diff --git a/.changeset/nasty-stars-take.md b/.changeset/nasty-stars-take.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..abd5a120b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/nasty-stars-take.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@tanstack/db": patch
+---
+
+Fixed race condition which could result in a live query throwing and becoming stuck after multiple mutations complete asynchronously.
diff --git a/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts b/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts
index d7f5e19e3..fa621f83b 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts
@@ -825,9 +825,6 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
   public capturePreSyncVisibleState(): void {
     if (this.pendingSyncedTransactions.length === 0) return
 
-    // Clear any previous capture
-    this.preSyncVisibleState.clear()
-
     // Get all keys that will be affected by sync operations
     const syncedKeys = new Set<TKey>()
     for (const transaction of this.pendingSyncedTransactions) {
@@ -843,10 +840,13 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
 
     // Only capture current visible state for keys that will be affected by sync operations
     // This is much more efficient than capturing the entire collection state
+    // Only capture keys that haven't been captured yet to preserve earlier captures
     for (const key of syncedKeys) {
-      const currentValue = this.get(key)
-      if (currentValue !== undefined) {
-        this.preSyncVisibleState.set(key, currentValue)
+      if (!this.preSyncVisibleState.has(key)) {
+        const currentValue = this.get(key)
+        if (currentValue !== undefined) {
+          this.preSyncVisibleState.set(key, currentValue)
+        }
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/collection-subscribe-changes.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/collection-subscribe-changes.test.ts
index 3311e4ab2..31bf2737a 100644
--- a/packages/db/tests/collection-subscribe-changes.test.ts
+++ b/packages/db/tests/collection-subscribe-changes.test.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import type {
   ChangesPayload,
   MutationFn,
   PendingMutation,
+  SyncConfig,
 } from "../src/types"
 
 // Helper function to wait for changes to be processed
@@ -1516,4 +1517,128 @@ describe(`Collection.subscribeChanges`, () => {
 
     subscription.unsubscribe()
   })
+
+  it(`should not emit duplicate insert events when onInsert delays sync write`, async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    try {
+      const changeEvents: Array<any> = []
+      let syncOps:
+        | Parameters<
+            SyncConfig<{ id: string; n: number; foo?: string }, string>[`sync`]
+          >[0]
+        | undefined
+
+      const collection = createCollection<
+        { id: string; n: number; foo?: string },
+        string
+      >({
+        id: `async-oninsert-race-test`,
+        getKey: (item) => item.id,
+        sync: {
+          sync: (cfg) => {
+            syncOps = cfg
+            cfg.markReady()
+          },
+        },
+        onInsert: async ({ transaction }) => {
+          // Simulate async operation (e.g., server round-trip)
+          await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100)
+
+          // Write modified data back via sync
+          const modifiedValues = transaction.mutations.map((m) => m.modified)
+          syncOps!.begin()
+          for (const value of modifiedValues) {
+            const existing = collection._state.syncedData.get(value.id)
+            syncOps!.write({
+              type: existing ? `update` : `insert`,
+              value: { ...value, foo: `abc` },
+            })
+          }
+          syncOps!.commit()
+        },
+        startSync: true,
+      })
+
+      collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => changeEvents.push(...changes))
+
+      // Insert two items rapidly - this triggers the race condition
+      collection.insert({ id: `0`, n: 1 })
+      collection.insert({ id: `1`, n: 1 })
+
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync()
+
+      // Filter events by type
+      const insertEvents = changeEvents.filter((e) => e.type === `insert`)
+      const updateEvents = changeEvents.filter((e) => e.type === `update`)
+
+      // Expected: 2 optimistic inserts + 2 sync updates = 4 events
+      expect(insertEvents.length).toBe(2)
+      expect(updateEvents.length).toBe(2)
+    } finally {
+      vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`should handle single insert with delayed sync correctly`, async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+
+    try {
+      const changeEvents: Array<any> = []
+      let syncOps:
+        | Parameters<
+            SyncConfig<{ id: string; n: number; foo?: string }, string>[`sync`]
+          >[0]
+        | undefined
+
+      const collection = createCollection<
+        { id: string; n: number; foo?: string },
+        string
+      >({
+        id: `single-insert-delayed-sync-test`,
+        getKey: (item) => item.id,
+        sync: {
+          sync: (cfg) => {
+            syncOps = cfg
+            cfg.markReady()
+          },
+        },
+        onInsert: async ({ transaction }) => {
+          await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(50)
+
+          const modifiedValues = transaction.mutations.map((m) => m.modified)
+          syncOps!.begin()
+          for (const value of modifiedValues) {
+            const existing = collection._state.syncedData.get(value.id)
+            syncOps!.write({
+              type: existing ? `update` : `insert`,
+              value: { ...value, foo: `abc` },
+            })
+          }
+          syncOps!.commit()
+        },
+        startSync: true,
+      })
+
+      collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => changeEvents.push(...changes))
+
+      collection.insert({ id: `x`, n: 1 })
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync()
+
+      // Should have optimistic insert + sync update
+      expect(changeEvents).toHaveLength(2)
+      expect(changeEvents[0]).toMatchObject({
+        type: `insert`,
+        key: `x`,
+        value: { id: `x`, n: 1 },
+      })
+      expect(changeEvents[1]).toMatchObject({
+        type: `update`,
+        key: `x`,
+        value: { id: `x`, n: 1, foo: `abc` },
+      })
+    } finally {
+      vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    }
+  })
 })