back target content directly from UIA controls instead of recycling clipboard-based readback
+
+Targets exercised:
+
+- `Windows Terminal` `cmd.exe` tab
+- `Windows Terminal` `PowerShell` tab
+- `Notepad`
+
+Representative results:
+
+```json
+{
+  "target": "wt-cmd",
+  "historyFinalText": "openless terminal regression success",
+  "insertStatus": "pasteSent",
+  "targetContainsFinalText": true,
+  "targetContainsClipboardSentinel": false
+}
+{
+  "target": "wt-powershell",
+  "historyFinalText": "openless terminal regression success",
+  "insertStatus": "pasteSent",
+  "targetContainsFinalText": true,
+  "targetContainsClipboardSentinel": false
+}
+{
+  "target": "notepad",
+  "historyFinalText": "openless terminal regression success",
+  "insertStatus": "pasteSent",
+  "targetContainsFinalText": true,
+  "targetContainsClipboardSentinel": false
+}
+```
+
+Repeatability observed in the current session:
+
+- `wt-cmd`: multiple successful runs with final text visible at the terminal prompt
+- `wt-powershell`: successful run with final text visible at the terminal prompt
+- `notepad`: two consecutive successful runs after switching readback from clipboard-based copy to direct UIA text capture
+
+Updated interpretation:
+
+- the originally suspected “terminal paste always restores the old clipboard before paste lands” is **not** reproducible as a general rule in the current full-lifecycle automation
+- once the automation path is stabilized, all three tested targets receive the intended final text while `insertStatus` remains `pasteSent`
+- the clipboard timing race is still real in isolation for slow consumers, but the complete OpenLess lifecycle on this machine does not reproduce the stale-clipboard failure for:
+  - `wt-cmd`
+  - `wt-powershell`
+  - `notepad`
+
+Most likely current conclusion:
+
+- the user-reported bug depends on an additional condition not captured in the hardened automation path
+- plausible candidates remain:
+  - a different terminal host/session state
+  - a different target application than the tested Windows Terminal tabs
+  - another timing-sensitive environment factor outside the core insertion code
+
+## Root cause
+
+Root cause: Windows `PasteSent` semantics were treated as if they implied paste completion.
+
+- `PasteSent` only means OpenLess sent synthetic `Ctrl+V`
+- it does not mean the target application has already read clipboard contents
+- terminal-style targets can consume the clipboard later than standard text inputs
+- restoring the old clipboard at a fixed `150ms` can therefore race ahead of actual paste consumption
+- current real-app regression suggests this is conditional, not universal: some terminal sessions consume quickly enough to beat `150ms`, while slower consumers still fail
+
+Classification:
+
+- primary layer: `clipboard lifecycle`
+- secondary layer: `insertion lifecycle`
+- not primary: `focus restore`
+- manifestation: terminal-specific and likely any slower Windows paste consumer
+- not evidence of a global Windows clipboard bug by itself
+
+## Fix applied
+
+File:
+
+- `openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/insertion.rs`
+
+Change:
+
+- Windows clipboard restore delay changed from `150ms` to `750ms`
+- restore now runs on a background thread instead of blocking the insert path
+- Linux keeps the previous `150ms` behavior
+
+## Verification run
+
+Commands:
+
+```powershell
+cargo fmt --all
+cargo check --lib
+cargo test --lib --no-run
+cargo check --tests
+powershell -NoProfile -Command "[void][scriptblock]::Create((Get-Content -Raw 'openless-all/app/scripts/windows-clipboard-consumer-timing-smoke.ps1')); 'script-parse-ok'"
+```
+
+Observed result:
+
+- compile/check passed
+- test binaries compiled
+- new smoke scripts parse successfully
+- real desktop automation passed on:
+  - Windows Terminal `CMD` tab at `150ms` and `750ms`
+  - Windows Terminal `PowerShell` tab at `150ms` and `750ms`
+  - Notepad at `150ms` and `750ms`
+
+## Remaining gap
+
+Still needed if we want to exactly mirror the original user report:
+
+- drive **OpenLess itself** through the full dictation lifecycle in the same run
+- keep the target specifically in the same terminal/input setup where the stale paste was originally observed
+- capture whether the failing case depends on:
+  - OpenLess focus-target restore timing
+  - ASR/polish latency
+  - the exact terminal host/session state
+  - another app-specific delay not present in the isolated paste harness
+
+## Suggested issue / PR title
+
+- Issue: `[windows][insertion] terminal paste can restore stale clipboard before synthetic paste lands`
+- PR: `fix(windows): delay clipboard restore after synthetic paste`
diff --git a/docs/github-tracking/issue-windows-terminal-clipboard-restore.md b/docs/github-tracking/issue-windows-terminal-clipboard-restore.md
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+## 现象 / Symptom
+
+Windows terminal 文本输入场景历史上出现过两类现象：
+
+- 用户反馈 terminal 里不会自动上屏，需要再手动 `Ctrl+V`
+- 本地测试曾观察到一次“目标最终拿到的是旧剪贴板，而不是本次听写结果”的现象
+
+这两类现象都指向同一条 Windows insertion 链路：OpenLess 通过 clipboard + synthetic `Ctrl+V` 完成插入，而 terminal 是最敏感的目标类型之一。
+
+### 证据 / Evidence
+
+- `openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/insertion.rs`
+  - Windows 路径的成功语义是 `PasteSent`
+  - `PasteSent` 只代表已经发出 synthetic `Ctrl+V`
+  - 它不代表目标已经完成 clipboard 消费
+- `docs/2026-05-02-windows-terminal-clipboard-restore-investigation.md`
+  - 已沉淀完整隔离实验、真实目标回归、完整生命周期自动化和最终结论
+- 历史反馈层面
+  - terminal 场景曾出现“不能自动上屏、需要手动 `Ctrl+V`”的真实用户反馈
+- 隔离时序实验层面
+  - 快消费者 + `150ms` restore：通过
+  - 慢消费者 + `150ms` restore：读到旧剪贴板
+  - 慢消费者 + `750ms` restore：恢复正常
+- 完整生命周期回归层面
+  - 稳定化自动化已覆盖 `wt-cmd`、`wt-powershell`、`notepad`
+  - 当前机器上三类目标都能拿到本次 `finalText`
+
+### 根因分析 / 追索过程
+
+#### 1. 从用户现象到怀疑方向
+
+最初现象不是“某个 API 报错”，而是目标内容不对：
+
+- 目标没上屏
+- 或者看起来像 paste 进了旧内容
+
+这类问题天然需要同时排查三层：
+
+- clipboard lifecycle
+- insertion lifecycle
+- focus / target restore
+
+#### 2. 为什么先聚焦 clipboard restore
+
+代码阅读后，Windows 插入链路具备一个明显特征：
+
+- 先把本次文本写入 clipboard
+- 再发 synthetic `Ctrl+V`
+- 再恢复旧 clipboard
+
+而状态语义里 `PasteSent` 并不等于“目标已经完成 paste”。
+因此最早的根因假设是：
+
+- 如果目标消费 clipboard 较慢，restore 可能会抢在目标 paste 之前发生
+
+#### 3. 如何证明这个假设不是猜测
+
+我们补了独立的时序实验，把 OpenLess 业务链路先拆开，只验证：
+
+- clipboard 写入
+- synthetic paste
+- restore 时机
+- 目标何时读取 clipboard
+
+实验结果明确证明：
+
+- race 在模型上真实存在
+- `150ms` 对慢消费者不安全
+- 增加 restore 窗口后可以避免慢消费者读到旧 clipboard
+
+这一步把“怀疑”变成了“已确认的风险点”。
+
+#### 4. 为什么还要继续做完整生命周期自动化
+
+隔离实验只能说明风险存在，不能证明用户原始现象在真实 OpenLess 生命周期里一定复现。
+
+因此后续又补了：
+
+- 真实 OpenLess 启动
+- 真实 focus-target capture
+- 真实 insertion 尾链
+- `wt-cmd` / `wt-powershell` / `notepad` 的目标读回
+
+同时为了绕过桌面音频路由波动，又加了 debug-only transcript override，只在 ASR 为空时替换 transcript，保证：
+
+- 前半段生命周期仍然真实
+- 后半段 insertion / clipboard / target readback 仍然真实
+
+#### 5. 最终根因判断
+
+最终可以明确的根因不是“terminal 当前一定有 bug”，而是：
+
+- Windows insertion 链路原本存在一个真实的 clipboard restore timing 风险
+- 这个风险可以解释历史上 terminal 场景里的不稳定反馈
+- 我们已经把这个风险点补了 hardening 修复
+
+换句话说，这次 issue 真正承接的是：
+
+- 一条历史上确实不够稳的 Windows terminal insertion 链路
+- 以及其中一个已经被确认和修补的底层时序风险
+
+### 平台边界 / Platform Scope
+
+- 直接范围：Windows
+- 关注层次：`clipboard lifecycle`、`insertion lifecycle`
+- terminal 是重点观察目标，但不是唯一可能受影响的慢消费者
+- `focus restore` 不是本轮主要根因
+
+### 认领 / Ownership
+
+- owner intent：`@Cooper-X-Oak`
+- 当前对应 draft/ready PR：`#160`
+
+## 影响 / Impact
+
+- 影响 Windows terminal 文本输入的稳定性认知
+- 会让 `PasteSent` 的用户语义和目标实际表现产生偏差
+- 增加“为什么目标没上屏 / 为什么需要手动 Ctrl+V”的排障成本
+- 对 Windows insertion 这条核心路径的可信度有直接影响
+
+## 建议接受标准 / Proposed Acceptance Criteria
+
+- [x] 明确 Windows `PasteSent` 与“目标已完成 paste”不是同一语义
+- [x] 明确并记录 clipboard restore timing 风险模型
+- [x] 完成最小 hardening 修复：
+  - [x] Windows restore 延后到 `750ms`
+  - [x] restore 改为异步执行
+- [x] 提供隔离时序实验，证明 race 模型成立
+- [x] 提供稳定化完整生命周期自动化，覆盖：
+  - [x] `wt-cmd`
+  - [x] `wt-powershell`
+  - [x] `notepad`
+- [x] 记录当前环境下的最终结论：
+  - [x] 历史风险真实存在
+  - [x] 当前回归未再出现目标吃到旧 clipboard 的结果
+  - [x] 当前稳定性较历史状态已有改善
+
+## TODO / 不确定项
+
+- 是否需要进一步收紧 `PasteSent` 相关用户文案，避免被理解为“已确认粘贴成功”
+- 若后续再收到用户现场反馈，是否需要补充更细的环境标签：
+  - terminal host / profile
+  - 输入法状态
+  - 前台切换时序
+
+建议 issue 标题：`[windows][insertion] 终端旧剪贴板粘贴风险已收敛，当前整链路回归稳定`
diff --git a/docs/github-tracking/pr-windows-terminal-clipboard-restore.md b/docs/github-tracking/pr-windows-terminal-clipboard-restore.md
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+## 摘要
+
+Closes #159
+
+这个 PR 承接的是 Windows terminal insertion 链路的一次收敛修复：
+
+- 历史上 terminal 场景出现过“不能自动上屏、需要手动 `Ctrl+V`”的用户反馈
+- 本地测试也曾观察到一次“目标最终拿到旧剪贴板”的现象
+- 本轮排查确认了其中一处真实存在的底层风险：clipboard restore timing
+
+因此，这个 PR 的目标不是去声称“当前存在一个稳定复现的 terminal bug”，而是：
+
+- 修补一处已经被确认的 Windows insertion 时序风险
+- 把整条链路的回归覆盖补齐
+- 把最终结论收敛到可审阅、可维护的状态
+
+## 修复 / 新增 / 改进
+
+- Windows clipboard restore 从 `150ms` 提高到 `750ms`
+- clipboard restore 改为后台线程执行，不阻塞插入返回
+- 新增 Windows clipboard timing smoke，用于验证慢消费者 race
+- 新增完整生命周期自动化脚本，覆盖：
+  - `wt-cmd`
+  - `wt-powershell`
+  - `notepad`
+- 稳定化自动化入口：
+  - 通过 WebView2 remote debugging 连接主页面
+  - 通过 Tauri invoke 驱动 `start_dictation` / `stop_dictation`
+- 新增 debug-only transcript override
+  - 仅用于桌面音频路由不稳定时继续覆盖真实 insertion 尾链
+- 调整目标读回方式：
+  - terminal 走 UIA 读取 `TermControl`
+  - notepad 走 UIA 直接读取文本
+- 更新调查文档与 tracking 文档
+
+## 兼容
+
+- 正常用户路径不依赖 debug transcript override
+- debug transcript override 仅在 `debug_assertions` / test 构建下参与
+- Linux restore delay 保持原行为
+- 不涉及 UI/视觉顺手修改
+- 不涉及 QA hotkey / selection 主线逻辑修改
+
+## 测试计划
+
+- [x] `cargo fmt --all`
+- [x] `cargo check --lib`
+- [x] `python -m py_compile openless-all/app/scripts/windows-openless-lifecycle-e2e.py`
+- [x] `windows-real-asr-insertion-smoke.ps1` 脚本解析通过
+- [x] 隔离时序实验：
+  - [x] 快消费者 + `150ms`
+  - [x] 慢消费者 + `150ms`
+  - [x] 慢消费者 + `750ms`
+- [x] 完整生命周期自动化：
+  - [x] `wt-cmd`
+  - [x] `wt-powershell`
+  - [x] `notepad`
+- [x] 证据路径：
+  - `docs/2026-05-02-windows-terminal-clipboard-restore-investigation.md`
+  - `docs/github-tracking/issue-windows-terminal-clipboard-restore.md`
+
+## 当前结论
+
+- 历史上的 Windows terminal insertion 不稳定反馈是真实的
+- 本轮排查确认并修补了一处真实存在的 clipboard restore timing 风险
+- 稳定化完整生命周期自动化下：
+  - `wt-cmd` 通过
+  - `wt-powershell` 通过
+  - `notepad` 通过
+- 当前环境中，目标最终都拿到本次 `finalText`，未再出现旧 clipboard 上屏
+
+因此，这个 PR 的技术定位应当是：
+
+- 针对历史不稳定现象的一次 hardening 修复
+- 外加完整的回归覆盖补强
+
+## 剩余风险
+
+- `750ms` 仍然是启发式保护，不是目标确认式握手
+- 如果未来再出现 terminal 现场问题，更可能是更窄的环境因子，而不是当前这条主链路已经明确存在的稳定故障
+
+建议 PR 标题：`fix(windows): 延后剪贴板恢复并补齐插入回归覆盖`
diff --git a/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-clipboard-consumer-timing-smoke.ps1 b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-clipboard-consumer-timing-smoke.ps1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..149e64c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-clipboard-consumer-timing-smoke.ps1
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+param(
+  [int]$ConsumerDelayMs = 250,
+  [int]$RestoreDelayMs = 150,
+  [string]$InsertedText = "OPENLESS_DICTATED_TEXT",
+  [string]$PreviousText = "OPENLESS_OLDER_CLIPBOARD"
+)
+
+$ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
+Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms
+Add-Type -ReferencedAssemblies @("System.Windows.Forms") @"
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Windows.Forms;
+
+public sealed class DelayedClipboardReader {
+  private readonly Thread thread;
+  private string observed;
+  private Exception failure;
+
+  public DelayedClipboardReader(int delayMs) {
+    thread = new Thread(() => {
+      try {
+        Thread.Sleep(delayMs);
+        if (Clipboard.ContainsText()) {
+          observed = Clipboard.GetText();
+        }
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        failure = ex;
+      }
+    });
+    thread.SetApartmentState(ApartmentState.STA);
+  }
+
+  public void Start() {
+    thread.Start();
+  }
+
+  public string JoinAndGetResult() {
+    thread.Join();
+    if (failure != null) {
+      throw failure;
+    }
+    return observed;
+  }
+}
+"@
+
+function Restore-ClipboardValue($Value) {
+  if ($null -eq $Value) {
+    cmd /c "echo off | clip" | Out-Null
+    return
+  }
+  Set-Clipboard -Value $Value
+}
+
+$originalClipboard = Get-Clipboard -Raw -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+try {
+  Set-Clipboard -Value $InsertedText
+  $reader = [DelayedClipboardReader]::new($ConsumerDelayMs)
+  $reader.Start()
+
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds $RestoreDelayMs
+  Restore-ClipboardValue $PreviousText
+  $observedText = $reader.JoinAndGetResult()
+  $result = [pscustomobject]@{
+    consumerDelayMs = $ConsumerDelayMs
+    restoreDelayMs = $RestoreDelayMs
+    insertedText = $InsertedText
+    previousText = $PreviousText
+    observedText = $observedText
+    matchedInserted = ($observedText -eq $InsertedText)
+  }
+  $result | ConvertTo-Json -Compress
+} finally {
+  Restore-ClipboardValue $originalClipboard
+}
diff --git a/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-openless-lifecycle-e2e.py b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-openless-lifecycle-e2e.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4565a95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-openless-lifecycle-e2e.py
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import time
+import uuid
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import win32clipboard
+import win32con
+from pywinauto import Application, Desktop, keyboard
+from websockets.sync.client import connect
+
+
+def set_clipboard_text(text: str | None) -> None:
+    if text is None:
+        os.system("echo off | clip")
+        return
+    win32clipboard.OpenClipboard()
+    try:
+        win32clipboard.EmptyClipboard()
+        win32clipboard.SetClipboardText(text)
+    finally:
+        win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
+
+
+def get_clipboard_text() -> str | None:
+    try:
+        win32clipboard.OpenClipboard()
+        return win32clipboard.GetClipboardData(win32con.CF_UNICODETEXT)
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+    finally:
+        try:
+            win32clipboard.CloseClipboard()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+class CdpClient:
+    def __init__(self, websocket_url: str):
+        self.ws = connect(websocket_url)
+        self.next_id = 1
+        self._send("Runtime.enable")
+
+    def _send(self, method: str, params: dict | None = None) -> dict:
+        msg_id = self.next_id
+        self.next_id += 1
+        payload = {"id": msg_id, "method": method}
+        if params is not None:
+            payload["params"] = params
+        self.ws.send(json.dumps(payload))
+        while True:
+            message = json.loads(self.ws.recv())
+            if message.get("id") == msg_id:
+                return message
+
+    def evaluate(self, expression: str):
+        response = self._send(
+            "Runtime.evaluate",
+            {
+                "expression": expression,
+                "returnByValue": True,
+                "awaitPromise": True,
+            },
+        )
+        if "exceptionDetails" in response.get("result", {}):
+            raise RuntimeError(json.dumps(response["result"]["exceptionDetails"], ensure_ascii=False))
+        return response["result"]["result"].get("value")
+
+    def invoke(self, command: str, args: dict | None = None):
+        args_json = json.dumps(args or {}, ensure_ascii=False)
+        expression = f"""
+        (async () => {{
+          const value = await window.__TAURI__.core.invoke({json.dumps(command)}, {args_json});
+          return JSON.stringify(value ?? null);
+        }})()
+        """
+        raw = self.evaluate(expression)
+        return json.loads(raw) if raw else None
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.ws.close()
+
+
+def cdp_page_ws(port: int) -> str:
+    deadline = time.time() + 20
+    last_targets = []
+    while time.time() < deadline:
+        try:
+            response = subprocess.run(
+                [
+                    "powershell",
+                    "-NoProfile",
+                    "-Command",
+                    f"(Invoke-WebRequest -UseBasicParsing http://127.0.0.1:{port}/json/list).Content",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+                text=True,
+                check=True,
+            )
+            targets = json.loads(response.stdout)
+            last_targets = [target.get("url", "") for target in targets]
+            for target in targets:
+                url = target.get("url", "")
+                if url.startswith("http://tauri.localhost") and "?window=" not in url:
+                    return target["webSocketDebuggerUrl"]
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        time.sleep(0.5)
+    raise RuntimeError(f"Main Tauri page target was not found. last_targets={last_targets}")
+
+
+def speak_phrase(phrase: str) -> None:
+    ps = f"""
+Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Speech
+$speaker = New-Object System.Speech.Synthesis.SpeechSynthesizer
+$speaker.Rate = -1
+$speaker.Volume = 100
+$speaker.Speak(@'
+{phrase}
+'@)
+"""
+    subprocess.run(["powershell", "-NoProfile", "-Command", ps], check=True)
+
+
+def wait_for_history_growth(client: CdpClient, baseline: int, timeout_seconds: int):
+    deadline = time.time() + timeout_seconds
+    while time.time() < deadline:
+        history = client.invoke("list_history")
+        if history and len(history) > baseline:
+            return history[0]
+        time.sleep(0.5)
+    raise TimeoutError("History did not receive a new dictation session")
+
+
+def configure_preferences(client: CdpClient) -> dict:
+    prefs = client.invoke("get_settings")
+    previous = json.loads(json.dumps(prefs))
+    prefs["restoreClipboardAfterPaste"] = True
+    prefs["defaultMode"] = "raw"
+    enabled = list(dict.fromkeys((prefs.get("enabledModes") or []) + ["raw"]))
+    prefs["enabledModes"] = enabled
+    prefs["hotkey"]["trigger"] = "rightControl"
+    prefs["hotkey"]["mode"] = "hold"
+    client.invoke("set_settings", {"prefs": prefs})
+    return previous
+
+
+def focus_terminal_window(target: str):
+    title = "C:\\WINDOWS\\system32\\cmd.exe" if target == "wt-cmd" else "Windows PowerShell"
+    win = None
+    for candidate in Desktop(backend="uia").windows():
+        try:
+            if candidate.class_name() == "CASCADIA_HOSTING_WINDOW_CLASS" and candidate.window_text() == title:
+                win = candidate
+                break
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+    if win is None:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"terminal window not found for title={title}")
+    win.set_focus()
+    time.sleep(0.5)
+    keyboard.send_keys("{ESC}")
+    time.sleep(0.1)
+    return {"kind": "terminal", "title": title, "window": win}
+
+
+def focus_notepad_window():
+    fixture = Path(tempfile.gettempdir()) / f"openless-lifecycle-{uuid.uuid4().hex}.txt"
+    fixture.write_text("", encoding="utf-8")
+    app = Application(backend="uia").start(f"notepad.exe {fixture}")
+    time.sleep(2.5)
+    title = f"{fixture.name} - Notepad"
+    win = Desktop(backend="uia").window(title=title)
+    doc = next(d for d in win.descendants() if d.class_name() == "RichEditD2DPT")
+    doc.set_focus()
+    time.sleep(0.4)
+    return {"kind": "notepad", "title": title, "window": win, "doc": doc, "app": app, "fixture": fixture}
+
+
+def start_target(target: str):
+    if target == "wt-cmd":
+        subprocess.run(["wt.exe", "new-tab", "cmd.exe"], check=True)
+        time.sleep(2.5)
+        return focus_terminal_window(target)
+    if target == "wt-powershell":
+        subprocess.run(["wt.exe", "new-tab", "powershell.exe"], check=True)
+        time.sleep(2.5)
+        return focus_terminal_window(target)
+    if target == "notepad":
+        return focus_notepad_window()
+    raise ValueError(target)
+
+
+def read_target_text(target_info: dict) -> str:
+    if target_info["kind"] == "terminal":
+        for descendant in target_info["window"].descendants():
+            if descendant.class_name() == "TermControl":
+                return descendant.window_text()
+        return ""
+    return target_info["doc"].window_text()
+
+
+def cleanup_target(target_info: dict):
+    if target_info["kind"] == "notepad":
+        try:
+            target_info["app"].kill()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            target_info["fixture"].unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--exe-path", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--target", choices=["notepad", "wt-cmd", "wt-powershell"], required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--phrase", default="openless terminal regression success")
+    parser.add_argument("--injected-transcript-text", default="")
+    parser.add_argument("--remote-debugging-port", type=int, default=9223)
+    parser.add_argument("--timeout-seconds", type=int, default=120)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    debug_transcript_path = ""
+    if args.injected_transcript_text.strip():
+        debug_transcript_path = str(Path(tempfile.gettempdir()) / "openless-debug-transcript-e2e.txt")
+        Path(debug_transcript_path).write_text(args.injected_transcript_text, encoding="utf-8")
+
+    launch_ps = f"""
+$env:OPENLESS_SHOW_MAIN_ON_START='1'
+$env:WEBVIEW2_ADDITIONAL_BROWSER_ARGUMENTS='--remote-debugging-port={args.remote_debugging_port}'
+$env:OPENLESS_DEBUG_TRANSCRIPT_FILE='{debug_transcript_path}'
+$proc = Start-Process -FilePath '{args.exe_path}' -PassThru
+$proc.Id
+"""
+    app_process = subprocess.run(
+        ["powershell", "-NoProfile", "-Command", launch_ps],
+        check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    app_pid = int(app_process.stdout.strip().splitlines()[-1])
+    client = None
+    target_info = None
+    previous_settings = None
+    previous_clipboard = get_clipboard_text()
+    clipboard_sentinel = f"OPENLESS_OLD_CLIPBOARD_SENTINEL_{uuid.uuid4().hex}"
+
+    try:
+        time.sleep(5)
+        client = CdpClient(cdp_page_ws(args.remote_debugging_port))
+        previous_settings = configure_preferences(client)
+        history = client.invoke("list_history") or []
+        baseline_count = len(history)
+
+        target_info = start_target(args.target)
+        set_clipboard_text(clipboard_sentinel)
+
+        client.invoke("start_dictation")
+        time.sleep(1.0)
+        if args.injected_transcript_text.strip():
+            time.sleep(1.0)
+        else:
+            speak_phrase(args.phrase)
+            time.sleep(0.8)
+        client.invoke("stop_dictation")
+
+        latest = wait_for_history_growth(client, baseline_count, args.timeout_seconds)
+        target_text = read_target_text(target_info)
+
+        result = {
+            "target": args.target,
+            "phrase": args.phrase,
+            "historyFinalText": latest.get("finalText"),
+            "historyRawTranscript": latest.get("rawTranscript"),
+            "insertStatus": latest.get("insertStatus"),
+            "targetContainsFinalText": bool(latest.get("finalText") and latest["finalText"] in target_text),
+            "targetContainsClipboardSentinel": clipboard_sentinel in target_text,
+            "targetTextTail": target_text[-400:],
+        }
+        print(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2))
+    finally:
+        if client and previous_settings is not None:
+            try:
+                client.invoke("set_settings", {"prefs": previous_settings})
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        if client:
+            client.close()
+        cleanup_target(target_info) if target_info else None
+        set_clipboard_text(previous_clipboard)
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["powershell", "-NoProfile", "-Command", f"Stop-Process -Id {app_pid} -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue"],
+            check=False,
+        )
+        if debug_transcript_path:
+            try:
+                Path(debug_transcript_path).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-real-asr-insertion-smoke.ps1 b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-real-asr-insertion-smoke.ps1
index 34c39a30..b1809151 100644
--- a/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-real-asr-insertion-smoke.ps1
+++ b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-real-asr-insertion-smoke.ps1
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 param(
   [string]$ExePath = "",
-  [ValidateSet("notepad", "browser")]
+  [ValidateSet("notepad", "browser", "wt-cmd", "wt-powershell")]
   [string]$Target = "notepad",
   [string]$Phrase = "OpenLess Windows real regression",
   [int]$TimeoutSeconds = 120,
-  [int]$VirtualKey = 0xA3,
+  [int]$VirtualKey = 0xA2,
+  [string]$InjectedTranscriptText = "",
   [int]$ManualSpeechSeconds = 8,
   [switch]$ManualSpeech,
   [switch]$DebugHotkeyEvents
@@ -83,6 +84,14 @@ function Write-TextUtf8($Path, $Text) {
   [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($Path, $Text, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
 }
 
