From 2c13dc2614e9069d04f46c1953e46caf2fb51e7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrei Solntsev <andrei.solntsev@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 22:43:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] use the right AssertJ class `Assertions` instead of
 `AssertionsForClassTypes`
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

1. `Assertions.assertThat` is the standard, primary entry point for AssertJ assertions.
   It works for all types and automatically picks specialized assertion classes when available.
2. `AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat` is a legacy / niche entry point intended for cases where type inference conflicts with AssertJ’s overloaded `assertThat` methods.
---
 .idea/codeStyles/Project.xml                    | 17 ++++++++++-------
 .idea/modules.xml                               |  2 +-
 .../org/openqa/selenium/WebNetworkTest.java     |  2 +-
 .../openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java |  4 ++--
 .../selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionCleanUpTest.java   |  4 ++--
 .../openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiTest.java |  2 +-
 .../BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java           |  4 ++--
 .../bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java   |  4 ++--
 .../emulation/SetGeolocationOverrideTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../bidi/emulation/SetScriptingEnabledTest.java |  2 +-
 .../bidi/emulation/SetTimezoneOverrideTest.java |  2 +-
 .../network/AddInterceptParametersTest.java     |  2 +-
 .../bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java       |  8 +++++---
 .../bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java         |  5 +++--
 .../bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java  |  2 +-
 .../bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java     |  2 +-
 .../selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java         |  2 +-
 .../selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java  |  6 ++++--
 .../chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java      |  2 +-
 .../devtools/NetworkInterceptorTest.java        |  4 ++--
 .../selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java |  2 +-
 .../selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java     |  2 +-
 .../grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java    |  5 +++--
 .../selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriverTest.java | 13 ++++++-------
 .../selenium/safari/SafariDriverTest.java       |  4 +---
 28 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.idea/codeStyles/Project.xml b/.idea/codeStyles/Project.xml
index 789737f5836fe..655eade494358 100644
--- a/.idea/codeStyles/Project.xml
+++ b/.idea/codeStyles/Project.xml
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
     </option>
     <option name="LINE_SEPARATOR" value="&#10;" />
     <option name="RIGHT_MARGIN" value="100" />
-    <option name="KEEP_CONTROL_STATEMENT_IN_ONE_LINE" value="false" />
     <option name="KEEP_BLANK_LINES_IN_CODE" value="1" />
+    <option name="KEEP_CONTROL_STATEMENT_IN_ONE_LINE" value="false" />
     <option name="BLANK_LINES_AFTER_CLASS_HEADER" value="1" />
     <option name="ALIGN_MULTILINE_PARAMETERS_IN_CALLS" value="true" />
     <option name="ALIGN_MULTILINE_BINARY_OPERATION" value="true" />
@@ -49,8 +49,14 @@
       <option name="SPACES_WITHIN_IMPORTS" value="true" />
     </JSCodeStyleSettings>
     <JavaCodeStyleSettings>
-      <option name="CLASS_COUNT_TO_USE_IMPORT_ON_DEMAND" value="99" />
-      <option name="NAMES_COUNT_TO_USE_IMPORT_ON_DEMAND" value="99" />
+      <option name="CLASS_COUNT_TO_USE_IMPORT_ON_DEMAND" value="999" />
+      <option name="NAMES_COUNT_TO_USE_IMPORT_ON_DEMAND" value="999" />
+      <option name="PACKAGES_TO_USE_IMPORT_ON_DEMAND">
+        <value>
+          <package name="java.awt" withSubpackages="false" static="false" />
+          <package name="javax.swing" withSubpackages="false" static="false" />
+        </value>
+      </option>
       <option name="IMPORT_LAYOUT_TABLE">
         <value>
           <package name="" withSubpackages="true" static="true" />
@@ -305,9 +311,6 @@
       <option name="SPACES_WITHIN_OBJECT_LITERAL_BRACES" value="true" />
       <option name="SPACES_WITHIN_IMPORTS" value="true" />
     </TypeScriptCodeStyleSettings>
-    <XML>
-      <option name="XML_LEGACY_SETTINGS_IMPORTED" value="true" />
-    </XML>
     <codeStyleSettings language="CFML">
       <option name="KEEP_BLANK_LINES_IN_CODE" value="1" />
       <option name="ALIGN_MULTILINE_PARAMETERS_IN_CALLS" value="true" />
@@ -512,4 +515,4 @@
       </indentOptions>
     </codeStyleSettings>
   </code_scheme>
-</component>
\ No newline at end of file
+</component>
diff --git a/.idea/modules.xml b/.idea/modules.xml
index d9bc83dca0ca6..9811c78029378 100644
--- a/.idea/modules.xml
+++ b/.idea/modules.xml
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@
       <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/third_party/third_party.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/third_party/third_party.iml" />
     </modules>
   </component>
-</project>
\ No newline at end of file
+</project>
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebNetworkTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebNetworkTest.java
index 1b50a28e348da..49a6c74229349 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebNetworkTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebNetworkTest.java
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium;
 
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents.utf8String;
 
 import java.net.URI;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
index 35500086ce69c..235c2b320762c 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 
 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.time.Instant;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
index 29522eb060e9c..7d3465f3c98a6 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium;
 
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.visibilityOf;
 
 import java.time.Duration;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionCleanUpTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionCleanUpTest.java
index 71b48a16f2cd3..b51d99893890b 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionCleanUpTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionCleanUpTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatExceptionOfType;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionTest.java
index 9524ae06ab698..31cb3e6ca9663 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiSessionTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.openqa.selenium.testing.JupiterTestBase;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiTest.java
index 26212c80eefcd..ea050841b1713 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/BiDiTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
 
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java
index faec1ae0aba22..2119aaac67bdc 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Optional;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
index 611f3c18ba086..ae347be1dd4c3 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 // under the License.
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetGeolocationOverrideTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetGeolocationOverrideTest.java
index c7d3be51ac596..0b5ce769285a6 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetGeolocationOverrideTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetGeolocationOverrideTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.emulation;
 
 import static java.lang.Math.abs;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
 
 import java.util.List;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetScriptingEnabledTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetScriptingEnabledTest.java
index bab80ad0fb4d3..a3c6440504ca8 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetScriptingEnabledTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetScriptingEnabledTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.emulation;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
 
 import java.util.List;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetTimezoneOverrideTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetTimezoneOverrideTest.java
index 73dc7ab1913f4..2c40b9ad809a8 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetTimezoneOverrideTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/emulation/SetTimezoneOverrideTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.emulation;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
 
 import java.time.ZoneId;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/AddInterceptParametersTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/AddInterceptParametersTest.java
index 27bf43639420f..9d1fa42dda437 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/AddInterceptParametersTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/AddInterceptParametersTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.network;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
index b6347925cd67e..8057bccf9d637 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.network;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatThrownBy;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
 
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java
index c3af6af482b53..6ccfc5e69bf90 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.network;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
 
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java
index b03770358cf0a..e21c536b8a1f1 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.script;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.IE;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.SAFARI;
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java
index 98e3bfd77ef6e..a34c55d2aaf2b 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.script;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Optional;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
index cd8c512613a38..9e1e92b237aba 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.script;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
index 059ca1bb43814..2d81b77d74e62 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.script;
 
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java
index 8893ff050ab10..9f60bb1c09a66 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 // under the License.
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.script;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Optional;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java
index ce0d823408d00..fc6f88a65e93d 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assumptions.assumeThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/devtools/NetworkInterceptorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/devtools/NetworkInterceptorTest.java
index 2999f1666c099..58d8be03698f6 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/devtools/NetworkInterceptorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/devtools/NetworkInterceptorTest.java
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 import static com.google.common.net.MediaType.XHTML_UTF_8;
 import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_MOVED_TEMP;
 import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatExceptionOfType;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForInterfaceTypes.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assumptions.assumeThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents.utf8String;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.Safely.safelyCall;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java
index eff5739b0a9b5..1e4b07b6d71f7 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assumptions.assumeThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java
index 0c1cee89f88ca..c9f6bdf8e3240 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.firefox;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatThrownBy;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java
index 169cc919b5fb0..0f39085c825a6 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.grid.router;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThat;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.IE;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.SAFARI;
 
 import java.io.StringReader;
 import java.util.Objects;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriverTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriverTest.java
index 70ade3fbe332f..052b34b95b0a3 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriverTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ie/InternetExplorerDriverTest.java
@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatThrownBy;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver.ENABLE_PERSISTENT_HOVERING;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriverService.IE_DRIVER_NAME;
 
 import java.awt.*;
 import java.time.Duration;
@@ -153,12 +154,10 @@ void shouldLaunchSuccessfullyWithArabicDate() {
       Locale.setDefault(arabicLocale);
 
       int port = PortProber.findFreePort();
-      InternetExplorerDriverService.Builder builder = new InternetExplorerDriverService.Builder();
-      builder.usingPort(port);
-      builder.build();
-
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      throw e;
+      try (InternetExplorerDriverService service =
+          new InternetExplorerDriverService.Builder().usingPort(port).build()) {
+        assertThat(service.getDriverName()).isEqualTo(IE_DRIVER_NAME);
+      }
     } finally {
       Locale.setDefault(Locale.US);
     }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/safari/SafariDriverTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/safari/SafariDriverTest.java
index 15118a013a6d1..f61a8c772837c 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/safari/SafariDriverTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/safari/SafariDriverTest.java
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.safari;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForClassTypes.assertThatThrownBy;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 
 import java.io.IOException;

From 53adb81ef73584800e14de144075ceec3e28bd79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrei Solntsev <andrei.solntsev@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Dec 2025 09:09:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] use the right AssertJ method `assertThatThrownBy` instead
 of error-prone construct "try/fail/catch(expected)".

---
 .../sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMap.java |   2 +-
 .../redis/RedisBackedSessionMap.java          |   3 +-
 .../selenium/CorrectEventFiringTest.java      |  18 +-
 .../openqa/selenium/PageLoadTimeOutTest.java  |  67 ++---
 .../openqa/selenium/TakesScreenshotTest.java  |  86 ++----
 .../org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java    |  24 +-
 .../selenium/bidi/input/DragAndDropTest.java  |  28 +-
 .../selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java   |  28 +-
 .../bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java     |  48 ++--
 .../chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java    |  23 +-
 .../edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java        |  22 +-
 .../selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java   |   8 +-
 .../firefox/RemoteFirefoxDriverTest.java      |  13 +-
 .../firefox/TakesFullPageScreenshotTest.java  |  74 ++---
 .../grid/distributor/HeartBeatTest.java       |  39 ++-
 .../local/LocalDistributorTest.java           |   2 +-
 .../grid/node/config/NodeOptionsTest.java     |  49 ++--
 .../selenium/grid/router/EndToEndTest.java    |  57 ++--
 .../openqa/selenium/grid/router/JmxTest.java  | 260 +++++++-----------
 .../router/RemoteWebDriverDownloadTest.java   |   7 +-
 .../grid/router/SessionCleanUpTest.java       |  13 +-
 .../grid/router/SessionQueueGridTest.java     |  25 +-
 .../SessionQueueGridWithTimeoutTest.java      |  12 +-
 .../jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMapTest.java        |  15 +-
 .../redis/RedisBackedSessionMapTest.java      |  11 +-
 .../local/LocalNewSessionQueueTest.java       | 222 +++++++--------
 .../interactions/DragAndDropTest.java         |  21 +-
 .../javascript/ClosureTestStatement.java      |   9 +-
 .../VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java             |   2 +-
 29 files changed, 466 insertions(+), 722 deletions(-)

diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMap.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMap.java
index 042c62ae431d8..9746000c27f1c 100644
--- a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMap.java
+++ b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMap.java
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ public Session get(SessionId id) throws NoSuchSessionException {
         try (ResultSet sessions = statement.executeQuery()) {
           if (!sessions.next()) {
             NoSuchSessionException exception =
-                new NoSuchSessionException("Unable to find session.");
+                new NoSuchSessionException("Unable to find session with id: " + id);
             span.setAttribute("error", true);
             span.setStatus(Status.NOT_FOUND);
             EXCEPTION.accept(attributeMap, exception);
diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMap.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMap.java
index d90a2e09969ed..e1a0636f24b29 100644
--- a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMap.java
+++ b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMap.java
@@ -223,7 +223,8 @@ public URI getUri(SessionId id) throws NoSuchSessionException {
       attributeMap.put(REDIS_URI_KEY, uriKey);
 
       if (rawUri == null) {
-        NoSuchSessionException exception = new NoSuchSessionException("Unable to find session.");
+        NoSuchSessionException exception =
+            new NoSuchSessionException("Unable to find session with id: " + id);
         span.setAttribute("error", true);
         span.setStatus(Status.NOT_FOUND);
         EXCEPTION.accept(attributeMap, exception);
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CorrectEventFiringTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CorrectEventFiringTest.java
index 751bf1076852c..31ace7b571c68 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CorrectEventFiringTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CorrectEventFiringTest.java
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeFalse;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.WaitingConditions.elementTextToContain;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.WaitingConditions.elementTextToEqual;
@@ -180,11 +178,9 @@ public void testShouldFireMouseMoveEventWhenClicking() {
   void testShouldNotThrowIfEventHandlerThrows() {
     driver.get(pages.javascriptPage);
 
-    try {
-      driver.findElement(By.id("throwing-mouseover")).click();
-    } catch (WebDriverException e) {
-      fail("Error in event handler should not have propagated: " + e);
-    }
+    assertThatCode(() -> driver.findElement(By.id("throwing-mouseover")).click())
+        .as("Error in event handler should not have propagated")
+        .doesNotThrowAnyException();
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -410,9 +406,9 @@ public void testSendingKeysToAFocusedElementShouldNotBlurThatElement() {
         throw new RuntimeException(e);
       }
     }
-    if (!focused) {
-      fail("Clicking on element didn't focus it in time - can't proceed so failing");
-    }
+    assertThat(focused)
+        .as("If clicking on element didn't focus it in time, we can't proceed with the test")
+        .isTrue();
 
     element.sendKeys("a");
     assertEventNotFired("blur", driver);
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/PageLoadTimeOutTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/PageLoadTimeOutTest.java
index 3b80d0c0b8e8c..4393282ed7aa4 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/PageLoadTimeOutTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/PageLoadTimeOutTest.java
@@ -17,14 +17,13 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium;
 
+import static java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.WaitingConditions.elementTextToEqual;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.titleIs;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.SAFARI;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
 
 import java.time.Duration;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -72,22 +71,16 @@ void testShouldTimeoutIfAPageTakesTooLongToLoad() {
   @Ignore(value = SAFARI, reason = "Flaky")
   public void testShouldTimeoutIfAPageTakesTooLongToLoadAfterClick() {
     driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(2));
-
-    driver.get(appServer.whereIs("page_with_link_to_slow_loading_page.html"));
-    WebElement link = wait.until(visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("link-to-slow-loading-page")));
-
-    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
     try {
-      link.click();
-      fail("I should have timed out");
-    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-      long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      driver.get(appServer.whereIs("page_with_link_to_slow_loading_page.html"));
+      WebElement link = wait.until(visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("link-to-slow-loading-page")));
 
-      assertThat(e).isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
+      long start = currentTimeMillis();
 
-      int duration = (int) (end - start);
-      assertThat(duration).isGreaterThan(2000);
-      assertThat(duration).isLessThan(5000);
+      assertThatThrownBy(() -> link.click()).isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
+
+      long duration = currentTimeMillis() - start;
+      assertThat(duration).isBetween(2000L, 5000L);
     } finally {
       driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(300));
     }
@@ -109,18 +102,13 @@ public void testShouldTimeoutIfAPageTakesTooLongToRefresh() {
 
     driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(2));
 
-    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
     try {
-      driver.navigate().refresh();
-      fail("I should have timed out");
-    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-      long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      long start = currentTimeMillis();
 
-      assertThat(e).isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
+      assertThatThrownBy(() -> driver.navigate().refresh()).isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
 
