Monkey.java

/*
 * Copyright 2007, The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.android.commands.monkey;


import android.R.mipmap;
import android.app.ActivityManagerNative;
import android.app.IActivityController;
import android.app.IActivityManager;
import android.content.ComponentName;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.pm.IPackageManager;
import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Debug;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.os.Process;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.os.ServiceManager;
import android.os.StrictMode;
import android.os.SystemClock;
import android.os.UserHandle;
import android.view.IWindowManager;
import android.view.Surface;
import android.view.WindowManagerPolicy.ScreenOnListener;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Application that injects random key events and other actions into the system.
 */
public class Monkey {

    /**
     * Monkey Debugging/Dev Support
     * <p>
     * All values should be zero when checking in.
     */
    private final static int DEBUG_ALLOW_ANY_STARTS = 0;

    private final static int DEBUG_ALLOW_ANY_RESTARTS = 0;
    
    private String packageName;//jiajun: app's package name
    
    private String appName;//jiajun: app's name
    
    public static String currentActivity = ""; //jiajun: name of the current activity
    
    private long allowedRunningTime;
    
    public static boolean canEnterHome = false;

    private IActivityManager mAm;

    private IWindowManager mWm;

    private IPackageManager mPm;
   

    /** Command line arguments */
    private String[] mArgs;

    /** Current argument being parsed */
    private int mNextArg;

    /** Data of current argument */
    private String mCurArgData;

    /** Running in verbose output mode? 1= verbose, 2=very verbose */
    private int mVerbose;

    /** Ignore any application crashes while running? */
    private boolean mIgnoreCrashes;

    /** Ignore any not responding timeouts while running? */
    private boolean mIgnoreTimeouts;

    /** Ignore security exceptions when launching activities */
    /** (The activity launch still fails, but we keep pluggin' away) */
    private boolean mIgnoreSecurityExceptions;

    /** Monitor /data/tombstones and stop the monkey if new files appear. */
    private boolean mMonitorNativeCrashes;

    /** Ignore any native crashes while running? */
    private boolean mIgnoreNativeCrashes;

    /** Send no events. Use with long throttle-time to watch user operations */
    private boolean mSendNoEvents;

    /** This is set when we would like to abort the running of the monkey. */
    private boolean mAbort;

    /**
     * Count each event as a cycle. Set to false for scripts so that each time
     * through the script increments the count.
     */
    private boolean mCountEvents = true;

    /**
     * This is set by the ActivityController thread to request collection of ANR
     * trace files
     */
    private boolean mRequestAnrTraces = false;

    /**
     * This is set by the ActivityController thread to request a
     * "dumpsys meminfo"
     */
    private boolean mRequestDumpsysMemInfo = false;

    /**
     * This is set by the ActivityController thread to request a
     * bugreport after ANR
     */
    private boolean mRequestAnrBugreport = false;

    /**
     * This is set by the ActivityController thread to request a
     * bugreport after a system watchdog report
     */
    private boolean mRequestWatchdogBugreport = false;

    /**
     * Synchronization for the ActivityController callback to block
     * until we are done handling the reporting of the watchdog error.
     */
    private boolean mWatchdogWaiting = false;

    /**
     * This is set by the ActivityController thread to request a
     * bugreport after java application crash
     */
    private boolean mRequestAppCrashBugreport = false;

    /**Request the bugreport based on the mBugreportFrequency. */
    private boolean mGetPeriodicBugreport = false;

    /**
     * Request the bugreport based on the mBugreportFrequency.
     */
    private boolean mRequestPeriodicBugreport = false;

    /** Bugreport frequency. */
    private long mBugreportFrequency = 10;

    /** Failure process name */
    private String mReportProcessName;

    /**
     * This is set by the ActivityController thread to request a "procrank"
     */
    private boolean mRequestProcRank = false;

    /** Kill the process after a timeout or crash. */
    private boolean mKillProcessAfterError;

    /** Generate hprof reports before/after monkey runs */
    private boolean mGenerateHprof;

    /** Package blacklist file. */
    private String mPkgBlacklistFile;

    /** Package whitelist file. */
    private String mPkgWhitelistFile;

    /** Categories we are allowed to launch **/
    private ArrayList<String> mMainCategories = new ArrayList<String>();

    /** Applications we can switch to. */
    private ArrayList<ComponentName> mMainApps = new ArrayList<ComponentName>();

    /** The delay between event inputs **/
    long mThrottle = 0;

    /** Whether to randomize each throttle (0-mThrottle ms) inserted between events. */
    boolean mRandomizeThrottle = false;

    /** The number of iterations **/
    int mCount = 1000;

    /** The random number seed **/
    long mSeed = 0;

    /** The random number generator **/
    Random mRandom = null;

    /** Dropped-event statistics **/
    long mDroppedKeyEvents = 0;

    long mDroppedPointerEvents = 0;

    long mDroppedTrackballEvents = 0;

    long mDroppedFlipEvents = 0;

    long mDroppedRotationEvents = 0;

    /** The delay between user actions. This is for the scripted monkey. **/
    long mProfileWaitTime = 5000;

    /** Device idle time. This is for the scripted monkey. **/
    long mDeviceSleepTime = 30000;

    boolean mRandomizeScript = false;

    boolean mScriptLog = false;

    /** Capture bugreprot whenever there is a crash. **/
    private boolean mRequestBugreport = false;

    /** a filename to the setup script (if any) */
    private String mSetupFileName = null;

    /** filenames of the script (if any) */
    private ArrayList<String> mScriptFileNames = new ArrayList<String>();

    /** a TCP port to listen on for remote commands. */
    private int mServerPort = -1;

    private static final File TOMBSTONES_PATH = new File("/data/tombstones");

    private HashSet<String> mTombstones = null;

    float[] mFactors = new float[MonkeySourceRandom.FACTORZ_COUNT];

