u3.py

# This code is part of Qiskit.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2017.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.

"""Two-pulse single-qubit gate."""

from __future__ import annotations

import math
from cmath import exp
from typing import Optional, Union
import numpy
from qiskit.circuit.controlledgate import ControlledGate
from qiskit.circuit.gate import Gate
from qiskit.circuit.parameterexpression import ParameterValueType, ParameterExpression
from qiskit.circuit.quantumregister import QuantumRegister
from qiskit._accelerate.circuit import StandardGate


class U3Gate(Gate):
    r"""Generic single-qubit rotation gate with 3 Euler angles.

    .. warning::

       This gate is deprecated. Instead, the following replacements should be used

       .. math::

           U3(\theta, \phi, \lambda) =  U(\theta, \phi, \lambda)

       .. code-block:: python

          circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)
          circuit.u(theta, phi, lambda)

    **Circuit symbol:**

    .. parsed-literal::

             ┌───────────┐
        q_0: ┤ U3(ϴ,φ,λ) ├
             └───────────┘

    **Matrix Representation:**

    .. math::

        \newcommand{\rotationangle}{\frac{\theta}{2}}

        U3(\theta, \phi, \lambda) =
            \begin{pmatrix}
                \cos\left(\rotationangle\right) & -e^{i\lambda}\sin\left(\rotationangle\right) \\
                e^{i\phi}\sin\left(\rotationangle\right) &
                e^{i(\phi+\lambda)}\cos\left(\rotationangle\right)
            \end{pmatrix}

    .. note::

        The matrix representation shown here differs from the `OpenQASM 2.0 specification
        <https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.03429>`_ by a global phase of
        :math:`e^{i(\phi+\lambda)/2}`.

    **Examples:**

    .. math::

        U3(\theta, \phi, \lambda) = e^{-i \frac{\pi + \theta}{2}} P(\phi + \pi) \sqrt{X}
        P(\theta + \pi) \sqrt{X} P(\lambda)

    .. math::

        U3\left(\theta, -\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) = RX(\theta)

    .. math::

        U3(\theta, 0, 0) = RY(\theta)
    """

    _standard_gate = StandardGate.U3Gate

    def __init__(
        self,
        theta: ParameterValueType,
        phi: ParameterValueType,
        lam: ParameterValueType,
        label: Optional[str] = None,
        *,
        duration=None,
        unit="dt",
    ):
        """Create new U3 gate."""
        super().__init__("u3", 1, [theta, phi, lam], label=label, duration=duration, unit=unit)

    def inverse(self, annotated: bool = False):
        r"""Return inverted U3 gate.

        :math:`U3(\theta,\phi,\lambda)^{\dagger} =U3(-\theta,-\lambda,-\phi))`

        Args:
            annotated: when set to ``True``, this is typically used to return an
                :class:`.AnnotatedOperation` with an inverse modifier set instead of a concrete
                :class:`.Gate`. However, for this class this argument is ignored as the inverse
                of this gate is always a :class:`.U3Gate` with inverse parameter values.

        Returns:
            U3Gate: inverse gate.
        """
        return U3Gate(-self.params[0], -self.params[2], -self.params[1])

    def control(
        self,
        num_ctrl_qubits: int = 1,
        label: str | None = None,
        ctrl_state: str | int | None = None,
        annotated: bool | None = None,
    ):
        """Return a (multi-)controlled-U3 gate.

        Args:
            num_ctrl_qubits: number of control qubits.
            label: An optional label for the gate [Default: ``None``]
            ctrl_state: control state expressed as integer,
                string (e.g.``'110'``), or ``None``. If ``None``, use all 1s.
            annotated: indicates whether the controlled gate should be implemented
                as an annotated gate. If ``None``, this is set to ``True`` if
                the gate contains free parameters and more than one control qubit, in which
                case it cannot yet be synthesized. Otherwise it is set to ``False``.

        Returns:
            ControlledGate: controlled version of this gate.
        """
        if not annotated and num_ctrl_qubits == 1:
            gate = CU3Gate(*self.params, label=label, ctrl_state=ctrl_state)
            gate.base_gate.label = self.label
        else:
            # If the gate parameters contain free parameters, we cannot eagerly synthesize
            # the controlled gate decomposition. In this case, we annotate the gate per default.
            if annotated is None:
                annotated = any(isinstance(p, ParameterExpression) for p in self.params)

            gate = super().control(
                num_ctrl_qubits=num_ctrl_qubits,
                label=label,
                ctrl_state=ctrl_state,
                annotated=annotated,
            )
        return gate

    def _define(self):
        from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit

        q = QuantumRegister(1, "q")
        qc = QuantumCircuit(q, name=self.name)
        qc.u(self.params[0], self.params[1], self.params[2], 0)
        self.definition = qc