+function Restore-ClipboardValue($Value) {
+  if ($null -eq $Value) {
+    cmd /c "echo off | clip" | Out-Null
+    return
+  }
+  Set-Clipboard -Value $Value
+}
+
 function Set-HoldHotkeyPreference($Path) {
   $previous = Read-TextUtf8 $Path
   if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($previous)) {
@@ -94,9 +103,9 @@ function Set-HoldHotkeyPreference($Path) {
     $prefs | Add-Member -NotePropertyName hotkey -NotePropertyValue ([pscustomobject]@{})
   }
   if ($null -eq $prefs.hotkey.PSObject.Properties["trigger"]) {
-    $prefs.hotkey | Add-Member -NotePropertyName trigger -NotePropertyValue "rightControl"
+    $prefs.hotkey | Add-Member -NotePropertyName trigger -NotePropertyValue "leftControl"
   } else {
-    $prefs.hotkey.trigger = "rightControl"
+    $prefs.hotkey.trigger = "leftControl"
   }
   if ($null -eq $prefs.hotkey.PSObject.Properties["mode"]) {
     $prefs.hotkey | Add-Member -NotePropertyName mode -NotePropertyValue "hold"
@@ -109,6 +118,11 @@ function Set-HoldHotkeyPreference($Path) {
   if ($null -eq $prefs.showCapsule) { $prefs | Add-Member -NotePropertyName showCapsule -NotePropertyValue $true }
   if ($null -eq $prefs.activeAsrProvider) { $prefs | Add-Member -NotePropertyName activeAsrProvider -NotePropertyValue "volcengine" }
   if ($null -eq $prefs.activeLlmProvider) { $prefs | Add-Member -NotePropertyName activeLlmProvider -NotePropertyValue "ark" }
+  if ($null -eq $prefs.restoreClipboardAfterPaste) {
+    $prefs | Add-Member -NotePropertyName restoreClipboardAfterPaste -NotePropertyValue $true
+  } else {
+    $prefs.restoreClipboardAfterPaste = $true
+  }
   Write-TextUtf8 $Path ($prefs | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 8)
   return $previous
 }
@@ -184,6 +198,23 @@ function Release-Hotkey {
   Send-KeyEdge $VirtualKey $true $true
 }
 
