diff --git a/py/generate.py b/py/generate.py
index ec8edc82bd0b2..c746364a256ae 100644
--- a/py/generate.py
+++ b/py/generate.py
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 # This is a copy of https://github.com/HyperionGray/python-chrome-devtools-protocol/blob/master/generator/generate.py
 # The license above is theirs and MUST be preserved.
 
-# flake8: noqa
 
 import builtins
 from dataclasses import dataclass
@@ -36,7 +35,9 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 import re
 from textwrap import dedent, indent as tw_indent
-from typing import Optional , cast, List, Union, Iterator
+from typing import Optional, cast, List, Union
+
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 
 import inflection  # type: ignore
 
@@ -206,11 +207,11 @@ def from_json(cls, type):
 class CdpProperty:
     ''' A property belonging to a non-primitive CDP type. '''
     name: str
-    description: Optional[str]
-    type: Optional[str]
-    ref: Optional[str]
-    enum: List[str]
-    items: Optional[CdpItems]
+    description: str | None
+    type: str | None
+    ref: str | None
+    enum: list[str]
+    items: CdpItems | None
     optional: bool
     experimental: bool
     deprecated: bool
@@ -316,11 +317,11 @@ def generate_from_json(self, dict_):
 class CdpType:
     ''' A top-level CDP type. '''
     id: str
-    description: Optional[str]
+    description: str | None
     type: str
-    items: Optional[CdpItems]
-    enum: List[str]
-    properties: List[CdpProperty]
+    items: CdpItems | None
+    enum: list[str]
+    properties: list[CdpProperty]
 
     @classmethod
     def from_json(cls, type_):
@@ -585,8 +586,8 @@ class CdpCommand:
     description: str
     experimental: bool
     deprecated: bool
-    parameters: List[CdpParameter]
-    returns: List[CdpReturn]
+    parameters: list[CdpParameter]
+    returns: list[CdpReturn]
     domain: str
 
     @property
@@ -712,10 +713,10 @@ def get_refs(self):
 class CdpEvent:
     ''' A CDP event object. '''
     name: str
-    description: Optional[str]
+    description: str | None
     deprecated: bool
     experimental: bool
-    parameters: List[CdpParameter]
+    parameters: list[CdpParameter]
     domain: str
 
     @property
@@ -786,12 +787,12 @@ def get_refs(self):
 class CdpDomain:
     ''' A CDP domain contains metadata, types, commands, and events. '''
     domain: str
-    description: Optional[str]
+    description: str | None
     experimental: bool
-    dependencies: List[str]
-    types: List[CdpType]
-    commands: List[CdpCommand]
-    events: List[CdpEvent]
+    dependencies: list[str]
+    types: list[CdpType]
+    commands: list[CdpCommand]
+    events: list[CdpEvent]
 
     @property
     def module(self) -> str:
diff --git a/py/selenium/common/exceptions.py b/py/selenium/common/exceptions.py
index 3ff4e0b4fd549..c45f530002a8f 100644
--- a/py/selenium/common/exceptions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/common/exceptions.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 """Exceptions that may happen in all the webdriver code."""
 
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 SUPPORT_MSG = "For documentation on this error, please visit:"
 ERROR_URL = "https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/troubleshooting/errors"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class WebDriverException(Exception):
     """Base webdriver exception."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.msg = msg
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class NoSuchElementException(WebDriverException):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#nosuchelementexception"
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class StaleElementReferenceException(WebDriverException):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#staleelementreferenceexception"
 
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ class UnexpectedAlertPresentException(WebDriverException):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        msg: Optional[Any] = None,
-        screen: Optional[str] = None,
-        stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        alert_text: Optional[str] = None,
+        msg: Any | None = None,
+        screen: str | None = None,
+        stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        alert_text: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(msg, screen, stacktrace)
         self.alert_text = alert_text
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class ElementNotVisibleException(InvalidElementStateException):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#elementnotvisibleexception"
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class ElementNotInteractableException(InvalidElementStateException):
     """Thrown when element interactions will hit another element due to paint order."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#elementnotinteractableexception"
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class InvalidSelectorException(WebDriverException):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#invalidselectorexception"
 
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class ElementClickInterceptedException(WebDriverException):
     """Thrown when element click fails because another element obscures it."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#elementclickinterceptedexception"
 
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ class InvalidSessionIdException(WebDriverException):
     """Thrown when the given session id is not in the list of active sessions."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#invalidsessionidexception"
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ class SessionNotCreatedException(WebDriverException):
     """A new session could not be created."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}#sessionnotcreatedexception"
 
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class NoSuchDriverException(WebDriverException):
     """Raised when driver is not specified and cannot be located."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: Optional[Any] = None, screen: Optional[str] = None, stacktrace: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        self, msg: Any | None = None, screen: str | None = None, stacktrace: Sequence[str] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         with_support = f"{msg}; {SUPPORT_MSG} {ERROR_URL}/driver_location"
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/options.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/options.py
index c03651075d170..6ef6e5e839c21 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/options.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/options.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.options import ChromiumOptions
 from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
@@ -28,8 +27,8 @@ def default_capabilities(self) -> dict:
 
     def enable_mobile(
         self,
-        android_package: Optional[str] = "com.android.chrome",
-        android_activity: Optional[str] = None,
-        device_serial: Optional[str] = None,
+        android_package: str | None = "com.android.chrome",
+        android_activity: str | None = None,
+        device_serial: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().enable_mobile(android_package, android_activity, device_serial)
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/remote_connection.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/remote_connection.py
index 1aa34dbfa4b31..b8794b2208495 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/remote_connection.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/remote_connection.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver import DesiredCapabilities
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.remote_connection import ChromiumRemoteConnection
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         remote_server_addr: str,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
-        ignore_proxy: Optional[bool] = False,
-        client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+        ignore_proxy: bool | None = False,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             remote_server_addr=remote_server_addr,
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py
index 38f483d8acea8..a15b161bf7cc4 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium import service
@@ -41,11 +40,11 @@ class Service(service.ChromiumService):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self._service_args = service_args or []
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py
index 44882bcf4cae0..747656fdb69fc 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
 from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
@@ -28,8 +27,8 @@ class WebDriver(ChromiumDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Optional[Options] = None,
-        service: Optional[Service] = None,
+        options: Options | None = None,
+        service: Service | None = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the chrome driver.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/options.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/options.py
index 92363410a46b3..52f6a4b58600e 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/options.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/options.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 import base64
 import os
-from typing import BinaryIO, Optional, Union
+from typing import BinaryIO
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
 from selenium.webdriver.common.options import ArgOptions
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         self._binary_location: str = ""
         self._extension_files: list[str] = []
         self._extensions: list[str] = []
-        self._experimental_options: dict[str, Union[str, int, dict, list[str]]] = {}
-        self._debugger_address: Optional[str] = None
+        self._experimental_options: dict[str, str | int | dict | list[str]] = {}
+        self._debugger_address: str | None = None
         self._enable_webextensions: bool = False
 
     @property
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def binary_location(self, value: str) -> None:
         self._binary_location = value
 
     @property
-    def debugger_address(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def debugger_address(self) -> str | None:
         """Returns the address of the remote devtools instance."""
         return self._debugger_address
 
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def experimental_options(self) -> dict:
         """Returns a dictionary of experimental options for chromium."""
         return self._experimental_options
 
-    def add_experimental_option(self, name: str, value: Union[str, int, dict, list[str]]) -> None:
+    def add_experimental_option(self, name: str, value: str | int | dict | list[str]) -> None:
         """Adds an experimental option which is passed to chromium.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/remote_connection.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/remote_connection.py
index ea532cba8ddcd..8690f9581d3ed 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/remote_connection.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/remote_connection.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.client_config import ClientConfig
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection import RemoteConnection
@@ -27,8 +26,8 @@ def __init__(
         vendor_prefix: str,
         browser_name: str,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
-        ignore_proxy: Optional[bool] = False,
-        client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+        ignore_proxy: bool | None = False,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         client_config = client_config or ClientConfig(
             remote_server_addr=remote_server_addr, keep_alive=keep_alive, timeout=120
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py
index cd4394c0667d8..5aed283b683aa 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from io import IOBase
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.common import service
@@ -42,12 +41,12 @@ class ChromiumService(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self._service_args = list(service_args or [])
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ def __init__(
 
         if isinstance(log_output, str):
             self._service_args.append(f"--log-path={log_output}")
-            self.log_output: Optional[IOBase] = None
+            self.log_output: IOBase | None = None
         elif isinstance(log_output, IOBase):
             self.log_output = log_output
         else:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py
index 894e26df3e97b..484fa132ad74d 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.options import ChromiumOptions
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.remote_connection import ChromiumRemoteConnection
@@ -30,10 +29,10 @@ class ChromiumDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        browser_name: Optional[str] = None,
-        vendor_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        options: Optional[ChromiumOptions] = None,
-        service: Optional[ChromiumService] = None,
+        browser_name: str | None = None,
+        vendor_prefix: str | None = None,
+        options: ChromiumOptions | None = None,
+        service: ChromiumService | None = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Create a new WebDriver instance, start the service, and create new ChromiumDriver instance.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/action_builder.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/action_builder.py
index e4f923976c7dd..e2787b5006383 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/action_builder.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/action_builder.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 
 