    MonkeyEventSource mEventSource;

    private MonkeyNetworkMonitor mNetworkMonitor = new MonkeyNetworkMonitor();

    private boolean mPermissionTargetSystem = false;

    // information on the current activity.
    public static Intent currentIntent;

    public static String currentPackage;
    

    /**
     * Monitor operations happening in the system.
     */
    private class ActivityController extends IActivityController.Stub {
        public boolean activityStarting(Intent intent, String pkg) {
            boolean allow = MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().checkEnteringPackage(pkg)
                    || (DEBUG_ALLOW_ANY_STARTS != 0);
            if (mVerbose > 0) {
                // StrictMode's disk checks end up catching this on
                // userdebug/eng builds due to PrintStream going to a
                // FileOutputStream in the end (perhaps only when
                // redirected to a file?)  So we allow disk writes
                // around this region for the monkey to minimize
                // harmless dropbox uploads from monkeys.
                StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskWrites();
                System.out.println("    // " + (allow ? "Allowing" : "Rejecting") + " start of "
                        + intent + " in package " + pkg);
                if(allow) {
                    currentActivity = intent.getComponent().getClassName();
                }
                StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
            }
            currentPackage = pkg;
            currentIntent = intent;
            return allow;
        }

        public boolean activityResuming(String pkg) {
            StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskWrites();
            System.out.println("    // activityResuming(" + pkg + ")");
            boolean allow = MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().checkEnteringPackage(pkg)
                    || (DEBUG_ALLOW_ANY_RESTARTS != 0);
            if (!allow) {
                if (mVerbose > 0) {
                    System.out.println("    // " + (allow ? "Allowing" : "Rejecting")
                            + " resume of package " + pkg);
                }
            }
            currentPackage = pkg;
            StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
            return allow;
        }

        public boolean appCrashed(String processName, int pid,
                String shortMsg, String longMsg,
                long timeMillis, String stackTrace) {
            StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskWrites();
            System.err.println("// CRASH: " + processName + " (pid " + pid + ")");
            System.err.println("// Short Msg: " + shortMsg);
            System.err.println("// Long Msg: " + longMsg);
            System.err.println("// Build Label: " + Build.FINGERPRINT);
            System.err.println("// Build Changelist: " + Build.VERSION.INCREMENTAL);
            System.err.println("// Build Time: " + Build.TIME);
            System.err.println("// " + stackTrace.replace("\n", "\n// "));
            StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);

            if (!mIgnoreCrashes || mRequestBugreport) {
                synchronized (Monkey.this) {
                    if (!mIgnoreCrashes) {
                        mAbort = true;
                    }
                    if (mRequestBugreport){
                        mRequestAppCrashBugreport = true;
                        mReportProcessName = processName;
                    }
                }
                return !mKillProcessAfterError;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public int appEarlyNotResponding(String processName, int pid, String annotation) {
            return 0;
        }

        public int appNotResponding(String processName, int pid, String processStats) {
            StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskWrites();
            System.err.println("// NOT RESPONDING: " + processName + " (pid " + pid + ")");
            System.err.println(processStats);
            StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);

            synchronized (Monkey.this) {
                mRequestAnrTraces = true;
                mRequestDumpsysMemInfo = true;
                mRequestProcRank = true;
                if (mRequestBugreport){
                  mRequestAnrBugreport = true;
                  mReportProcessName = processName;
                }
            }
            if (!mIgnoreTimeouts) {
                synchronized (Monkey.this) {
                    mAbort = true;
                }
            }
            return (mKillProcessAfterError) ? -1 : 1;
        }

        public int systemNotResponding(String message) {
            StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskWrites();
            System.err.println("// WATCHDOG: " + message);
            StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);

            synchronized (Monkey.this) {
                if (!mIgnoreCrashes) {
                    mAbort = true;
                }
                if (mRequestBugreport) {
                    mRequestWatchdogBugreport = true;
                }
                mWatchdogWaiting = true;
            }
            synchronized (Monkey.this) {
                while (mWatchdogWaiting) {
                    try {
                        Monkey.this.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    }
                }
            }
            return (mKillProcessAfterError) ? -1 : 1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Run the procrank tool to insert system status information into the debug
     * report.
     */
    private void reportProcRank() {
        commandLineReport("procrank", "procrank");
    }

    /**
     * Run "cat /data/anr/traces.txt". Wait about 5 seconds first, to let the
     * asynchronous report writing complete.
     */
    private void reportAnrTraces() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(5 * 1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
        commandLineReport("anr traces", "cat /data/anr/traces.txt");
    }

    /**
     * Run "dumpsys meminfo"
     * <p>
     * NOTE: You cannot perform a dumpsys call from the ActivityController
     * callback, as it will deadlock. This should only be called from the main
     * loop of the monkey.
     */
    private void reportDumpsysMemInfo() {
        commandLineReport("meminfo", "dumpsys meminfo");
    }

    /**
     * Print report from a single command line.
     * <p>
     * TODO: Use ProcessBuilder & redirectErrorStream(true) to capture both
     * streams (might be important for some command lines)
     *
     * @param reportName Simple tag that will print before the report and in
     *            various annotations.
     * @param command Command line to execute.
     */
    private void commandLineReport(String reportName, String command) {
        System.err.println(reportName + ":");
        Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
        Writer logOutput = null;

        try {
            // Process must be fully qualified here because android.os.Process
            // is used elsewhere
            java.lang.Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);

            if (mRequestBugreport) {
                logOutput =
                        new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(new File(Environment
                                .getLegacyExternalStorageDirectory(), reportName), true));
            }
            // pipe everything from process stdout -> System.err
            InputStream inStream = p.getInputStream();
            InputStreamReader inReader = new InputStreamReader(inStream);
            BufferedReader inBuffer = new BufferedReader(inReader);
            String s;
            while ((s = inBuffer.readLine()) != null) {
                if (mRequestBugreport) {
                    logOutput.write(s);
                    logOutput.write("\n");
                } else {
                    System.err.println(s);
                }
            }

            int status = p.waitFor();
            System.err.println("// " + reportName + " status was " + status);

            if (logOutput != null) {
                logOutput.close();
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("// Exception from " + reportName + ":");
            System.err.println(e.toString());
        }
    }