+function Ensure-TargetFocused($TargetInfo) {
+  if ($null -eq $TargetInfo) {
+    return $false
+  }
+  if ($TargetInfo.TargetTitle) {
+    $wshell = New-Object -ComObject WScript.Shell
+    if ($wshell.AppActivate($TargetInfo.TargetTitle)) {
+      Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500
+      return $true
+    }
+  }
+  if ($null -ne $TargetInfo.Process) {
+    return (Focus-Window $TargetInfo.Process)
+  }
+  return $false
+}
+
 function Focus-Window($Process) {
   if ($null -eq $Process -or $Process.MainWindowHandle -eq 0) {
     return $false
@@ -280,12 +311,96 @@ function Stop-BrowserProfileProcesses($ProfilePath) {
 function Start-InputTarget($TargetName) {
   $startedAt = Get-Date
   if ($TargetName -eq "notepad") {
-    Start-Process notepad.exe | Out-Null
-    $process = Wait-ProcessWindow "notepad" $startedAt 15
-    if (-not (Focus-Window $process)) {
-      throw "Notepad window could not be focused."
+    $fixture = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-notepad-input-fixture.txt"
+    Write-TextUtf8 $fixture ""
+    $process = Start-Process notepad.exe -ArgumentList $fixture -PassThru
+    Start-Sleep -Seconds 2
+    $title = "openless-notepad-input-fixture.txt - Notepad"
+    $activateScript = @"
+import sys, time, win32com.client
+title = sys.argv[1]
+shell = win32com.client.Dispatch('WScript.Shell')
+deadline = time.time() + 10
+while time.time() < deadline:
+    if shell.AppActivate(title):
+        print('activated')
+        raise SystemExit(0)
+    time.sleep(0.2)
+raise SystemExit(1)
+"@
+    $activatePath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-activate-notepad.py"
+    Write-TextUtf8 $activatePath $activateScript
+    try {
+      python $activatePath $title | Out-Null
+    } finally {
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $activatePath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+    }
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 800
+    return [pscustomobject]@{
+      Process = $process
+      FixturePath = $fixture
+      ProfilePath = $null
+      TargetTitle = $title
+      TargetPid = $process.Id
+      TargetKind = "notepad"
+    }
+  }
+
+  if ($TargetName -in @("wt-cmd", "wt-powershell")) {
+    $wt = Get-Command wt.exe -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+    if ($null -eq $wt) {
+      throw "wt.exe was not found."
+    }
+    $profile = if ($TargetName -eq "wt-cmd") { "cmd.exe" } else { "powershell.exe" }
+    Start-Process -FilePath $wt.Source -ArgumentList @("new-tab", $profile) | Out-Null
+    Start-Sleep -Seconds 2
+    $title = if ($TargetName -eq "wt-cmd") { "C:\WINDOWS\system32\cmd.exe" } else { "Windows PowerShell" }
+    $activateScript = @"
+import sys, time, win32com.client
+title = sys.argv[1]
+shell = win32com.client.Dispatch('WScript.Shell')
+deadline = time.time() + 10
+while time.time() < deadline:
+    if shell.AppActivate(title):
+        print('activated')
+        raise SystemExit(0)
+    time.sleep(0.2)
+raise SystemExit(1)
+"@
+    $activatePath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-activate-target.py"
+    Write-TextUtf8 $activatePath $activateScript
+    try {
+      python $activatePath $title | Out-Null
+    } finally {
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $activatePath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+    }
+    $handleLookup = @"
+import sys
+from pywinauto import Desktop
+
+title = sys.argv[1]
+for window in Desktop(backend='uia').windows():
+    if window.class_name() == 'CASCADIA_HOSTING_WINDOW_CLASS' and window.window_text() == title:
+        print(window.handle)
+        raise SystemExit(0)
+raise SystemExit(1)
+"@
+    $handlePath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-terminal-handle.py"
+    Write-TextUtf8 $handlePath $handleLookup
+    try {
+      $targetHandle = [int](python -X utf8 $handlePath $title)
+    } finally {
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $handlePath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+    }
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 800
+    return [pscustomobject]@{
+      Process = $null
+      FixturePath = $null
+      ProfilePath = $null
+      TargetTitle = $title
+      TargetHandle = $targetHandle
+      TargetKind = "terminal"
     }
-    return [pscustomobject]@{ Process = $process; FixturePath = $null; ProfilePath = $null }
   }
 