-      int duration = (int) (end - start);
-      assertThat(duration).isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(2000);
-      assertThat(duration).isLessThan(4000);
+      long duration = currentTimeMillis() - start;
+      assertThat(duration).isBetween(2000L, 4000L);
     } finally {
       driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(300));
     }
@@ -163,19 +151,18 @@ private void testPageLoadTimeoutIsEnforced(long webDriverPageLoadTimeout) {
 
   private void assertPageLoadTimeoutIsEnforced(
       long webDriverPageLoadTimeout, long pageLoadTimeBuffer) {
-    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-    try {
-      driver.get(
-          appServer.whereIs("sleep?time=" + (webDriverPageLoadTimeout + pageLoadTimeBuffer)));
-      fail("I should have timed out after " + webDriverPageLoadTimeout + " seconds");
-    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-      long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-
-      assertThat(e).isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
-
-      long duration = end - start;
-      assertThat(duration).isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(webDriverPageLoadTimeout * 1000);
-      assertThat(duration).isLessThan((webDriverPageLoadTimeout + pageLoadTimeBuffer) * 1000);
-    }
+    long start = currentTimeMillis();
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () -> {
+              driver.get(
+                  appServer.whereIs(
+                      "sleep?time=" + (webDriverPageLoadTimeout + pageLoadTimeBuffer)));
+            })
+        .as("Should have timed out after " + webDriverPageLoadTimeout + " seconds")
+        .isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
+
+    long duration = currentTimeMillis() - start;
+    assertThat(duration).isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(webDriverPageLoadTimeout * 1000);
+    assertThat(duration).isLessThan((webDriverPageLoadTimeout + pageLoadTimeBuffer) * 1000);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/TakesScreenshotTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/TakesScreenshotTest.java
index 470706aea5590..454d6f9bbcf8f 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/TakesScreenshotTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/TakesScreenshotTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.titleIs;
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ void testGetScreenshotAsBinary() {
 
   @Test
   @Ignore(value = CHROME, gitHubActions = true)
-  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfCurrentViewport() {
+  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfCurrentViewport() throws IOException {
     driver.get(appServer.whereIs("screen/screen.html"));
 
     BufferedImage screenshot = getImage();
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfAnElement() throws Exception {
 
   @Test
   @Ignore(value = CHROME, gitHubActions = true)
-  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtFramePage() {
+  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtFramePage() throws IOException {
     driver.get(appServer.whereIs("screen/screen_frames.html"));
     wait.until(frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(By.id("frame1")));
     wait.until(visibilityOfAllElementsLocatedBy(By.id("content")));
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtFramePage() {
   @Test
   @Ignore(CHROME)
   @Ignore(EDGE)
-  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtIFramePage() {
+  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtIFramePage() throws IOException {
     driver.get(appServer.whereIs("screen/screen_iframes.html"));
 
     BufferedImage screenshot = getImage();
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@ public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtIFramePage() {
   @Test
   @Ignore(FIREFOX)
   @Ignore(value = CHROME, gitHubActions = true)
-  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtFramePageAfterSwitching() {
+  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtFramePageAfterSwitching() throws IOException {
     driver.get(appServer.whereIs("screen/screen_frames.html"));
 
     driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.id("frame2")));
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtFramePageAfterSwitching() {
   @Ignore(CHROME)
   @Ignore(EDGE)
   @Ignore(FIREFOX)
-  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtIFramePageAfterSwitching() {
+  public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtIFramePageAfterSwitching() throws IOException {
     driver.get(appServer.whereIs("screen/screen_iframes.html"));
 
     driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.id("iframe2")));
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@ public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtIFramePageAfterSwitching() {
             /* grid X size */ 6,
             /* grid Y size */ 6));
 
-    // expectation is that screenshot at page with Iframes after switching to a Iframe
+    // expectation is that screenshot at page with Iframes after switching to iframe
     // will be taken for full page
     compareColors(expectedColors, actualColors);
   }
@@ -282,17 +281,12 @@ public void testShouldCaptureScreenshotAtIFramePageAfterSwitching() {
    *
    * @return Image object
    */
-  private BufferedImage getImage() {
-    BufferedImage image = null;
-    try {
-      byte[] imageData = screenshooter.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES);
-      assertThat(imageData).isNotNull();
-      assertThat(imageData.length).isPositive();
-      image = ImageIO.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(imageData));
-      assertThat(image).isNotNull();
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      fail("Image screenshot file is invalid: " + e.getMessage());
-    }
+  private BufferedImage getImage() throws IOException {
+    byte[] imageData = screenshooter.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES);
+    assertThat(imageData).isNotNull();
+    assertThat(imageData.length).isPositive();
+    BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(imageData));
+    assertThat(image).isNotNull();
 
     // saveImageToTmpFile(image);
     return image;
@@ -337,28 +331,23 @@ private Set<String> generateExpectedColors(
   private Set<String> scanActualColors(BufferedImage image, final int stepX, final int stepY) {
     Set<String> colors = new TreeSet<>();
 
-    try {
-      int height = image.getHeight();
-      int width = image.getWidth();
-      assertThat(width > 0).isTrue();
-      assertThat(height > 0).isTrue();
-
-      Raster raster = image.getRaster();
-      for (int i = 0; i < width; i = i + stepX) {
-        for (int j = 0; j < height; j = j + stepY) {
-          String hex =
-              String.format(
-                  "#%02x%02x%02x",
-                  (raster.getSample(i, j, 0)),
-                  (raster.getSample(i, j, 1)),
-                  (raster.getSample(i, j, 2)));
-          colors.add(hex);
-        }
+    int height = image.getHeight();
+    int width = image.getWidth();
+    assertThat(width > 0).isTrue();
+    assertThat(height > 0).isTrue();
+
+    Raster raster = image.getRaster();
+    for (int i = 0; i < width; i = i + stepX) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < height; j = j + stepY) {
+        String hex =
+            String.format(
+                "#%02x%02x%02x",
+                (raster.getSample(i, j, 0)),
+                (raster.getSample(i, j, 1)),
+                (raster.getSample(i, j, 2)));
+        colors.add(hex);
       }
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      fail("Unable to get actual colors from screenshot: " + e.getMessage());
     }
-
     assertThat(colors).isNotEmpty();
 
     return colors;
@@ -379,17 +368,7 @@ private void compareColors(Set<String> expectedColors, Set<String> actualColors)
     cleanActualColors.remove("#000000");
     cleanActualColors.remove("#ffffff");
 
-    if (!expectedColors.containsAll(cleanActualColors)) {
-      fail(
-          "There are unexpected colors on the screenshot: "
-              + Sets.difference(cleanActualColors, expectedColors));
-    }
-
-    if (!cleanActualColors.containsAll(expectedColors)) {
-      fail(
-          "There are expected colors not present on the screenshot: "
-              + Sets.difference(expectedColors, cleanActualColors));
-    }
+    assertThat(cleanActualColors).containsExactlyInAnyOrderElementsOf(expectedColors);
   }
 
   private boolean onlyBlack(Set<String> colors) {
@@ -406,13 +385,8 @@ private boolean onlyWhite(Set<String> colors) {
    * @param im image
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-  private void saveImageToTmpFile(String testMethodName, BufferedImage im) {
-
+  private void saveImageToTmpFile(String testMethodName, BufferedImage im) throws IOException {
     File outputfile = new File(testMethodName + "_image.png");
-    try {
-      ImageIO.write(im, "png", outputfile);
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      fail("Unable to write image to file: " + e.getMessage());
-    }
+    ImageIO.write(im, "png", outputfile);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
index 7d3465f3c98a6..788b91fe613bc 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium;
 
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.visibilityOf;
 
 import java.time.Duration;
@@ -90,12 +89,10 @@ void canRemoveConsoleMessageHandler()
     ConsoleLogEntry logEntry = future1.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
     assertThat(logEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Hello, world!");
 
-    try {
-      future2.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-      fail("Should be able to read the console messages");
-    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
-      assertThat(e).isNotNull();
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(() -> future2.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
+        .as("Should be able to read the console messages")
+        .isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
+
     ((RemoteWebDriver) driver).script().removeConsoleMessageHandler(id1);
   }
 
@@ -144,12 +141,9 @@ void canRemoveJsErrorHandler() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException,
     assertThat(logEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("javascript");
     assertThat(logEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.ERROR);
 
-    try {
-      future2.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-      fail("Should be able to read the JS errors");
-    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
-      assertThat(e).isNotNull();
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(() -> future2.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
+        .as("Should be able to read the JS errors")
+        .isInstanceOf(TimeoutException.class);
 
     ((RemoteWebDriver) driver).script().removeConsoleMessageHandler(id1);
   }
@@ -259,7 +253,7 @@ void canPinScript() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutExce
 
   @Test
   @NeedsFreshDriver
-  void canUnpinScript() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+  void canUnpinScript() {
     CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(2);
 
     String pinnedScript =
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/input/DragAndDropTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/input/DragAndDropTest.java
index e3feec87032cf..0b3de4c7da413 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/input/DragAndDropTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/input/DragAndDropTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.bidi.input;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.WaitingConditions.elementLocationToBe;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
@@ -140,19 +140,21 @@ void testDragTooFar() {
     driver.get(pages.dragAndDropPage);
     Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
 
-    try {
-      WebElement img = driver.findElement(By.id("test1"));
-
-      // Attempt to drag the image outside of the bounds of the page.
+    WebElement img = driver.findElement(By.id("test1"));
 
-      inputModule.perform(
-          windowHandle,
-          actions.dragAndDropBy(img, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE).getSequences());
-      fail("These coordinates are outside the page - expected to fail.");
-    } catch (BiDiException expected) {
-      // Release mouse button - move was interrupted in the middle.
-      inputModule.perform(windowHandle, new Actions(driver).release().getSequences());
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () ->
+                inputModule.perform(
+                    windowHandle,
+                    actions
+                        .dragAndDropBy(img, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+                        .getSequences()))
+        .as("These coordinates are outside the page - expected to fail.")
+        .isInstanceOf(BiDiException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("Move target (2147483664, 2147483664) is out of bounds");
+
+    // Release mouse button - move was interrupted in the middle.
+    inputModule.perform(windowHandle, new Actions(driver).release().getSequences());
   }
 
   @NoDriverAfterTest
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java
index 65da3f19105a3..cbe55e20e23e0 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
 
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -84,12 +83,12 @@ void canFilterConsoleLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, Tim
       assertThat(logEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.INFO);
       assertThat(logEntry.getMethod()).isEqualTo("log");
 
-      CompletableFuture<ConsoleLogEntry> errorLogfuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
+      CompletableFuture<ConsoleLogEntry> errorLogFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
 
-      logInspector.onConsoleEntry(errorLogfuture::complete, FilterBy.logLevel(LogLevel.ERROR));
+      logInspector.onConsoleEntry(errorLogFuture::complete, FilterBy.logLevel(LogLevel.ERROR));
       driver.findElement(By.id("consoleError")).click();
 
-      ConsoleLogEntry errorLogEntry = errorLogfuture.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+      ConsoleLogEntry errorLogEntry = errorLogFuture.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
       assertThat(errorLogEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("I am console error");
       assertThat(errorLogEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ void canListenToJavascriptLog()
 
   @Test
   @NeedsFreshDriver
-  void canFilterJavascriptLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+  void canFilterJavascriptLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
     try (LogInspector logInspector = new LogInspector(driver)) {
       CompletableFuture<JavascriptLogEntry> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
       logInspector.onJavaScriptLog(future::complete, FilterBy.logLevel(LogLevel.ERROR));
@@ -136,12 +135,7 @@ void canFilterJavascriptLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
       driver.get(page);
       driver.findElement(By.id("jsException")).click();
 
-      JavascriptLogEntry logEntry = null;
-      try {
-        logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-      } catch (TimeoutException e) {
-        fail("Time out exception" + e.getMessage());
-      }
+      JavascriptLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
       assertThat(logEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Error: Not working");
       assertThat(logEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("javascript");
@@ -198,7 +192,7 @@ void canRetrieveStacktraceForALog()
 
   @Test
   @NeedsFreshDriver
-  void canFilterLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+  void canFilterLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
     try (LogInspector logInspector = new LogInspector(driver)) {
       CompletableFuture<LogEntry> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
       logInspector.onLog(future::complete, FilterBy.logLevel(LogLevel.INFO));
@@ -207,12 +201,7 @@ void canFilterLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
       driver.get(page);
       driver.findElement(By.id("consoleLog")).click();
 
-      LogEntry logEntry = null;
-      try {
-        logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-      } catch (TimeoutException e) {
-        fail("Time out exception" + e.getMessage());
-      }
+      LogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
       assertThat(logEntry.getConsoleLogEntry().isPresent()).isTrue();
 
@@ -299,8 +288,7 @@ void canListenToJavascriptErrorLogForABrowsingContext()
   @Disabled("Until browsers support subscribing to multiple contexts.")
   @Test
   @NeedsFreshDriver
-  void canListenToConsoleLogForMultipleBrowsingContexts()
-      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+  void canListenToConsoleLogForMultipleBrowsingContexts() throws InterruptedException {
     page = appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
     String firstBrowsingContextId = driver.getWindowHandle();
     String secondBrowsingContextId = driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB).getWindowHandle();
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
index 8057bccf9d637..be1d3667aa62a 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
@@ -19,10 +19,8 @@
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
-import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.ReadinessState.COMPLETE;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.*;
 
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
@@ -30,6 +28,8 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;
@@ -38,13 +38,14 @@
 import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
 import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.BiDiException;
 import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
-import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.ReadinessState;
 import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.module.Network;
 import org.openqa.selenium.testing.JupiterTestBase;
 import org.openqa.selenium.testing.NeedsFreshDriver;
 import org.openqa.selenium.testing.NotYetImplemented;
 
 class NetworkCommandsTest extends JupiterTestBase {
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(NetworkCommandsTest.class.getName());
+
   private String page;
 
   @Test
@@ -84,8 +85,7 @@ void canContinueRequest() throws InterruptedException {
 
       BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
 
-      browsingContext.navigate(
-          appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
+      browsingContext.navigate(appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), COMPLETE);
       boolean countdown = latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
       assertThat(countdown).isTrue();
     }
@@ -113,8 +113,7 @@ void canContinueResponse() throws InterruptedException {
 
       BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
 
-      browsingContext.navigate(
-          appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
+      browsingContext.navigate(appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), COMPLETE);
 
       boolean countdown = latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
       assertThat(countdown).isTrue();
@@ -142,8 +141,7 @@ void canProvideResponse() throws InterruptedException {
 
       BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
 
-      browsingContext.navigate(
-          appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
+      browsingContext.navigate(appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), COMPLETE);
 
       boolean countdown = latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
       assertThat(countdown).isTrue();
@@ -178,8 +176,7 @@ void canProvideResponseWithAllParameters() throws InterruptedException {
 
       BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
 
-      browsingContext.navigate(
-          appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
+      browsingContext.navigate(appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), COMPLETE);
 
       boolean countdown = latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
       assertThat(countdown).isTrue();
@@ -214,7 +211,7 @@ void canContinueWithAuthCredentials() {
       page = appServer.whereIs("basicAuth");
       BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
 
-      browsingContext.navigate(page, ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
+      browsingContext.navigate(page, COMPLETE);
 
       assertThat(driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).getText()).isEqualTo("authorized");
     }
@@ -234,12 +231,8 @@ void canContinueWithoutAuthCredentials() {
       page = appServer.whereIs("basicAuth");
       BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
 
-      try {
-        browsingContext.navigate(page, ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
-        fail("Exception should be thrown");
-      } catch (Exception e) {
-        assertThat(e).isInstanceOf(WebDriverException.class);
-      }
+      assertThatThrownBy(() -> browsingContext.navigate(page, COMPLETE))
+          .isInstanceOf(WebDriverException.class);
     }
   }
 