    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
        """Return a Numpy.array for the U3 gate."""
        if copy is False:
            raise ValueError("unable to avoid copy while creating an array as requested")
        theta, phi, lam = self.params
        theta, phi, lam = float(theta), float(phi), float(lam)
        cos = math.cos(theta / 2)
        sin = math.sin(theta / 2)
        return numpy.array(
            [
                [cos, -exp(1j * lam) * sin],
                [exp(1j * phi) * sin, exp(1j * (phi + lam)) * cos],
            ],
            dtype=dtype or complex,
        )


class CU3Gate(ControlledGate):
    r"""Controlled-U3 gate (3-parameter two-qubit gate).

    This is a controlled version of the U3 gate (generic single qubit rotation).
    It is restricted to 3 parameters, and so cannot cover generic two-qubit
    controlled gates).

    **Circuit symbol:**

    .. parsed-literal::

        q_0: ──────■──────
             ┌─────┴─────┐
        q_1: ┤ U3(ϴ,φ,λ) ├
             └───────────┘

    **Matrix representation:**

    .. math::

        \newcommand{\rotationangle}{\frac{\theta}{2}}

        CU3(\theta, \phi, \lambda)\ q_0, q_1 =
            I \otimes |0\rangle\langle 0| +
            U3(\theta,\phi,\lambda) \otimes |1\rangle\langle 1| =
            \begin{pmatrix}
                1 & 0                   & 0 & 0 \\
                0 & \cos(\rotationangle)           & 0 & -e^{i\lambda}\sin(\rotationangle) \\
                0 & 0                   & 1 & 0 \\
                0 & e^{i\phi}\sin(\rotationangle)  & 0 & e^{i(\phi+\lambda)}\cos(\rotationangle)
            \end{pmatrix}

    .. note::

        In Qiskit's convention, higher qubit indices are more significant
        (little endian convention). In many textbooks, controlled gates are
        presented with the assumption of more significant qubits as control,
        which in our case would be q_1. Thus a textbook matrix for this
        gate will be:

        .. parsed-literal::
                 ┌───────────┐
            q_0: ┤ U3(ϴ,φ,λ) ├
                 └─────┬─────┘
            q_1: ──────■──────

        .. math::

            \newcommand{\rotationangle}{\frac{\theta}{2}}

            CU3(\theta, \phi, \lambda)\ q_1, q_0 =
                |0\rangle\langle 0| \otimes I +
                |1\rangle\langle 1| \otimes U3(\theta,\phi,\lambda) =
                \begin{pmatrix}
                    1 & 0   & 0                  & 0 \\
                    0 & 1   & 0                  & 0 \\
                    0 & 0   & \cos(\rotationangle)          & -e^{i\lambda}\sin(\rotationangle) \\
                    0 & 0   & e^{i\phi}\sin(\rotationangle) & e^{i(\phi+\lambda)}\cos(\rotationangle)
                \end{pmatrix}
    """

    _standard_gate = StandardGate.CU3Gate

    def __init__(
        self,
        theta: ParameterValueType,
        phi: ParameterValueType,
        lam: ParameterValueType,
        label: Optional[str] = None,
        ctrl_state: Optional[Union[str, int]] = None,
        *,
        duration=None,
        unit="dt",
        _base_label=None,
    ):
        """Create new CU3 gate."""
        super().__init__(
            "cu3",
            2,
            [theta, phi, lam],
            num_ctrl_qubits=1,
            label=label,
            ctrl_state=ctrl_state,
            base_gate=U3Gate(theta, phi, lam, label=_base_label),
            duration=duration,
            unit=unit,
        )

    def _define(self):
        """
        gate cu3(theta,phi,lambda) c, t
        { u1((lambda+phi)/2) c;
          u1((lambda-phi)/2) t;
          cx c,t;
          u3(-theta/2,0,-(phi+lambda)/2) t;
          cx c,t;
          u3(theta/2,phi,0) t;
        }
        """
        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
        from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit
        from .u1 import U1Gate
        from .x import CXGate  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import