    // Write the numbe of iteration to the log
    private void writeScriptLog(int count) {
        // TO DO: Add the script file name to the log.
        try {
            Writer output = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(new File(
                    Environment.getLegacyExternalStorageDirectory(), "scriptlog.txt"), true));
            output.write("iteration: " + count + " time: "
                    + MonkeyUtils.toCalendarTime(System.currentTimeMillis()) + "\n");
            output.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.err.println(e.toString());
        }
    }

    // Write the bugreport to the sdcard.
    private void getBugreport(String reportName) {
        reportName += MonkeyUtils.toCalendarTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
        String bugreportName = reportName.replaceAll("[ ,:]", "_");
        commandLineReport(bugreportName + ".txt", "bugreport");
    }

    /**
     * Command-line entry point.
     *
     * @param args The command-line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Set the process name showing in "ps" or "top"
        Process.setArgV0("com.android.commands.monkey");

        int resultCode = (new Monkey()).run(args);
        System.exit(resultCode);
    }

    /**
     * Run the command!
     *
     * @param args The command-line arguments
     * @return Returns a posix-style result code. 0 for no error.
     */
    private int run(String[] args) {
        // Super-early debugger wait
        for (String s : args) {
            if ("--wait-dbg".equals(s)) {
                Debug.waitForDebugger();
            }
        }

        // Default values for some command-line options
        mVerbose = 0;
        mCount = 1000;
        mSeed = 0;
        mThrottle = 0;

        // prepare for command-line processing
        mArgs = args;
        mNextArg = 0;

        // set a positive value, indicating none of the factors is provided yet
        for (int i = 0; i < MonkeySourceRandom.FACTORZ_COUNT; i++) {
            mFactors[i] = 1.0f;
        }

        if (!processOptions()) {
            return -1;
        }

        if (!loadPackageLists()) {
            return -1;
        }

        // now set up additional data in preparation for launch
        if (mMainCategories.size() == 0) {
            mMainCategories.add(Intent.CATEGORY_LAUNCHER);
            mMainCategories.add(Intent.CATEGORY_MONKEY);
        }

        if (mSeed == 0) {
            mSeed = System.currentTimeMillis() + System.identityHashCode(this);
        }

        if (mVerbose > 0) {
            System.out.println(":Monkey: seed=" + mSeed + " count=" + mCount);
            MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().dump();
            if (mMainCategories.size() != 0) {
                Iterator<String> it = mMainCategories.iterator();
                while (it.hasNext()) {
                    System.out.println(":IncludeCategory: " + it.next());
                }
            }
        }

        if (!checkInternalConfiguration()) {
            return -2;
        }

        if (!getSystemInterfaces()) {
            return -3;
        }

        if (!getMainApps()) {
            return -4;
        }

        mRandom = new Random(mSeed);

        if (mScriptFileNames != null && mScriptFileNames.size() == 1) {
            // script mode, ignore other options
            mEventSource = new MonkeySourceScript(mRandom, mScriptFileNames.get(0), mThrottle,
                    mRandomizeThrottle, mProfileWaitTime, mDeviceSleepTime);
            mEventSource.setVerbose(mVerbose);

            mCountEvents = false;
        } else if (mScriptFileNames != null && mScriptFileNames.size() > 1) {
            if (mSetupFileName != null) {
                mEventSource = new MonkeySourceRandomScript(mSetupFileName,
                        mScriptFileNames, mThrottle, mRandomizeThrottle, mRandom,
                        mProfileWaitTime, mDeviceSleepTime, mRandomizeScript);
                mCount++;
            } else {
                mEventSource = new MonkeySourceRandomScript(mScriptFileNames,
                        mThrottle, mRandomizeThrottle, mRandom,
                        mProfileWaitTime, mDeviceSleepTime, mRandomizeScript);
            }
            mEventSource.setVerbose(mVerbose);
            mCountEvents = false;
        } else if (mServerPort != -1) {
            try {
                mEventSource = new MonkeySourceNetwork(mServerPort);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                System.out.println("Error binding to network socket.");
                return -5;
            }
            mCount = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        } else {
            // random source by default
            if (mVerbose >= 2) { // check seeding performance
                System.out.println("// Seeded: " + mSeed);
            }
            mEventSource = new MonkeySourceRandom(mRandom, mMainApps,
                    mThrottle, mRandomizeThrottle, mPermissionTargetSystem);
            mEventSource.setVerbose(mVerbose);
            // set any of the factors that has been set
            for (int i = 0; i < MonkeySourceRandom.FACTORZ_COUNT; i++) {
                if (mFactors[i] <= 0.0f) {
                    ((MonkeySourceRandom) mEventSource).setFactors(i, mFactors[i]);
                }
            }

            // in random mode, we start with a random activity
            ((MonkeySourceRandom) mEventSource).generateActivity();
        }

        // validate source generator
        if (!mEventSource.validate()) {
            return -5;
        }

        // If we're profiling, do it immediately before/after the main monkey
        // loop
        if (mGenerateHprof) {
            signalPersistentProcesses();
        }

        mNetworkMonitor.start();
        int crashedAtCycle = 0;
        try {
            crashedAtCycle = runMonkeyCycles();
        } catch(Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            // Release the rotation lock if it's still held and restore the
            // original orientation.
            new MonkeyRotationEvent(Surface.ROTATION_0, false).injectEvent(
                mWm, mAm, mVerbose);
        }
        mNetworkMonitor.stop();