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Union
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions import interaction
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.key_actions import KeyActions
@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ class ActionBuilder:
     def __init__(
         self,
         driver,
-        mouse: Optional[PointerInput] = None,
-        wheel: Optional[WheelInput] = None,
-        keyboard: Optional[KeyInput] = None,
+        mouse: PointerInput | None = None,
+        wheel: WheelInput | None = None,
+        keyboard: KeyInput | None = None,
         duration: int = 250,
     ) -> None:
         mouse = mouse or PointerInput(interaction.POINTER_MOUSE, "mouse")
         keyboard = keyboard or KeyInput(interaction.KEY)
         wheel = wheel or WheelInput(interaction.WHEEL)
-        self.devices: list[Union[PointerInput, KeyInput, WheelInput]] = [mouse, keyboard, wheel]
+        self.devices: list[PointerInput | KeyInput | WheelInput] = [mouse, keyboard, wheel]
         self._key_action = KeyActions(keyboard)
         self._pointer_action = PointerActions(mouse, duration=duration)
         self._wheel_action = WheelActions(wheel)
         self.driver = driver
 
-    def get_device_with(self, name: str) -> Optional[Union["WheelInput", "PointerInput", "KeyInput"]]:
+    def get_device_with(self, name: str) -> Union["WheelInput", "PointerInput", "KeyInput"] | None:
         """Get the device with the given name.
 
         Args:
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ def clear_actions(self) -> None:
         """
         self.driver.execute(Command.W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS)
 
-    def _add_input(self, new_input: Union[KeyInput, PointerInput, WheelInput]) -> None:
+    def _add_input(self, new_input: KeyInput | PointerInput | WheelInput) -> None:
         """Add a new input device to the action builder.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/input_device.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/input_device.py
index 2cb97f8036e34..06ad2991c8b90 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/input_device.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/input_device.py
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import uuid
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 
 class InputDevice:
     """Describes the input device being used for the action."""
 
-    def __init__(self, name: Optional[str] = None):
+    def __init__(self, name: str | None = None):
         self.name = name or uuid.uuid4()
         self.actions: list[Any] = []
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/interaction.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/interaction.py
index 3118c5fe0a586..70d9d4adc897c 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/interaction.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/interaction.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-from typing import Union
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.input_device import InputDevice
 
@@ -43,5 +42,5 @@ def __init__(self, source, duration: float = 0) -> None:
         super().__init__(source)
         self.duration = duration
 
-    def encode(self) -> dict[str, Union[str, int]]:
+    def encode(self) -> dict[str, str | int]:
         return {"type": self.PAUSE, "duration": int(self.duration * 1000)}
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py
index 28186f767d9d8..73503bf91da49 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions import interaction
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.interaction import Interaction
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@
 
 
 class PointerActions(Interaction):
-    def __init__(self, source: Optional[PointerInput] = None, duration: int = 250):
+    def __init__(self, source: PointerInput | None = None, duration: int = 250):
         """Initialize a new PointerActions instance.
 
         Args:
@@ -168,17 +167,17 @@ def move_to_location(
         )
         return self
 
-    def click(self, element: Optional[WebElement] = None, button=MouseButton.LEFT):
+    def click(self, element: WebElement | None = None, button=MouseButton.LEFT):
         if element:
             self.move_to(element)
         self.pointer_down(button)
         self.pointer_up(button)
         return self
 
-    def context_click(self, element: Optional[WebElement] = None):
+    def context_click(self, element: WebElement | None = None):
         return self.click(element=element, button=MouseButton.RIGHT)
 
-    def click_and_hold(self, element: Optional[WebElement] = None, button=MouseButton.LEFT):
+    def click_and_hold(self, element: WebElement | None = None, button=MouseButton.LEFT):
         if element:
             self.move_to(element)
         self.pointer_down(button=button)
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ def release(self, button=MouseButton.LEFT):
         self.pointer_up(button=button)
         return self
 
-    def double_click(self, element: Optional[WebElement] = None):
+    def double_click(self, element: WebElement | None = None):
         if element:
             self.move_to(element)
         self.pointer_down(MouseButton.LEFT)
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_input.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_input.py
index 661b126ffd7f4..448b2c6b18390 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_input.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_input.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import InvalidArgumentException
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.input_device import InputDevice
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def create_pointer_move(
         duration=DEFAULT_MOVE_DURATION,
         x: float = 0,
         y: float = 0,
-        origin: Optional[WebElement] = None,
+        origin: WebElement | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         action = {"type": "pointerMove", "duration": duration, "x": x, "y": y, **kwargs}
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def create_pointer_up(self, button):
     def create_pointer_cancel(self):
         self.add_action({"type": "pointerCancel"})
 
-    def create_pause(self, pause_duration: Union[int, float] = 0) -> None:
+    def create_pause(self, pause_duration: int | float = 0) -> None:
         self.add_action({"type": "pause", "duration": int(pause_duration * 1000)})
 
     def encode(self):
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py
index cfb47141087c5..8fbdbd610f00b 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py
@@ -15,14 +15,13 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.interaction import WHEEL, Interaction
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.wheel_input import WheelInput
 
 
 class WheelActions(Interaction):
-    def __init__(self, source: Optional[WheelInput] = None):
+    def __init__(self, source: WheelInput | None = None):
         if source is None:
             source = WheelInput(WHEEL)
         super().__init__(source)
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_input.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_input.py
index e9ce59a203a73..7ae17d3fabb6a 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_input.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_input.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-from typing import Union
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions import interaction
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.input_device import InputDevice
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@
 
 
 class ScrollOrigin:
-    def __init__(self, origin: Union[str, WebElement], x_offset: int, y_offset: int) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, origin: str | WebElement, x_offset: int, y_offset: int) -> None:
         self._origin = origin
         self._x_offset = x_offset
         self._y_offset = y_offset
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def from_viewport(cls, x_offset: int = 0, y_offset: int = 0):
         return cls("viewport", x_offset, y_offset)
 
     @property
-    def origin(self) -> Union[str, WebElement]:
+    def origin(self) -> str | WebElement:
         return self._origin
 
     @property
@@ -72,5 +71,5 @@ def create_scroll(self, x: int, y: int, delta_x: int, delta_y: int, duration: in
             }
         )
 
-    def create_pause(self, pause_duration: Union[int, float] = 0) -> None:
+    def create_pause(self, pause_duration: int | float = 0) -> None:
         self.add_action({"type": "pause", "duration": int(pause_duration * 1000)})
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browser.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browser.py
index f597332563a14..5b449ae69276a 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browser.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browser.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 import os
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.session import UserPromptHandler
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ def __init__(self, conn):
 
     def create_user_context(
         self,
-        accept_insecure_certs: Optional[bool] = None,
-        proxy: Optional[Proxy] = None,
-        unhandled_prompt_behavior: Optional[UserPromptHandler] = None,
+        accept_insecure_certs: bool | None = None,
+        proxy: Proxy | None = None,
+        unhandled_prompt_behavior: UserPromptHandler | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Creates a new user context.
 
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ def get_client_windows(self) -> list[ClientWindowInfo]:
     def set_download_behavior(
         self,
         *,
-        allowed: Optional[bool] = None,
-        destination_folder: Optional[str | os.PathLike] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        allowed: bool | None = None,
+        destination_folder: str | os.PathLike | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Set the download behavior for the browser or specific user contexts.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browsing_context.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browsing_context.py
index 132c9d65e9243..403e10b87d539 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browsing_context.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/browsing_context.py
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import threading
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.session import Session
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ class NavigationInfo:
     def __init__(
         self,
         context: str,
-        navigation: Optional[str],
+        navigation: str | None,
         timestamp: int,
         url: str,
     ):
@@ -91,11 +92,11 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         context: str,
         url: str,
-        children: Optional[list["BrowsingContextInfo"]],
+        children: list["BrowsingContextInfo"] | None,
         client_window: str,
         user_context: str,
-        parent: Optional[str] = None,
-        original_opener: Optional[str] = None,
+        parent: str | None = None,
+        original_opener: str | None = None,
     ):
         self.context = context
         self.url = url
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ class DownloadWillBeginParams(NavigationInfo):
     def __init__(
         self,
         context: str,
-        navigation: Optional[str],
+        navigation: str | None,
         timestamp: int,
         url: str,
         suggested_filename: str,
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ def __init__(
         handler: str,
         message: str,
         type: str,
-        default_value: Optional[str] = None,
+        default_value: str | None = None,
     ):
         self.context = context
         self.handler = handler
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ def __init__(
         context: str,
         accepted: bool,
         type: str,
-        user_text: Optional[str] = None,
+        user_text: str | None = None,
     ):
         self.context = context
         self.accepted = accepted
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ class DownloadCanceledParams(NavigationInfo):
     def __init__(
         self,
         context: str,
-        navigation: Optional[str],
+        navigation: str | None,
         timestamp: int,
         url: str,
         status: str = "canceled",
@@ -373,11 +374,11 @@ class DownloadCompleteParams(NavigationInfo):
     def __init__(
         self,
         context: str,
-        navigation: Optional[str],
+        navigation: str | None,
         timestamp: int,
         url: str,
         status: str = "complete",
-        filepath: Optional[str] = None,
+        filepath: str | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(context, navigation, timestamp, url)
         self.status = status
@@ -410,7 +411,7 @@ class DownloadEndParams:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        download_params: Union[DownloadCanceledParams, DownloadCompleteParams],
+        download_params: DownloadCanceledParams | DownloadCompleteParams,
     ):
         self.download_params = download_params
 
@@ -608,7 +609,7 @@ def validate_event(self, event: str) -> EventConfig:
             raise ValueError(f"Event '{event}' not found. Available events: {self._available_events}")
         return event_config
 
-    def subscribe_to_event(self, bidi_event: str, contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None) -> None:
+    def subscribe_to_event(self, bidi_event: str, contexts: list[str] | None = None) -> None:
         """Subscribe to a BiDi event if not already subscribed.
 