@@ -271,11 +264,13 @@ void canCancelAuth() throws InterruptedException {
       BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
 
       try {
-        browsingContext.navigate(page, ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
-      } catch (Exception BiDiException) {
-        // Ignore
-        // Only Chromium browsers throw an error because the navigation did not complete as
-        // expected.
+        browsingContext.navigate(page, COMPLETE);
+      } catch (BiDiException expectedForChrome) {
+        LOG.log(
+            Level.FINE,
+            "Expected exception for chrome because because the navigation "
+                + "did not complete as expected: {0}",
+            expectedForChrome.toString());
       }
 
       latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
@@ -297,8 +292,7 @@ void canFailRequest() {
               () -> {
                 BrowsingContext browsingContext =
                     new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
-                browsingContext.navigate(
-                    appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
+                browsingContext.navigate(appServer.whereIs("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"), COMPLETE);
               })
           .isInstanceOf(WebDriverException.class);
     }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java
index fc6f88a65e93d..1d49cf24b72d9 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/chrome/ChromeDriverFunctionalTest.java
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assumptions.assumeThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
 
@@ -182,14 +181,10 @@ void canManageNetworkConditions() {
 
     conditions.deleteNetworkConditions();
 
-    try {
-      conditions.getNetworkConditions();
-      fail("If Network Conditions were deleted, should not be able to get Network Conditions");
-    } catch (WebDriverException e) {
-      if (!e.getMessage().contains("network conditions must be set before it can be retrieved")) {
-        throw e;
-      }
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(() -> conditions.getNetworkConditions())
+        .as("Network Conditions were deleted")
+        .isInstanceOf(WebDriverException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("network conditions must be set before it can be retrieved");
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -210,12 +205,10 @@ void shouldLaunchSuccessfullyWithArabicDate() {
       Locale.setDefault(arabicLocale);
 
       int port = PortProber.findFreePort();
-      ChromeDriverService.Builder builder = new ChromeDriverService.Builder();
-      builder.usingPort(port);
-      builder.build();
-
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      throw e;
+      try (ChromeDriverService service =
+          new ChromeDriverService.Builder().usingPort(port).build()) {
+        assertThat(service.isRunning()).isFalse();
+      }
     } finally {
       Locale.setDefault(Locale.US);
     }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java
index 1e4b07b6d71f7..df8c87af2e490 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/edge/EdgeDriverFunctionalTest.java
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assumptions.assumeThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.EDGE;
 
@@ -176,14 +175,10 @@ void canManageNetworkConditions() {
 
     conditions.deleteNetworkConditions();
 
-    try {
-      conditions.getNetworkConditions();
-      fail("If Network Conditions were deleted, should not be able to get Network Conditions");
-    } catch (WebDriverException e) {
-      if (!e.getMessage().contains("network conditions must be set before it can be retrieved")) {
-        throw e;
-      }
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(() -> conditions.getNetworkConditions())
+        .as("Network Conditions were deleted")
+        .isInstanceOf(WebDriverException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("network conditions must be set before it can be retrieved");
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -204,12 +199,9 @@ void shouldLaunchSuccessfullyWithArabicDate() {
       Locale.setDefault(arabicLocale);
 
       int port = PortProber.findFreePort();
-      EdgeDriverService.Builder builder = new EdgeDriverService.Builder();
-      builder.usingPort(port);
-      builder.build();
-
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      throw e;
+      try (EdgeDriverService service = new EdgeDriverService.Builder().usingPort(port).build()) {
+        assertThat(service.isRunning()).isFalse();
+      }
     } finally {
       Locale.setDefault(Locale.US);
     }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java
index c9f6bdf8e3240..87a37bc0be5d3 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/FirefoxDriverTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -111,10 +110,9 @@ void shouldGetMeaningfulExceptionOnBrowserDeath() throws Exception {
 
       field.set(driver2, spoof);
 
-      driver2.get(pages.formPage);
-      fail("Should have thrown.");
-    } catch (UnreachableBrowserException e) {
-      assertThat(e.getMessage()).contains("Error communicating with the remote browser");
+      assertThatThrownBy(() -> driver2.get(pages.formPage))
+          .isInstanceOf(UnreachableBrowserException.class)
+          .hasMessageStartingWith("Error communicating with the remote browser");
     } finally {
       keptExecutor.execute(new Command(sessionId, DriverCommand.QUIT));
     }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/RemoteFirefoxDriverTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/RemoteFirefoxDriverTest.java
index e5b716d2cc95a..0b7c484461c11 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/RemoteFirefoxDriverTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/RemoteFirefoxDriverTest.java
@@ -18,15 +18,13 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.firefox;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatCode;
 
 import java.io.File;
-import java.net.MalformedURLException;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;
 import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
-import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
 import org.openqa.selenium.build.InProject;
 import org.openqa.selenium.testing.JupiterTestBase;
 import org.openqa.selenium.testing.NoDriverAfterTest;
@@ -42,11 +40,8 @@ public void shouldAllowRemoteWebDriverBuilderToUseHasExtensions() {
     String id = ((HasExtensions) driver).installExtension(extension);
     assertThat(id).isEqualTo("webextensions-selenium-example-v3@example.com");
 
-    try {
-      ((HasExtensions) driver).uninstallExtension(id);
-    } catch (WebDriverException ex) {
-      fail(ex.getMessage());
-    }
+    assertThatCode(() -> ((HasExtensions) driver).uninstallExtension(id))
+        .doesNotThrowAnyException();
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -58,7 +53,7 @@ void shouldTakeFullPageScreenshot() {
 
   @Test
   @NoDriverBeforeTest
-  public void shouldAllowRemoteWebDriverBuilderToUseHasContext() throws MalformedURLException {
+  public void shouldAllowRemoteWebDriverBuilderToUseHasContext() {
     FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
     String dir = "foo/bar";
     options.addPreference("browser.download.dir", dir);
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/TakesFullPageScreenshotTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/TakesFullPageScreenshotTest.java
index 978cbc6540f5a..8402c7a2e960b 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/TakesFullPageScreenshotTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/TakesFullPageScreenshotTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.firefox;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ void testGetScreenshotAsBinary() {
   }
 
   @Test
-  void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfCurrentViewport() {
+  void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfCurrentViewport() throws IOException {
     driver.get(appServer.whereIs("screen/screen.html"));
 
     BufferedImage screenshot = getImage();
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfCurrentViewport() {
   }
 
   @Test
-  void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfPageWithLongY() {
+  void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfPageWithLongY() throws IOException {
     driver.get(appServer.whereIs("screen/screen_y_long.html"));
 
     BufferedImage screenshot = getImage();
@@ -141,16 +140,11 @@ void testShouldCaptureScreenshotOfPageWithLongY() {
    *
    * @return Image object
    */
-  private BufferedImage getImage() {
-    BufferedImage image = null;
-    try {
-      byte[] imageData = screenshooter.getFullPageScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES);
-      assertThat(imageData).isNotNull().isNotEmpty();
-      image = ImageIO.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(imageData));
-      assertThat(image).isNotNull();
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      fail("Image screenshot file is invalid: " + e.getMessage());
-    }
+  private BufferedImage getImage() throws IOException {
+    byte[] imageData = screenshooter.getFullPageScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES);
+    assertThat(imageData).isNotNull().isNotEmpty();
+    BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(imageData));
+    assertThat(image).isNotNull();
 
     // saveImageToTmpFile(image);
     return image;
@@ -195,26 +189,22 @@ private Set<String> generateExpectedColors(
   private Set<String> scanActualColors(BufferedImage image, final int stepX, final int stepY) {
     Set<String> colors = new TreeSet<>();
 
-    try {
-      int height = image.getHeight();
-      int width = image.getWidth();
-      assertThat(width > 0).isTrue();
-      assertThat(height > 0).isTrue();
-
-      Raster raster = image.getRaster();
-      for (int i = 0; i < width; i = i + stepX) {
-        for (int j = 0; j < height; j = j + stepY) {
-          String hex =
-              String.format(
-                  "#%02x%02x%02x",
-                  (raster.getSample(i, j, 0)),
-                  (raster.getSample(i, j, 1)),
-                  (raster.getSample(i, j, 2)));
-          colors.add(hex);
-        }
+    int height = image.getHeight();
+    int width = image.getWidth();
+    assertThat(width > 0).isTrue();
+    assertThat(height > 0).isTrue();
+
+    Raster raster = image.getRaster();
+    for (int i = 0; i < width; i = i + stepX) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < height; j = j + stepY) {
+        String hex =
+            String.format(
+                "#%02x%02x%02x",
+                (raster.getSample(i, j, 0)),
+                (raster.getSample(i, j, 1)),
+                (raster.getSample(i, j, 2)));
+        colors.add(hex);
       }
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      fail("Unable to get actual colors from screenshot: " + e.getMessage());
     }
 
     assertThat(colors).isNotEmpty();
@@ -237,17 +227,7 @@ private void compareColors(Set<String> expectedColors, Set<String> actualColors)
     cleanActualColors.remove("#000000");
     cleanActualColors.remove("#ffffff");
 
-    if (!expectedColors.containsAll(cleanActualColors)) {
-      fail(
-          "There are unexpected colors on the screenshot: "
-              + Sets.difference(cleanActualColors, expectedColors));
-    }
-
-    if (!cleanActualColors.containsAll(expectedColors)) {
-      fail(
-          "There are expected colors not present on the screenshot: "
-              + Sets.difference(expectedColors, cleanActualColors));
-    }
+    assertThat(cleanActualColors).containsExactlyInAnyOrderElementsOf(expectedColors);
   }
 
   private boolean onlyBlack(Set<String> colors) {
@@ -264,13 +244,9 @@ private boolean onlyWhite(Set<String> colors) {
    * @param im image
    */
   @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-  private void saveImageToTmpFile(String methodName, BufferedImage im) {
+  private void saveImageToTmpFile(String methodName, BufferedImage im) throws IOException {
 
     File outputfile = new File(methodName + "_image.png");
-    try {
-      ImageIO.write(im, "png", outputfile);
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      fail("Unable to write image to file: " + e.getMessage());
-    }
+    ImageIO.write(im, "png", outputfile);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/HeartBeatTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/HeartBeatTest.java
index d0793ebb75d6a..8222f2ee2e3f4 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/HeartBeatTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/HeartBeatTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.grid.distributor;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.time.Instant;
@@ -36,38 +35,34 @@
 public class HeartBeatTest extends DistributorTestBase {
 
   @Test
-  void shouldStartHeartBeatOnNodeStart() {
+  void shouldStartHeartBeatOnNodeStart() throws InterruptedException {
     EventBus bus = new GuavaEventBus();
 
-    LocalNode node =
+    try (LocalNode node =
         LocalNode.builder(tracer, bus, routableUri, routableUri, registrationSecret)
             .add(
                 caps,
                 new TestSessionFactory(
                     (id, c) -> new Session(id, nodeUri, stereotype, c, Instant.now())))
             .heartbeatPeriod(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
-            .build();
+            .build()) {
 
-    AtomicBoolean heartbeatStarted = new AtomicBoolean();
-    CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+      AtomicBoolean heartbeatStarted = new AtomicBoolean();
+      CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
 
-    bus.addListener(
-        NodeHeartBeatEvent.listener(
-            nodeStatus -> {
-              if (node.getId().equals(nodeStatus.getNodeId())) {
-                latch.countDown();
-                heartbeatStarted.set(true);
-              }
-            }));
+      bus.addListener(
+          NodeHeartBeatEvent.listener(
+              nodeStatus -> {
+                if (node.getId().equals(nodeStatus.getNodeId())) {
+                  latch.countDown();
+                  heartbeatStarted.set(true);
+                }
+              }));
 
-    boolean eventFiredAndListenedTo = false;
-    try {
-      eventFiredAndListenedTo = latch.await(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-      fail("Thread Interrupted");
-    }
+      boolean eventFiredAndListenedTo = latch.await(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
-    assertThat(eventFiredAndListenedTo).isTrue();
-    assertThat(heartbeatStarted.get()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(eventFiredAndListenedTo).isTrue();
+      assertThat(heartbeatStarted.get()).isTrue();
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java
index 20a138f9b6601..7d3a1c66c42be 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ void slowStartingNodesShouldNotCauseReservationsToBeSerialized() {
           try {
             f.get();
           } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-            fail("Interrupted");
+            fail(e.toString(), e);
           } catch (ExecutionException e) {
             throw new RuntimeException(e);
           }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/config/NodeOptionsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/config/NodeOptionsTest.java
index babd6692aac39..d752011e820c9 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/config/NodeOptionsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/config/NodeOptionsTest.java
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 import static java.util.Collections.emptySet;
 import static java.util.Collections.singletonMap;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.InstanceOfAssertFactories.LIST;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.InstanceOfAssertFactories.MAP;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeFalse;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType.ENABLE_DOWNLOADS;
@@ -304,17 +304,16 @@ void shouldThrowConfigExceptionIfDetectDriversIsFalseAndSpecificDriverIsAdded()
                     "detect-drivers", "false",
                     "driver-implementation", "[chrome]")));
     List<Capabilities> reported = new ArrayList<>();
-    try {
-      new NodeOptions(config)
-          .getSessionFactories(
-              caps -> {
-                reported.add(caps);
-                return Collections.singleton(HelperFactory.create(config, caps));
-              });
-      fail("Should have not executed 'getSessionFactories' successfully");
-    } catch (ConfigException e) {
-      // Fall through
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () ->
+                new NodeOptions(config)
+                    .getSessionFactories(
+                        caps -> {
+                          reported.add(caps);
+                          return Collections.singleton(HelperFactory.create(config, caps));
+                        }))
+        .isInstanceOf(ConfigException.class)
+        .hasMessage("Specific drivers cannot be added if 'detect-drivers' is set to false");
 
     assertThat(reported).isEmpty();
   }
@@ -549,19 +548,19 @@ void driversConfigNeedsStereotypeField() {
     Config config = new TomlConfig(new StringReader(String.join("\n", rawConfig)));
 
     List<Capabilities> reported = new ArrayList<>();
-    try {
-      new NodeOptions(config)
-          .getSessionFactories(
-              caps -> {
-                reported.add(caps);
-                return Collections.singleton(HelperFactory.create(config, caps));
-              });
-      fail(
-          "Should have not executed 'getSessionFactories' successfully because driver config "
-              + "needs the stereotype field");
-    } catch (ConfigException e) {
-      // Fall through
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () ->
+                new NodeOptions(config)
+                    .getSessionFactories(
+                        caps -> {
+                          reported.add(caps);
+                          return Collections.singleton(HelperFactory.create(config, caps));
+                        }))
+        .as("driver config needs the stereotype field")
+        .isInstanceOf(ConfigException.class)
+        .hasMessage(
+            "Found config with no 'stereotype' setting! {display-name=Chrome Beta, max-sessions=2,"
+                + " cheese=paipa}");
 
     assertThat(reported).isEmpty();
   }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/EndToEndTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/EndToEndTest.java
index af228d1620b01..05daa0c19ad03 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/EndToEndTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/EndToEndTest.java
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.grid.router;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.json.Json.MAP_TYPE;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents.asJson;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents.string;
@@ -194,27 +194,33 @@ void exerciseDriver(Supplier<Deployment> values) {
     // The node added only has a single node. Make sure we can start and stop sessions.
     Capabilities caps = new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "cheese", "se:type", "cheddar");
     WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(server.getUrl(), caps);
-    driver.get("http://www.google.com");
-
-    // The node is still open. Now create a second session. It will be added to the queue.
-    // An retry will be attempted and once request times out, it should fail
     try {
-      WebDriver disposable = new RemoteWebDriver(server.getUrl(), caps);
-      disposable.quit();
-      fail("Should not have been able to create driver");
-    } catch (SessionNotCreatedException expected) {
-      // Fall through
+      driver.get("https://www.google.com");
+
+      // The node is still open. Now try to create a second session. It will be added to the queue.
+      // A retry will be attempted and once request times out, it should fail.
+      assertThatThrownBy(
+              () -> {
+                WebDriver disposable = new RemoteWebDriver(server.getUrl(), caps);
+                disposable.quit();
+              })
+          .as("Should not have been able to create driver")
+          .isInstanceOf(SessionNotCreatedException.class)
+          .hasMessageContaining("browserName: cheese, se:type: cheddar");
+    } finally {
+      driver.quit();
     }
 
