diff --git a/I/Table_of_Contents.md b/I/Table_of_Contents.md index c55bb3c5..831abb06 100644 --- a/I/Table_of_Contents.md +++ b/I/Table_of_Contents.md @@ -78,8 +78,10 @@ Proofs by **[Number](/I/Proof_by_Number.html)** and **[Topic](/I/Proof_by_Topic.    3.4.1. *[Definition](/D/exp.html)*
   3.4.2. **[Probability density function](/P/exp-pdf.html)**
   3.4.3. **[Cumulative distribution function](/P/exp-cdf.html)**
-    3.4.4. **[Mean](/P/exp-mean.html)**
-    3.4.5. **[Median](/P/exp-med.html)**
+    3.4.4. **[Quantile function](/P/exp-qf.html)**
+    3.4.5. **[Mean](/P/exp-mean.html)**
+    3.4.6. **[Median](/P/exp-med.html)**
+    3.4.7. **[Mode](/P/exp-mode.html)**
4. Multivariate continuous distributions diff --git a/P/exp-med.md b/P/exp-med.md index e10dfb9c..f918d63c 100644 --- a/P/exp-med.md +++ b/P/exp-med.md @@ -27,41 +27,33 @@ $$ \label{eq:exp} X \sim \mathrm{Exp}(\lambda) \; . $$ -Then, the mean or expected value of $X$ is +Then, the median of $X$ is -$$ \label{eq:exp-mean} -\mathrm{E}(X) = \frac{1}{\lambda} \; . +$$ \label{eq:exp-med} +\mathrm{median}(X) = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda} \; . $$ -**Proof:** The [expected value](/D/ev.html) is the probability-weighted average over all possible values: +**Proof:** The [median](/D/med.html) is the value at which the cumulative distribution function is $1/2$: -$$ \label{eq:mean} -\mathrm{E}(X) = \int_{\mathbb{R}} x \cdot f_\mathrm{X}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x \; . +$$ \label{eq:median} +F_X(\mathrm{median}(X)) = \frac{1}{2} \; . $$ -With the [probability density function of the exponential distribution](/P/exp-pdf.html), this reads: +The [cumulative distribution function of the exponential distribution](/D/exp-cdf.html) is -$$ \label{eq:exp-mean-s1} -\begin{split} -\mathrm{E}(X) &= \int_{0}^{+\infty} x \cdot \lambda \exp(-\lambda x) \, \mathrm{d}x \\ -&= \lambda \int_{0}^{+\infty} x \cdot \exp(-\lambda x) \, \mathrm{d}x \; . -\end{split} +$$ \label{eq:exp-cdf} +F_X(x) = 1 - \exp[-\lambda x], \quad x \geq 0 \; . $$ -Using the following anti-deriative +Thus, the inverse CDF is -$$ \label{eq:exp-mean-s2} -\int x \cdot \exp(-\lambda x) \, \mathrm{d}x = \left( - \frac{1}{\lambda} x - \frac{1}{\lambda^2} \right) \exp(-\lambda x) \; , +$$ \label{eq:exp-cdf-inv} +x = -\frac{\ln(1-p)}{\lambda} $$ -the expected value becomes +and setting $p = 1/2$, we obtain: -$$ \label{eq:exp-mean-s3} -\begin{split} -\mathrm{E}(X) &= \lambda \left[ \left( - \frac{1}{\lambda} x - \frac{1}{\lambda^2} \right) \exp(-\lambda x) \right]_{0}^{+\infty} \\ -&= \lambda \left[ \lim_{x \to \infty} \left( - \frac{1}{\lambda} x - \frac{1}{\lambda^2} \right) \exp(-\lambda x) - \left( - \frac{1}{\lambda} \cdot 0 - \frac{1}{\lambda^2} \right) \exp(-\lambda \cdot 0) \right] \\ -&= \lambda \left[ 0 + \frac{1}{\lambda^2} \right] \\ -&= \frac{1}{\lambda} \; . -\end{split} +$$ \label{eq:exp-med-qed} +\mathrm{median}(X) = -\frac{\ln(1-\frac{1}{2})}{\lambda} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda} \; . $$ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/P/exp-mode.md b/P/exp-mode.