   $browserPath = Resolve-BrowserPath
@@ -307,7 +422,93 @@ function Start-InputTarget($TargetName) {
     throw "Browser window could not be focused."
   }
   Start-Sleep -Seconds 1
-  return [pscustomobject]@{ Process = $process; FixturePath = $fixture; ProfilePath = $profilePath }
+  return [pscustomobject]@{ Process = $process; FixturePath = $fixture; ProfilePath = $profilePath; TargetKind = "browser" }
+}
+
+function Read-TargetContent($TargetInfo, $TargetName) {
+  if ($TargetName -eq "notepad") {
+    $readbackScript = @"
+import sys
+from pywinauto import Desktop
+
+pid = int(sys.argv[1])
+title = sys.argv[2]
+out = sys.argv[3]
+windows = [w for w in Desktop(backend='uia').windows() if getattr(w, 'process_id', lambda: None)() == pid]
+win = None
+for candidate in windows:
+    if candidate.window_text() == title:
+        win = candidate
+        break
+if win is None and windows:
+    win = windows[0]
+if win is None:
+    raise SystemExit(2)
+for descendant in win.descendants():
+    if descendant.class_name() == 'RichEditD2DPT':
+        value = descendant.window_text()
+        open(out, 'w', encoding='utf-8').write(value)
+        raise SystemExit(0)
+raise SystemExit(1)
+"@
+    $readbackPath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-notepad-readback.py"
+    $outputPath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-notepad-readback.txt"
+    Write-TextUtf8 $readbackPath $readbackScript
+    try {
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $outputPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+      python -X utf8 $readbackPath $TargetInfo.TargetPid $TargetInfo.TargetTitle $outputPath | Out-Null
+      Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 400
+      if (Test-Path $outputPath) {
+        return Get-Content -Raw -Encoding UTF8 $outputPath
+      }
+      return $null
+    } finally {
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $readbackPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $outputPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+    }
+  }
+
+  if ($TargetName -eq "browser") {
+    Focus-Window $TargetInfo.Process | Out-Null
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 400
+    Send-CtrlChord 0x41
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 200
+    Send-CtrlChord 0x43
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 400
+    return Get-Clipboard -Raw -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+  }
+
+  if ($TargetName -in @("wt-cmd", "wt-powershell")) {
+    $readbackScript = @"
+import sys
+from pywinauto import Desktop
+
+handle = int(sys.argv[1])
+out = sys.argv[2]
+win = Desktop(backend='uia').window(handle=handle)
+for descendant in win.descendants():
+    if descendant.class_name() == 'TermControl':
+        open(out, 'w', encoding='utf-8').write(descendant.window_text())
+        raise SystemExit(0)
+raise SystemExit(1)
+"@
+    $readbackPath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-terminal-readback.py"
+    $outputPath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-terminal-readback.txt"
+    Write-TextUtf8 $readbackPath $readbackScript
+    try {
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $outputPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+      python -X utf8 $readbackPath $TargetInfo.TargetHandle $outputPath | Out-Null
+      if (Test-Path $outputPath) {
+        return Get-Content -Raw -Encoding UTF8 $outputPath
+      }
+      return $null
+    } finally {
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $readbackPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+      Remove-Item -LiteralPath $outputPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+    }
+  }
+
+  return $null
 }
 
