diff --git a/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/openalex_telescope.py b/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/openalex_telescope.py
index aea3ed27..50323273 100644
--- a/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/openalex_telescope.py
+++ b/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/openalex_telescope.py
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ def s3_uri_parts(s3_uri: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
     """
 
     if not s3_uri.startswith("s3://"):
-        raise ValueError("Invalid S3 URI. URI should start with 's3://'")
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid S3 URI. URI should start with 's3://' - {s3_uri}")
 
     parts = s3_uri[5:].split("/", 1)  # Remove 's3://' and split the remaining string
     bucket_name = parts[0]
@@ -820,7 +820,11 @@ def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
 
 class ManifestEntry:
     def __init__(self, url: str, meta: Meta):
-        self.url = url
+        # URLs given from OpenAlex may not be given with the 's3://' prefix.
+        if not url.startswith("s3://"):
+            self.url = f"s3://{url}"
+        else:
+            self.url = url
         self.meta = meta
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -927,6 +931,9 @@ def fetch_manifest(
     ).client("s3")
     obj = client.get_object(Bucket=bucket, Key=f"data/{entity_name}/manifest")
     data = json.loads(obj["Body"].read().decode())
+
+    # Add s3:// as necessary
+
     return Manifest.from_dict(data)
 
 
diff --git a/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/tests/test_openalex_telescope.py b/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/tests/test_openalex_telescope.py
index 2ad95c33..3a76818e 100644
--- a/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/tests/test_openalex_telescope.py
+++ b/academic_observatory_workflows/workflows/tests/test_openalex_telescope.py
@@ -142,6 +142,10 @@ def test_manifest_entry(self):
         self.assertEqual(pendulum.datetime(2022, 12, 20), entry.updated_date)
         self.assertEqual("part_000.gz", entry.file_name)
 
+        # Assert that manifest entry without a s3:// url prefix is still valid.
+        manifest_entry_no_s3 = ManifestEntry("openalex/data/works/updated_date=2022-12-20/part_000.gz", Meta(7073, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(manifest_entry_no_s3.url, "s3://openalex/data/works/updated_date=2022-12-20/part_000.gz")
+
         # object_key
         manifest_entry = ManifestEntry("s3://openalex/data/works/updated_date=2022-12-20/part_000.gz", Meta(7073, 4))
         self.assertEqual("data/works/updated_date=2022-12-20/part_000.gz", manifest_entry.object_key)
@@ -373,50 +377,34 @@ def test_transform_object(self):
         """Test the transform_object function."""
 
         # Null
-        obj = {
-            "corresponding_institution_ids": None
-        }
+        obj = {"corresponding_institution_ids": None}
         transform_object(obj)
         self.assertDictEqual(
-            {
-                "corresponding_institution_ids": []
-            },
+            {"corresponding_institution_ids": []},
             obj,
         )
 
         # Null
-        obj = {
-            "corresponding_author_ids": None
-        }
+        obj = {"corresponding_author_ids": None}
         transform_object(obj)
         self.assertDictEqual(
-            {
-                "corresponding_author_ids": []
-            },
+            {"corresponding_author_ids": []},
             obj,
         )
 
         # Null in array
-        obj = {
-            "corresponding_institution_ids": [None]
-        }
+        obj = {"corresponding_institution_ids": [None]}
         transform_object(obj)
         self.assertDictEqual(
-            {
-                "corresponding_institution_ids": []
-            },
+            {"corresponding_institution_ids": []},
             obj,
         )
 
         # Null in array
-        obj = {
-            "corresponding_author_ids": [None]
-        }
+        obj = {"corresponding_author_ids": [None]}
         transform_object(obj)
         self.assertDictEqual(
-            {
-                "corresponding_author_ids": []
-            },
+            {"corresponding_author_ids": []},
             obj,
         )