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mRequestAnrTraces) {
                reportAnrTraces();
                mRequestAnrTraces = false;
            }
            if (mRequestAnrBugreport){
                System.out.println("Print the anr report");
                getBugreport("anr_" + mReportProcessName + "_");
                mRequestAnrBugreport = false;
            }
            if (mRequestWatchdogBugreport) {
                System.out.println("Print the watchdog report");
                getBugreport("anr_watchdog_");
                mRequestWatchdogBugreport = false;
            }
            if (mRequestAppCrashBugreport){
                getBugreport("app_crash" + mReportProcessName + "_");
                mRequestAppCrashBugreport = false;
            }
            if (mRequestDumpsysMemInfo) {
                reportDumpsysMemInfo();
                mRequestDumpsysMemInfo = false;
            }
            if (mRequestPeriodicBugreport){
                getBugreport("Bugreport_");
                mRequestPeriodicBugreport = false;
            }
            if (mWatchdogWaiting) {
                mWatchdogWaiting = false;
                notifyAll();
            }
        }

        if (mGenerateHprof) {
            signalPersistentProcesses();
            if (mVerbose > 0) {
                System.out.println("// Generated profiling reports in /data/misc");
            }
        }

        try {
            mAm.setActivityController(null);
            mNetworkMonitor.unregister(mAm);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // just in case this was latent (after mCount cycles), make sure
            // we report it
            if (crashedAtCycle >= mCount) {
                crashedAtCycle = mCount - 1;
            }
        }

        // report dropped event stats
        if (mVerbose > 0) {
            System.out.print(":Dropped: keys=");
            System.out.print(mDroppedKeyEvents);
            System.out.print(" pointers=");
            System.out.print(mDroppedPointerEvents);
            System.out.print(" trackballs=");
            System.out.print(mDroppedTrackballEvents);
            System.out.print(" flips=");
            System.out.print(mDroppedFlipEvents);
            System.out.print(" rotations=");
            System.out.println(mDroppedRotationEvents);
        }

        // report network stats
        mNetworkMonitor.dump();

        if (crashedAtCycle < mCount - 1) {
            System.err.println("** System appears to have crashed at event " + crashedAtCycle
                    + " of " + mCount + " using seed " + mSeed);
            return crashedAtCycle;
        } else {
            if (mVerbose > 0) {
                System.out.println("// Monkey finished");
            }
            return 0;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Process the command-line options
     *
     * @return Returns true if options were parsed with no apparent errors.
     */
    private boolean processOptions() {
        // quick (throwaway) check for unadorned command
        if (mArgs.length < 1) {
            showUsage();
            return false;
        }

        try {
            String opt;
            Set<String> validPackages = new HashSet<>();
            while ((opt = nextOption()) != null) {
                if (opt.equals("-s")) {
                    mSeed = nextOptionLong("Seed");
                } else if(opt.equals("-n")) {   
                    String tmp = nextOptionData();//jiajun: retrieve app name
                    appName = tmp.replace("_", " ");//jiajun:replace _ with space in appName
                } else if(opt.equals("-t")) {
                    allowedRunningTime = Long.parseLong(nextOptionData());//jiajun: retrieve maximum allowed running time
                } 
                else if (opt.equals("-p")) {
                    packageName = nextOptionData();//jiajun: retrieve package name here
                    validPackages.add(packageName);
                    //validPackages.add(nextOptionData()); jiajun: original monkey code commented by me
                } else if (opt.equals("-c")) {
                    mMainCategories.add(nextOptionData());
                } else if (opt.equals("-v")) {
                    mVerbose += 1;
                } else if (opt.equals("--ignore-crashes")) {
                    mIgnoreCrashes = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--ignore-timeouts")) {
                    mIgnoreTimeouts = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--ignore-security-exceptions")) {
                    mIgnoreSecurityExceptions = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--monitor-native-crashes")) {
                    mMonitorNativeCrashes = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--ignore-native-crashes")) {
                    mIgnoreNativeCrashes = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--kill-process-after-error")) {
                    mKillProcessAfterError = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--hprof")) {
                    mGenerateHprof = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-touch")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_TOUCH;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("touch events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-motion")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_MOTION;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("motion events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-trackball")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_TRACKBALL;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("trackball events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-rotation")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_ROTATION;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("screen rotation events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-syskeys")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_SYSOPS;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("system (key) operations percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-nav")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_NAV;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("nav events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-majornav")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_MAJORNAV;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("major nav events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-appswitch")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_APPSWITCH;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("app switch events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-flip")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_FLIP;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("keyboard flip percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-anyevent")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_ANYTHING;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("any events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-pinchzoom")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_PINCHZOOM;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("pinch zoom events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pct-permission")) {
                    int i = MonkeySourceRandom.FACTOR_PERMISSION;
                    mFactors[i] = -nextOptionLong("runtime permission toggle events percentage");
                } else if (opt.equals("--pkg-blacklist-file")) {
                    mPkgBlacklistFile = nextOptionData();
                } else if (opt.equals("--pkg-whitelist-file")) {
                    mPkgWhitelistFile = nextOptionData();
                } else if (opt.equals("--throttle")) {
                    mThrottle = nextOptionLong("delay (in milliseconds) to wait between events");
                } else if (opt.equals("--randomize-throttle")) {
                    mRandomizeThrottle = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--wait-dbg")) {
                    // do nothing - it's caught at the very start of run()
                } else if (opt.equals("--dbg-no-events")) {
                    mSendNoEvents = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--port")) {
                    mServerPort = (int) nextOptionLong("Server port to listen on for commands");
                } else if (opt.equals("--setup")) {
                    mSetupFileName = nextOptionData();
                } else if (opt.equals("-f")) {
                    mScriptFileNames.add(nextOptionData());
                } else if (opt.equals("--profile-wait")) {
                    mProfileWaitTime = nextOptionLong("Profile delay" +
                                " (in milliseconds) to wait between user action");
                } else if (opt.equals("--device-sleep-time")) {
                    mDeviceSleepTime = nextOptionLong("Device sleep time" +
                                                      "(in milliseconds)");
                } else if (opt.equals("--randomize-script")) {
                    mRandomizeScript = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--script-log")) {
                    mScriptLog = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--bugreport")) {
                    mRequestBugreport = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("--periodic-bugreport")){
                    mGetPeriodicBugreport = true;
                    mBugreportFrequency = nextOptionLong("Number of iterations");
                } else if (opt.equals("--permission-target-system")){
                    mPermissionTargetSystem = true;
                } else if (opt.equals("-h")) {
                    showUsage();
                    return false;
                } else {
                    System.err.println("** Error: Unknown option: " + opt);
                    showUsage();
                    return false;
                }
            }
            MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().addValidPackages(validPackages);
        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
            System.err.println("** Error: " + ex.toString());
            showUsage();
            return false;
        }

