NTRs: Biodiversity's many flavours

[pbuttigieg]

@ramonawalls I'll be attending to these in a PR, the fork is here

Following from EnvironmentOntology/envo#567 and linked to #15, we should add some forms of biodiversity as population qualities.

Note that the CBD and other sources associate biodiversity with entities that are above and below populations and communities as units of organisation. Thus, I propose we add the top level biodiversity term to ECOCORE and pull in these "parts" of biodiversity to create the full picture.

Preferred term label

phylogenetic diversity

• community phylogenetic diversity
• population phylogenetic diversity
  functional diversity
• community functional diversity
• population functional diversity

Synonyms

I'm sure there are a few, but this can be added later; however, most that I can think of now end up as new subclasses.

Textual definition

phylogenetic diversity =def. "A quality inhering in a collection of organisms by virtue of the variation across their heritable traits, created as a result of evolutionary processes." [xref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity]

• community phylogenetic diversity =def. "Phylogenetic diversity which inheres in an ecological community."
• population phylogenetic diversity =def. "Phylogenetic diversity which inheres in an ecological population."

I'm a little uncomfortable using "traits" as Wikipedia does, I think it's too lax.

functional diversity =def. "A quality inhering in a collection of organisms by virtue of the variation in the functions they may perform." [xref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity]

• `community functional diversity (formulated as above)
• `population functional diversity (formulated as above)

I suppose BFO:function can be used here, to express min 1 functions inhering in each individual.

Suggested parent term

This is unclear. We should have a class that's a quality of a collection of organisms. I have a feeling that PATO's population quality is weakly trying to do this, but we should obsolete that in favour of the former term.