Add extrapolation types periodic and reflective

[SouthEndMusic]

Fixes #360.

Follow-up of #356.

using DataInterpolations
using Plots
using Random
Random.seed!(1)
u = rand(5)
t = cumsum(rand(5))
A = QuadraticSpline(u,t; extrapolation_left = ExtrapolationType.reflective, extrapolation_right = ExtrapolationType.periodic)
T = last(A.t) - first(A.t)
t_eval_left = range(first(t) - 2T, first(t), length = 250)
t_eval_right = range(last(t), last(t) + 2T, length = 250)
plot(A)
plot!(t_eval_left, A.(t_eval_left); label = "reflective")
plot!(t_eval_right, A.(t_eval_right); label = "periodic")

[SouthEndMusic]

Note: in this PR I add tests for integrating with cached integral data (which is cached when cache_parameters = true). I found that this had a bug which I fixed. The bug was possibly introduced by #359. So I suggest not to make a new release until this PR is merged.

[ChrisRackauckas]

This is amazing!