        // If a server port hasn't been specified, we need to specify
        // a count
        if (mServerPort == -1) {
            String countStr = nextArg();
            if (countStr == null) {
                System.err.println("** Error: Count not specified");
                showUsage();
                return false;
            }

            try {
                mCount = Integer.parseInt(countStr);
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                System.err.println("** Error: Count is not a number");
                showUsage();
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Load a list of package names from a file.
     *
     * @param fileName The file name, with package names separated by new line.
     * @param list The destination list.
     * @return Returns false if any error occurs.
     */
    private static boolean loadPackageListFromFile(String fileName, Set<String> list) {
        BufferedReader reader = null;
        try {
            reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName));
            String s;
            while ((s = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                s = s.trim();
                if ((s.length() > 0) && (!s.startsWith("#"))) {
                    list.add(s);
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            System.err.println(ioe);
            return false;
        } finally {
            if (reader != null) {
                try {
                    reader.close();
                } catch (IOException ioe) {
                    System.err.println(ioe);
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Load package blacklist or whitelist (if specified).
     *
     * @return Returns false if any error occurs.
     */
    private boolean loadPackageLists() {
        if (((mPkgWhitelistFile != null) || (MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().hasValidPackages()))
                && (mPkgBlacklistFile != null)) {
            System.err.println("** Error: you can not specify a package blacklist "
                    + "together with a whitelist or individual packages (via -p).");
            return false;
        }
        Set<String> validPackages = new HashSet<>();
        if ((mPkgWhitelistFile != null)
                && (!loadPackageListFromFile(mPkgWhitelistFile, validPackages))) {
            return false;
        }
        MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().addValidPackages(validPackages);
        Set<String> invalidPackages = new HashSet<>();
        if ((mPkgBlacklistFile != null)
                && (!loadPackageListFromFile(mPkgBlacklistFile, invalidPackages))) {
            return false;
        }
        MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().addInvalidPackages(invalidPackages);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Check for any internal configuration (primarily build-time) errors.
     *
     * @return Returns true if ready to rock.
     */
    private boolean checkInternalConfiguration() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Attach to the required system interfaces.
     *
     * @return Returns true if all system interfaces were available.
     */
    private boolean getSystemInterfaces() {
        mAm = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault();
        if (mAm == null) {
            System.err.println("** Error: Unable to connect to activity manager; is the system "
                    + "running?");
            return false;
        }

        mWm = IWindowManager.Stub.asInterface(ServiceManager.getService("window"));
        if (mWm == null) {
            System.err.println("** Error: Unable to connect to window manager; is the system "
                    + "running?");
            return false;
        }

        mPm = IPackageManager.Stub.asInterface(ServiceManager.getService("package"));
        if (mPm == null) {
            System.err.println("** Error: Unable to connect to package manager; is the system "
                    + "running?");
            return false;
        }

        try {
            mAm.setActivityController(new ActivityController());
            mNetworkMonitor.register(mAm);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            System.err.println("** Failed talking with activity manager!");
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Using the restrictions provided (categories & packages), generate a list
     * of activities that we can actually switch to.
     *
     * @return Returns true if it could successfully build a list of target
     *         activities
     */
    private boolean getMainApps() {
        try {
            final int N = mMainCategories.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
                Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MAIN);
                String category = mMainCategories.get(i);
                if (category.length() > 0) {
                    intent.addCategory(category);
                }
                List<ResolveInfo> mainApps = mPm.queryIntentActivities(intent, null, 0,
                        UserHandle.myUserId());
                if (mainApps == null || mainApps.size() == 0) {
                    System.err.println("// Warning: no activities found for category " + category);
                    continue;
                }
                if (mVerbose >= 2) { // very verbose
                    System.out.println("// Selecting main activities from category " + category);
                }
                final int NA = mainApps.size();
                for (int a = 0; a < NA; a++) {
                    ResolveInfo r = mainApps.get(a);
                    String packageName = r.activityInfo.applicationInfo.packageName;
                    if (MonkeyUtils.getPackageFilter().checkEnteringPackage(packageName)) {
                        if (mVerbose >= 2) { // very verbose
                            System.out.println("//   + Using main activity " + r.activityInfo.name
                                    + " (from package " + packageName + ")");
                        }
                        mMainApps.add(new ComponentName(packageName, r.activityInfo.name));
                    } else {
                        if (mVerbose >= 3) { // very very verbose
                            System.out.println("//   - NOT USING main activity "
                                    + r.activityInfo.name + " (from package " + packageName + ")");
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            System.err.println("** Failed talking with package manager!");
            return false;
        }

        if (mMainApps.size() == 0) {
            System.out.println("** No activities found to run, monkey aborted.");
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Run mCount cycles and see if we hit any crashers.
     * <p>
     * TODO: Meta state on keys
     *
     * @return Returns the last cycle which executed. If the value == mCount, no
     *         errors detected.
     */
    private int runMonkeyCycles() {
        int eventCounter = 0;
        int cycleCounter = 0;

        boolean shouldReportAnrTraces = false;
        boolean shouldReportDumpsysMemInfo = false;
        boolean shouldAbort = false;
        boolean systemCrashed = false;
        
        
        //Jiajun: Initialize UiAutomation, passing in the packageName
        MonkeyView.setup(packageName, appName);
        // Jiajun: The set of screens that we has already explored
        // whenever we encounter a screen with WebView, check whether the current screen is 
        // identical to any one of screens in the list. If yes, don't need to inject neural event again.
        // This variable is used to speed up test and will be used later.
        