         Args:
@@ -644,7 +645,7 @@ def remove_callback_from_tracking(self, bidi_event: str, callback_id: int) -> No
             if callback_list and callback_id in callback_list:
                 callback_list.remove(callback_id)
 
-    def add_event_handler(self, event: str, callback: Callable, contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None) -> int:
+    def add_event_handler(self, event: str, callback: Callable, contexts: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
         event_config = self.validate_event(event)
 
         callback_id = self.conn.add_callback(event_config.event_class, callback)
@@ -742,8 +743,8 @@ def capture_screenshot(
         self,
         context: str,
         origin: str = "viewport",
-        format: Optional[dict] = None,
-        clip: Optional[dict] = None,
+        format: dict | None = None,
+        clip: dict | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Captures an image of the given navigable, and returns it as a Base64-encoded string.
 
@@ -781,9 +782,9 @@ def close(self, context: str, prompt_unload: bool = False) -> None:
     def create(
         self,
         type: str,
-        reference_context: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference_context: str | None = None,
         background: bool = False,
-        user_context: Optional[str] = None,
+        user_context: str | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Creates a new navigable, either in a new tab or in a new window, and returns its navigable id.
 
@@ -809,8 +810,8 @@ def create(
 
     def get_tree(
         self,
-        max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
-        root: Optional[str] = None,
+        max_depth: int | None = None,
+        root: str | None = None,
     ) -> list[BrowsingContextInfo]:
         """Get a tree of all descendent navigables including the given parent itself.
 
@@ -836,8 +837,8 @@ def get_tree(
     def handle_user_prompt(
         self,
         context: str,
-        accept: Optional[bool] = None,
-        user_text: Optional[str] = None,
+        accept: bool | None = None,
+        user_text: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Allows closing an open prompt.
 
@@ -858,9 +859,9 @@ def locate_nodes(
         self,
         context: str,
         locator: dict,
-        max_node_count: Optional[int] = None,
-        serialization_options: Optional[dict] = None,
-        start_nodes: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
+        max_node_count: int | None = None,
+        serialization_options: dict | None = None,
+        start_nodes: list[dict] | None = None,
     ) -> list[dict]:
         """Returns a list of all nodes matching the specified locator.
 
@@ -889,7 +890,7 @@ def navigate(
         self,
         context: str,
         url: str,
-        wait: Optional[str] = None,
+        wait: str | None = None,
     ) -> dict:
         """Navigates a navigable to the given URL.
 
@@ -912,10 +913,10 @@ def print(
         self,
         context: str,
         background: bool = False,
-        margin: Optional[dict] = None,
+        margin: dict | None = None,
         orientation: str = "portrait",
-        page: Optional[dict] = None,
-        page_ranges: Optional[list[Union[int, str]]] = None,
+        page: dict | None = None,
+        page_ranges: list[int | str] | None = None,
         scale: float = 1.0,
         shrink_to_fit: bool = True,
     ) -> str:
@@ -954,8 +955,8 @@ def print(
     def reload(
         self,
         context: str,
-        ignore_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
-        wait: Optional[str] = None,
+        ignore_cache: bool | None = None,
+        wait: str | None = None,
     ) -> dict:
         """Reloads a navigable.
 
@@ -978,10 +979,10 @@ def reload(
 
     def set_viewport(
         self,
-        context: Optional[str] = None,
-        viewport: Optional[dict] = None,
-        device_pixel_ratio: Optional[float] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        viewport: dict | None = None,
+        device_pixel_ratio: float | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Modifies specific viewport characteristics on the given top-level traversable.
 
@@ -1020,7 +1021,7 @@ def traverse_history(self, context: str, delta: int) -> dict:
         result = self.conn.execute(command_builder("browsingContext.traverseHistory", params))
         return result
 
-    def add_event_handler(self, event: str, callback: Callable, contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None) -> int:
+    def add_event_handler(self, event: str, callback: Callable, contexts: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
         """Add an event handler to the browsing context.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/common.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/common.py
index be982cceafa99..0f57d07e5f0d4 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/common.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/common.py
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from collections.abc import Generator
-from typing import Optional
 
 
-def command_builder(method: str, params: Optional[dict] = None) -> Generator[dict, dict, dict]:
+def command_builder(method: str, params: dict | None = None) -> Generator[dict, dict, dict]:
     """Build a command iterator to send to the BiDi protocol.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/emulation.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/emulation.py
index 85558d4b0f4f3..c158ad5b936ae 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/emulation.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/emulation.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
 
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ class ScreenOrientation:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        natural: Union[ScreenOrientationNatural, str],
-        type: Union[ScreenOrientationType, str],
+        natural: ScreenOrientationNatural | str,
+        type: ScreenOrientationType | str,
     ):
         """Initialize ScreenOrientation.
 
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ def __init__(
         latitude: float,
         longitude: float,
         accuracy: float = 1.0,
-        altitude: Optional[float] = None,
-        altitude_accuracy: Optional[float] = None,
-        heading: Optional[float] = None,
-        speed: Optional[float] = None,
+        altitude: float | None = None,
+        altitude_accuracy: float | None = None,
+        heading: float | None = None,
+        speed: float | None = None,
     ):
         """Initialize GeolocationCoordinates.
 
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ def speed(self, value):
             raise ValueError("speed must be >= 0.0")
         self._speed = value
 
-    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Union[float, None]]:
-        result: dict[str, Union[float, None]] = {
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, float | None]:
+        result: dict[str, float | None] = {
             "latitude": self.latitude,
             "longitude": self.longitude,
             "accuracy": self.accuracy,
@@ -224,10 +224,10 @@ def __init__(self, conn):
 
     def set_geolocation_override(
         self,
-        coordinates: Optional[GeolocationCoordinates] = None,
-        error: Optional[GeolocationPositionError] = None,
-        contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        coordinates: GeolocationCoordinates | None = None,
+        error: GeolocationPositionError | None = None,
+        contexts: list[str] | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Set geolocation override for the given contexts or user contexts.
 
@@ -267,9 +267,9 @@ def set_geolocation_override(
 
     def set_timezone_override(
         self,
-        timezone: Optional[str] = None,
-        contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        timezone: str | None = None,
+        contexts: list[str] | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Set timezone override for the given contexts or user contexts.
 
@@ -300,9 +300,9 @@ def set_timezone_override(
 
     def set_locale_override(
         self,
-        locale: Optional[str] = None,
-        contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        locale: str | None = None,
+        contexts: list[str] | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Set locale override for the given contexts or user contexts.
 
@@ -332,9 +332,9 @@ def set_locale_override(
 
     def set_scripting_enabled(
         self,
-        enabled: Union[bool, None] = False,
-        contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        enabled: bool | None = False,
+        contexts: list[str] | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Set scripting enabled override for the given contexts or user contexts.
 
@@ -368,9 +368,9 @@ def set_scripting_enabled(
 
     def set_screen_orientation_override(
         self,
-        screen_orientation: Optional[ScreenOrientation] = None,
-        contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        screen_orientation: ScreenOrientation | None = None,
+        contexts: list[str] | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Set screen orientation override for the given contexts or user contexts.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/input.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/input.py
index e3cf175015096..270ececaf41a1 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/input.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/input.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 import math
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.session import Session
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def to_dict(self) -> dict:
 class PauseAction:
     """Represents a pause action."""
 