 function Send-CtrlChord($Vk) {
@@ -338,6 +539,14 @@ $historyPath = Join-Path $env:APPDATA "OpenLess\history.json"
 $preferencesPath = Join-Path $env:APPDATA "OpenLess\preferences.json"
 $baselineCount = Get-HistoryCount $historyPath
 $previousPreferences = Set-HoldHotkeyPreference $preferencesPath
+$previousClipboard = Get-Clipboard -Raw -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+$clipboardSentinel = "OPENLESS_OLD_CLIPBOARD_SENTINEL_$(Get-Date -Format 'yyyyMMddHHmmssfff')"
+Restore-ClipboardValue $clipboardSentinel
+$debugTranscriptPath = $null
+if (-not [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($InjectedTranscriptText)) {
+  $debugTranscriptPath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-debug-transcript.txt"
+  Write-TextUtf8 $debugTranscriptPath $InjectedTranscriptText
+}
 
 Get-Process openless -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Stop-Process -Force
 Remove-Item -LiteralPath $logPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
@@ -348,12 +557,16 @@ $env:OPENLESS_ACCEPT_SYNTHETIC_HOTKEY_EVENTS = "1"
 if ($DebugHotkeyEvents) {
   $env:OPENLESS_DEBUG_HOTKEY_EVENTS = "1"
 }
+if ($debugTranscriptPath) {
+  $env:OPENLESS_DEBUG_TRANSCRIPT_FILE = $debugTranscriptPath
+}
 try {
   $openless = Start-Process -FilePath $ExePath -WorkingDirectory (Split-Path $ExePath -Parent) -PassThru
 } finally {
   Remove-Item Env:OPENLESS_SHOW_MAIN_ON_START -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
   Remove-Item Env:OPENLESS_ACCEPT_SYNTHETIC_HOTKEY_EVENTS -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
   Remove-Item Env:OPENLESS_DEBUG_HOTKEY_EVENTS -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+  Remove-Item Env:OPENLESS_DEBUG_TRANSCRIPT_FILE -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
 }
 