-    // Kill the session, and wait until the grid says it's ready
-    driver.quit();
-
+    // and wait until the grid says it's ready
     waitUntilReady(server, Duration.ofSeconds(100));
 
-    // And now we're good to go.
-    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(server.getUrl(), caps);
-    driver.get("http://www.google.com");
-    driver.quit();
+    // And now we can open another browser (because the previous one has been closed).
+    RemoteWebDriver newWebDriver = new RemoteWebDriver(server.getUrl(), caps);
+    try {
+      newWebDriver.get("https://www.google.com");
+    } finally {
+      newWebDriver.quit();
+    }
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -251,14 +257,15 @@ void shouldAllowPassthroughForW3CMode(Supplier<Deployment> values) {
   void shouldRejectSessionRequestIfCapsNotSupported(Supplier<Deployment> values) {
     setFields(values);
 
-    try {
-      Capabilities unsupportedCaps = new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "brie");
-      WebDriver disposable = new RemoteWebDriver(server.getUrl(), unsupportedCaps);
-      disposable.quit();
-      fail("Should not have been able to create driver");
-    } catch (SessionNotCreatedException expected) {
-      // Fall through
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () -> {
+              Capabilities unsupportedCaps = new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "brie");
+              WebDriver disposable = new RemoteWebDriver(server.getUrl(), unsupportedCaps);
+              disposable.quit();
+            })
+        .as("Should not have been able to create driver")
+        .isInstanceOf(SessionNotCreatedException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("Capabilities {browserName: brie}");
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/JmxTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/JmxTest.java
index 0ba51026fb9a7..97e7c7f73056e 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/JmxTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/JmxTest.java
@@ -18,26 +18,14 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.grid.router;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
 import java.net.URI;
-import java.net.URISyntaxException;
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
-import javax.management.AttributeList;
-import javax.management.AttributeNotFoundException;
-import javax.management.InstanceNotFoundException;
-import javax.management.IntrospectionException;
-import javax.management.MBeanAttributeInfo;
-import javax.management.MBeanException;
-import javax.management.MBeanInfo;
-import javax.management.MBeanServer;
-import javax.management.MalformedObjectNameException;
-import javax.management.ObjectName;
-import javax.management.ReflectionException;
+import javax.management.*;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
 import org.openqa.selenium.ImmutableCapabilities;
@@ -70,187 +58,139 @@ class JmxTest {
   private final MBeanServer beanServer = ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer();
 
   @Test
-  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterBaseServerConfig() {
-    try {
-      ObjectName name = new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=Config,name=BaseServerConfig");
-      new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
+  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterBaseServerConfig() throws Exception {
+    ObjectName name = new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=Config,name=BaseServerConfig");
+    new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
 
-      BaseServerOptions baseServerOptions =
-          new BaseServerOptions(
-              new MapConfig(
-                  ImmutableMap.of("server", ImmutableMap.of("port", PortProber.findFreePort()))));
+    BaseServerOptions baseServerOptions =
+        new BaseServerOptions(
+            new MapConfig(
+                ImmutableMap.of("server", ImmutableMap.of("port", PortProber.findFreePort()))));
 
-      MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
-      assertThat(info).isNotNull();
+    MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
+    assertThat(info).isNotNull();
 
-      MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfoArray = info.getAttributes();
-      assertThat(attributeInfoArray).hasSize(3);
+    MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfoArray = info.getAttributes();
+    assertThat(attributeInfoArray).hasSize(3);
 
-      AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfoArray);
-      assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(3);
-
-      String uriValue = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "Uri");
-      assertThat(uriValue).isEqualTo(baseServerOptions.getExternalUri().toString());
-
-    } catch (InstanceNotFoundException
-        | IntrospectionException
-        | ReflectionException
-        | MalformedObjectNameException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean");
-    } catch (MBeanException e) {
-      fail("MBeanServer exception");
-    } catch (AttributeNotFoundException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean's attribute");
-    }
+    AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfoArray);
+    assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(3);
+
+    String uriValue = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "Uri");
+    assertThat(uriValue).isEqualTo(baseServerOptions.getExternalUri().toString());
   }
 
   @Test
-  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterNode() throws URISyntaxException {
-    try {
-      URI nodeUri = new URI("https://example.com:1234");
-      ObjectName name = new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=Node,name=LocalNode");
-      new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
-
-      Tracer tracer = DefaultTestTracer.createTracer();
-      EventBus bus = new GuavaEventBus();
+  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterNode() throws Exception {
+    URI nodeUri = new URI("https://example.com:1234");
+    ObjectName name = new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=Node,name=LocalNode");
+    new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
 
-      Secret secret = new Secret("cheese");
+    Tracer tracer = DefaultTestTracer.createTracer();
+    EventBus bus = new GuavaEventBus();
 
-      LocalNode localNode =
-          LocalNode.builder(tracer, bus, nodeUri, nodeUri, secret)
-              .add(
-                  CAPS,
-                  new TestSessionFactory(
-                      (id, caps) ->
-                          new Session(
-                              id, nodeUri, new ImmutableCapabilities(), caps, Instant.now())))
-              .build();
+    Secret secret = new Secret("cheese");
 
-      assertThat(localNode).isNotNull();
+    LocalNode localNode =
+        LocalNode.builder(tracer, bus, nodeUri, nodeUri, secret)
+            .add(
+                CAPS,
+                new TestSessionFactory(
+                    (id, caps) ->
+                        new Session(id, nodeUri, new ImmutableCapabilities(), caps, Instant.now())))
+            .build();
 
-      MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
-      assertThat(info).isNotNull();
+    assertThat(localNode).isNotNull();
 
-      MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfo = info.getAttributes();
-      assertThat(attributeInfo).hasSize(9);
+    MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
+    assertThat(info).isNotNull();
 
-      AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfo);
-      assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(9);
+    MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfo = info.getAttributes();
+    assertThat(attributeInfo).hasSize(9);
 
-      Object currentSessions = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "CurrentSessions");
-      assertNumberAttribute(currentSessions, 0);
+    AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfo);
+    assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(9);
 
-      Object maxSessions = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "MaxSessions");
-      assertNumberAttribute(maxSessions, 1);
+    Object currentSessions = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "CurrentSessions");
+    assertNumberAttribute(currentSessions, 0);
 
-      String status = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "Status");
-      assertThat(status).isEqualTo("UP");
+    Object maxSessions = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "MaxSessions");
+    assertNumberAttribute(maxSessions, 1);
 
-      Object totalSlots = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "TotalSlots");
-      assertNumberAttribute(totalSlots, 1);
+    String status = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "Status");
+    assertThat(status).isEqualTo("UP");
 
-      Object usedSlots = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "UsedSlots");
-      assertNumberAttribute(usedSlots, 0);
+    Object totalSlots = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "TotalSlots");
+    assertNumberAttribute(totalSlots, 1);
 
-      Object load = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "Load");
-      assertNumberAttribute(load, 0.0f);
+    Object usedSlots = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "UsedSlots");
+    assertNumberAttribute(usedSlots, 0);
 
-      String remoteNodeUri = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "RemoteNodeUri");
-      assertThat(remoteNodeUri).isEqualTo(nodeUri.toString());
+    Object load = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "Load");
+    assertNumberAttribute(load, 0.0f);
 
-      String gridUri = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "GridUri");
-      assertThat(gridUri).isEqualTo(nodeUri.toString());
+    String remoteNodeUri = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "RemoteNodeUri");
+    assertThat(remoteNodeUri).isEqualTo(nodeUri.toString());
 
-    } catch (InstanceNotFoundException
-        | IntrospectionException
-        | ReflectionException
-        | MalformedObjectNameException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean");
-    } catch (MBeanException e) {
-      fail("MBeanServer exception");
-    } catch (AttributeNotFoundException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean's attribute");
-    }
+    String gridUri = (String) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "GridUri");
+    assertThat(gridUri).isEqualTo(nodeUri.toString());
   }
 
   @Test
-  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterSessionQueueServerConfig() {
-    try {
-      ObjectName name =
-          new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=Config,name=NewSessionQueueConfig");
+  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterSessionQueueServerConfig() throws Exception {
+    ObjectName name = new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=Config,name=NewSessionQueueConfig");
 
-      new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
+    new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
 
-      NewSessionQueueOptions newSessionQueueOptions =
-          new NewSessionQueueOptions(new MapConfig(ImmutableMap.of()));
-      MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
-      assertThat(info).isNotNull();
+    NewSessionQueueOptions newSessionQueueOptions =
+        new NewSessionQueueOptions(new MapConfig(ImmutableMap.of()));
+    MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
+    assertThat(info).isNotNull();
 
-      MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfoArray = info.getAttributes();
-      assertThat(attributeInfoArray).hasSize(2);
+    MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfoArray = info.getAttributes();
+    assertThat(attributeInfoArray).hasSize(2);
 
-      AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfoArray);
-      assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(2);
-
-      Object requestTimeout = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "RequestTimeoutSeconds");
-      assertNumberAttribute(requestTimeout, newSessionQueueOptions.getRequestTimeoutSeconds());
-
-      Object retryInterval = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "RetryIntervalMilliseconds");
-      assertNumberAttribute(retryInterval, newSessionQueueOptions.getRetryIntervalMilliseconds());
-    } catch (InstanceNotFoundException
-        | IntrospectionException
-        | ReflectionException
-        | MalformedObjectNameException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean");
-    } catch (MBeanException e) {
-      fail("MBeanServer exception");
-    } catch (AttributeNotFoundException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean's attribute");
-    }
+    AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfoArray);
+    assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(2);
+
+    Object requestTimeout = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "RequestTimeoutSeconds");
+    assertNumberAttribute(requestTimeout, newSessionQueueOptions.getRequestTimeoutSeconds());
+
+    Object retryInterval = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "RetryIntervalMilliseconds");
+    assertNumberAttribute(retryInterval, newSessionQueueOptions.getRetryIntervalMilliseconds());
   }
 
   @Test
-  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterSessionQueue() {
-    try {
-      ObjectName name =
-          new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=SessionQueue,name=LocalSessionQueue");
-
-      new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
-
-      Tracer tracer = DefaultTestTracer.createTracer();
-
-      NewSessionQueue sessionQueue =
-          new LocalNewSessionQueue(
-              tracer,
-              new DefaultSlotMatcher(),
-              Duration.ofSeconds(2),
-              Duration.ofSeconds(2),
-              Duration.ofSeconds(1),
-              new Secret(""),
-              5);
-
-      assertThat(sessionQueue).isNotNull();
-      MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
-      assertThat(info).isNotNull();
+  void shouldBeAbleToRegisterSessionQueue() throws Exception {
+    ObjectName name =
+        new ObjectName("org.seleniumhq.grid:type=SessionQueue,name=LocalSessionQueue");
 
-      MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfoArray = info.getAttributes();
-      assertThat(attributeInfoArray).hasSize(1);
+    new JMXHelper().unregister(name);
 
-      AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfoArray);
-      assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(1);
-
-      Object size = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "NewSessionQueueSize");
-      assertNumberAttribute(size, 0);
-    } catch (InstanceNotFoundException
-        | IntrospectionException
-        | ReflectionException
-        | MalformedObjectNameException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean");
-    } catch (MBeanException e) {
-      fail("MBeanServer exception");
-    } catch (AttributeNotFoundException e) {
-      fail("Could not find the registered MBean's attribute");
-    }
+    Tracer tracer = DefaultTestTracer.createTracer();
+
+    NewSessionQueue sessionQueue =
+        new LocalNewSessionQueue(
+            tracer,
+            new DefaultSlotMatcher(),
+            Duration.ofSeconds(2),
+            Duration.ofSeconds(2),
+            Duration.ofSeconds(1),
+            new Secret(""),
+            5);
+
+    assertThat(sessionQueue).isNotNull();
+    MBeanInfo info = beanServer.getMBeanInfo(name);
+    assertThat(info).isNotNull();
+
+    MBeanAttributeInfo[] attributeInfoArray = info.getAttributes();
+    assertThat(attributeInfoArray).hasSize(1);
+
+    AttributeList attributeList = getAttributeList(name, attributeInfoArray);
+    assertThat(attributeList).isNotNull().hasSize(1);
+
+    Object size = beanServer.getAttribute(name, "NewSessionQueueSize");
+    assertNumberAttribute(size, 0);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverDownloadTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverDownloadTest.java
index de62101f5259a..df5aa945908a8 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverDownloadTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverDownloadTest.java
@@ -41,12 +41,7 @@
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
-import org.openqa.selenium.By;
-import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
-import org.openqa.selenium.HasDownloads;
-import org.openqa.selenium.PersistentCapabilities;
-import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
-import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.*;
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
 import org.openqa.selenium.environment.webserver.NettyAppServer;
 import org.openqa.selenium.grid.config.TomlConfig;
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionCleanUpTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionCleanUpTest.java
index e5692dc9ec4dd..03f249dba1758 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionCleanUpTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionCleanUpTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.Availability.DOWN;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.Availability.UP;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.Dialect.W3C;
@@ -240,11 +239,7 @@ void shouldRemoveSessionAfterNodeIsShutDownGracefully() {
 
       waitTillNodesAreRemoved(distributor);
 
-      try {
-        waitTillSessionIsRemoved(sessions, id);
-      } catch (Exception e) {
-        fail("Session not removed");
-      }
+      waitTillSessionIsRemoved(sessions, id);
     }
   }
 
@@ -321,11 +316,7 @@ void shouldRemoveSessionAfterNodeIsDown() throws URISyntaxException {
 
       waitTillNodesAreRemoved(distributor);
 
-      try {
-        waitTillSessionIsRemoved(sessions, id);
-      } catch (Exception e) {
-        fail("Session not removed");
-      }
+      waitTillSessionIsRemoved(sessions, id);
 
       Either<SessionNotCreatedException, CreateSessionResponse> sessionResponse =
           distributor.newSession(
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridTest.java
index cf7d1bc67b754..cfd4db0e6c01a 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridTest.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents.asJson;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpMethod.DELETE;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpMethod.POST;
@@ -34,13 +33,7 @@
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
-import java.util.concurrent.Future;
-import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -157,7 +150,7 @@ public void setup() throws URISyntaxException, MalformedURLException {
   }
 
   @Test
-  void shouldBeAbleToCreateMultipleSessions() {
+  void shouldBeAbleToCreateMultipleSessions() throws Exception {
     ImmutableMap<String, String> caps = ImmutableMap.of("browserName", "cheese");
     ExecutorService fixedThreadPoolService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
     ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
@@ -171,12 +164,6 @@ void shouldBeAbleToCreateMultipleSessions() {
         HttpResponse httpResponse = future.get(10, SECONDS);
         assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
       }
-    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session. Thread Interrupted");
-    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session due to execution exception.");
-    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session. Timeout occurred.");
     } finally {
       fixedThreadPoolService.shutdownNow();
       scheduler.shutdownNow();
@@ -191,7 +178,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToRejectRequest() {
   }
 
   @Test
-  void shouldBeAbleToClearQueue() {
+  void shouldBeAbleToClearQueue() throws Exception {
     ImmutableMap<String, String> caps = ImmutableMap.of("browserName", "cheese");
     ExecutorService fixedThreadPoolService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
     ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
@@ -226,12 +213,6 @@ void shouldBeAbleToClearQueue() {
 
       HttpResponse thirdSessionResponse = thirdSessionFuture.get();
       assertThat(thirdSessionResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
-    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session. Thread Interrupted");
-    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session due to execution exception.");
-    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session. Timeout occurred.");
     } finally {
       fixedThreadPoolService.shutdownNow();
       scheduler.shutdownNow();
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridWithTimeoutTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridWithTimeoutTest.java
index 7e3f0bd93e7e9..87862f55aec49 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridWithTimeoutTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/SessionQueueGridWithTimeoutTest.java
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents.asJson;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpMethod.POST;
 
@@ -32,12 +31,10 @@
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 import java.util.concurrent.Future;
 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -156,7 +153,7 @@ public void setup() throws URISyntaxException, MalformedURLException {
   }
 