-    duration: Optional[int] = None
+    duration: int | None = None
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> str:
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class PointerDownAction:
     """Represents a pointer down action."""
 
     button: int = 0
-    properties: Optional[PointerCommonProperties] = None
+    properties: PointerCommonProperties | None = None
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> str:
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@ class PointerMoveAction:
 
     x: float = 0
     y: float = 0
-    duration: Optional[int] = None
-    origin: Optional[Union[str, ElementOrigin]] = None
-    properties: Optional[PointerCommonProperties] = None
+    duration: int | None = None
+    origin: str | ElementOrigin | None = None
+    properties: PointerCommonProperties | None = None
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> str:
@@ -239,8 +239,8 @@ class WheelScrollAction:
     y: int = 0
     delta_x: int = 0
     delta_y: int = 0
-    duration: Optional[int] = None
-    origin: Optional[Union[str, ElementOrigin]] = Origin.VIEWPORT
+    duration: int | None = None
+    origin: str | ElementOrigin | None = Origin.VIEWPORT
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> str:
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class KeySourceActions:
     """Represents a sequence of key actions."""
 
     id: str = ""
-    actions: list[Union[PauseAction, KeyDownAction, KeyUpAction]] = field(default_factory=list)
+    actions: list[PauseAction | KeyDownAction | KeyUpAction] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> str:
@@ -303,10 +303,8 @@ class PointerSourceActions:
     """Represents a sequence of pointer actions."""
 
     id: str = ""
-    parameters: Optional[PointerParameters] = None
-    actions: list[Union[PauseAction, PointerDownAction, PointerUpAction, PointerMoveAction]] = field(
-        default_factory=list
-    )
+    parameters: PointerParameters | None = None
+    actions: list[PauseAction | PointerDownAction | PointerUpAction | PointerMoveAction] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         if self.parameters is None:
@@ -333,7 +331,7 @@ class WheelSourceActions:
     """Represents a sequence of wheel actions."""
 
     id: str = ""
-    actions: list[Union[PauseAction, WheelScrollAction]] = field(default_factory=list)
+    actions: list[PauseAction | WheelScrollAction] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> str:
@@ -350,7 +348,7 @@ class FileDialogInfo:
 
     context: str
     multiple: bool
-    element: Optional[dict] = None
+    element: dict | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> "FileDialogInfo":
@@ -388,7 +386,7 @@ def __init__(self, conn):
     def perform_actions(
         self,
         context: str,
-        actions: list[Union[NoneSourceActions, KeySourceActions, PointerSourceActions, WheelSourceActions]],
+        actions: list[NoneSourceActions | KeySourceActions | PointerSourceActions | WheelSourceActions],
     ) -> None:
         """Performs a sequence of user input actions.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/permissions.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/permissions.py
index b167b47d09032..17faa1ff5454f 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/permissions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/permissions.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
 
@@ -46,10 +45,10 @@ def __init__(self, conn):
 
     def set_permission(
         self,
-        descriptor: Union[str, PermissionDescriptor],
+        descriptor: str | PermissionDescriptor,
         state: str,
         origin: str,
-        user_context: Optional[str] = None,
+        user_context: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Sets a permission state for a given permission descriptor.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/script.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/script.py
index 6583e211b6b38..e37b3269a4ade 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/script.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/script.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 import datetime
 import math
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ class RealmInfo:
     realm: str
     origin: str
     type: str
-    context: Optional[str] = None
-    sandbox: Optional[str] = None
+    context: str | None = None
+    sandbox: str | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_json(cls, json: dict[str, Any]) -> "RealmInfo":
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Source:
     """Represents the source of a script message."""
 
     realm: str
-    context: Optional[str] = None
+    context: str | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_json(cls, json: dict[str, Any]) -> "Source":
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ class EvaluateResult:
 
     type: str
     realm: str
-    result: Optional[dict] = None
-    exception_details: Optional[dict] = None
+    result: dict | None = None
+    exception_details: dict | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_json(cls, json: dict[str, Any]) -> "EvaluateResult":
@@ -362,10 +362,10 @@ def __convert_to_local_value(self, value) -> dict:
     def _add_preload_script(
         self,
         function_declaration: str,
-        arguments: Optional[list[dict[str, Any]]] = None,
-        contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-        user_contexts: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-        sandbox: Optional[str] = None,
+        arguments: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
+        contexts: list[str] | None = None,
+        user_contexts: list[str] | None = None,
+        sandbox: str | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Adds a preload script.
 
@@ -426,10 +426,10 @@ def _call_function(
         function_declaration: str,
         await_promise: bool,
         target: dict,
-        arguments: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
-        result_ownership: Optional[str] = None,
-        serialization_options: Optional[dict] = None,
-        this: Optional[dict] = None,
+        arguments: list[dict] | None = None,
+        result_ownership: str | None = None,
+        serialization_options: dict | None = None,
+        this: dict | None = None,
         user_activation: bool = False,
     ) -> EvaluateResult:
         """Calls a provided function with given arguments in a given realm.
@@ -471,8 +471,8 @@ def _evaluate(
         expression: str,
         target: dict,
         await_promise: bool,
-        result_ownership: Optional[str] = None,
-        serialization_options: Optional[dict] = None,
+        result_ownership: str | None = None,
+        serialization_options: dict | None = None,
         user_activation: bool = False,
     ) -> EvaluateResult:
         """Evaluates a provided script in a given realm.
@@ -505,8 +505,8 @@ def _evaluate(
 
     def _get_realms(
         self,
-        context: Optional[str] = None,
-        type: Optional[str] = None,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        type: str | None = None,
     ) -> list[RealmInfo]:
         """Returns a list of all realms, optionally filtered.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/session.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/session.py
index 534cf861c2423..3481c2d77842d 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/session.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/session.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
 
@@ -35,12 +34,12 @@ class UserPromptHandler:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        alert: Optional[str] = None,
-        before_unload: Optional[str] = None,
-        confirm: Optional[str] = None,
-        default: Optional[str] = None,
-        file: Optional[str] = None,
-        prompt: Optional[str] = None,
+        alert: str | None = None,
+        before_unload: str | None = None,
+        confirm: str | None = None,
+        default: str | None = None,
+        file: str | None = None,
+        prompt: str | None = None,
     ):
         """Initialize UserPromptHandler.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/storage.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/storage.py
index 6e0ca289a313a..a1700c962a4fd 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/storage.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/storage.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
 
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ def __init__(
         name: str,
         value: BytesValue,
         domain: str,
-        path: Optional[str] = None,
-        size: Optional[int] = None,
-        http_only: Optional[bool] = None,
-        secure: Optional[bool] = None,
-        same_site: Optional[str] = None,
-        expiry: Optional[int] = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        size: int | None = None,
+        http_only: bool | None = None,
+        secure: bool | None = None,
+        same_site: str | None = None,
+        expiry: int | None = None,
     ):
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
@@ -110,15 +110,15 @@ class CookieFilter:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
-        value: Optional[BytesValue] = None,
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
-        path: Optional[str] = None,
-        size: Optional[int] = None,
-        http_only: Optional[bool] = None,
-        secure: Optional[bool] = None,
-        same_site: Optional[str] = None,
-        expiry: Optional[int] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        value: BytesValue | None = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        size: int | None = None,
+        http_only: bool | None = None,
+        secure: bool | None = None,
+        same_site: str | None = None,
+        expiry: int | None = None,
     ):
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
 class PartitionKey:
     """Represents a storage partition key."""
 
-    def __init__(self, user_context: Optional[str] = None, source_origin: Optional[str] = None):
+    def __init__(self, user_context: str | None = None, source_origin: str | None = None):
         self.user_context = user_context
         self.source_origin = source_origin
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ def to_dict(self) -> dict:
 class StorageKeyPartitionDescriptor:
     """Represents a storage key partition descriptor."""
 
-    def __init__(self, user_context: Optional[str] = None, source_origin: Optional[str] = None):
+    def __init__(self, user_context: str | None = None, source_origin: str | None = None):
         self.type = "storageKey"
         self.user_context = user_context
         self.source_origin = source_origin
@@ -227,11 +227,11 @@ def __init__(
         name: str,
         value: BytesValue,
         domain: str,
-        path: Optional[str] = None,
-        http_only: Optional[bool] = None,
-        secure: Optional[bool] = None,
-        same_site: Optional[str] = None,
-        expiry: Optional[int] = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        http_only: bool | None = None,
+        secure: bool | None = None,
+        same_site: str | None = None,
+        expiry: int | None = None,
     ):
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
@@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ def __init__(self, conn):
 
     def get_cookies(
         self,
-        filter: Optional[CookieFilter] = None,
-        partition: Optional[Union[BrowsingContextPartitionDescriptor, StorageKeyPartitionDescriptor]] = None,
+        filter: CookieFilter | None = None,
+        partition: BrowsingContextPartitionDescriptor | StorageKeyPartitionDescriptor | None = None,
     ) -> GetCookiesResult:
         """Gets cookies matching the specified filter.
 
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ def get_cookies(
     def set_cookie(
         self,
         cookie: PartialCookie,
-        partition: Optional[Union[BrowsingContextPartitionDescriptor, StorageKeyPartitionDescriptor]] = None,
+        partition: BrowsingContextPartitionDescriptor | StorageKeyPartitionDescriptor | None = None,
     ) -> SetCookieResult:
         """Sets a cookie in the browser.
 