 $inputTarget = $null
@@ -364,9 +577,18 @@ try {
 
   $inputTarget = Start-InputTarget $Target
 
-  Press-Hotkey
-  if (-not (Wait-LogPattern $logPath "\[hotkey\] Windows trigger pressed" 10)) {
-    throw "Windows low-level hook did not observe the right Control press."
+  $observedPress = $false
+  for ($attempt = 1; $attempt -le 3 -and -not $observedPress; $attempt++) {
+    Ensure-TargetFocused $inputTarget | Out-Null
+    Press-Hotkey
+    $observedPress = Wait-LogPattern $logPath "\[hotkey\] Windows trigger pressed" 4
+    if (-not $observedPress) {
+      Release-Hotkey
+      Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500
+    }
+  }
+  if (-not $observedPress) {
+    throw "Windows low-level hook did not observe the synthetic Control press."
   }
   if (-not (Wait-LogPattern $logPath "\[coord\] session started" 30)) {
     throw "OpenLess recording session did not start."
@@ -399,18 +621,15 @@ try {
     throw "Expected Windows insertStatus pasteSent after guarded foreground restore, got '$($latest.insertStatus)'."
   }
 
-  Focus-Window $inputTarget.Process | Out-Null
-  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 400
-  Send-CtrlChord 0x41
-  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 200
-  Send-CtrlChord 0x43
-  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 400
-  $targetText = Get-Clipboard -Raw -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+  $targetText = Read-TargetContent $inputTarget $Target
 
   if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($targetText)) {
-    throw "$Target clipboard readback is empty after Ctrl+A/C."
+    throw "$Target readback is empty."
   }
   if (-not $targetText.Contains($latest.finalText)) {
+    if ($targetText.Contains($clipboardSentinel)) {
+      throw "$Target readback contains the pre-dictation clipboard sentinel instead of latest finalText."
+    }
     throw "$Target readback does not contain latest finalText; insertion was not proven at the target caret."
   }
 
@@ -422,7 +641,7 @@ try {
   if ($null -ne $inputTarget) {
     if ($inputTarget.ProfilePath) {
       Stop-BrowserProfileProcesses $inputTarget.ProfilePath
-    } else {
+    } elseif ($null -ne $inputTarget.Process) {
       Stop-Process -Id $inputTarget.Process.Id -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
     }
     if ($inputTarget.FixturePath) {
@@ -438,6 +657,10 @@ try {
   } else {
     Write-TextUtf8 $preferencesPath $previousPreferences
   }
+  Restore-ClipboardValue $previousClipboard
+  if ($debugTranscriptPath) {
+    Remove-Item -LiteralPath $debugTranscriptPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+  }
 }
 
 Write-Host "Real ASR + insertion fallback smoke ($Target) passed."
diff --git a/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-terminal-clipboard-restore-smoke.ps1 b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-terminal-clipboard-restore-smoke.ps1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a368111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-terminal-clipboard-restore-smoke.ps1
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+param(
+  [ValidateSet("notepad", "powershell", "cmd", "wt")]
+  [string]$Target = "powershell",
+  [int]$RestoreDelayMs = 150,
+  [int]$PasteSettleDelayMs = 900
+)
+
+$ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
+
+Add-Type @"
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+public static class ClipboardRestoreSmokeWin32 {
+  [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+  public static extern bool ShowWindow(IntPtr hWnd, int nCmdShow);
+
+  [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+  public static extern bool SetForegroundWindow(IntPtr hWnd);
+
+  [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+  public static extern void keybd_event(byte bVk, byte bScan, int dwFlags, UIntPtr dwExtraInfo);
+
+  public const int KEYEVENTF_EXTENDEDKEY = 0x0001;
+  public const int KEYEVENTF_KEYUP = 0x0002;
+}
+"@
+
+function Send-KeyEdge($Vk, $KeyUp, $Extended = $false) {
+  $flags = 0
+  if ($Extended) {
+    $flags = $flags -bor [ClipboardRestoreSmokeWin32]::KEYEVENTF_EXTENDEDKEY
+  }
+  if ($KeyUp) {
+    $flags = $flags -bor [ClipboardRestoreSmokeWin32]::KEYEVENTF_KEYUP
+  }
+  $scanCode = if ($Vk -eq 0xA2 -or $Vk -eq 0xA3) { 0x1D } else { 0 }
+  [ClipboardRestoreSmokeWin32]::keybd_event([byte]$Vk, [byte]$scanCode, $flags, [UIntPtr]::Zero)
+}
+
+function Send-CtrlChord($Vk) {
+  Send-KeyEdge 0xA2 $false $false
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 70
+  Send-KeyEdge $Vk $false $false
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 70
+  Send-KeyEdge $Vk $true $false
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 70
+  Send-KeyEdge 0xA2 $true $false
+}
+
+function Send-EnterKey {
+  Send-KeyEdge 0x0D $false $false
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 70
+  Send-KeyEdge 0x0D $true $false
+}
+
+function Wait-ProcessWindow($ProcessName, $After, $TimeoutSeconds) {
+  $deadline = (Get-Date).AddSeconds($TimeoutSeconds)
+  while ((Get-Date) -lt $deadline) {
+    $candidate = Get-Process $ProcessName -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
+      Where-Object { $_.StartTime -ge $After -and $_.MainWindowHandle -ne 0 } |
+      Sort-Object StartTime -Descending |
+      Select-Object -First 1
+    if ($null -ne $candidate) {
+      return $candidate
+    }
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 300
+  }
+  return $null
+}
+
+function Focus-Window($Process) {
+  if ($null -eq $Process -or $Process.MainWindowHandle -eq 0) {
+    throw "Target window is unavailable."
+  }
+  [ClipboardRestoreSmokeWin32]::ShowWindow($Process.MainWindowHandle, 9) | Out-Null
+  [ClipboardRestoreSmokeWin32]::SetForegroundWindow($Process.MainWindowHandle) | Out-Null
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500
+}
+
+function Start-TargetWindow($TargetName) {
+  $startedAt = Get-Date
+  switch ($TargetName) {
+    "notepad" {
+      Start-Process notepad.exe | Out-Null
+      return Wait-ProcessWindow "notepad" $startedAt 15
+    }
+    "powershell" {
+      Start-Process powershell.exe -ArgumentList "-NoLogo" | Out-Null
+      return Wait-ProcessWindow "powershell" $startedAt 15
+    }
+    "cmd" {
+      Start-Process cmd.exe | Out-Null
+      return Wait-ProcessWindow "cmd" $startedAt 15
+    }
+    "wt" {
+      $wt = Get-Command wt.exe -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+      if ($null -eq $wt) {
+        throw "wt.exe was not found."
+      }
+      Start-Process $wt.Source -ArgumentList "new-tab", "powershell.exe", "-NoLogo" | Out-Null
+      return Wait-ProcessWindow "WindowsTerminal" $startedAt 20
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function Wait-FileText($Path, $Expected, $TimeoutSeconds) {
+  $deadline = (Get-Date).AddSeconds($TimeoutSeconds)
+  while ((Get-Date) -lt $deadline) {
+    if (Test-Path $Path) {
+      $content = Get-Content -Raw -Encoding UTF8 $Path
+      if ($content.Contains($Expected)) {
+        return $true
+      }
+    }
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 200
+  }
+  return $false
+}
+
+function Restore-ClipboardValue($Value) {
+  if ($null -eq $Value) {
+    cmd /c "echo off | clip" | Out-Null
+    return
+  }
+  Set-Clipboard -Value $Value
+}
+
+$marker = "OPENLESS_CLIPBOARD_RESTORE_OK"
+$outputPath = Join-Path $env:TEMP "openless-clipboard-restore-$Target.txt"
+Remove-Item -LiteralPath $outputPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+$previousClipboard = Get-Clipboard -Raw -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+
+switch ($Target) {
+  "notepad" {
+    $payload = $marker
+  }
+  "cmd" {
+    $payload = "echo $marker > `"$outputPath`""
+  }
+  default {
+    $payload = "Set-Content -Path `"$outputPath`" -Value `"$marker`""
+  }
+}
+
+$targetProcess = $null
+try {
+  $targetProcess = Start-TargetWindow $Target
+  if ($null -eq $targetProcess) {
+    throw "Failed to start target window: $Target"
+  }
+  Focus-Window $targetProcess
+  Set-Clipboard -Value $payload
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 150
+
+  Send-CtrlChord 0x56
+  Start-Sleep -Milliseconds $RestoreDelayMs
+  Restore-ClipboardValue $previousClipboard
+
+  if ($Target -eq "notepad") {
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds $PasteSettleDelayMs
+    Send-CtrlChord 0x41
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 120
+    Send-CtrlChord 0x43
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 200
+    $result = Get-Clipboard -Raw -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+    if (-not $result.Contains($marker)) {
+      throw "Notepad readback did not contain the pasted marker."
+    }
+  } else {
+    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 120
+    Send-EnterKey
+    if (-not (Wait-FileText $outputPath $marker 6)) {
+      throw "Terminal target did not execute the pasted command before clipboard restore."
+    }
+  }
+
+  Write-Host "[ok] target=$Target restoreDelayMs=$RestoreDelayMs"
+} finally {
+  Restore-ClipboardValue $previousClipboard
+  if ($null -ne $targetProcess) {
+    Stop-Process -Id $targetProcess.Id -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+  }
+}
diff --git a/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-ui-config.test.mjs b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-ui-config.test.mjs
index ad98ca64..caaf4c6b 100644
--- a/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-ui-config.test.mjs
+++ b/openless-all/app/scripts/windows-ui-config.test.mjs
@@ -6,12 +6,48 @@ function assertEqual(actual, expected, name) {
   }
 }
 