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..661fbe33 --- /dev/null +++ b/P/exp-mode.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +layout: proof +mathjax: true + +author: "Joram Soch" +affiliation: "BCCN Berlin" +e_mail: "joram.soch@bccn-berlin.de" +date: 2020-02-12 15:53:00 + +title: "Mode of the exponential distribution" +chapter: "Probability Distributions" +section: "Univariate continuous distributions" +topic: "Exponential distribution" +theorem: "Mode" + +sources: + +proof_id: "P51" +shortcut: "exp-mode" +username: "JoramSoch" +--- + + +**Theorem:** Let $X$ be a random variable following an [exponential distribution](/D/exp.html): + +$$ \label{eq:exp} +X \sim \mathrm{Exp}(\lambda) \; . +$$ + +Then, the [mode](/D/mode.html) of $X$ is + +$$ \label{eq:exp-mode} +\mathrm{mode}(X) = 0 \; . +$$ + + +**Proof:** The [mode](/D/mode.html) is the value which maximizes the probability density function: + +$$ \label{eq:mode} +\mathrm{mode}(X) = \operatorname*{arg\,max}_x f_X(x) \; . +$$ + +The [probability density function of the exponential distribution](/P/exp-pdf.html) is: + +$$ \label{eq:exp-pdf} +f_X(x) = \left\{ +\begin{array}{rl} +0 \; , & \text{if} \; x < 0 \\ +\lambda \exp[-\lambda x] \; , & \text{if} \; x \geq 0 \; . +\end{array} +\right. +$$ + +Since + +$$ \label{eq:exp-pdf-eq0} +\lim_{x \to 0} f_X(x) = \infty +$$ + +and + +$$ \label{eq:exp-pdf-neq0} +f_X(x) < \infty \quad \text{for any} \quad x \neq 0 \; , +$$ + +it follows that + +$$ \label{eq:exp-mode-qed} +\mathrm{mode}(X) = 0 \; . +$$ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/P/exp-qf.md b/P/exp-qf.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5b8bf544 --- /dev/null +++ b/P/exp-qf.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +layout: proof +mathjax: true + +author: "Joram Soch" +affiliation: "BCCN Berlin" +e_mail: "joram.soch@bccn-berlin.de" +date: 2020-02-12 15:48:00 + +title: "Quantile function of the exponential distribution" +chapter: "Probability Distributions" +section: "Univariate continuous distributions" +topic: "Exponential distribution" +theorem: "Quantile function" + +sources: + +proof_id: "P50" +shortcut: "exp-qf" +username: "JoramSoch" +--- + + +**Theorem:** Let $X$ be a random variable following an [exponential distribution](/D/exp.html): + +$$ \label{eq:exp} +X \sim \mathrm{Exp}(\lambda) \; . +$$ + +Then, the [quantile function](/D/qf.html) of $X$ is + +$$ \label{eq:exp-qf} +Q_X(p) = -\frac{\ln(1-p)}{\lambda} \; . +$$ + + +**Proof:** The [cumulative distribution function of the exponential distribution](/P/exp-cdf.html) is: + +$$ \label{eq:exp-cdf} +F_X(x) = \left\{ +\begin{array}{rl} +0 \; , & \text{if} \; x < 0 \\ +1 - \exp[-\lambda x] \; , & \text{if} \; x \geq 0 \; . +\end{array} +\right. +$$ + +Thus, the [quantile function](/D/qf.html) is: + +$$ \label{eq:exp-qf-s1} +Q_X(p) = F_X^{-1}(x) \; . +$$ + +This can be derived by rearranging equation \eqref{eq:exp-cdf}: + +$$ \label{eq:exp-qf-s2} +\begin{split} +p &= 1 - \exp[-\lambda x] \\ +\exp[-\lambda x] &= 1-p \\ +-\lambda x &= \ln(1-p) \\ +x &= -\frac{\ln(1-p)}{\lambda} \; . +\end{split} +$$ \ No newline at end of file