@@ -387,8 +387,8 @@ def set_cookie(
 
     def delete_cookies(
         self,
-        filter: Optional[CookieFilter] = None,
-        partition: Optional[Union[BrowsingContextPartitionDescriptor, StorageKeyPartitionDescriptor]] = None,
+        filter: CookieFilter | None = None,
+        partition: BrowsingContextPartitionDescriptor | StorageKeyPartitionDescriptor | None = None,
     ) -> DeleteCookiesResult:
         """Deletes cookies that match the given parameters.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/webextension.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/webextension.py
index 5fb3983bdefb8..eca1a53f1a7e1 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/webextension.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/webextension.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Union
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
 from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.common import command_builder
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ def install(self, path=None, archive_path=None, base64_value=None) -> dict:
                 ) from e
             raise
 
-    def uninstall(self, extension_id_or_result: Union[str, dict]) -> None:
+    def uninstall(self, extension_id_or_result: str | dict) -> None:
         """Uninstalls a web extension from the remote end.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/by.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/by.py
index 986099c7bb414..d2a10ac70a7c6 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/by.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/by.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 """The By implementation."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Optional
+from typing import Literal
 
 ByType = Literal["id", "xpath", "link text", "partial link text", "name", "tag name", "class name", "css selector"]
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def register_custom_finder(cls, name: str, strategy: str) -> None:
         cls._custom_finders[name] = strategy
 
     @classmethod
-    def get_finder(cls, name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_finder(cls, name: str) -> str | None:
         return cls._custom_finders.get(name) or getattr(cls, name.upper(), None)
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/account.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/account.py
index 7258ea677426b..f8cf8a00b775c 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/account.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/account.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 
 
 class LoginState(Enum):
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ class _AccountDescriptor:
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> Optional[str]:
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> str | None:
         return obj._account_data.get(self.name)
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value) -> None:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/dialog.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/dialog.py
index 9a7a2a89a2d61..b99f8f74d31e5 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/dialog.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/fedcm/dialog.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.fedcm.account import Account
 
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ def __init__(self, driver) -> None:
         self._driver = driver
 
     @property
-    def type(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def type(self) -> str | None:
         """Gets the type of the dialog currently being shown."""
         return self._driver.fedcm.dialog_type
 
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ def title(self) -> str:
         return self._driver.fedcm.title
 
     @property
-    def subtitle(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def subtitle(self) -> str | None:
         """Gets the subtitle of the dialog."""
         result = self._driver.fedcm.subtitle
         return result.get("subtitle") if result else None
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/log.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/log.py
index 65da4347dca87..6bf048049ec85 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/log.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/log.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from importlib import import_module
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def __init__(self, driver, bidi_session) -> None:
         self.devtools = bidi_session.devtools
         _pkg = ".".join(__name__.split(".")[:-1])
         # Ensure _mutation_listener_js is not None before decoding
-        _mutation_listener_js_bytes: Optional[bytes] = pkgutil.get_data(_pkg, "mutation-listener.js")
+        _mutation_listener_js_bytes: bytes | None = pkgutil.get_data(_pkg, "mutation-listener.js")
         if _mutation_listener_js_bytes is None:
             raise ValueError("Failed to load mutation-listener.js")
         self._mutation_listener_js = _mutation_listener_js_bytes.decode("utf8").strip()
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py
index 5599cc635b874..af0dd55e285ac 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 import warnings
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import InvalidArgumentException
 from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import Proxy
@@ -338,7 +337,7 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         self._caps = self.default_capabilities
         self._proxy = None
         self.set_capability("pageLoadStrategy", PageLoadStrategy.normal)
-        self.mobile_options: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None
+        self.mobile_options: dict[str, str] | None = None
         self._ignore_local_proxy = False
 
     @property
@@ -351,9 +350,9 @@ def set_capability(self, name, value) -> None:
 
     def enable_mobile(
         self,
-        android_package: Optional[str] = None,
-        android_activity: Optional[str] = None,
-        device_serial: Optional[str] = None,
+        android_package: str | None = None,
+        android_activity: str | None = None,
+        device_serial: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Enables mobile browser use for browsers that support it.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/print_page_options.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/print_page_options.py
index cb13c32a32afa..07b5f598e38d2 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/print_page_options.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/print_page_options.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing import Literal, TypedDict
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class _PageSettingsDescriptor:
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> Optional[float]:
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> float | None:
         return obj._page.get(self.name, None)
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value) -> None:
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class _MarginSettingsDescriptor:
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> Optional[float]:
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> float | None:
         return obj._margin.get(self.name, None)
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value) -> None:
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class _ScaleDescriptor:
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> Optional[float]:
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> float | None:
         return obj._print_options.get(self.name)
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value) -> None:
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class _PageOrientationDescriptor:
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> Optional[Orientation]:
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls) -> Orientation | None:
         return obj._print_options.get(self.name, None)
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value) -> None:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/selenium_manager.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/selenium_manager.py
index 6317220fb61c9..51c2723c4ac35 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/selenium_manager.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/selenium_manager.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 import sys
 import sysconfig
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.common import WebDriverException
 
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ def _get_binary() -> Path:
         if exe is not None:
             compiled_path = compiled_path.with_suffix(exe)
 
-        path: Optional[Path] = None
+        path: Path | None = None
 
         if (env_path := os.getenv("SE_MANAGER_PATH")) is not None:
             logger.debug("Selenium Manager set by env SE_MANAGER_PATH to: %s", env_path)
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py
index ed39ad9d70118..df7997ed688b7 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ class Service(ABC):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[Any, Any]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[Any, Any] | None = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
-        self.log_output: Optional[Union[int, IOBase]]
+        self.log_output: int | IOBase | None
         if isinstance(log_output, str):
             self.log_output = cast(IOBase, open(log_output, "a+", encoding="utf-8"))
         elif log_output == subprocess.STDOUT:
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def _start_process(self, path: str) -> None:
                 ) from err
             raise
 
-    def env_path(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def env_path(self) -> str | None:
         if self.DRIVER_PATH_ENV_KEY:
             return os.getenv(self.DRIVER_PATH_ENV_KEY, None)
         return None
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/utils.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/utils.py
index ac3087fc17ddf..52e54e63da875 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/utils.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/utils.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import socket
 import urllib.request
 from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from selenium.types import AnyKey
 from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ def free_port() -> int:
     return port
 
 
-def find_connectable_ip(host: Union[str, bytes, bytearray, None], port: Optional[int] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+def find_connectable_ip(host: str | bytes | bytearray | None, port: int | None = None) -> str | None:
     """Resolve a hostname to an IP, preferring IPv4 addresses.
 
     We prefer IPv4 so that we don't change behavior from previous IPv4-only
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ def join_host_port(host: str, port: int) -> str:
     return f"{host}:{port}"
 
 
-def is_connectable(port: int, host: Optional[str] = "localhost") -> bool:
+def is_connectable(port: int, host: str | None = "localhost") -> bool:
     """Tries to connect to the server at port to see if it is running.
 
     Args:
@@ -134,9 +133,9 @@ def is_connectable(port: int, host: Optional[str] = "localhost") -> bool:
 
 
 def is_url_connectable(
-    port: Union[int, str],
-    host: Optional[str] = "127.0.0.1",
-    scheme: Optional[str] = "http",
+    port: int | str,
+    host: str | None = "127.0.0.1",
+    scheme: str | None = "http",
 ) -> bool:
     """Send a request to the HTTP server at the /status endpoint to verify connectivity.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/virtual_authenticator.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/virtual_authenticator.py
index 7eee90ddb7152..0210edda0a8bd 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/virtual_authenticator.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/virtual_authenticator.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 import functools
 from base64 import urlsafe_b64decode, urlsafe_b64encode
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 
 class Protocol(str, Enum):
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.is_user_consenting: bool = is_user_consenting
         self.is_user_verified: bool = is_user_verified
 
-    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Union[str, bool]]:
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, str | bool]:
         return {
             "protocol": self.protocol,
             "transport": self.transport,
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         credential_id: bytes,
         is_resident_credential: bool,
-        rp_id: Optional[str],
-        user_handle: Optional[bytes],
+        rp_id: str | None,
+        user_handle: bytes | None,
         private_key: bytes,
         sign_count: int,
     ):
@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ def is_resident_credential(self) -> bool:
         return self._is_resident_credential
 
     @property
-    def rp_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def rp_id(self) -> str | None:
         return self._rp_id
 
     @property
-    def user_handle(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def user_handle(self) -> str | None:
         if self._user_handle:
             return urlsafe_b64encode(self._user_handle).decode()
         return None
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def create_non_resident_credential(cls, id: bytes, rp_id: str, private_key: byte
 
     @classmethod
     def create_resident_credential(
-        cls, id: bytes, rp_id: str, user_handle: Optional[bytes], private_key: bytes, sign_count: int
+        cls, id: bytes, rp_id: str, user_handle: bytes | None, private_key: bytes, sign_count: int
     ) -> "Credential":
         """Creates a resident (i.e. stateful) credential.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/remote_connection.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/remote_connection.py
index 39634c580c9d4..54f396340d0b9 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/remote_connection.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/remote_connection.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver import DesiredCapabilities
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.remote_connection import ChromiumRemoteConnection
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         remote_server_addr: str,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
-        ignore_proxy: Optional[bool] = False,
-        client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+        ignore_proxy: bool | None = False,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             remote_server_addr=remote_server_addr,
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py
index 8eee39b24c0c6..2e1131200ca2e 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium import service
@@ -36,12 +35,12 @@ class Service(service.ChromiumService):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         """Initialize Edge service with the specified parameters."""
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py
index 4d8d895ad48fa..fee90b418bf53 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.webdriver import ChromiumDriver
 from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
@@ -28,8 +27,8 @@ class WebDriver(ChromiumDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Optional[Options] = None,
-        service: Optional[Service] = None,
+        options: Options | None = None,
+        service: Service | None = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the edge driver.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/options.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/options.py
index 9f5a7bbe0bded..57d636d77e6c7 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/options.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/options.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from typing_extensions import deprecated
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         # https://fxdx.dev/deprecating-cdp-support-in-firefox-embracing-the-future-with-webdriver-bidi/.
         # Enable BiDi only
         self._preferences["remote.active-protocols"] = 1
-        self._profile: Optional[FirefoxProfile] = None
+        self._profile: FirefoxProfile | None = None
         self.log = Log()
 