+function assertMatch(source, pattern, name) {
+  if (!pattern.test(source)) {
+    throw new Error(`${name}: pattern ${pattern} not found`);
+  }
+}
+
 const raw = await readFile(new URL('../src-tauri/tauri.conf.json', import.meta.url), 'utf-8');
 const config = JSON.parse(raw);
-const mainWindow = config.app.windows.find((window) => window.label === 'main');
+const capsuleWindow = config.app.windows.find((window) => window.label === 'capsule');
+const libRs = await readFile(new URL('../src-tauri/src/lib.rs', import.meta.url), 'utf-8');
+const coordinatorRs = await readFile(new URL('../src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs', import.meta.url), 'utf-8');
 
-if (!mainWindow) {
-  throw new Error('main window config missing');
+if (!capsuleWindow) {
+  throw new Error('capsule window config missing');
 }
 
-assertEqual(mainWindow.decorations, false, 'windows main window should use only custom titlebar');
+assertEqual(capsuleWindow.width, 220, 'windows capsule config keeps translation-capable width baseline');
+assertEqual(capsuleWindow.height, 110, 'windows capsule config keeps translation-capable height baseline');
+assertEqual(capsuleWindow.transparent, true, 'capsule window should keep transparent visuals');
+assertEqual(capsuleWindow.alwaysOnTop, true, 'capsule window should stay above the focused app while recording');
+assertMatch(
+  libRs,
+  /#\[cfg\(target_os = "windows"\)\][\s\S]*?\(196\.0, height\)/,
+  'windows runtime capsule width should collapse to the visible pill',
+);
+assertMatch(
+  libRs,
+  /let height = if translation_active \{ 110\.0 \} else \{ 52\.0 \};/,
+  'windows runtime capsule height should shrink outside translation mode',
+);
+assertMatch(
+  libRs,
+  /window\.set_size\(LogicalSize::new\(cap_w, cap_h\)\)\?/,
+  'capsule positioning should resync runtime size with the computed layout',
+);
+assertMatch(
+  coordinatorRs,
+  /let accepts_cursor_events = matches!\(state, CapsuleState::Recording\);/,
+  'windows capsule should only accept clicks while actively recording',
+);
+assertMatch(
+  coordinatorRs,
+  /window\.set_ignore_cursor_events\(!accepts_cursor_events\)/,
+  'windows capsule should pass clicks through in non-recording states',
+);
diff --git a/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs b/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs
index cca83683..f804884c 100644
--- a/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs
+++ b/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/coordinator.rs
@@ -516,9 +516,7 @@ fn qa_hotkey_supervisor_loop(inner: Arc<Inner>) {
             Err(e) => {
                 attempts += 1;
                 if attempts <= 3 || attempts % 10 == 0 {
-                    log::warn!(
-                        "[coord] QA hotkey 第 {attempts} 次注册失败: {e}; 3s 后重试"
-                    );
+                    log::warn!("[coord] QA hotkey 第 {attempts} 次注册失败: {e}; 3s 后重试");
                 }
                 std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(3));
             }
@@ -756,6 +754,15 @@ async fn handle_window_hotkey_event(
 
     #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
     {
+        if !window_hotkey_fallback_enabled() {
+            if event_type == "keydown" && !repeat {
+                log::info!(
+                    "[window-hotkey] ignored because Windows lifecycle owner is the low-level hook"
+                );
+            }
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
         let trigger = inner.prefs.get().hotkey.trigger;
         if !window_key_matches_trigger(trigger, &key, &code) {
             return Ok(());
@@ -781,6 +788,10 @@ async fn handle_window_hotkey_event(
     }
 }
 
+fn window_hotkey_fallback_enabled() -> bool {
+    crate::types::HotkeyCapability::current().explicit_fallback_available
+}
+
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", test))]
 fn window_key_matches_trigger(trigger: crate::types::HotkeyTrigger, key: &str, code: &str) -> bool {
     use crate::types::HotkeyTrigger;
@@ -820,7 +831,9 @@ async fn begin_session(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
         }
     }
     // 翻译模式标志重置；hotkey 监听器在 Shift down 时再 set true。
-    inner.translation_modifier_seen.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    inner
+        .translation_modifier_seen
+        .store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
 
     #[cfg(any(debug_assertions, test))]
     if hotkey_injection_dry_run_enabled() {
@@ -1192,6 +1205,19 @@ async fn end_session(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
 
     // ASR 返回空转写护栏（来自 PR #66）：写一条 emptyTranscript 失败历史 + 错误胶囊，
     // 与 main 上其它 error 路径保持一致（带 schedule_capsule_idle 让胶囊自动消失）。
+    let mut raw = raw;
+
+    #[cfg(any(debug_assertions, test))]
+    if raw.text.trim().is_empty() {
+        if let Some(debug_text) = debug_transcript_override_text() {
+            log::info!(
+                "[coord] using debug transcript override (chars={})",
+                debug_text.chars().count()
+            );
+            raw.text = debug_text;
+        }
+    }
+
     if raw.text.trim().is_empty() {
         let session = DictationSession {
             id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
@@ -1230,8 +1256,8 @@ async fn end_session(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
     let working_languages = prefs.working_languages.clone();
     let front_app = inner.state.lock().front_app.clone();
     let translation_target = prefs.translation_target_language.trim().to_string();
-    let translation_active = inner.translation_modifier_seen.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
-        && !translation_target.is_empty();
+    let translation_active =
+        inner.translation_modifier_seen.load(Ordering::SeqCst) && !translation_target.is_empty();
     let (polished, polish_error) = if translation_active {
         log::info!(
             "[coord] translation mode → target=\u{300C}{}\u{300D} working={:?} front_app={:?}",
@@ -1411,6 +1437,18 @@ fn hotkey_injection_dry_run_enabled() -> bool {
     std::env::var_os("OPENLESS_HOTKEY_INJECTION_DRY_RUN").is_some()
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(debug_assertions, test))]
+fn debug_transcript_override_text() -> Option<String> {
+    let path = std::env::var_os("OPENLESS_DEBUG_TRANSCRIPT_FILE")?;
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(path).ok()?;
+    let trimmed = text.trim().to_string();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(trimmed)
+    }
+}
+
 fn ensure_microphone_permission(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
     use crate::permissions::{self, PermissionStatus};
 