   @Test
-  void shouldBeAbleToDeleteTimedoutSessions() {
+  void shouldBeAbleToDeleteTimedOutSessions() throws Exception {
     ImmutableMap<String, String> caps = ImmutableMap.of("browserName", "cheese");
     ExecutorService fixedThreadPoolService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
     ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
@@ -177,13 +174,6 @@ void shouldBeAbleToDeleteTimedoutSessions() {
             .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(7))
             .until(node -> node.getUsedSlots() == 0);
       }
-
-    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session. Thread Interrupted");
-    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session due to execution exception.");
-    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
-      fail("Unable to create session. Timeout occurred.");
     } finally {
       fixedThreadPoolService.shutdownNow();
       scheduler.shutdownNow();
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMapTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMapTest.java
index 4ba3f678164c3..e0768cba9b78b 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMapTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/jdbc/JdbcBackedSessionMapTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.grid.sessionmap.jdbc;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
 
 import java.net.URI;
@@ -129,17 +128,15 @@ void shouldBeAbleToRemoveSessions() throws URISyntaxException {
             new ImmutableCapabilities("key", "value"),
             Instant.now());
     sessions.add(expected);
+    SessionId sessionId = expected.getId();
 
     SessionMap reader = getSessionMap();
 
-    reader.remove(expected.getId());
+    reader.remove(sessionId);
 
-    try {
-      reader.get(expected.getId());
-      fail("Oh noes!");
-    } catch (NoSuchSessionException ignored) {
-      // This is expected
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(() -> reader.get(sessionId))
+        .isInstanceOf(NoSuchSessionException.class)
+        .hasMessageStartingWith("Unable to find session with id: " + sessionId);
   }
 
   private JdbcBackedSessionMap getSessionMap() {
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMapTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMapTest.java
index ce8ebfe4254cc..c1f283108769c 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMapTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionmap/redis/RedisBackedSessionMapTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.grid.sessionmap.redis;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.Safely.safelyCall;
 
@@ -120,11 +119,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToRemoveSessions() throws URISyntaxException {
 
     sessions.remove(expected.getId());
 
-    try {
-      sessions.get(expected.getId());
-      fail("Oh noes!");
-    } catch (NoSuchSessionException ignored) {
-      // This is expected
-    }
+    assertThatThrownBy(() -> sessions.get(expected.getId()))
+        .isInstanceOf(NoSuchSessionException.class);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionqueue/local/LocalNewSessionQueueTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionqueue/local/LocalNewSessionQueueTest.java
index 18a1625ecc385..fce2cea5d1bf7 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionqueue/local/LocalNewSessionQueueTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/sessionqueue/local/LocalNewSessionQueueTest.java
@@ -20,14 +20,10 @@
 import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR;
 import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
 import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+import static java.util.UUID.randomUUID;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.fail;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.Dialect.W3C;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.Safely.safelyCall;
 
@@ -37,20 +33,8 @@
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.time.LocalDateTime;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.UUID;
-import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
-import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
-import java.util.concurrent.Future;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
@@ -64,12 +48,7 @@
 import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
 import org.openqa.selenium.ImmutableCapabilities;
 import org.openqa.selenium.SessionNotCreatedException;
-import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.CreateSessionResponse;
-import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.DefaultSlotMatcher;
-import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.RequestId;
-import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.Session;
-import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.SessionRequest;
-import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.SessionRequestCapability;
+import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.*;
 import org.openqa.selenium.grid.security.Secret;
 import org.openqa.selenium.grid.sessionqueue.NewSessionQueue;
 import org.openqa.selenium.grid.sessionqueue.remote.RemoteNewSessionQueue;
@@ -78,7 +57,6 @@
 import org.openqa.selenium.internal.Either;
 import org.openqa.selenium.json.Json;
 import org.openqa.selenium.remote.SessionId;
-import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents;
 import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpClient;
 import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpResponse;
 import org.openqa.selenium.remote.tracing.DefaultTestTracer;
@@ -103,7 +81,7 @@ public void setup(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
 
     this.sessionRequest =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(CAPS),
@@ -213,6 +191,7 @@ void testCompleteWithCreatedSession(Supplier<TestData> supplier) throws Interrup
 
     assertThat(latch.await(1000, MILLISECONDS)).isTrue();
     assertThat(isCompleted.get()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -261,6 +240,7 @@ void testCompleteWithSessionInTimeout(Supplier<TestData> supplier) throws Interr
     HttpResponse httpResponse = queue.addToQueue(sessionRequest);
     assertThat(latch.await(3000, MILLISECONDS)).isTrue();
     assertThat(isCompleted.get()).isFalse();
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -302,7 +282,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddToQueueAndGetValidResponse(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
     HttpResponse httpResponse = queue.addToQueue(sessionRequest);
 
     assertThat(isPresent.get()).isTrue();
-    assertEquals(HTTP_OK, httpResponse.getStatus());
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -313,7 +293,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddToQueueWithTimeoutDoNotCreateSessionAfterTimeout(
 
     SessionRequest sessionRequestWithTimeout =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(CAPS),
@@ -356,7 +336,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddToQueueWithTimeoutDoNotCreateSessionAfterTimeout(
     assertThat(LocalDateTime.now().minusSeconds(10).isBefore(start)).isTrue();
 
     assertThat(isPresent.get()).isTrue();
-    assertEquals(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR, httpResponse.getStatus());
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -366,7 +346,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddToQueueWithTimeoutAndTimeoutResponse(Supplier<TestData> su
 
     SessionRequest sessionRequestWithTimeout =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(CAPS),
@@ -414,7 +394,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddToQueueWithTimeoutAndTimeoutResponse(Supplier<TestData> su
     HttpResponse httpResponse = queue.addToQueue(sessionRequestWithTimeout);
 
     assertThat(isPresent.get()).isTrue();
-    assertEquals(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR, httpResponse.getStatus());
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -433,7 +413,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddToQueueAndGetErrorResponse(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
 
     HttpResponse httpResponse = queue.addToQueue(sessionRequest);
 
-    assertEquals(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR, httpResponse.getStatus());
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -441,9 +421,9 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddToQueueAndGetErrorResponse(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
   void shouldBeAbleToRemoveFromQueue(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
     setup(supplier);
 
-    Optional<SessionRequest> httpRequest = queue.remove(new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()));
+    Optional<SessionRequest> httpRequest = queue.remove(new RequestId(randomUUID()));
 
-    assertFalse(httpRequest.isPresent());
+    assertThat(httpRequest).isEmpty();
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -451,13 +431,13 @@ void shouldBeAbleToRemoveFromQueue(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
   void shouldBeClearQueue(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
     setup(supplier);
 
-    RequestId requestId = new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID());
+    RequestId requestId = new RequestId(randomUUID());
     localQueue.injectIntoQueue(sessionRequest);
 
     int count = queue.clearQueue();
 
-    assertEquals(1, count);
-    assertFalse(queue.remove(requestId).isPresent());
+    assertThat(count).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(queue.remove(requestId)).isEmpty();
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -472,9 +452,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToGetQueueContents(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
             .map(SessionRequestCapability::getDesiredCapabilities)
             .collect(Collectors.toList());
 
-    assertThat(response).hasSize(1);
-
-    assertEquals(Set.of(CAPS), response.get(0));
+    assertThat(response).containsExactly(Set.of(CAPS));
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -490,8 +468,8 @@ void queueCountShouldBeReturnedWhenQueueIsCleared(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
 
     int count = queue.clearQueue();
 
-    assertEquals(1, count);
-    assertFalse(queue.remove(requestId).isPresent());
+    assertThat(count).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(queue.remove(requestId)).isEmpty();
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -500,9 +478,9 @@ void removingARequestIdThatDoesNotExistInTheQueueShouldNotBeAnError(Supplier<Tes
     setup(supplier);
 
     localQueue.injectIntoQueue(sessionRequest);
-    Optional<SessionRequest> httpRequest = queue.remove(new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()));
+    Optional<SessionRequest> httpRequest = queue.remove(new RequestId(randomUUID()));
 
-    assertFalse(httpRequest.isPresent());
+    assertThat(httpRequest).isEmpty();
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -516,7 +494,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToAddAgainToQueue(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
     assertThat(removed).isPresent();
 
     boolean added = queue.retryAddToQueue(sessionRequest);
-    assertTrue(added);
+    assertThat(added).isTrue();
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -580,13 +558,14 @@ void shouldBeAbleToRetryRequest(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
 
     assertThat(isPresent.get()).isTrue();
     assertThat(retrySuccess.get()).isTrue();
-    assertEquals(HTTP_OK, httpResponse.getStatus());
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
   @MethodSource("data")
   @Timeout(5)
-  void shouldBeAbleToHandleMultipleSessionRequestsAtTheSameTime(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
+  void shouldBeAbleToHandleMultipleSessionRequestsAtTheSameTime(Supplier<TestData> supplier)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
     setup(supplier);
 
     AtomicBoolean processQueue = new AtomicBoolean(true);
@@ -602,7 +581,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToHandleMultipleSessionRequestsAtTheSameTime(Supplier<TestData>
                   ImmutableCapabilities capabilities =
                       new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "chrome");
                   try {
-                    SessionId sessionId = new SessionId(UUID.randomUUID());
+                    SessionId sessionId = new SessionId(randomUUID());
                     Session session =
                         new Session(
                             sessionId,
@@ -631,41 +610,37 @@ void shouldBeAbleToHandleMultipleSessionRequestsAtTheSameTime(Supplier<TestData>
         .start();
 
     ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
-
-    Callable<HttpResponse> callable =
-        () -> {
-          SessionRequest sessionRequest =
-              new SessionRequest(
-                  new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
-                  Instant.now(),
-                  Set.of(W3C),
-                  Set.of(CAPS),
-                  Map.of(),
-                  Map.of());
-
-          return queue.addToQueue(sessionRequest);
-        };
-
-    Future<HttpResponse> firstRequest = executor.submit(callable);
-    Future<HttpResponse> secondRequest = executor.submit(callable);
-
     try {
+      Callable<HttpResponse> callable =
+          () -> {
+            SessionRequest sessionRequest =
+                new SessionRequest(
+                    new RequestId(randomUUID()),
+                    Instant.now(),
+                    Set.of(W3C),
+                    Set.of(CAPS),
+                    Map.of(),
+                    Map.of());
+
+            return queue.addToQueue(sessionRequest);
+          };
+
+      Future<HttpResponse> firstRequest = executor.submit(callable);
+      Future<HttpResponse> secondRequest = executor.submit(callable);
+
       HttpResponse firstResponse = firstRequest.get(30, SECONDS);
       HttpResponse secondResponse = secondRequest.get(30, SECONDS);
 
-      String firstResponseContents = Contents.string(firstResponse);
-      String secondResponseContents = Contents.string(secondResponse);
-
-      assertEquals(HTTP_OK, firstResponse.getStatus());
-      assertEquals(HTTP_OK, secondResponse.getStatus());
+      String firstResponseContents = firstResponse.contentAsString();
+      String secondResponseContents = secondResponse.contentAsString();
 
-      assertNotEquals(firstResponseContents, secondResponseContents);
-    } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException | TimeoutException e) {
-      fail("Could not create session");
+      assertThat(firstResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
+      assertThat(secondResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
+      assertThat(secondResponseContents).isNotEqualTo(firstResponseContents);
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdown();
+      processQueue.set(false);
     }
-
-    executor.shutdown();
-    processQueue.set(false);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -676,60 +651,53 @@ void shouldBeAbleToTimeoutARequestOnRetry(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
 
     final SessionRequest request =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
-            LONG_AGO,
-            Set.of(W3C),
-            Set.of(CAPS),
-            Map.of(),
-            Map.of());
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()), LONG_AGO, Set.of(W3C), Set.of(CAPS), Map.of(), Map.of());
 
     HttpResponse httpResponse = queue.addToQueue(request);
 
-    assertEquals(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR, httpResponse.getStatus());
+    assertThat(httpResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
   @MethodSource("data")
   @Timeout(5)
-  void shouldBeAbleToClearQueueAndRejectMultipleRequests(Supplier<TestData> supplier) {
+  void shouldBeAbleToClearQueueAndRejectMultipleRequests(Supplier<TestData> supplier)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
     setup(supplier);
 
     ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
 
-    Callable<HttpResponse> callable =
-        () -> {
-          SessionRequest sessionRequest =
-              new SessionRequest(
-                  new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
-                  Instant.now(),
-                  Set.of(W3C),
-                  Set.of(CAPS),
-                  Map.of(),
-                  Map.of());
-          return queue.addToQueue(sessionRequest);
-        };
-
-    Future<HttpResponse> firstRequest = executor.submit(callable);
-    Future<HttpResponse> secondRequest = executor.submit(callable);
-
-    int count = 0;
-
-    while (count < 2) {
-      count += queue.clearQueue();
-    }
-
     try {
+      Callable<HttpResponse> callable =
+          () -> {
+            SessionRequest sessionRequest =
+                new SessionRequest(
+                    new RequestId(randomUUID()),
+                    Instant.now(),
+                    Set.of(W3C),
+                    Set.of(CAPS),
+                    Map.of(),
+                    Map.of());
+            return queue.addToQueue(sessionRequest);
+          };
+
+      Future<HttpResponse> firstRequest = executor.submit(callable);
+      Future<HttpResponse> secondRequest = executor.submit(callable);
+
+      int count = 0;
+
+      while (count < 2) {
+        count += queue.clearQueue();
+      }
+
       HttpResponse firstResponse = firstRequest.get(30, SECONDS);
       HttpResponse secondResponse = secondRequest.get(30, SECONDS);
 
-      assertEquals(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR, firstResponse.getStatus());
-      assertEquals(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR, secondResponse.getStatus());
-
-    } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException | TimeoutException e) {
-      fail("Could not create session");
+      assertThat(firstResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+      assertThat(secondResponse.getStatus()).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdownNow();
     }
-
-    executor.shutdownNow();
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -740,7 +708,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToReturnTheNextAvailableEntryThatMatchesAStereotype(
 
     SessionRequest expected =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "cheese", "se:kind", "smoked")),
@@ -750,7 +718,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToReturnTheNextAvailableEntryThatMatchesAStereotype(
 
     localQueue.injectIntoQueue(
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "peas", "se:kind", "mushy")),
@@ -762,6 +730,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToReturnTheNextAvailableEntryThatMatchesAStereotype(
 
     List<SessionRequest> returned = queue.getNextAvailable(stereotypes);
 
+    assertThat(returned).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(returned.get(0)).isEqualTo(expected);
   }
 
@@ -773,7 +742,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToReturnTheNextAvailableBatchThatMatchesStereotypes(
 
     SessionRequest firstSessionRequest =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "cheese", "se:kind", "smoked")),
@@ -782,7 +751,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToReturnTheNextAvailableBatchThatMatchesStereotypes(
 
     SessionRequest secondSessionRequest =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "peas", "se:kind", "smoked")),
@@ -791,7 +760,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToReturnTheNextAvailableBatchThatMatchesStereotypes(
 
     SessionRequest thirdSessionRequest =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "peas", "se:kind", "smoked")),
@@ -808,10 +777,10 @@ void shouldBeAbleToReturnTheNextAvailableBatchThatMatchesStereotypes(
 
     List<SessionRequest> returned = queue.getNextAvailable(stereotypes);
 
-    assertThat(returned.size()).isEqualTo(3);
-    assertTrue(returned.contains(firstSessionRequest));
-    assertTrue(returned.contains(secondSessionRequest));
-    assertTrue(returned.contains(thirdSessionRequest));
+    assertThat(returned).hasSize(3);
+    assertThat(returned).contains(firstSessionRequest);
+    assertThat(returned.contains(secondSessionRequest)).isTrue();
+    assertThat(returned.contains(thirdSessionRequest)).isTrue();
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest
@@ -825,7 +794,7 @@ void shouldNotReturnANextAvailableEntryThatDoesNotMatchTheStereotypes(
     // that doesn't match should be first in the queue.
     localQueue.injectIntoQueue(
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "peas", "se:kind", "mushy")),
@@ -834,7 +803,7 @@ void shouldNotReturnANextAvailableEntryThatDoesNotMatchTheStereotypes(
 