     @property
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def binary(self) -> FirefoxBinary:
 
     @binary.setter
     @deprecated("use binary_location instead")
-    def binary(self, new_binary: Union[str, FirefoxBinary]) -> None:
+    def binary(self, new_binary: str | FirefoxBinary) -> None:
         """Set location of browser binary (string or FirefoxBinary instance)."""
         if isinstance(new_binary, FirefoxBinary):
             new_binary = new_binary._start_cmd
@@ -78,24 +78,24 @@ def preferences(self) -> dict:
         """Returns a dict of preferences."""
         return self._preferences
 
-    def set_preference(self, name: str, value: Union[str, int, bool]):
+    def set_preference(self, name: str, value: str | int | bool):
         """Sets a preference."""
         self._preferences[name] = value
 
     @property
-    def profile(self) -> Optional[FirefoxProfile]:
+    def profile(self) -> FirefoxProfile | None:
         """Returns the Firefox profile to use."""
         return self._profile
 
     @profile.setter
-    def profile(self, new_profile: Union[str, FirefoxProfile]) -> None:
+    def profile(self, new_profile: str | FirefoxProfile) -> None:
         """Set the location of the browser profile to use (string or FirefoxProfile object)."""
         if not isinstance(new_profile, FirefoxProfile):
             new_profile = FirefoxProfile(new_profile)
         self._profile = new_profile
 
     def enable_mobile(
-        self, android_package: Optional[str] = "org.mozilla.firefox", android_activity=None, device_serial=None
+        self, android_package: str | None = "org.mozilla.firefox", android_activity=None, device_serial=None
     ):
         super().enable_mobile(android_package, android_activity, device_serial)
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/remote_connection.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/remote_connection.py
index a749cce37dc62..f2dff3d3e32f5 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/remote_connection.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/remote_connection.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.client_config import ClientConfig
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         remote_server_addr: str,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
-        ignore_proxy: Optional[bool] = False,
-        client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+        ignore_proxy: bool | None = False,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         client_config = client_config or ClientConfig(
             remote_server_addr=remote_server_addr, keep_alive=keep_alive, timeout=120
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py
index e0096b1e1d77c..b275a25ee8166 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.common import service, utils
@@ -36,12 +35,12 @@ class Service(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self._service_args = list(service_args or [])
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py
index 65b9eb5760d47..fd953edd23e5b 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import zipfile
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options
@@ -37,8 +36,8 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Optional[Options] = None,
-        service: Optional[Service] = None,
+        options: Options | None = None,
+        service: Service | None = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Create a new instance of the Firefox driver, start the service, and create new instance.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py
index 35a14fcfb51f0..96393ed55cd69 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.common import service
@@ -27,13 +26,13 @@ class Service(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        host: Optional[str] = None,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        log_level: Optional[str] = None,
-        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        log_level: str | None = None,
+        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the Service.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py
index b2380e22550fd..47f3224e2123a 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.ie.options import Options
@@ -30,8 +29,8 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Optional[Options] = None,
-        service: Optional[Service] = None,
+        options: Options | None = None,
+        service: Service | None = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the Ie driver.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/client_config.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/client_config.py
index 480c0c7e2fe41..98019b8f15834 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/client_config.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/client_config.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 import os
 import socket
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 from urllib import parse
 
 import certifi
@@ -79,20 +78,20 @@ class ClientConfig:
     def __init__(
         self,
         remote_server_addr: str,
-        keep_alive: Optional[bool] = True,
-        proxy: Optional[Proxy] = Proxy(raw={"proxyType": ProxyType.SYSTEM}),
-        ignore_certificates: Optional[bool] = False,
-        init_args_for_pool_manager: Optional[dict] = None,
-        timeout: Optional[int] = None,
-        ca_certs: Optional[str] = None,
-        username: Optional[str] = None,
-        password: Optional[str] = None,
-        auth_type: Optional[AuthType] = AuthType.BASIC,
-        token: Optional[str] = None,
-        user_agent: Optional[str] = None,
-        extra_headers: Optional[dict] = None,
-        websocket_timeout: Optional[float] = 30.0,
-        websocket_interval: Optional[float] = 0.1,
+        keep_alive: bool | None = True,
+        proxy: Proxy | None = Proxy(raw={"proxyType": ProxyType.SYSTEM}),
+        ignore_certificates: bool | None = False,
+        init_args_for_pool_manager: dict | None = None,
+        timeout: int | None = None,
+        ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        auth_type: AuthType | None = AuthType.BASIC,
+        token: str | None = None,
+        user_agent: str | None = None,
+        extra_headers: dict | None = None,
+        websocket_timeout: float | None = 30.0,
+        websocket_interval: float | None = 0.1,
     ) -> None:
         self.remote_server_addr = remote_server_addr
         self.keep_alive = keep_alive
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ def reset_timeout(self) -> None:
         """Resets the timeout to the default value of socket."""
         self._timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
 
-    def get_proxy_url(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_proxy_url(self) -> str | None:
         """Returns the proxy URL to use for the connection."""
         proxy_type = self.proxy.proxy_type
         remote_add = parse.urlparse(self.remote_server_addr)
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ def get_proxy_url(self) -> Optional[str]:
             return self.proxy.sslProxy if self.remote_server_addr.startswith("https://") else self.proxy.http_proxy
         return None
 
-    def get_auth_header(self) -> Optional[dict]:
+    def get_auth_header(self) -> dict | None:
         """Returns the authorization to add to the request headers."""
         if self.auth_type is AuthType.BASIC and self.username and self.password:
             credentials = f"{self.username}:{self.password}"
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/fedcm.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/fedcm.py
index 2733bc6006f8e..d2b93e03459df 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/fedcm.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/fedcm.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.command import Command
 
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ def title(self) -> str:
         return self._driver.execute(Command.GET_FEDCM_TITLE)["value"].get("title")
 
     @property
-    def subtitle(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def subtitle(self) -> str | None:
         """Gets the subtitle of the dialog."""
         return self._driver.execute(Command.GET_FEDCM_TITLE)["value"].get("subtitle")
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/file_detector.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/file_detector.py
index a72cb205be39a..a0ada9b5ffabf 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/file_detector.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/file_detector.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
 from contextlib import suppress
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.types import AnyKey
 from selenium.webdriver.common.utils import keys_to_typing
@@ -28,21 +27,21 @@ class FileDetector(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     """Identify whether a sequence of characters represents a file path."""
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def is_local_file(self, *keys: AnyKey) -> Optional[str]:
+    def is_local_file(self, *keys: AnyKey) -> str | None:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
 class UselessFileDetector(FileDetector):
     """A file detector that never finds anything."""
 
-    def is_local_file(self, *keys: AnyKey) -> Optional[str]:
+    def is_local_file(self, *keys: AnyKey) -> str | None:
         return None
 
 
 class LocalFileDetector(FileDetector):
     """Detects files on the local disk."""
 
-    def is_local_file(self, *keys: AnyKey) -> Optional[str]:
+    def is_local_file(self, *keys: AnyKey) -> str | None:
         file_path = "".join(keys_to_typing(keys))
 
         with suppress(OSError):
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py
index 2b3751ef3b8ef..0718908724e52 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import sys
 import warnings
 from base64 import b64encode
-from typing import Optional
 from urllib import parse
 from urllib.parse import unquote, urlparse
 
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ class RemoteConnection:
     https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
     """
 
-    browser_name: Optional[str] = None
+    browser_name: str | None = None
     # Keep backward compatibility for AppiumConnection - https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/14694
     import os
     import socket
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ class RemoteConnection:
 
     _timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
     _ca_certs = os.getenv("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE") if "REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE" in os.environ else certifi.where()
-    _client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None
+    _client_config: ClientConfig | None = None
 
     system = sys.platform
     if system == "darwin":
@@ -307,12 +306,12 @@ def _get_connection_manager(self):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        remote_server_addr: Optional[str] = None,
-        keep_alive: Optional[bool] = True,
-        ignore_proxy: Optional[bool] = False,
-        ignore_certificates: Optional[bool] = False,
-        init_args_for_pool_manager: Optional[dict] = None,
-        client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+        remote_server_addr: str | None = None,
+        keep_alive: bool | None = True,
+        ignore_proxy: bool | None = False,
+        ignore_certificates: bool | None = False,
+        init_args_for_pool_manager: dict | None = None,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
     ):
         self._client_config = client_config or ClientConfig(
             remote_server_addr=remote_server_addr,
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/switch_to.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/switch_to.py
index 89aabfef79773..a37fbcdf831ed 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/switch_to.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/switch_to.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException, NoSuchFrameException, NoSuchWindowException
 from selenium.webdriver.common.alert import Alert
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ def default_content(self) -> None:
         """
         self._driver.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": None})
 
-    def frame(self, frame_reference: Union[str, int, WebElement]) -> None:
+    def frame(self, frame_reference: str | int | WebElement) -> None:
         """Switch focus to the specified frame by index, name, or element.
 