        ScreenList screens = new ScreenList(); 
        
        Long startTime = System.nanoTime();
        
        int bugId = 0;

        // TO DO : The count should apply to each of the script file.
        while (!systemCrashed && cycleCounter < mCount) {
            //If exceed allowed running time, stop
            if(((System.nanoTime() - startTime) / 1000000) >= (allowedRunningTime * 1000)) break;
            synchronized (this) {
                if (mRequestProcRank) {
                    reportProcRank();
                    mRequestProcRank = false;
                }
                if (mRequestAnrTraces) {
                    mRequestAnrTraces = false;
                    shouldReportAnrTraces = true;
                }
                if (mRequestAnrBugreport){
                    getBugreport("anr_" + mReportProcessName + "_");
                    mRequestAnrBugreport = false;
                }
                if (mRequestWatchdogBugreport) {
                    System.out.println("Print the watchdog report");
                    getBugreport("anr_watchdog_");
                    mRequestWatchdogBugreport = false;
                }
                if (mRequestAppCrashBugreport){
                    getBugreport("app_crash" + mReportProcessName + "_");
                    mRequestAppCrashBugreport = false;
                }
                if (mRequestPeriodicBugreport){
                    getBugreport("Bugreport_");
                    mRequestPeriodicBugreport = false;
                }
                if (mRequestDumpsysMemInfo) {
                    mRequestDumpsysMemInfo = false;
                    shouldReportDumpsysMemInfo = true;
                }
                if (mMonitorNativeCrashes) {
                    // first time through, when eventCounter == 0, just set up
                    // the watcher (ignore the error)
                    if (checkNativeCrashes() && (eventCounter > 0)) {
                        System.out.println("** New native crash detected.");
                        if (mRequestBugreport) {
                            getBugreport("native_crash_");
                        }
                        mAbort = mAbort || !mIgnoreNativeCrashes || mKillProcessAfterError;
                    }
                }
                if (mAbort) {
                    shouldAbort = true;
                }
                if (mWatchdogWaiting) {
                    mWatchdogWaiting = false;
                    notifyAll();
                }
            }

            // Report ANR, dumpsys after releasing lock on this.
            // This ensures the availability of the lock to Activity controller's appNotResponding
            if (shouldReportAnrTraces) {
               shouldReportAnrTraces = false;
               reportAnrTraces();
            }

            if (shouldReportDumpsysMemInfo) {
               shouldReportDumpsysMemInfo = false;
               reportDumpsysMemInfo();
            }

            if (shouldAbort) {
               shouldAbort = false;
               System.out.println("** Monkey aborted due to error.");
               System.out.println("Events injected: " + eventCounter);
               return eventCounter;
            }

            // In this debugging mode, we never send any events. This is
            // primarily here so you can manually test the package or category
            // limits, while manually exercising the system.
            if (mSendNoEvents) {
                eventCounter++;
                cycleCounter++;
                continue;
            }

            if ((mVerbose > 0) && (eventCounter % 100) == 0 && eventCounter != 0) {
                String calendarTime = MonkeyUtils.toCalendarTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
                long systemUpTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
                System.out.println("    //[calendar_time:" + calendarTime + " system_uptime:"
                                   + systemUpTime + "]");
                System.out.println("    // Sending event #" + eventCounter);
            }

            MonkeyEvent ev = mEventSource.getNextEvent();
            if (ev != null) {
                int injectCode = ev.injectEvent(mWm, mAm, mVerbose);
                if (injectCode == MonkeyEvent.INJECT_FAIL) {
                    System.out.println("    // Injection Failed");
                    if (ev instanceof MonkeyKeyEvent) {
                        mDroppedKeyEvents++;
                    } else if (ev instanceof MonkeyMotionEvent) {
                        mDroppedPointerEvents++;
                    } else if (ev instanceof MonkeyFlipEvent) {
                        mDroppedFlipEvents++;
                    } else if (ev instanceof MonkeyRotationEvent) {
                        mDroppedRotationEvents++;
                    }
                } else if (injectCode == MonkeyEvent.INJECT_ERROR_REMOTE_EXCEPTION) {
                    systemCrashed = true;
                    System.err.println("** Error: RemoteException while injecting event.");
                } else if (injectCode == MonkeyEvent.INJECT_ERROR_SECURITY_EXCEPTION) {
                    systemCrashed = !mIgnoreSecurityExceptions;
                    if (systemCrashed) {
                        System.err.println("** Error: SecurityException while injecting event.");
                    }
                }
                
                // Don't count throttling as an event.
                if (!(ev instanceof MonkeyThrottleEvent)) {
                    eventCounter++;
                    if (mCountEvents) {
                        cycleCounter++;
                    }
                }
                