     SessionRequest expected =
         new SessionRequest(
-            new RequestId(UUID.randomUUID()),
+            new RequestId(randomUUID()),
             Instant.now(),
             Set.of(W3C),
             Set.of(new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "cheese", "se:kind", "smoked")),
@@ -847,6 +816,7 @@ void shouldNotReturnANextAvailableEntryThatDoesNotMatchTheStereotypes(
 
     List<SessionRequest> returned = queue.getNextAvailable(stereotypes);
 
+    assertThat(returned).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(returned.get(0)).isEqualTo(expected);
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/interactions/DragAndDropTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/interactions/DragAndDropTest.java
index 16579a729e0db..f866ac6a79618 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/interactions/DragAndDropTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/interactions/DragAndDropTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 package org.openqa.selenium.interactions;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.WaitingConditions.elementLocationToBe;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.CHROME;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.testing.drivers.Browser.FIREFOX;
@@ -131,17 +131,18 @@ void testDragTooFar() {
     driver.get(pages.dragAndDropPage);
     Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
 
-    try {
-      WebElement img = driver.findElement(By.id("test1"));
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () -> {
+              WebElement img = driver.findElement(By.id("test1"));
 
-      // Attempt to drag the image outside of the bounds of the page.
+              // Attempt to drag the image outside the bounds of the page.
+              actions.dragAndDropBy(img, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE).perform();
+            })
+        .as("These coordinates are outside the page - expected to fail.")
+        .isInstanceOf(MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException.class);
 
-      actions.dragAndDropBy(img, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE).perform();
-      fail("These coordinates are outside the page - expected to fail.");
-    } catch (MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException expected) {
-      // Release mouse button - move was interrupted in the middle.
-      new Actions(driver).release().perform();
-    }
+    // Release mouse button - move was interrupted in the middle.
+    new Actions(driver).release().perform();
   }
 
   @NoDriverAfterTest
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/javascript/ClosureTestStatement.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/javascript/ClosureTestStatement.java
index 05541d382ec18..7c81ef9246260 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/javascript/ClosureTestStatement.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/javascript/ClosureTestStatement.java
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.javascript;
 
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
-
 import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
 import java.net.URL;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@
 import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
 import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
-import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
 
 class ClosureTestStatement {
 
@@ -70,11 +67,7 @@ public void evaluate() throws Throwable {
     // Avoid Safari JS leak between tests.
     executor.executeScript("if (window && window.top) window.top.G_testRunner = null");
 
-    try {
-      driver.get(testUrl.toString());
-    } catch (WebDriverException e) {
-      fail("Test failed to load: " + e.getMessage());
-    }
+    driver.get(testUrl.toString());
 
     while (!getBoolean(executor, Query.IS_FINISHED)) {
       long elapsedTime = stopwatch.elapsed(TimeUnit.SECONDS);
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java
index 38c5938d706e0..7a784ec0c6636 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ void testGetCredentials() {
       } else if (Arrays.equals(credential.getId(), credential2Id)) {
         credential2 = credential;
       } else {
-        fail("Unrecognized credential id");
+        fail("Unrecognized credential id: " + Arrays.toString(credential.getId()));
       }
     }
 

From 2600e21edd7111179dca6fd6e3e76d0acf0bd7fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrei Solntsev <andrei.solntsev@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Dec 2025 23:37:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] use better AssertJ assertion for collection size

`assertThat($$.size()).isEqualTo(2)` -> `assertThat($$).hasSize(2)`
---
 .../org/openqa/selenium/ChildrenFindingTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../openqa/selenium/CookieImplementationTest.java  |  2 +-
 .../org/openqa/selenium/ElementFindingTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java  |  8 ++++----
 java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java      | 14 +++++++-------
 .../openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java | 12 ++++++------
 .../selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java     |  5 ++---
 .../bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java        |  3 +--
 .../selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java       |  8 ++++----
 .../selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java   | 10 +++++-----
 .../selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java |  4 ++--
 .../selenium/docker/client/ListImagesTest.java     |  4 ++--
 .../FederatedCredentialManagementTest.java         |  4 ++--
 .../grid/distributor/DistributorDrainingTest.java  |  4 ++--
 .../DistributorNodeAvailabilityTest.java           |  2 +-
 .../distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java    |  8 ++++----
 .../selenium/grid/node/relay/RelayOptionsTest.java |  2 +-
 .../grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java       |  2 +-
 .../org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java   |  4 ++--
 java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../openqa/selenium/print/PrintOptionsTest.java    |  6 +++---
 .../remote/WebElementToJsonConverterTest.java      |  4 ++--
 .../support/ui/ExpectedConditionsTest.java         | 10 ++++------
 .../VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java                  |  4 ++--
 26 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ChildrenFindingTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ChildrenFindingTest.java
index 58db7d00de0b8..80511d589b17f 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ChildrenFindingTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ChildrenFindingTest.java
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ void testFindingElementsOnElementByXPathShouldFindTopLevelElements() {
     WebElement parent = driver.findElement(By.id("multiline"));
     List<WebElement> allPs = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//p"));
     List<WebElement> children = parent.findElements(By.xpath("//p"));
-    assertThat(allPs.size()).isEqualTo(children.size());
+    assertThat(allPs).hasSize(children.size());
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CookieImplementationTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CookieImplementationTest.java
index ec1dbe3ffd2d4..cb1a1c1b9fbac 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CookieImplementationTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/CookieImplementationTest.java
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public void testGetAllCookies() {
 
     openAnotherPage();
     cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
-    assertThat(cookies.size()).isEqualTo(countBefore + 2);
+    assertThat(cookies).hasSize(countBefore + 2);
 
     assertThat(cookies.contains(one)).isTrue();
     assertThat(cookies.contains(two)).isTrue();
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ElementFindingTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ElementFindingTest.java
index 2fd7345c4174d..190be66f829bb 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ElementFindingTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/ElementFindingTest.java
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ void testShouldNotBeAbleToLocateByLinkTextMultipleElementsThatDoNotExist() {
   void testShouldBeAbleToFindMultipleElementsByPartialLinkText() {
     driver.get(pages.xhtmlTestPage);
     List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.partialLinkText("ick me"));
-    assertThat(elements.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(elements).hasSize(2);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
index 235c2b320762c..95fbd3620e908 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithArrayArgument() {
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("array");
     List<RemoteValue> values = (List<RemoteValue>) value.getValue().get();
-    assertThat(values.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(values).hasSize(2);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithSetArgument() {
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("set");
     List<RemoteValue> values = (List<RemoteValue>) value.getValue().get();
-    assertThat(values.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(values).hasSize(2);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithMapArgument() {
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("map");
 
     Map<Object, RemoteValue> values = (Map<Object, RemoteValue>) value.getValue().get();
-    assertThat(values.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(values).hasSize(2);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithObjectArgument() {
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("object");
 
     Map<Object, RemoteValue> values = (Map<Object, RemoteValue>) value.getValue().get();
-    assertThat(values.size()).isEqualTo(6);
+    assertThat(values).hasSize(6);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
index 788b91fe613bc..87febcaa75347 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptTest.java
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void canAddConsoleMessageHandler()
     ConsoleLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
     assertThat(logEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Hello, world!");
-    assertThat(logEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(logEntry.getArgs()).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(logEntry.getArgs().get(0).getType()).isEqualTo("string");
     assertThat(logEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("console");
     assertThat(logEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.INFO);
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
index ae347be1dd4c3..8c45898afd2a7 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void canLocateNodes() {
     LocateNodeParameters parameters = new LocateNodeParameters(Locator.css("div"));
 
     List<RemoteValue> elements = browsingContext.locateNodes(parameters);
-    assertThat(elements.size()).isEqualTo(13);
+    assertThat(elements).hasSize(13);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ void canLocateNodesWithJustLocator() {
     driver.get(pages.xhtmlTestPage);
 
     List<RemoteValue> elements = browsingContext.locateNodes(Locator.css("div"));
-    assertThat(elements.size()).isEqualTo(13);
+    assertThat(elements).hasSize(13);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ void canLocateNodesWithCSSLocator() {
     assertThat(value.getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
     NodeProperties properties = (NodeProperties) value.getValue().get();
     assertThat(properties.getLocalName().get()).isEqualTo("div");
-    assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get()).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get().get("class")).isEqualTo("content");
   }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ void canLocateNodesWithXPathLocator() {
     assertThat(value.getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
     NodeProperties properties = (NodeProperties) value.getValue().get();
     assertThat(properties.getLocalName().get()).isEqualTo("div");
-    assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get()).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get().get("class")).isEqualTo("content");
   }
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ void canLocateNodesWithMaxNodeCount() {
         new LocateNodeParameters(Locator.css("div")).setMaxNodeCount(4);
 
     List<RemoteValue> elements = browsingContext.locateNodes(parameters);
-    assertThat(elements.size()).isEqualTo(4);
+    assertThat(elements).hasSize(4);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ void canLocateNodesGivenStartNodes() {
             .setMaxNodeCount(50);
 
     List<RemoteValue> elements = browsingContext.locateNodes(parameters);
-    assertThat(elements.size()).isEqualTo(35);
+    assertThat(elements).hasSize(35);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ void canLocateNodesInAGivenSandbox() {
         new LocateNodeParameters(Locator.css("div")).setSandbox(sandbox).setMaxNodeCount(1);
 
     List<RemoteValue> elements = browsingContext.locateNodes(parameters);
-    assertThat(elements.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(elements).hasSize(1);
 
     String nodeId = elements.get(0).getSharedId().get();
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java
index cbe55e20e23e0..671634c04ae7f 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/log/LogInspectorTest.java
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void canListenToConsoleLog() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, Ti
       assertThat(source.getBrowsingContext().isPresent()).isTrue();
       assertThat(source.getRealm()).isNotNull();
       assertThat(logEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Hello, world!");
-      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs()).hasSize(1);
       assertThat(logEntry.getArgs().get(0).getType()).isEqualTo("string");
       assertThat(logEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("console");
       assertThat(logEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.INFO);
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ void canFilterConsoleLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, Tim
       ConsoleLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
       assertThat(logEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Hello, world!");
-      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs()).hasSize(1);
       assertThat(logEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("console");
       assertThat(logEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.INFO);
       assertThat(logEntry.getMethod()).isEqualTo("log");
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ void canFilterConsoleLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, Tim
       ConsoleLogEntry errorLogEntry = errorLogFuture.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
       assertThat(errorLogEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("I am console error");
-      assertThat(errorLogEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+      assertThat(errorLogEntry.getArgs()).hasSize(1);
       assertThat(errorLogEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("console");
       assertThat(errorLogEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.ERROR);
       assertThat(errorLogEntry.getMethod()).isEqualTo("error");
       assertThat(errorLogEntry.getStackTrace()).isNotNull();
-      assertThat(errorLogEntry.getStackTrace().getCallFrames().size()).isEqualTo(2);
+      assertThat(errorLogEntry.getStackTrace().getCallFrames()).hasSize(2);
     }
   }
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ void canFilterLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutExc
 
       ConsoleLogEntry consoleLogEntry = logEntry.getConsoleLogEntry().get();
       assertThat(consoleLogEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Hello, world!");
-      assertThat(consoleLogEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+      assertThat(consoleLogEntry.getArgs()).hasSize(1);
       assertThat(consoleLogEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("console");
       assertThat(consoleLogEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.INFO);
       assertThat(consoleLogEntry.getMethod()).isEqualTo("log");
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ void canListenToConsoleLogForABrowsingContext()
       ConsoleLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
       assertThat(logEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Hello, world!");
-      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs()).hasSize(1);
       assertThat(logEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("console");
       assertThat(logEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.INFO);
       assertThat(logEntry.getMethod()).isEqualTo("log");
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java
index 6ccfc5e69bf90..ac7485e8beec8 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkEventsTest.java
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ void canListenToResponseCompletedEventWithCookie()
       BeforeRequestSent requestSent = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
       String windowHandle = driver.getWindowHandle();
       assertThat(requestSent.getBrowsingContextId()).isEqualTo(windowHandle);
-      assertThat(requestSent.getRequest().getCookies().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+      assertThat(requestSent.getRequest().getCookies()).hasSize(1);
       assertThat(requestSent.getRequest().getCookies().get(0).getName()).isEqualTo("foo");
       assertThat(requestSent.getRequest().getCookies().get(0).getValue().getValue())
           .isEqualTo("bar");
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java
index e21c536b8a1f1..914f76ec38e10 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/CallFunctionParameterTest.java
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ void canCallFunctionWithArguments() {
       EvaluateResultSuccess successResult = (EvaluateResultSuccess) result;
       assertThat(successResult.getResult().getType()).isEqualTo("array");
       assertThat(successResult.getResult().getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
-      assertThat(((List<Object>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get()).size()).isEqualTo(2);
+      assertThat(((List<Object>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get())).hasSize(2);
     }
   }
 
@@ -339,8 +339,7 @@ void canCallFunctionThatThrowsException() {
       assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getText()).contains("SyntaxError:");
       assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getLineNumber()).isPositive();
       assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getColumnNumber()).isPositive();
-      assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames().size())
-          .isEqualTo(0);
+      assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames()).hasSize(0);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java
index a34c55d2aaf2b..686c2be3a9257 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/EvaluateParametersTest.java
@@ -119,8 +119,7 @@ void canEvaluateScriptThatThrowsException() {
       assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getException().getType()).isEqualTo("error");
       assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getText()).contains("SyntaxError:");
       assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getLineNumber()).isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(0);
-      assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames().size())
-          .isEqualTo(0);
+      assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames()).hasSize(0);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
index 9e1e92b237aba..aaa6798c1a196 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ void canCallFunctionWithArrayArgument() {
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getType()).isEqualTo("array");
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
     List<RemoteValue> resultValue = (List<RemoteValue>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get();
-    assertThat(resultValue.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(resultValue).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(resultValue.get(0).getType()).isEqualTo("string");
     assertThat((String) resultValue.get(0).getValue().get()).isEqualTo("foobar");
   }
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ void canCallFunctionWithSetArgument() {
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getType()).isEqualTo("set");
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
     List<RemoteValue> resultValue = (List<RemoteValue>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get();
-    assertThat(resultValue.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(resultValue).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(resultValue.get(0).getType()).isEqualTo("string");
     assertThat((String) resultValue.get(0).getValue().get()).isEqualTo("foobar");
   }
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ void canCallFunctionWithMapArgument() {
 
     Map<Object, RemoteValue> resultValue =
         (Map<Object, RemoteValue>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get();
-    assertThat(resultValue.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(resultValue).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(resultValue.get("foobar").getType()).isEqualTo("string");
   }
 
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ void canCallFunctionWithObjectArgument() {
 
     Map<Object, RemoteValue> resultValue =
         (Map<Object, RemoteValue>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get();
-    assertThat(resultValue.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(resultValue).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(resultValue.get("foobar").getType()).isEqualTo("string");
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
index 2d81b77d74e62..3e3e54f5f59cd 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ void canCallFunctionWithArguments() {
     EvaluateResultSuccess successResult = (EvaluateResultSuccess) result;
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getType()).isEqualTo("array");
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
-    assertThat(((List<Object>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get()).size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(((List<Object>) successResult.getResult().getValue().get())).hasSize(2);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ void canCallFunctionThatThrowsException() {
     assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getText()).contains("SyntaxError:");
     assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getLineNumber()).isPositive();
     assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getColumnNumber()).isPositive();
-    assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames().size()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames()).hasSize(0);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ void canEvaluateScriptThatThrowsException() {
     assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getException().getType()).isEqualTo("error");
     assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getText()).contains("SyntaxError:");
     assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getLineNumber()).isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(0);
-    assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames().size()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(exception.getExceptionDetails().getStacktrace().getCallFrames()).hasSize(0);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ void canGetAllRealms() {
     Script script = new Script(firstWindow, driver);
     List<RealmInfo> realms = script.getAllRealms();
 