         Args:
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ def frame(self, frame_reference: Union[str, int, WebElement]) -> None:
 
         self._driver.execute(Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME, {"id": frame_reference})
 
-    def new_window(self, type_hint: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def new_window(self, type_hint: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Switches to a new top-level browsing context.
 
         The type hint can be one of "tab" or "window". If not specified the
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/utils.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/utils.py
index 8e440e0e1246e..4ab7a2df88264 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/utils.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/utils.py
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import json
-from typing import Any, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 
 def dump_json(json_struct: Any) -> str:
     return json.dumps(json_struct)
 
 
-def load_json(s: Union[str, bytes]) -> Any:
+def load_json(s: str | bytes) -> Any:
     return json.loads(s)
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py
index 42ac76404822b..41f5169957fab 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 from base64 import b64decode, urlsafe_b64encode
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager, contextmanager
 from importlib import import_module
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union, cast
+from typing import Any, cast
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import (
     InvalidArgumentException,
@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ def _create_caps(caps) -> dict:
 
 def get_remote_connection(
     capabilities: dict,
-    command_executor: Union[str, RemoteConnection],
+    command_executor: str | RemoteConnection,
     keep_alive: bool,
     ignore_local_proxy: bool,
-    client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+    client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
 ) -> RemoteConnection:
     if isinstance(command_executor, str):
         client_config = client_config or ClientConfig(remote_server_addr=command_executor)
@@ -197,13 +197,13 @@ class WebDriver(BaseWebDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        command_executor: Union[str, RemoteConnection] = "http://127.0.0.1:4444",
+        command_executor: str | RemoteConnection = "http://127.0.0.1:4444",
         keep_alive: bool = True,
-        file_detector: Optional[FileDetector] = None,
-        options: Optional[Union[BaseOptions, list[BaseOptions]]] = None,
-        locator_converter: Optional[LocatorConverter] = None,
-        web_element_cls: Optional[type[WebElement]] = None,
-        client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+        file_detector: FileDetector | None = None,
+        options: BaseOptions | list[BaseOptions] | None = None,
+        locator_converter: LocatorConverter | None = None,
+        web_element_cls: type[WebElement] | None = None,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Create a new driver instance that issues commands using the WebDriver protocol.
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def __init__(
                 client_config=client_config,
             )
         self._is_remote = True
-        self.session_id: Optional[str] = None
+        self.session_id: str | None = None
         self.caps: dict[str, Any] = {}
         self.pinned_scripts: dict[str, Any] = {}
         self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
@@ -257,18 +257,18 @@ def __init__(
         self.start_session(capabilities)
         self._fedcm = FedCM(self)
 
-        self._websocket_connection: Optional[WebSocketConnection] = None
-        self._script: Optional[Script] = None
-        self._network: Optional[Network] = None
-        self._browser: Optional[Browser] = None
-        self._bidi_session: Optional[Session] = None
-        self._browsing_context: Optional[BrowsingContext] = None
-        self._storage: Optional[Storage] = None
-        self._webextension: Optional[WebExtension] = None
-        self._permissions: Optional[Permissions] = None
-        self._emulation: Optional[Emulation] = None
-        self._input: Optional[Input] = None
-        self._devtools: Optional[Any] = None
+        self._websocket_connection: WebSocketConnection | None = None
+        self._script: Script | None = None
+        self._network: Network | None = None
+        self._browser: Browser | None = None
+        self._bidi_session: Session | None = None
+        self._browsing_context: BrowsingContext | None = None
+        self._storage: Storage | None = None
+        self._webextension: WebExtension | None = None
+        self._permissions: Permissions | None = None
+        self._emulation: Emulation | None = None
+        self._input: Input | None = None
+        self._devtools: Any | None = None
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__} (session="{self.session_id}")>'
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ def __enter__(self) -> "WebDriver":
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
-        exc: Optional[BaseException],
-        traceback: Optional[types.TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None,
     ):
         self.quit()
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ def execute_cdp_cmd(self, cmd: str, cmd_args: dict):
         """
         return self.execute("executeCdpCommand", {"cmd": cmd, "params": cmd_args})["value"]
 
-    def execute(self, driver_command: str, params: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def execute(self, driver_command: str, params: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
 
         Args:
@@ -582,13 +582,13 @@ def minimize_window(self) -> None:
         """Invokes the window manager-specific 'minimize' operation."""
         self.execute(Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW)
 
-    def print_page(self, print_options: Optional[PrintOptions] = None) -> str:
+    def print_page(self, print_options: PrintOptions | None = None) -> str:
         """Takes PDF of the current page.
 
         The driver makes a best effort to return a PDF based on the
         provided parameters.
         """
-        options: Union[dict[str, Any], Any] = {}
+        options: dict[str, Any] | Any = {}
         if print_options:
             options = print_options.to_dict()
 
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ def get_cookies(self) -> list[dict]:
         """
         return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)["value"]
 
-    def get_cookie(self, name) -> Optional[dict]:
+    def get_cookie(self, name) -> dict | None:
         """Get a single cookie by name (case-sensitive,).
 
         Returns:
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ def timeouts(self, timeouts) -> None:
         """
         _ = self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, timeouts._to_json())["value"]
 
-    def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value: Optional[str] = None) -> WebElement:
+    def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value: str | None = None) -> WebElement:
         """Find an element given a By strategy and locator.
 
         Args:
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value: Optional[str] = None) -> WebElement:
 
         return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
 
-    def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value: Optional[str] = None) -> list[WebElement]:
+    def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value: str | None = None) -> list[WebElement]:
         """Find elements given a By strategy and locator.
 
         Args:
@@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ def add_virtual_authenticator(self, options: VirtualAuthenticatorOptions) -> Non
         self._authenticator_id = self.execute(Command.ADD_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR, options.to_dict())["value"]
 
     @property
-    def virtual_authenticator_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def virtual_authenticator_id(self) -> str | None:
         """Returns the id of the virtual authenticator."""
         return self._authenticator_id
 
@@ -1360,7 +1360,7 @@ def get_credentials(self) -> list[Credential]:
         return [Credential.from_dict(credential) for credential in credential_data["value"]]
 
     @required_virtual_authenticator
-    def remove_credential(self, credential_id: Union[str, bytearray]) -> None:
+    def remove_credential(self, credential_id: str | bytearray) -> None:
         """Removes a credential from the authenticator.
 
         Example:
@@ -1497,7 +1497,7 @@ def fedcm_dialog(self, timeout=5, poll_frequency=0.5, ignored_exceptions=None):
         if ignored_exceptions is None:
             ignored_exceptions = (NoAlertPresentException,)
 
-        def _check_fedcm() -> Optional[Dialog]:
+        def _check_fedcm() -> Dialog | None:
             try:
                 dialog = Dialog(self)
                 return dialog if dialog.type else None
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/remote_connection.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/remote_connection.py
index cd8762da4ce92..03720d4ee0b75 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/remote_connection.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/remote_connection.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.client_config import ClientConfig
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         remote_server_addr: str,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
-        ignore_proxy: Optional[bool] = False,
-        client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None,
+        ignore_proxy: bool | None = False,
+        client_config: ClientConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         client_config = client_config or ClientConfig(
             remote_server_addr=remote_server_addr, keep_alive=keep_alive, timeout=120
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py
index 46595cf8da318..c0590f6d3156c 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common import service
 
@@ -38,13 +37,13 @@ class Service(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         reuse_service=False,
         enable_logging: bool = False,
-        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self._service_args = list(service_args or [])
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py
index ed16c6df90ccc..8f17758f1b96d 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
     def __init__(
         self,
         keep_alive=True,
-        options: Optional[Options] = None,
-        service: Optional[Service] = None,
+        options: Options | None = None,
+        service: Service | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Create a new Safari driver instance and launch or find a running safaridriver service.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/expected_conditions.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/expected_conditions.py
index 0349d0cf84a02..e4412aef9d4a0 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/expected_conditions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/expected_conditions.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import re
-from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar, Union
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from typing import Any, Literal, TypeVar, Union
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import (
     NoAlertPresentException,
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
 
 def visibility_of_element_located(
     locator: tuple[str, str],
-) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[Literal[False], WebElement]]:
+) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Literal[False] | WebElement]:
     """Check that an element is visible (present in DOM and width/height greater than zero).
 
     Args:
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
     return _predicate
 
 
-def visibility_of(element: WebElement) -> Callable[[Any], Union[Literal[False], WebElement]]:
+def visibility_of(element: WebElement) -> Callable[[Any], Literal[False] | WebElement]:
     """Check that an element is visible (present in DOM and width/height greater than zero).
 