                Screen screenA = null;
                int attempt = 0;
                boolean normalExit = false;
                while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) {
                    screenA = new Screen();
                    if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(screenA) && MonkeyView.isInAppPackage && !screenA.isChildIsNull()) {
                        normalExit = true;
                        break;
                    } else {
                        attempt++;
                        canEnterHome = true;
                        MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
                        canEnterHome = false;
                    }
                }
                if(!normalExit) continue;
                //If the current screen has WebView and is not identical to any explored screens, inject neural events.
                if(screenA.hasWebView() && !screens.contains(screenA)) {
                    screens.add(screenA);
                    boolean hasSoundFromVideo = false;
                    if(MonkeyView.hasSoundFromVideo(screenA)) hasSoundFromVideo = true; //check whether there is sound from video
                    boolean detectSound = false;
                    detectSound = MonkeyView.turnScreenOffAndOn(hasSoundFromVideo); // turn off screen and then turn on
                    Screen screenB = null;
                    attempt = 0;
                    normalExit = false;
                    while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) {
                        screenB = new Screen();
                        if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(screenB) && MonkeyView.isInAppPackage && !screenB.isChildIsNull()) {
                            normalExit = true;
                            break;
                        } else {
                            attempt++;
                            canEnterHome = true;
                            MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
                            canEnterHome = false;
                        }
                    }
                    if(!normalExit) continue;
                    if(detectSound) {
                        MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.HAS_SOUND, screenA, screenB, bugId++, MonkeyView.SCREEN_LOCK);
                    }
                    if(!MonkeyView.isConsistent(screenA, screenB)) {
                        MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.SCREEN_INCONSISTENT, screenA, screenB, bugId++, MonkeyView.SCREEN_LOCK);
                        continue; //If already detect inconsistence, don't inject the following events.
                    }
                    canEnterHome = true;
                    detectSound = MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(hasSoundFromVideo); // press home button than return to the app
                    canEnterHome = false;
                    screenB = null;
                    attempt = 0;
                    normalExit = false;
                    while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) {   
                        screenB = new Screen();
                        if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(screenB) && MonkeyView.isInAppPackage && !screenB.isChildIsNull()) {
                            normalExit = true;
                            break;
                        } else {
                            attempt++;
                            canEnterHome = true;
                            MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
                            canEnterHome = false;
                        }
                    }
                    if(!normalExit) continue;
                    if(detectSound) {
                        MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.HAS_SOUND, screenA, screenB, bugId++, MonkeyView.PRESS_HOME);
                    }
                    if(!MonkeyView.isConsistent(screenA, screenB)) {
                        MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.SCREEN_INCONSISTENT, screenA, screenB, bugId++, MonkeyView.PRESS_HOME);
                        continue; //If already detect inconsistence, don't inject the following events.
                    }
                    int orientation = -1;
                    try {
                        orientation = mWm.getRotation(); 
                    } catch(RemoteException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    if(orientation == Surface.ROTATION_0) {
                        MonkeyView.rotateScreen(Surface.ROTATION_90);
                        screenB = null;
                        attempt = 0;
                        normalExit = false;
                        while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) { 
                            screenB = new Screen();
                            if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(screenB) && MonkeyView.isInAppPackage && !screenB.isChildIsNull()) {
                                normalExit = true;
                                break;
                            } else {
                                attempt++;
                                canEnterHome = true;
                                MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
                                canEnterHome = false;
                            }
                        }
                        if(!normalExit) continue;
                        if(!MonkeyView.isConsistent(screenA, screenB)) {
                            MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.SCREEN_INCONSISTENT, screenA, screenB, bugId++, MonkeyView.ROTATION);
                        }
                        MonkeyView.rotateScreen(Surface.ROTATION_0);  
                        if(screenB.hasWebView()) {
                            Screen screenC = null;
                            attempt = 0;
                            normalExit = false;
                            while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) {
                                screenC = new Screen();
                                if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(screenC) && MonkeyView.isInAppPackage && !screenC.isChildIsNull()) {
                                    normalExit = true;
                                    break;
                                } else {
                                    attempt++;
                                    canEnterHome = true;
                                    MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
                                    canEnterHome = false;
                                }
                            }
                            if(!normalExit) continue;
                            if(!MonkeyView.isConsistent(screenB, screenC)) {
                                MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.SCREEN_INCONSISTENT, screenB, screenC, bugId++, MonkeyView.ROTATION);
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        MonkeyView.rotateScreen(Surface.ROTATION_0);
                        screenB = null;
                        attempt = 0;
                        normalExit = false;
                        while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) {  
                            screenB = new Screen();
                            if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(screenB) && MonkeyView.isInAppPackage && !screenB.isChildIsNull()) {
                                normalExit = true;
                                break;
                            } else {
                                attempt++;
                                canEnterHome = true;
                                MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
                                canEnterHome = false;
                            }
                        }
                        if(!normalExit) continue;
                        if(!MonkeyView.isConsistent(screenA, screenB)) {
                            MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.SCREEN_INCONSISTENT, screenA, screenB, bugId++, MonkeyView.ROTATION);
                        }
                        MonkeyView.rotateScreen(orientation);
                        if(screenB.hasWebView()) {
                            Screen screenC = null;
                            attempt = 0;
                            normalExit = false;
                            while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) {
                                screenC = new Screen();
                                if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(screenC) && MonkeyView.isInAppPackage && !screenC.isChildIsNull()) {
                                    normalExit = true;
                                    break;
                                } else {
                                    attempt++;
                                    canEnterHome = true;
                                    MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
                                    canEnterHome = false;
                                }
                            }
                            if(!normalExit) continue;
                            if(!MonkeyView.isConsistent(screenB, screenC)) {
                                MonkeyView.reportBug(MonkeyView.SCREEN_INCONSISTENT, screenB, screenC, bugId++, MonkeyView.ROTATION);
                            }
                        }
                    }
//                    MonkeyView.sleep(500);
//                    finalScreen = new Screen();
//                    attempt = 0;
//                    normalExit = false;
//                    while(attempt < MonkeyView.MAX_ATTEMPS) {
//                        if(MonkeyView.getUILayout(finalScreen) & MonkeyView.isInAppPackage) {
//                            normalExit = true;
//                            break;
//                        } else {
//                            attempt++;
//                            canEnterHome = true;
//                            MonkeyView.pressHomeThenGoBack(false);
//                            canEnterHome = false;
//                        }
//                    }
//                    if(!normalExit) continue;
                }
            } else {
                if (!mCountEvents) {
                    cycleCounter++;
                    writeScriptLog(cycleCounter);
                    //Capture the bugreport after n iteration
                    if (mGetPeriodicBugreport) {
                        if ((cycleCounter % mBugreportFrequency) == 0) {
                            mRequestPeriodicBugreport = true;
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // Event Source has signaled that we have no more events to process
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        System.out.println("Events injected: " + eventCounter);
        return eventCounter;
    }