-    assertThat(realms.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(realms).hasSize(2);
 
     RealmInfo firstWindowRealm = realms.get(0);
     assertThat(firstWindowRealm.getRealmType()).isEqualTo(RealmType.WINDOW);
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ void canGetRealmByType() {
     Script script = new Script(firstWindow, driver);
     List<RealmInfo> realms = script.getRealmsByType(RealmType.WINDOW);
 
-    assertThat(realms.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(realms).hasSize(2);
 
     RealmInfo firstWindowRealm = realms.get(0);
     assertThat(firstWindowRealm.getRealmType()).isEqualTo(RealmType.WINDOW);
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java
index 63f3349c55acb..0efa1040fc106 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ key, new BytesValue(BytesValue.Type.STRING, value), appServer.getHostName()),
 
     GetCookiesResult result1 = storage.getCookies(params1);
 
-    assertThat(result1.getCookies().size()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(result1.getCookies()).hasSize(0);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ public void canGetAllCookies() {
 
     openAnotherPage();
     result = storage.getCookies(params);
-    assertThat(result.getCookies().size()).isEqualTo(countBefore + 2);
+    assertThat(result.getCookies()).hasSize(countBefore + 2);
 
     assertThat(result.getCookies().get(0).getName().contains(key1)).isTrue();
     assertThat(result.getCookies().get(1).getName().contains(key2)).isTrue();
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/docker/client/ListImagesTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/docker/client/ListImagesTest.java
index 5a117d06b77b0..dce98ed227ff6 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/docker/client/ListImagesTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/docker/client/ListImagesTest.java
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void shouldHandleApi144ResponseWithoutVirtualSize() {
     // Test with API 1.44 - should handle missing VirtualSize gracefully
     Set<Image> images = new ListImages(handler, "1.44").apply(reference);
 
-    assertThat(images.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(images).hasSize(1);
     Image image = images.iterator().next();
 
     assertThat(image.getId())
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ private void testListImages(String apiVersion) {
     // Test with specified API version
     Set<Image> images = new ListImages(handler, apiVersion).apply(reference);
 
-    assertThat(images.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(images).hasSize(1);
     Image image = images.iterator().next();
 
     assertThat(image.getId())
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/federatedcredentialmanagement/FederatedCredentialManagementTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/federatedcredentialmanagement/FederatedCredentialManagementTest.java
index ee9a6658cd338..af87a5d01401d 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/federatedcredentialmanagement/FederatedCredentialManagementTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/federatedcredentialmanagement/FederatedCredentialManagementTest.java
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ void testSelectAccount() {
     assertThat(dialog.getDialogType()).isEqualTo("AccountChooser");
 
     List<FederatedCredentialManagementAccount> accountList = dialog.getAccounts();
-    assertThat(accountList.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(accountList).hasSize(2);
     dialog.selectAccount(1);
   }
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ void testGetAccounts() {
     assertThat(dialog.getDialogType()).isEqualTo("AccountChooser");
 
     List<FederatedCredentialManagementAccount> accountList = dialog.getAccounts();
-    assertThat(accountList.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(accountList).hasSize(2);
 
     FederatedCredentialManagementAccount account1 = accountList.get(0);
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorDrainingTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorDrainingTest.java
index 5bcbb4c227d6b..166799e5ab9df 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorDrainingTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorDrainingTest.java
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ void drainedNodeDoesNotShutDownIfNotEmpty() throws InterruptedException {
 
     assertThat(latch.getCount()).isEqualTo(1);
 
-    assertThat(local.getStatus().getNodes().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(local.getStatus().getNodes()).hasSize(1);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void drainedNodeShutsDownAfterSessionsFinish() throws InterruptedException {
 
     local.drain(node.getId());
 
-    assertThat(local.getStatus().getNodes().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(local.getStatus().getNodes()).hasSize(1);
 
     node.stop(firstResponse.right().getSession().getId());
     node.stop(secondResponse.right().getSession().getId());
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorNodeAvailabilityTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorNodeAvailabilityTest.java
index decce9a583849..54eb595844ea1 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorNodeAvailabilityTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/DistributorNodeAvailabilityTest.java
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ void registeringTheSameNodeMultipleTimesOnlyCountsTheFirstTime() {
 
     DistributorStatus status = local.getStatus();
 
-    assertThat(status.getNodes().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(status.getNodes()).hasSize(1);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java
index 7d3a1c66c42be..569e85aa19f06 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/distributor/local/LocalDistributorTest.java
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ void testAddNodeToDistributor() {
 
     // Check the size
     final Set<NodeStatus> nodes = status.getNodes();
-    assertThat(nodes.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(nodes).hasSize(1);
 
     // Check a couple attributes
     NodeStatus distributorNode = nodes.iterator().next();
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ void testRemoveNodeFromDistributor() {
     // Check the size
     DistributorStatus statusBefore = distributor.getStatus();
     final Set<NodeStatus> nodesBefore = statusBefore.getNodes();
-    assertThat(nodesBefore.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(nodesBefore).hasSize(1);
 
     // Recheck the status--should be zero
     distributor.remove(localNode.getId());
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ void testAddSameNodeTwice() {
 
     // Should only be one node after dupe check
     final Set<NodeStatus> nodes = status.getNodes();
-    assertThat(nodes.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(nodes).hasSize(1);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ void testDrainNodeFromDistributor() {
     // Check the size - there should be one node
     DistributorStatus statusBefore = distributor.getStatus();
     Set<NodeStatus> nodesBefore = statusBefore.getNodes();
-    assertThat(nodesBefore.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(nodesBefore).hasSize(1);
     NodeStatus nodeBefore = nodesBefore.iterator().next();
     assertThat(nodeBefore.getAvailability()).isNotEqualTo(DRAINING);
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/relay/RelayOptionsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/relay/RelayOptionsTest.java
index e376c13e41fc4..d41ca265309af 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/relay/RelayOptionsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/node/relay/RelayOptionsTest.java
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ void basicConfigurationIsParsedSuccessfully() {
             .findFirst()
             .orElseThrow(() -> new AssertionError("No value returned"));
 
-    assertThat(sessionFactories.get(chrome).size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(sessionFactories.get(chrome)).hasSize(2);
     assertThat(relayOptions.getServiceUri().toString()).isEqualTo("http://localhost:9999");
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java
index 0f39085c825a6..3104b66e4231a 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/RemoteWebDriverBiDiTest.java
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ void canListenToLogs() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutE
       assertThat(source.getBrowsingContext().isPresent()).isTrue();
       assertThat(source.getRealm()).isNotNull();
       assertThat(logEntry.getText()).isEqualTo("Hello, world!");
-      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs().size()).isEqualTo(1);
+      assertThat(logEntry.getArgs()).hasSize(1);
       assertThat(logEntry.getType()).isEqualTo("console");
       assertThat(logEntry.getLevel()).isEqualTo(LogLevel.INFO);
       assertThat(logEntry.getMethod()).isEqualTo("log");
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java
index 10d246d431b8f..c368d69524b9b 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ void whenConvertingObjectsContainingClassesDoNotBeNoisy() {
 
     JsonObject converted = JsonParser.parseString(json).getAsJsonObject();
 
-    assertThat(converted.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(converted).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(converted.getAsJsonPrimitive("thing").getAsString())
         .isEqualTo(SimpleBean.class.getName());
   }
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ void shouldNotWriteOptionalsThatAreNotPresentToAList() {
 
     JsonArray converted = JsonParser.parseString(json).getAsJsonArray();
 
-    assertThat(converted.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(converted).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(converted.get(0).getAsString()).isEqualTo("cheese");
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonTest.java
index 3c9be8c689b12..5e6a2eca6f6f0 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonTest.java
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ void canPopulateAMapThatContainsNull() {
     String raw = "{\"foo\": null}";
 
     Map<?, ?> converted = new Json().toType(raw, Map.class);
-    assertThat(converted.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(converted).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(converted.containsKey("foo")).isTrue();
     assertThat(converted.get("foo")).isNull();
   }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/print/PrintOptionsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/print/PrintOptionsTest.java
index fa8f5e6808c43..684ce30bcdc5d 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/print/PrintOptionsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/print/PrintOptionsTest.java
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ void toMapContainsProperKey() {
     printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
 
     Map<String, Object> map = printOptions.toMap();
-    assertThat(map.size()).isEqualTo(7);
+    assertThat(map).hasSize(7);
     assertThat(map.containsKey("page")).isTrue();
     assertThat(map.containsKey("orientation")).isTrue();
     assertThat(map.containsKey("scale")).isTrue();
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ void toMapContainsProperKey() {
     assertThat(map.containsKey("margin")).isTrue();
 
     Map<String, Double> margin = (Map<String, Double>) map.get("margin");
-    assertThat(margin.size()).isEqualTo(4);
+    assertThat(margin).hasSize(4);
     Map<String, Double> page = (Map<String, Double>) map.get("page");
-    assertThat(page.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(page).hasSize(2);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/WebElementToJsonConverterTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/WebElementToJsonConverterTest.java
index 5aa83cdbde6c1..5a9e1ce7e4201 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/WebElementToJsonConverterTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/WebElementToJsonConverterTest.java
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ void convertsANestedMap() {
     assertThat(map.get("nested")).isInstanceOf(Map.class);
 
     map = (Map<String, Object>) map.get("nested");
-    assertThat(map.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(map).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(map.get("bugs")).isEqualTo("bunny");
   }
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ void convertsAMapWithAWebElement() {
     assertThat(value).isInstanceOf(Map.class);
 
     Map<String, Object> map = (Map<String, Object>) value;
-    assertThat(map.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(map).hasSize(1);
     assertIsWebElementObject(map.get("one"), "abc123");
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/ui/ExpectedConditionsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/ui/ExpectedConditionsTest.java
index d7cccb7616a38..2925f8690049f 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/ui/ExpectedConditionsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/ui/ExpectedConditionsTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoInteractions;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static org.openqa.selenium.By.cssSelector;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.and;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.attributeContains;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions.attributeToBe;
@@ -767,8 +768,7 @@ void waitingForSpecificNumberOfElementsMoreThanSpecifiedPositive() {
     String testSelector = "testSelector";
     when(mockDriver.findElements(By.cssSelector(testSelector)))
         .thenReturn(Arrays.asList(mockElement, mockElement));
-    assertThat(wait.until(numberOfElementsToBeMoreThan(By.cssSelector(testSelector), 1)).size())
-        .isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(wait.until(numberOfElementsToBeMoreThan(cssSelector(testSelector), 1))).hasSize(2);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -786,8 +786,7 @@ void waitingForSpecificNumberOfElementsLessThanSpecifiedPositive() {
     String testSelector = "testSelector";
     when(mockDriver.findElements(By.cssSelector(testSelector)))
         .thenReturn(singletonList(mockElement));
-    assertThat(wait.until(numberOfElementsToBeLessThan(By.cssSelector(testSelector), 2)).size())
-        .isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(wait.until(numberOfElementsToBeLessThan(cssSelector(testSelector), 2))).hasSize(1);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -795,8 +794,7 @@ void waitingForSpecificNumberOfElementsPositive() {
     String testSelector = "testSelector";
     when(mockDriver.findElements(By.cssSelector(testSelector)))
         .thenReturn(Arrays.asList(mockElement, mockElement));
-    assertThat(wait.until(numberOfElementsToBe(By.cssSelector(testSelector), 2)).size())
-        .isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(wait.until(numberOfElementsToBe(cssSelector(testSelector), 2))).hasSize(2);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java
index 7a784ec0c6636..0045ab67ae507 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/virtualauthenticator/VirtualAuthenticatorTest.java
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ void testAddNonResidentCredential() {
     authenticator.addCredential(credential);
 
     List<Credential> credentialList = authenticator.getCredentials();
-    assertThat(credentialList.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(credentialList).hasSize(1);
     Credential retrievedCredential = credentialList.get(0);
     assertThat(retrievedCredential.getId()).isEqualTo(credentialId);
   }
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ void testGetCredentials() {
 
     // Retrieve the two credentials.
     List<Credential> credentials = authenticator.getCredentials();
-    assertThat(credentials.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(credentials).hasSize(2);
 
     Credential credential1 = null;
     Credential credential2 = null;

From d9d9a0d90e467faec48d08501dd7128088438947 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrei Solntsev <andrei.solntsev@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 00:07:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] use better AssertJ assertion for Optionals and
 AtomicIntegers

`assertThat(X.get()).isEqualTo(2)` -> `assertThat(X).hasValue(2)`
---
 .../openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java   | 14 +++++++-------
 .../BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java           |  2 +-
 .../bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java   |  4 ++--
 .../bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java       |  2 +-
 .../selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java         |  4 ++--
 .../selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java  |  5 ++---
 .../bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java       |  2 +-
 .../openqa/selenium/concurrent/LazyTest.java    | 10 +++++-----
 .../grid/router/ProxyWebsocketTest.java         |  6 +++---
 .../openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../selenium/netty/server/NettyServerTest.java  |  4 ++--
 .../openqa/selenium/remote/RemotableByTest.java | 17 ++++++-----------
 .../remote/RemoteWebDriverBuilderTest.java      |  8 ++++----
 .../openqa/selenium/remote/http/FilterTest.java |  6 +++---
 .../selenium/remote/http/PrefixedRouteTest.java | 10 +++++-----
 .../selenium/remote/http/RetryRequestTest.java  | 16 ++++++++--------
 .../remote/internal/WebSocketTestBase.java      |  4 ++--
 .../events/EventFiringDecoratorTest.java        |  2 +-
 19 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
index 95fbd3620e908..9138b2774c549 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/WebScriptExecuteTest.java
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithMinusZeroArgument() {
                 "-0");
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("number");
-    assertThat(value.getValue().get()).isEqualTo("-0");
+    assertThat(value.getValue()).hasValue("-0");
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithInfinityArgument() {
                 "Infinity");
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("number");
-    assertThat(value.getValue().get()).isEqualTo("Infinity");
+    assertThat(value.getValue()).hasValue("Infinity");
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithMinusInfinityArgument() {
                 "-Infinity");
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("number");
-    assertThat(value.getValue().get()).isEqualTo("-Infinity");
+    assertThat(value.getValue()).hasValue("-Infinity");
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithNumberArgument() {
                 1.4);
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("number");
-    assertThat(value.getValue().get()).isEqualTo(1.4);
+    assertThat(value.getValue()).hasValue(1.4);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithIntegerArgument() {
                 1);
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("number");
-    assertThat(value.getValue().get()).isEqualTo(1L);
+    assertThat(value.getValue()).hasValue(1L);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithBooleanArgument() {
                 true);
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("boolean");
-    assertThat(value.getValue().get()).isEqualTo(true);
+    assertThat(value.getValue()).hasValue(true);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ void canExecuteScriptWithBigIntArgument() {
                 BigInteger.valueOf(42L));
 