     Args:
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def _predicate(_):
     return _predicate
 
 
-def _element_if_visible(element: WebElement, visibility: bool = True) -> Union[Literal[False], WebElement]:
+def _element_if_visible(element: WebElement, visibility: bool = True) -> Literal[False] | WebElement:
     """Check if an element has the expected visibility state.
 
     Args:
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
 
 def visibility_of_all_elements_located(
     locator: tuple[str, str],
-) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[list[WebElement], Literal[False]]]:
+) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], list[WebElement] | Literal[False]]:
     """Check that all elements are visible (present in DOM and width/height greater than zero).
 
     Args:
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
 
 
 def frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it(
-    locator: Union[tuple[str, str], str, WebElement],
+    locator: tuple[str, str] | str | WebElement,
 ) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
     """Check that the given frame is available and switch to it.
 
@@ -425,8 +425,8 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
 
 
 def invisibility_of_element_located(
-    locator: Union[WebElement, tuple[str, str]],
-) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[WebElement, bool]]:
+    locator: WebElement | tuple[str, str],
+) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], WebElement | bool]:
     """Check that an element is either invisible or not present on the DOM.
 
     Args:
@@ -467,8 +467,8 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
 
 
 def invisibility_of_element(
-    element: Union[WebElement, tuple[str, str]],
-) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[WebElement, bool]]:
+    element: WebElement | tuple[str, str],
+) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], WebElement | bool]:
     """Check that an element is either invisible or not present on the DOM.
 
     Args:
@@ -489,8 +489,8 @@ def invisibility_of_element(
 
 
 def element_to_be_clickable(
-    mark: Union[WebElement, tuple[str, str]],
-) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[Literal[False], WebElement]]:
+    mark: WebElement | tuple[str, str],
+) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Literal[False] | WebElement]:
     """Check that an element is visible and enabled so it can be clicked.
 
     Args:
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
     return _predicate
 
 
-def alert_is_present() -> Callable[[WebDriver], Union[Alert, bool]]:
+def alert_is_present() -> Callable[[WebDriver], Alert | bool]:
     """Check that an alert is present and switch to it.
 
     Returns:
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
     return _predicate
 
 
-def any_of(*expected_conditions: Callable[[D], T]) -> Callable[[D], Union[Literal[False], T]]:
+def any_of(*expected_conditions: Callable[[D], T]) -> Callable[[D], Literal[False] | T]:
     """An expectation that any of multiple expected conditions is true.
 
     Equivalent to a logical 'OR'. Returns results of the first matching
@@ -781,8 +781,8 @@ def any_of_condition(driver: D):
 
 
 def all_of(
-    *expected_conditions: Callable[[D], Union[T, Literal[False]]],
-) -> Callable[[D], Union[list[T], Literal[False]]]:
+    *expected_conditions: Callable[[D], T | Literal[False]],
+) -> Callable[[D], list[T] | Literal[False]]:
     """An expectation that all of multiple expected conditions is true.
 
     Equivalent to a logical 'AND'. When any ExpectedCondition is not met,
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/relative_locator.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/relative_locator.py
index 3863cb3010ae9..697dab9354c25 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/relative_locator.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/relative_locator.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 import warnings
-from typing import NoReturn, Optional, Union, overload
+from typing import NoReturn, overload
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
 from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By, ByType
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class RelativeBy:
 
     LocatorType = dict[ByType, str]
 
-    def __init__(self, root: Optional[dict[ByType, str]] = None, filters: Optional[list] = None):
+    def __init__(self, root: dict[ByType, str] | None = None, filters: list | None = None):
         """Create a RelativeBy object (prefer using `locate_with` instead).
 
         Args:
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ def __init__(self, root: Optional[dict[ByType, str]] = None, filters: Optional[l
         self.filters = filters or []
 
     @overload
-    def above(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def above(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def above(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def above(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def above(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements above.
 
         Args:
@@ -120,12 +120,12 @@ def above(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType, None] = None)
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def below(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def below(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def below(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def below(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def below(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | dict | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements below.
 
         Args:
@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@ def below(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -> "Re
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def to_left_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def to_left_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def to_left_of(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def to_left_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def to_left_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | dict | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements to the left of.
 
         Args:
@@ -176,12 +176,12 @@ def to_left_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def to_right_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def to_right_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def to_right_of(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def to_right_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def to_right_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | dict | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements right of.
 
         Args:
@@ -204,12 +204,12 @@ def to_right_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None)
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def straight_above(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def straight_above(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def straight_above(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def straight_above(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def straight_above(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements above.
 
         Args:
@@ -222,12 +222,12 @@ def straight_above(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType, None
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def straight_below(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def straight_below(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def straight_below(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def straight_below(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def straight_below(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | dict | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements below.
 
         Args:
@@ -240,12 +240,12 @@ def straight_below(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = Non
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def straight_left_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def straight_left_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def straight_left_of(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def straight_left_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def straight_left_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | dict | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements to the left of.
 
         Args:
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ def straight_left_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = N
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def straight_right_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType]) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def straight_right_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def straight_right_of(self, element_or_locator: None = None) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def straight_right_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] = None) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def straight_right_of(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | dict | None = None) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements right of.
 
         Args:
@@ -276,12 +276,12 @@ def straight_right_of(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, dict, None] =
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def near(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType], distance: int = 50) -> "RelativeBy": ...
+    def near(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType, distance: int = 50) -> "RelativeBy": ...
 
     @overload
     def near(self, element_or_locator: None = None, distance: int = 50) -> "NoReturn": ...
 
-    def near(self, element_or_locator: Union[WebElement, LocatorType, None] = None, distance: int = 50) -> "RelativeBy":
+    def near(self, element_or_locator: WebElement | LocatorType | None = None, distance: int = 50) -> "RelativeBy":
         """Add a filter to look for elements near.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/wait.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/wait.py
index 88c1a276ce1fa..937e5ba55d138 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/wait.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/wait.py
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import time
-from typing import Callable, Generic, Literal, Optional, TypeVar, Union
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Generic, Literal, TypeVar, Union
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException, TimeoutException
 from selenium.types import WaitExcTypes
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ def __init__(
         driver: D,
         timeout: float,
         poll_frequency: float = POLL_FREQUENCY,
-        ignored_exceptions: Optional[WaitExcTypes] = None,
+        ignored_exceptions: WaitExcTypes | None = None,
     ):
         """Constructor, takes a WebDriver instance and timeout in seconds.
 
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ def __init__(
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__} (session="{self._driver.session_id}")>'
 
-    def until(self, method: Callable[[D], Union[Literal[False], T]], message: str = "") -> T:
+    def until(self, method: Callable[[D], Literal[False] | T], message: str = "") -> T:
         """Wait until the method returns a value that is not False.
 
         Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ def until(self, method: Callable[[D], Union[Literal[False], T]], message: str =
             time.sleep(self._poll)
         raise TimeoutException(message, screen, stacktrace)
 
-    def until_not(self, method: Callable[[D], T], message: str = "") -> Union[T, Literal[True]]:
+    def until_not(self, method: Callable[[D], T], message: str = "") -> T | Literal[True]:
         """Wait until the method returns a value that is False.
 
         Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/service.py
index 996e798c2ab7c..672ffc1401776 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/service.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 import shutil
 import warnings
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common import service
 
@@ -45,10 +44,10 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         executable_path: str = DEFAULT_EXECUTABLE_PATH,
         port: int = 0,
-        log_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        log_output: Optional[str] = None,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+        log_path: str | None = None,
+        log_output: str | None = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self._service_args = list(service_args or [])
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py
index feccdedb9b0bb..a2ca221659fbe 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import http.client as http_client
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as RemoteWebDriver
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
     def __init__(
         self,
         options=None,
-        service: Optional[Service] = None,
+        service: Service | None = None,
     ):
         """Creates a new instance of the WebKitGTK driver.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/service.py
index 6cc8f84eadba1..e040cad65def5 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/service.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 import shutil
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common import service
 
@@ -44,9 +43,9 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         executable_path: str = DEFAULT_EXECUTABLE_PATH,
         port: int = 0,
-        log_output: Optional[str] = None,
-        service_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+        log_output: str | None = None,
+        service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         self._service_args = list(service_args or [])
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py
index ef5cf28dd7e5b..aa1cb3ce8683b 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import http.client as http_client
-from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as RemoteWebDriver
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
     def __init__(
         self,
         options=None,
-        service: Optional[Service] = None,
+        service: Service | None = None,
     ):
         """Creates a new instance of the WPEWebKit driver.
 
diff --git a/py/test/unit/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection_tests.py b/py/test/unit/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection_tests.py
index 3fcb12646fc0a..280a63541ce52 100644
--- a/py/test/unit/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection_tests.py
+++ b/py/test/unit/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection_tests.py
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ def test_proxy_auth_with_special_characters_url_encoded():
     conn = remote_connection._get_connection_manager()
     assert isinstance(conn, ProxyManager)
 
-    expected_auth = base64.b64encode("user:passw#rd".encode()).decode()  # Decoded password
+    expected_auth = base64.b64encode(b"user:passw#rd").decode()  # Decoded password
     expected_headers = make_headers(proxy_basic_auth="user:passw#rd")  # Unquoted password
 
     assert conn.proxy_headers == expected_headers