script: support BIP-388 wallet policies rendering

[rxbryan]

Currently, Bitcoin Core has no support for generating BIP-388 wallet policies from descriptors. Hardware signing devices use these policies to display spending conditions before signing.

This PR adds wallet_policy_template and wallet_policy_keys to the getdescriptorinfo RPC response for BIP-388 policy-compatible multipath <M;N>/* descriptors. Per Sjors's comment on bitcoin#32659, getdescriptorinfo is the recommended place to start.

The bulk of the work is in src/script/descriptor.cpp.

• Introduces three new virtual methods ToTemplateString, GetDerivationIndex, GetKeyOrigins in PubkeyProvider.
• Introduces two new virtual method BuildWalletPolicy and BuildWalletPolicyTemplate in DescriptorImpl.
• A new ParseDescriptorInfo() centralizes descriptor analysis and returns a structured DescriptorInfo, so the Bitcoin Core GUI and external signer tooling can reuse it.

Supported: pkh, wpkh, sh, wsh, tr, multi, sortedmulti, multi_a, sortedmulti_a. tr() may use musig() in the keypath or script leaves.

• Miniscript support for wsh and tr
• Key deduplication and disjointness checks for all keys, including MuSig participant and aggregate keys
• Test coverage for the BIP-388 spec vectors, including negative cases for repeated keys, non-disjoint multipath expressions, and derivation-before-aggregation in musig()

Examples:

./build/bin/bitcoin-cli -regtest getdescriptorinfo   "tr([6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/<0;1>/*,{sortedmulti_a(1,[6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/<2;3>/*,[a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDCJjvYf4BeLDy1o2qEJ4cyuqSDvEr3PmygtzYgQRGA6KuV2djdXw2Sq8x9F34KYHM8V5eRdmhXuagaEzbsvroj2k1CKcjcFC3ouvRRkBgZA/<0;1>/*),pk([a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth/<0;1>/*)})"

{
  "descriptor": "tr([6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/0/*,{sortedmulti_a(1,[6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/2/*,[a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDCJjvYf4BeLDy1o2qEJ4cyuqSDvEr3PmygtzYgQRGA6KuV2djdXw2Sq8x9F34KYHM8V5eRdmhXuagaEzbsvroj2k1CKcjcFC3ouvRRkBgZA/0/*),pk([a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth/0/*)})#e7m79gm2",
  "multipath_expansion": [
    "tr([6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/0/*,{sortedmulti_a(1,[6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/2/*,[a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDCJjvYf4BeLDy1o2qEJ4cyuqSDvEr3PmygtzYgQRGA6KuV2djdXw2Sq8x9F34KYHM8V5eRdmhXuagaEzbsvroj2k1CKcjcFC3ouvRRkBgZA/0/*),pk([a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth/0/*)})#e7m79gm2",
    "tr([6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/1/*,{sortedmulti_a(1,[6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx/3/*,[a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDCJjvYf4BeLDy1o2qEJ4cyuqSDvEr3PmygtzYgQRGA6KuV2djdXw2Sq8x9F34KYHM8V5eRdmhXuagaEzbsvroj2k1CKcjcFC3ouvRRkBgZA/1/*),pk([a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth/1/*)})#x7w2qh8j"
  ],
  "checksum": "lu9vfk4s",
  "isrange": true,
  "issolvable": true,
  "hasprivatekeys": false,
  "wallet_policy_template": "tr(@0/**,{sortedmulti_a(1,@0/<2;3>/*,@1/**),pk(@2/**)})",
  "wallet_policy_keys": [
    "[6738736c/86h/0h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx",
    "[a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDCJjvYf4BeLDy1o2qEJ4cyuqSDvEr3PmygtzYgQRGA6KuV2djdXw2Sq8x9F34KYHM8V5eRdmhXuagaEzbsvroj2k1CKcjcFC3ouvRRkBgZA",
    "[a5fbe580/86h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth"
  ]
}

./build/bin/bitcoin-cli -regtest getdescriptorinfo "tr(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/<0;1>/*,{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth)/<0;1>/*),older(12960)),{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/<0;1>/*),older(12960)),and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/<0;1>/*),older(12960))}})"

{
  "descriptor": "tr(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/0/*,{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth)/0/*),older(12960)),{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/0/*),older(12960)),and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/0/*),older(12960))}})#kh3lv33d",
  "multipath_expansion": [
    "tr(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/0/*,{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth)/0/*),older(12960)),{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/0/*),older(12960)),and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/0/*),older(12960))}})#kh3lv33d",
    "tr(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/1/*,{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth)/1/*),older(12960)),{and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/1/*),older(12960)),and_v(v:pk(musig([a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth,[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys)/1/*),older(12960))}})#vuhahajv"
  ],
  "checksum": "se2qhdlw",
  "isrange": true,
  "issolvable": true,
  "hasprivatekeys": false,
  "wallet_policy_template": "tr(musig(@0,@1,@2)/**,{and_v(v:pk(musig(@0,@1)/**),older(12960)),{and_v(v:pk(musig(@0,@2)/**),older(12960)),and_v(v:pk(musig(@1,@2)/**),older(12960))}})",
  "wallet_policy_keys": [
    "[a5fbe580/84h/1h/0h]tpubDDCzbWt7MLgDapZVYVXfEXCT1GBLELmP7e9ax6t3qVeFP5CmFrJBxZty2F58CoVSsMozrR8dfyHWxSdQJKSno9d44dyKn2ajKbxkPCppYLx",
    "[a5fbe580/44h/1h/0h]tpubDDEhkX7QU6DQ6tYvYERTNxD7FuhfTj3rZqbu1eCxxTrgzRNefT4u3Z5om6WYu2aDudFbdE7GdoCEqLd63b8aVXSzEsh7Fj89Gv1LtkHAfth",
    "[a5fbe580/49h/1h/0h]tpubDCyCF2YKcTy76LBDXFZCM6Cfkmh81KJuFYRswyLFfumpdfH2nDnDsS4iJFUkZCVFYshGFCS9PVtqWZofnRohVnyvfa5qt8NiebkK8v13vys"
  ]
}

We fully support the BIP, and all test vectors pass.

TODO:

• Expose ParseDescriptorInfo through interfaces::Node

Refs bitcoin#32659

[rxbryan]

This continues work from bitcoin#35287.