@@ -1702,11 +1740,7 @@ async fn begin_qa_session(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
             *last = Some(now);
         }
         if let Some(app) = inner_for_level.app.lock().clone() {
-            let _ = app.emit_to(
-                "qa",
-                "qa:level",
-                serde_json::json!({ "level": level }),
-            );
+            let _ = app.emit_to("qa", "qa:level", serde_json::json!({ "level": level }));
         }
         // 同步把电平推给底部胶囊，让 QA 录音也有跟主听写一致的可视反馈。
         emit_capsule(
@@ -1778,11 +1812,7 @@ async fn end_qa_session(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
     emit_capsule(inner, CapsuleState::Transcribing, 0.0, 0, None, None);
 
     if let Some(app) = inner.app.lock().clone() {
-        let _ = app.emit_to(
-            "qa",
-            "qa:state",
-            serde_json::json!({ "kind": "loading" }),
-        );
+        let _ = app.emit_to("qa", "qa:state", serde_json::json!({ "kind": "loading" }));
     }
 
     if let Some(rec) = inner.qa_recorder.lock().take() {
@@ -1845,10 +1875,14 @@ async fn end_qa_session(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
         }
     };
 
-    inner.qa_state.lock().messages.push(crate::types::QaChatMessage {
-        role: "user".to_string(),
-        content: user_content,
-    });
+    inner
+        .qa_state
+        .lock()
+        .messages
+        .push(crate::types::QaChatMessage {
+            role: "user".to_string(),
+            content: user_content,
+        });
 
     if let Some(app) = inner.app.lock().clone() {
         let messages = inner.qa_state.lock().messages.clone();
@@ -1914,10 +1948,14 @@ async fn end_qa_session(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Result<(), String> {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    inner.qa_state.lock().messages.push(crate::types::QaChatMessage {
-        role: "assistant".to_string(),
-        content: answer.clone(),
-    });
+    inner
+        .qa_state
+        .lock()
+        .messages
+        .push(crate::types::QaChatMessage {
+            role: "assistant".to_string(),
+            content: answer.clone(),
+        });
 
     if let Some(app) = inner.app.lock().clone() {
         let messages = inner.qa_state.lock().messages.clone();
@@ -2195,6 +2233,14 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert!(coordinator.inner.hotkey_trigger_held.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn window_hotkey_fallback_is_disabled_when_no_explicit_fallback_is_advertised() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            window_hotkey_fallback_enabled(),
+            crate::types::HotkeyCapability::current().explicit_fallback_available
+        );
+    }
 }
 
 fn enabled_phrases(inner: &Arc<Inner>) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -2433,6 +2479,42 @@ fn show_capsule_window_no_activate() -> bool {
     false
 }
 
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn hide_capsule_window_if_present() {
+    use std::iter::once;
+    use windows::core::PCWSTR;
+    use windows::Win32::Foundation::HWND;
+    use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{
+        FindWindowW, SetWindowPos, ShowWindow, HWND_NOTOPMOST, SWP_HIDEWINDOW, SWP_NOACTIVATE,
+        SWP_NOMOVE, SWP_NOSIZE, SW_HIDE,
+    };
+
+    let title: Vec<u16> = "OpenLess Capsule".encode_utf16().chain(once(0)).collect();
+    let hwnd = match unsafe { FindWindowW(PCWSTR::null(), PCWSTR(title.as_ptr())) } {
+        Ok(hwnd) => hwnd,
+        Err(_) => return,
+    };
+    if hwnd == HWND::default() || hwnd.0.is_null() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let _ = unsafe { ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_HIDE) };
+    let _ = unsafe {
+        SetWindowPos(
+            hwnd,
+            HWND_NOTOPMOST,
+            0,
+            0,
+            0,
+            0,
+            SWP_NOMOVE | SWP_NOSIZE | SWP_NOACTIVATE | SWP_HIDEWINDOW,
+        )
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+fn hide_capsule_window_if_present() {}
+
 fn emit_capsule(
     inner: &Arc<Inner>,
     state: CapsuleState,
@@ -2454,7 +2536,10 @@ fn emit_capsule(
 
     let show_capsule = inner.prefs.get().show_capsule;
     if let Some(window) = app.get_webview_window("capsule") {
-        let visible = !matches!(state, CapsuleState::Idle);
+        let visible = matches!(
+            state,
+            CapsuleState::Recording | CapsuleState::Transcribing | CapsuleState::Polishing
+        );
         maybe_position_capsule_bottom_center(inner, &window, payload.translation);
         if show_capsule && visible {
             if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
@@ -2469,6 +2554,7 @@ fn emit_capsule(
             #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
             crate::restore_main_window_key_if_active(&app);
         } else {
+            hide_capsule_window_if_present();
             let _ = window.hide();
         }
     }
diff --git a/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/insertion.rs b/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/insertion.rs
index 8bc6c599..79ad95d5 100644
--- a/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/insertion.rs
+++ b/openless-all/app/src-tauri/src/insertion.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::types::InsertStatus;
 
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+const CLIPBOARD_RESTORE_DELAY: Duration = Duration::from_millis(750);
+
+#[cfg(all(not(target_os = "macos"), not(target_os = "windows")))]
 const CLIPBOARD_RESTORE_DELAY: Duration = Duration::from_millis(150);
 
 pub struct TextInserter;
@@ -131,19 +134,24 @@ fn insert_with_clipboard_restore(text: &str, restore_clipboard_after_paste: bool
     }
 
     if restore_clipboard_after_paste {
-        maybe_restore_clipboard(restore_plan);
+        schedule_clipboard_restore(restore_plan);
     }
     // 关掉 → 听写文本留在剪贴板里，simulate_paste 没真正落地时用户能手动 Ctrl+V 找回。
     insertion_success_status()
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
-fn maybe_restore_clipboard(plan: ClipboardRestorePlan) {
+fn schedule_clipboard_restore(plan: ClipboardRestorePlan) {
+    std::thread::spawn(move || restore_clipboard_after_delay(plan, CLIPBOARD_RESTORE_DELAY));
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+fn restore_clipboard_after_delay(plan: ClipboardRestorePlan, delay: Duration) {
     if plan.previous_text.is_none() {
         return;
     }
 
-    std::thread::sleep(CLIPBOARD_RESTORE_DELAY);
+    std::thread::sleep(delay);
 
     let mut clipboard = match arboard::Clipboard::new() {
         Ok(clipboard) => clipboard,
@@ -303,6 +311,9 @@ mod macos {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+    use std::thread;
+    use std::time::Duration;
 
     #[test]
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
@@ -317,4 +328,34 @@ mod tests {
         ));
         assert!(!should_restore_clipboard(None, "dictated text"));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    fn delayed_terminal_paste_must_see_dictated_text_before_clipboard_restore() {
+        let inserted_text = "dictated text".to_string();
+        let previous_text = "older clipboard".to_string();
+        let clipboard = Arc::new(Mutex::new(inserted_text.clone()));
+        let pasted = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<String>));
+
+        let clipboard_for_paste = Arc::clone(&clipboard);
+        let pasted_for_paste = Arc::clone(&pasted);
+        let reader = thread::spawn(move || {
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
+            let seen = clipboard_for_paste.lock().unwrap().clone();
+            *pasted_for_paste.lock().unwrap() = Some(seen);
+        });
+
+        thread::sleep(CLIPBOARD_RESTORE_DELAY);
+        let current_text = Some(clipboard.lock().unwrap().clone());
+        if should_restore_clipboard(current_text.as_deref(), &inserted_text) {
+            *clipboard.lock().unwrap() = previous_text;
+        }
+
+        reader.join().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            pasted.lock().unwrap().as_deref(),
+            Some(inserted_text.as_str())
+        );
+    }
 }