    /**
     * Send SIGNAL_USR1 to all processes. This will generate large (5mb)
     * profiling reports in data/misc, so use with care.
     */
    private void signalPersistentProcesses() {
        try {
            mAm.signalPersistentProcesses(Process.SIGNAL_USR1);

            synchronized (this) {
                wait(2000);
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            System.err.println("** Failed talking with activity manager!");
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Watch for appearance of new tombstone files, which indicate native
     * crashes.
     *
     * @return Returns true if new files have appeared in the list
     */
    private boolean checkNativeCrashes() {
        String[] tombstones = TOMBSTONES_PATH.list();

        // shortcut path for usually empty directory, so we don't waste even
        // more objects
        if ((tombstones == null) || (tombstones.length == 0)) {
            mTombstones = null;
            return false;
        }

        // use set logic to look for new files
        HashSet<String> newStones = new HashSet<String>();
        for (String x : tombstones) {
            newStones.add(x);
        }

        boolean result = (mTombstones == null) || !mTombstones.containsAll(newStones);

        // keep the new list for the next time
        mTombstones = newStones;

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Return the next command line option. This has a number of special cases
     * which closely, but not exactly, follow the POSIX command line options
     * patterns:
     *
     * <pre>
     * -- means to stop processing additional options
     * -z means option z
     * -z ARGS means option z with (non-optional) arguments ARGS
     * -zARGS means option z with (optional) arguments ARGS
     * --zz means option zz
     * --zz ARGS means option zz with (non-optional) arguments ARGS
     * </pre>
     *
     * Note that you cannot combine single letter options; -abc != -a -b -c
     *
     * @return Returns the option string, or null if there are no more options.
     */
    private String nextOption() {
        if (mNextArg >= mArgs.length) {
            return null;
        }
        String arg = mArgs[mNextArg];
        if (!arg.startsWith("-")) {
            return null;
        }
        mNextArg++;
        if (arg.equals("--")) {
            return null;
        }
        if (arg.length() > 1 && arg.charAt(1) != '-') {
            if (arg.length() > 2) {
                mCurArgData = arg.substring(2);
                return arg.substring(0, 2);
            } else {
                mCurArgData = null;
                return arg;
            }
        }
        mCurArgData = null;
        return arg;
    }

    /**
     * Return the next data associated with the current option.
     *
     * @return Returns the data string, or null of there are no more arguments.
     */
    private String nextOptionData() {
        if (mCurArgData != null) {
            return mCurArgData;
        }
        if (mNextArg >= mArgs.length) {
            return null;
        }
        String data = mArgs[mNextArg];
        mNextArg++;
        return data;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a long converted from the next data argument, with error handling
     * if not available.
     *
     * @param opt The name of the option.
     * @return Returns a long converted from the argument.
     */
    private long nextOptionLong(final String opt) {
        long result;
        try {
            result = Long.parseLong(nextOptionData());
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            System.err.println("** Error: " + opt + " is not a number");
            throw e;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Return the next argument on the command line.
     *
     * @return Returns the argument string, or null if we have reached the end.
     */
    private String nextArg() {
        if (mNextArg >= mArgs.length) {
            return null;
        }
        String arg = mArgs[mNextArg];
        mNextArg++;
        return arg;
    }

    /**
     * Print how to use this command.
     */
    private void showUsage() {
        StringBuffer usage = new StringBuffer();
        usage.append("usage: monkey [-p ALLOWED_PACKAGE [-p ALLOWED_PACKAGE] ...]\n");
        usage.append("              [-c MAIN_CATEGORY [-c MAIN_CATEGORY] ...]\n");
        usage.append("              [--ignore-crashes] [--ignore-timeouts]\n");
        usage.append("              [--ignore-security-exceptions]\n");
        usage.append("              [--monitor-native-crashes] [--ignore-native-crashes]\n");
        usage.append("              [--kill-process-after-error] [--hprof]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pct-touch PERCENT] [--pct-motion PERCENT]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pct-trackball PERCENT] [--pct-syskeys PERCENT]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pct-nav PERCENT] [--pct-majornav PERCENT]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pct-appswitch PERCENT] [--pct-flip PERCENT]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pct-anyevent PERCENT] [--pct-pinchzoom PERCENT]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pct-permission PERCENT]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pkg-blacklist-file PACKAGE_BLACKLIST_FILE]\n");
        usage.append("              [--pkg-whitelist-file PACKAGE_WHITELIST_FILE]\n");
        usage.append("              [--wait-dbg] [--dbg-no-events]\n");
        usage.append("              [--setup scriptfile] [-f scriptfile [-f scriptfile] ...]\n");
        usage.append("              [--port port]\n");
        usage.append("              [-s SEED] [-v [-v] ...]\n");
        usage.append("              [--throttle MILLISEC] [--randomize-throttle]\n");
        usage.append("              [--profile-wait MILLISEC]\n");
        usage.append("              [--device-sleep-time MILLISEC]\n");
        usage.append("              [--randomize-script]\n");
        usage.append("              [--script-log]\n");
        usage.append("              [--bugreport]\n");
        usage.append("              [--periodic-bugreport]\n");
        usage.append("              [--permission-target-system]\n");
        usage.append("              COUNT\n");
        System.err.println(usage.toString());
    }
}