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("bigint");
-    assertThat(value.getValue().get()).isEqualTo("42");
+    assertThat(value.getValue()).hasValue("42");
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java
index 2119aaac67bdc..1d6f6afb3bab4 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/BrowsingContextInspectorTest.java
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ void canListenToUserPromptClosedEvent()
       UserPromptClosed userPromptClosed = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
       assertThat(userPromptClosed.getBrowsingContextId()).isEqualTo(context.getId());
       assertThat(userPromptClosed.getUserText().isPresent()).isTrue();
-      assertThat(userPromptClosed.getUserText().get()).isEqualTo("selenium");
+      assertThat(userPromptClosed.getUserText()).hasValue("selenium");
       assertThat(userPromptClosed.getAccepted()).isTrue();
     }
   }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
index 8c45898afd2a7..c92026625aa90 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/browsingcontext/LocateNodesTest.java
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ void canLocateNodesWithCSSLocator() {
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("node");
     assertThat(value.getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
     NodeProperties properties = (NodeProperties) value.getValue().get();
-    assertThat(properties.getLocalName().get()).isEqualTo("div");
+    assertThat(properties.getLocalName()).hasValue("div");
     assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get()).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get().get("class")).isEqualTo("content");
   }
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ void canLocateNodesWithXPathLocator() {
     assertThat(value.getType()).isEqualTo("node");
     assertThat(value.getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
     NodeProperties properties = (NodeProperties) value.getValue().get();
-    assertThat(properties.getLocalName().get()).isEqualTo("div");
+    assertThat(properties.getLocalName()).hasValue("div");
     assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get()).hasSize(1);
     assertThat(properties.getAttributes().get().get("class")).isEqualTo("content");
   }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
index be1d3667aa62a..c7d4c6b71c4bc 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/network/NetworkCommandsTest.java
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ void canCancelAuth() throws InterruptedException {
       }
 
       latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-      assertThat(status.get()).isEqualTo(401);
+      assertThat(status).hasValue(401);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
index aaa6798c1a196..14fce31c5e47d 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/LocalValueTest.java
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ void canCallFunctionWithDateArgument() {
     EvaluateResultSuccess successResult = (EvaluateResultSuccess) result;
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getType()).isEqualTo("date");
     assertThat(successResult.getResult().getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
-    assertThat(successResult.getResult().getValue().get()).isEqualTo("2022-05-31T13:47:29.000Z");
+    assertThat(successResult.getResult().getValue()).hasValue("2022-05-31T13:47:29.000Z");
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
index 3e3e54f5f59cd..258a98c59622d 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptCommandsTest.java
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ void canAddPreloadScriptInASandbox() {
         script.evaluateFunctionInBrowsingContext(
             driver.getWindowHandle(), "sandbox", "window.bar", true, Optional.empty());
     assertThat(result.getResultType()).isEqualTo(EvaluateResult.Type.SUCCESS);
-    assertThat(((EvaluateResultSuccess) result).getResult().getValue().get()).isEqualTo(2L);
+    assertThat(((EvaluateResultSuccess) result).getResult().getValue()).hasValue(2L);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ void canRemovePreloadedScript() {
         script.evaluateFunctionInBrowsingContext(
             driver.getWindowHandle(), "window.bar", true, Optional.empty());
     assertThat(result.getResultType()).isEqualTo(EvaluateResult.Type.SUCCESS);
-    assertThat(((EvaluateResultSuccess) result).getResult().getValue().get()).isEqualTo(2L);
+    assertThat(((EvaluateResultSuccess) result).getResult().getValue()).hasValue(2L);
 
     script.removePreloadScript(id);
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java
index 9f60bb1c09a66..354d7a6f510d1 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/script/ScriptEventsTest.java
@@ -57,11 +57,10 @@ void canListenToChannelMessage()
       assertThat(message.getChannel()).isEqualTo("channel_name");
       assertThat(message.getData().getType()).isEqualTo("string");
       assertThat(message.getData().getValue().isPresent()).isTrue();
-      assertThat(message.getData().getValue().get()).isEqualTo("foo");
+      assertThat(message.getData().getValue()).hasValue("foo");
       assertThat(message.getSource().getRealm()).isNotNull();
       assertThat(message.getSource().getBrowsingContext().isPresent()).isTrue();
-      assertThat(message.getSource().getBrowsingContext().get())
-          .isEqualTo(driver.getWindowHandle());
+      assertThat(message.getSource().getBrowsingContext()).hasValue(driver.getWindowHandle());
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java
index 0efa1040fc106..0aa67cf337d73 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/bidi/storage/StorageCommandsTest.java
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ public void canAddAndGetCookie() {
     assertThat(resultCookie.isSecure()).isEqualTo(false);
     assertThat(resultCookie.getSameSite())
         .isEqualTo(org.openqa.selenium.bidi.network.Cookie.SameSite.LAX);
-    assertThat(resultCookie.getExpiry().get()).isEqualTo(expiry);
+    assertThat(resultCookie.getExpiry()).hasValue(expiry);
     assertThat(key.getSourceOrigin()).isNotNull();
     assertThat(key.getUserContext()).isNotNull();
     assertThat(key.getUserContext()).isEqualTo("default");
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/concurrent/LazyTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/concurrent/LazyTest.java
index 2a4ee77846ec2..4ef92324b5946 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/concurrent/LazyTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/concurrent/LazyTest.java
@@ -29,20 +29,20 @@ public class LazyTest {
 
   @Test
   void trivialCase() {
-    Lazy expression = Lazy.lazy(() -> "constant");
+    Lazy<String> expression = Lazy.lazy(() -> "constant");
     assertThat(expression.get()).isEqualTo("constant");
     assertThat(expression.getIfInitialized()).contains("constant");
   }
 
   @Test
   void getIfInitialized_returnsNothing_ifNotInitializedYet() {
-    Lazy expression = Lazy.lazy(() -> "value#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
+    Lazy<String> expression = Lazy.lazy(() -> "value#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
     assertThat(expression.getIfInitialized()).isEmpty();
   }
 
   @Test
   void lazyEvaluatedExpression() {
-    Lazy expression = Lazy.lazy(() -> "value#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
+    Lazy<String> expression = Lazy.lazy(() -> "value#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
     assertThat(expression.get()).isEqualTo("value#1");
     assertThat(expression.get()).isEqualTo("value#1");
     assertThat(expression.getIfInitialized()).contains("value#1");
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ void lazyEvaluatedExpression() {
 
   @Test
   void differentLazyInstances_produce_differentValues() {
-    Lazy expression1 = Lazy.lazy(() -> "one#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
-    Lazy expression2 = Lazy.lazy(() -> "two#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
+    Lazy<String> expression1 = Lazy.lazy(() -> "one#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
+    Lazy<String> expression2 = Lazy.lazy(() -> "two#" + counter.incrementAndGet());
     assertThat(expression1.get()).isEqualTo("one#1");
     assertThat(expression1.getIfInitialized()).contains("one#1");
     assertThat(expression2.getIfInitialized()).isEmpty();
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/ProxyWebsocketTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/ProxyWebsocketTest.java
index 54ffd00c75873..7860eb16d97cb 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/ProxyWebsocketTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/grid/router/ProxyWebsocketTest.java
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ void shouldForwardTextMessageToServer(Supplier<String> values)
       socket.sendText("Cheese!");
 
       assertThat(latch.await(5, SECONDS)).isTrue();
-      assertThat(text.get()).isEqualTo("Cheese!");
+      assertThat(text).hasValue("Cheese!");
     }
   }
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ public void onText(CharSequence data) {
       socket.sendText("Cheese!");
 
       assertThat(latch.await(5, SECONDS)).isTrue();
-      assertThat(text.get()).isEqualTo("Asiago");
+      assertThat(text).hasValue("Asiago");
     }
   }
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ public void onText(CharSequence data) {
       socket.sendText("Cheese!");
 
       assertThat(latch.await(5, SECONDS)).isTrue();
-      assertThat(text.get()).isEqualTo("Cheddar");
+      assertThat(text).hasValue("Cheddar");
     }
 
     secureProxyServer.stop();
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java
index c368d69524b9b..d567e834c06e5 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/json/JsonOutputTest.java
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ void whenConvertingObjectsContainingClassesDoNotBeNoisy() {
 
     JsonObject converted = JsonParser.parseString(json).getAsJsonObject();
 
-    assertThat(converted).hasSize(1);
+    assertThat(converted.size()).isEqualTo(1);
     assertThat(converted.getAsJsonPrimitive("thing").getAsString())
         .isEqualTo(SimpleBean.class.getName());
   }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/netty/server/NettyServerTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/netty/server/NettyServerTest.java
index fd110c233e80e..d911e7cc8f875 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/netty/server/NettyServerTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/netty/server/NettyServerTest.java
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ void ensureMultipleCallsWorkAsExpected() {
 
     HttpResponse res = client.execute(new HttpRequest(GET, "/does-not-matter"));
     outputHeaders(res);
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(1);
 
     client.execute(new HttpRequest(GET, "/does-not-matter"));
     outputHeaders(res);
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(2);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemotableByTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemotableByTest.java
index df526e46efa0d..9369dc1581265 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemotableByTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemotableByTest.java
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.remote;
 
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap.of;
 import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.ErrorCodes.SUCCESS_STRING;
 
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ void shouldCallW3CLocatorWithW3CParameters() {
             });
     driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#foo"));
 
-    assertThat(parameters.get())
-        .isEqualTo(ImmutableMap.of("using", "css selector", "value", "#foo"));
+    assertThat(parameters).hasValue(of("using", "css selector", "value", "#foo"));
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -79,8 +78,7 @@ public List<WebElement> findElements(SearchContext context) {
           }
         });
 
-    assertThat(parameters.get())
-        .isEqualTo(ImmutableMap.of("using", "css selector", "value", "#foo"));
+    assertThat(parameters).hasValue(of("using", "css selector", "value", "#foo"));
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -108,8 +106,7 @@ public List<WebElement> findElements(SearchContext context) {
 
     driver.findElement(new CustomBy());
 
-    assertThat(parameters.get())
-        .isEqualTo(ImmutableMap.of("using", "magic", "value", "abracadabra"));
+    assertThat(parameters).hasValue(of("using", "magic", "value", "abracadabra"));
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -138,8 +135,7 @@ public List<WebElement> findElements(SearchContext context) {
 
     driver.findElement(new CustomBy());
 
-    assertThat(parameters.get())
-        .isEqualTo(ImmutableMap.of("using", "css selector", "value", "not-magic"));
+    assertThat(parameters).hasValue(of("using", "css selector", "value", "not-magic"));
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -192,8 +188,7 @@ public Parameters getRemoteParameters() {
     driver.findElement(new CustomBy("two"));
     driver.findElement(new CustomBy("three"));
 
-    assertThat(parameters.get())
-        .isEqualTo(ImmutableMap.of("using", "css selector", "value", "three"));
+    assertThat(parameters).hasValue(of("using", "css selector", "value", "three"));
   }
 
   private Response createResponse(Object value) {
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemoteWebDriverBuilderTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemoteWebDriverBuilderTest.java
index f008d1fb5c86f..a365b9e7b9038 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemoteWebDriverBuilderTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/RemoteWebDriverBuilderTest.java
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ void ifARemoteUrlIsGivenThatIsUsedForTheSession() {
                 })
         .build();
 
-    assertThat(seen.get()).isEqualTo(uri);
+    assertThat(seen).hasValue(uri);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ public URL getUrl() {
             })
         .build();
 
-    assertThat(seen.get()).isEqualTo(uri);
+    assertThat(seen).hasValue(uri);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToSetClientConfigDirectly() {
             })
         .build();
 
-    assertThat(seen.get()).isEqualTo(uri);
+    assertThat(seen).hasValue(uri);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ void shouldSetRemoteHostUriOnClientConfigIfSet() {
             })
         .build();
 
-    assertThat(seen.get()).isEqualTo(uri);
+    assertThat(seen).hasValue(uri);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/FilterTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/FilterTest.java
index 6c5aff54a6571..e24732a4c400f 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/FilterTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/FilterTest.java
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ void eachFilterShouldOnlyBeCalledOnce() {
 
     root.execute(new HttpRequest(GET, "/cheese"));
 
-    assertThat(rootCalls.get()).isEqualTo(1);
-    assertThat(filterOneCount.get()).isEqualTo(1);
-    assertThat(filterTwoCount.get()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(rootCalls).hasValue(1);
+    assertThat(filterOneCount).hasValue(1);
+    assertThat(filterTwoCount).hasValue(1);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/PrefixedRouteTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/PrefixedRouteTest.java
index 834e4745b97da..c7a5d51c0efd2 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/PrefixedRouteTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/PrefixedRouteTest.java
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
 
 package org.openqa.selenium.remote.http;
 
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
 import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpMethod.GET;
 
-import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ void pathWhichDoesMatchHasPrefixAsAttributeWhenHandling() {
 
     route.execute(new HttpRequest(GET, "/cheese/and/peas"));
 
-    assertThat(path.get()).isEqualTo("/and/peas");
-    assertThat(parts.get()).isEqualTo(singletonList("/cheese"));
+    assertThat(path).hasValue("/and/peas");
+    assertThat(parts).hasValue(singletonList("/cheese"));
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ void nestingPrefixesAlsoCausesPathStoredInAttributeToBeExtended() {
 
     route.execute(new HttpRequest(GET, "/cheese/and/peas"));
 
-    assertThat(path.get()).isEqualTo("/peas");
-    assertThat(parts.get()).isEqualTo(Arrays.asList("/cheese", "/and"));
+    assertThat(path).hasValue("/peas");
+    assertThat(parts).hasValue(asList("/cheese", "/and"));
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/RetryRequestTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/RetryRequestTest.java
index a2fd87ccb020e..7c0ec902a90db 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/RetryRequestTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/http/RetryRequestTest.java
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToHandleARequest() {
 
     assertThat(response).extracting(HttpResponse::getStatus).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
 
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(1);
     server.stop();
   }
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToRetryARequestOnInternalServerError() {
     HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
 
     assertThat(response).extracting(HttpResponse::getStatus).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(3);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(3);
 
     server.stop();
   }
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ void shouldNotRetryRequestOnInternalServerErrorWithContent() {
     HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
 
     assertThat(response).extracting(HttpResponse::getStatus).isEqualTo(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(1);
 
     server.stop();
   }
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ void shouldRetryRequestOnServerUnavailableError() {
         new HttpRequest(GET, String.format(REQUEST_PATH, uri.getHost(), uri.getPort()));
     HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
     assertThat(response).extracting(HttpResponse::getStatus).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(3);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(3);
 
     server.stop();
   }
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ void shouldGetTheErrorResponseOnServerUnavailableError() {
     HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
 
     assertThat(response).extracting(HttpResponse::getStatus).isEqualTo(HTTP_UNAVAILABLE);
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(3);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(3);
 
     server.stop();
   }
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ void shouldBeAbleToRetryARequestOnConnectionFailure() {
     HttpResponse response = handler.execute(request);
 
     assertThat(response).extracting(HttpResponse::getStatus).isEqualTo(HTTP_OK);
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(3);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(3);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ void shouldRethrowOnConnectFailure() {
         Assertions.assertThrows(
             UncheckedIOException.class, () -> handler.execute(new HttpRequest(GET, "/")));
     assertThat(thrown).isSameAs(lastThrown.get());
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(4);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(4);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -351,6 +351,6 @@ void shouldDeliverUnmodifiedServerErrors() {
                 });
 
     assertThat(handler.execute(new HttpRequest(GET, "/"))).isSameAs(lastResponse.get());
-    assertThat(count.get()).isEqualTo(3);
+    assertThat(count).hasValue(3);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/internal/WebSocketTestBase.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/internal/WebSocketTestBase.java
index de71f4489cb9a..754126ba27576 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/internal/WebSocketTestBase.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/remote/internal/WebSocketTestBase.java
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public void onText(CharSequence data) {
       assertThat(latch.await(10, SECONDS)).isTrue();
     }
 
-    assertThat(message.get()).isEqualTo("Hello, World!");
+    assertThat(message).hasValue("Hello, World!");
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ public void onBinary(byte[] data) {
       assertThat(latch.await(10, SECONDS)).isTrue();
     }
 
-    assertThat(message.get()).isEqualTo("brie".getBytes(UTF_8));
+    assertThat(message).hasValue("brie".getBytes(UTF_8));
   }
 
   private static BaseServerOptions defaultOptions() {
diff --git a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/events/EventFiringDecoratorTest.java b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/events/EventFiringDecoratorTest.java
index 1f98f4cc2159a..5863ea926e91f 100644
--- a/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/events/EventFiringDecoratorTest.java
+++ b/java/test/org/openqa/selenium/support/events/EventFiringDecoratorTest.java
@@ -1349,6 +1349,6 @@ public void beforeAnyCall(Object target, Method method, Object[] args) {
     RemoteWebDriver rem =
         new EventFiringDecorator<>(RemoteWebDriver.class, listener).decorate(originalDriver);
     rem.get("http://localhost:4444");
-    assertThat(invocationCount.get()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(invocationCount).hasValue(1);
   }
 }