        #      ┌───────────────┐
        # q_0: ┤ U1(λ/2 + φ/2) ├──■─────────────────────────────■─────────────────
        #      ├───────────────┤┌─┴─┐┌───────────────────────┐┌─┴─┐┌─────────────┐
        # q_1: ┤ U1(λ/2 - φ/2) ├┤ X ├┤ U3(-0/2,0,-λ/2 - φ/2) ├┤ X ├┤ U3(0/2,φ,0) ├
        #      └───────────────┘└───┘└───────────────────────┘└───┘└─────────────┘
        q = QuantumRegister(2, "q")
        qc = QuantumCircuit(q, name=self.name)
        rules = [
            (U1Gate((self.params[2] + self.params[1]) / 2), [q[0]], []),
            (U1Gate((self.params[2] - self.params[1]) / 2), [q[1]], []),
            (CXGate(), [q[0], q[1]], []),
            (U3Gate(-self.params[0] / 2, 0, -(self.params[1] + self.params[2]) / 2), [q[1]], []),
            (CXGate(), [q[0], q[1]], []),
            (U3Gate(self.params[0] / 2, self.params[1], 0), [q[1]], []),
        ]
        for instr, qargs, cargs in rules:
            qc._append(instr, qargs, cargs)

        self.definition = qc

    def inverse(self, annotated: bool = False):
        r"""Return inverted CU3 gate.

        :math:`CU3(\theta,\phi,\lambda)^{\dagger} =CU3(-\theta,-\phi,-\lambda))`

        Args:
            annotated: when set to ``True``, this is typically used to return an
                :class:`.AnnotatedOperation` with an inverse modifier set instead of a concrete
                :class:`.Gate`. However, for this class this argument is ignored as the inverse
                of this gate is always a :class:`.CU3Gate` with inverse
                parameter values.

        Returns:
            CU3Gate: inverse gate.
        """
        return CU3Gate(
            -self.params[0], -self.params[2], -self.params[1], ctrl_state=self.ctrl_state
        )

    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
        """Return a numpy.array for the CU3 gate."""
        if copy is False:
            raise ValueError("unable to avoid copy while creating an array as requested")
        theta, phi, lam = self.params
        theta, phi, lam = float(theta), float(phi), float(lam)
        cos = math.cos(theta / 2)
        sin = math.sin(theta / 2)
        if self.ctrl_state:
            return numpy.array(
                [
                    [1, 0, 0, 0],
                    [0, cos, 0, -exp(1j * lam) * sin],
                    [0, 0, 1, 0],
                    [0, exp(1j * phi) * sin, 0, exp(1j * (phi + lam)) * cos],
                ],
                dtype=dtype or complex,
            )
        else:
            return numpy.array(
                [
                    [cos, 0, -exp(1j * lam) * sin, 0],
                    [0, 1, 0, 0],
                    [exp(1j * phi) * sin, 0, exp(1j * (phi + lam)) * cos, 0],
                    [0, 0, 0, 1],
                ],
                dtype=dtype or complex,
            )


def _generate_gray_code(num_bits):
    """Generate the gray code for ``num_bits`` bits."""
    if num_bits <= 0:
        raise ValueError("Cannot generate the gray code for less than 1 bit.")
    result = [0]
    for i in range(num_bits):
        result += [x + 2**i for x in reversed(result)]
    return [format(x, f"0{num_bits}b") for x in result]


def _gray_code_chain(q, num_ctrl_qubits, gate):
    """Apply the gate to the last qubit in the register ``q``, controlled on all
    preceding qubits. This function uses the gray code to propagate down to the last qubit.

    Ported and adapted from Aqua (github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-aqua),
    commit 769ca8d, file qiskit/aqua/circuits/gates/multi_control_u1_gate.py.
    """
    from .x import CXGate

    rule = []
    q_controls, q_target = q[:num_ctrl_qubits], q[num_ctrl_qubits]
    gray_code = _generate_gray_code(num_ctrl_qubits)
    last_pattern = None

    for pattern in gray_code:
        if "1" not in pattern:
            continue
        if last_pattern is None:
            last_pattern = pattern
        # find left most set bit
        lm_pos = list(pattern).index("1")

        # find changed bit
        comp = [i != j for i, j in zip(pattern, last_pattern)]
        if True in comp:
            pos = comp.index(True)
        else:
            pos = None
        if pos is not None:
            if pos != lm_pos:
                rule.append((CXGate(), [q_controls[pos], q_controls[lm_pos]], []))
            else:
                indices = [i for i, x in enumerate(pattern) if x == "1"]
                for idx in indices[1:]:
                    rule.append((CXGate(), [q_controls[idx], q_controls[lm_pos]], []))
        # check parity
        if pattern.count("1") % 2 == 0:
            # inverse
            rule.append((gate.inverse(), [q_controls[lm_pos], q_target], []))
        else:
            rule.append((gate, [q_controls[lm_pos], q_target], []))
        last_pattern = pattern

    return rule